@prefix : . @prefix bd: . @prefix bds: . @prefix dc: . @prefix default1: . @prefix default2: . @prefix default3: . @prefix default4: . @prefix default5: . @prefix fn: . @prefix foaf: . @prefix hint: . @prefix owl: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix sesame: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "In order to make computers understand human languages and to reason, human knowledge needs to be represented and stored in a form that can be processed by computers. Knowledge graphs have been developed for use as a form of the knowledge base for words and general relationships among words. However, they have two limitations. One is that the knowledge graph is limited in size and scope for most of the human languages. Another is that they are not able to deal with neologisms that form a part of the human common sense. Addressing these problems, we have developed and validated PolarisX which can automatically expand a knowledge graph, by crawling and analyzing the news sites and social media in real-time. We utilize and fine-tune the pre-trained multilingual BERT model for the construction of knowledge graphs without language dependencies. We extract new relationships using the BERT-based relation extraction model and integrate them into the knowledge graph. We verify the novelty and accuracy of PolarisX. It deals with neologisms and does not have language dependencies. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved." ; default4:contributor "OkRan Jeong", "SoYeop Yoo" ; default4:date "2019" ; default4:title "Automating the expansion of a knowledge graph" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "SoYeop" ; default5:fullName "SoYeop Yoo" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Yoo" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "OkRan" ; default5:fullName "OkRan Jeong" ; default5:initials "O." ; default5:lastName "Jeong" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Yoo & Jeong" ; default5:id "fda8ce4cc17b9320a35d2fc0c76ffcedd0be422f" ; default5:refCount 42 ; default2:abstract "Abstract In order to make computers understand human languages and to reason, human knowledge needs to be represented and stored in a form that can be processed by computers. Knowledge graphs have been developed for use as a form of the knowledge base for words and general relationships among words. However, they have two limitations. One is that the knowledge graph is limited in size and scope for most of the human languages. Another is that they are not able to deal with neologisms that form a part of the human common sense. Addressing these problems, we have developed and validated PolarisX which can automatically expand a knowledge graph, by crawling and analyzing the news sites and social media in real-time. We utilize and fine-tune the pre-trained multilingual BERT model for the construction of knowledge graphs without language dependencies. We extract new relationships using the BERT-based relation extraction model and integrate them into the knowledge graph. We verify the novelty and accuracy of PolarisX. It deals with neologisms and does not have language dependencies." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2020" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Automating the expansion of a knowledge graph" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2019.112965" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Internet is prevalent in our lives nowadays; access to it, is now easy and at high speeds and the availability of small portable devices has made it an integral part of our everyday life. It constitutes a basic medium for keeping ourselves updated. To this direction, following the news on the internet is gaining ground every day. Moreover, thousands of news items are produced everyday across the earth; whether important or trivial, they need to be saved, archived, searched and indexed. Information does not only involve pieces of text, but also images, video and audio files that complement the news articles and make their impact more significant. Lately, with the rise of social platforms, news articles can be shared through social networks, commented or even “followed” by external users. In this exploding and demanding landscape, numerous research works focus on managing news articles. For modelling news articles for example BBC created its own ontology. IPTC on the other hand, the global standards body of the news media, generated some widely used mark-up languages such as NewsML and" ; default4:contributor "Anna Maridaki", "Aris Papakonstantinou", "Dawid Wiśniewski", "George Vavoulas", "Haridimos Kondylakis", "Konstantinos Iatrou", "Koralia Papadokostaki", "Nikos Papadakis", "Paraskevi Piperaki", "Piotr Arent", "Savvas Lemonakis", "Stavros Charitakis", "Stella Panou" ; default4:date "2017" ; default4:title "News Articles Platform: Semantic Tools and Services for Aggregating and Exploring News Articles" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Koralia" ; default5:fullName "Koralia Papadokostaki" ; default5:initials "K." ; default5:lastName "Papadokostaki" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Stavros" ; default5:fullName "Stavros Charitakis" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Charitakis" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "George" ; default5:fullName "George Vavoulas" ; default5:initials "G." ; default5:lastName "Vavoulas" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Stella" ; default5:fullName "Stella Panou" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Panou" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Paraskevi" ; default5:fullName "Paraskevi Piperaki" ; default5:initials "P." ; default5:lastName "Piperaki" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Aris" ; default5:fullName "Aris Papakonstantinou" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Papakonstantinou" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Savvas" ; default5:fullName "Savvas Lemonakis" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Lemonakis" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Anna" ; default5:fullName "Anna Maridaki" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Maridaki" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Konstantinos" ; default5:fullName "Konstantinos Iatrou" ; default5:initials "K." ; default5:lastName "Iatrou" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Piotr" ; default5:fullName "Piotr Arent" ; default5:initials "P." ; default5:lastName "Arent" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Dawid" ; default5:fullName "Dawid Wiśniewski" ; default5:initials "D." ; default5:lastName "Wiśniewski" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Nikos" ; default5:fullName "Nikos Papadakis" ; default5:initials "N." ; default5:lastName "Papadakis" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Haridimos" ; default5:fullName "Haridimos Kondylakis" ; default5:initials "H." ; default5:lastName "Kondylakis" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Papadokostaki et al." ; default5:id "6b590c8f59974a079e532a8542115c948763ebaf" ; default5:refCount 9 ; default2:abstract "As the Internet grows daily and millions of news articles are produced everyday worldwide by various sources, the need to store, index, search, and explore news articles is more than prominent. In this paper, we present an integrated platform dedicated to news articles, providing storage, indexing and searching functionalities, implemented using semantic web technologies and services. Besides using the developed APIs, the users through intuitive graphical user interfaces can save articles from RSS channels, import them through wrappers from external news sites or manually insert them using forms. A search engine on top allows the users to explore all registered information. All components have been implemented using semantic web technologies, using a novel ontology to model the news domain, a triple store for the management of data and web services exchanging JSON-DL messages. The registered articles become automatically part of the Linked Open Data cloud, enabling better data and knowledge sharing. Our preliminary evaluation shows the high quality of the developed platform and the benefits of our approach." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:isReferencedBy ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "News Articles Platform: Semantic Tools and Services for Aggregating and Exploring News Articles" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-56288-9_68" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Flight Center and other organizations conducting research and applications in earth science. So, we’re continually challenged with providing improved information systems infrastructures in a complex environment inundated with extensive heterogeneous and disparate information sources. To achieve the desired capabilities for expanded use of the science, data, and technologies generated by and for our customers, we must identify, evaluate, and develop new strategies for automating knowledge management and decision support. Semantic Web technologies could enable a new generation of earth science information systems that" ; default4:date "2004" ; default4:title "AnnoTerra: building an integrated earth science resource using semantic Web technologies" ; default5:authorList () ; default5:authorStr "" ; default5:id "f8be6a1a3704ffa0fa2a8eff218eeb3c75e6523a" ; default5:refCount 4 ; default2:abstract "We discuss about AnnoTerra, a prototype knowledge-based system that uses semantic Web technologies to present enhanced earth science news feeds by making focused semantic searches on NASA resource catalogs using earth science concepts and relationships." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:isReferencedBy , ; default2:references , , ; default2:subject , , ; default2:title "AnnoTerra: building an integrated earth science resource using semantic Web technologies" ; default3:doi "10.1109/MIS.2004.3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Intelligent Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "0957-4174/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier Ltd. A doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2011.06.003 ⇑ Corresponding author. Fax: +34 868884151. E-mail addresses: elupiani@um.es (E. Lupian (I. García-Manotas), valencia@um.es (R. Valen (F. García-Sánchez), dcastellanos@um.es (D. Castella (J.T. Fernández-Breis), jbcamon@um.es (J.B. Camón-H An increasingly large amount of financial information available in a number of heterogeneous business sources implies that the traditional methods of analysis are no longer applicable. These financial data sources are characterized by the use of disparate data models and their unstructured content with implicit knowledge. In addition, the most up-to-date financial information typically resides in the vast amount of financial-related news that brokers take into account when investing. As Semantic Technologies mature, they provide a consistent and reliable basis for the development of superior, more precise mechanisms to deal with heterogeneous data. In this paper, we present a financial news semantic search engine based on Semantic Web technologies. The search engine is accompanied by an ontology population tool that assists in keeping the financial ontology up-to-date. In addition, a further module has been developed that is capable of crawling the Web in search of financial news and annotating it with knowledge entities from the financial ontology that match with the contents of the news. Our contribution is an overall solution based on a fully fledged architecture that has been validated in a use case scenario for the Spanish stock exchange. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved." ; default4:contributor "Dagoberto Castellanos-Nieves", "Eduardo Lupiani-Ruiz", "Francisco García-Sánchez", "Ignacio García-Manotas", "Jesualdo Tomás Fernández-Breis", "Juan Bosco Camón-Herrero", "Rafael Valencia-García" ; default4:date "2011" ; default4:title "Financial news semantic search engine" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Eduardo" ; default5:fullName "Eduardo Lupiani-Ruiz" ; default5:initials "E." ; default5:lastName "Lupiani-Ruiz" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ignacio" ; default5:fullName "Ignacio García-Manotas" ; default5:initials "I." ; default5:lastName "García-Manotas" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Rafael" ; default5:fullName "Rafael Valencia-García" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Valencia-García" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Francisco" ; default5:fullName "Francisco García-Sánchez" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "García-Sánchez" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Dagoberto" ; default5:fullName "Dagoberto Castellanos-Nieves" ; default5:initials "D." ; default5:lastName "Castellanos-Nieves" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jesualdo Tomás" ; default5:fullName "Jesualdo Tomás Fernández-Breis" ; default5:initials "J.T." ; default5:lastName "Fernández-Breis" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Juan Bosco" ; default5:fullName "Juan Bosco Camón-Herrero" ; default5:initials "J.B." ; default5:lastName "Camón-Herrero" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Lupiani-Ruiz et al." ; default5:id "6ca2a1fc1fe6249145cd769175c695d6d2776236" ; default5:refCount 24 ; default2:abstract "An increasingly large amount of financial information available in a number of heterogeneous business sources implies that the traditional methods of analysis are no longer applicable. These financial data sources are characterized by the use of disparate data models and their unstructured content with implicit knowledge. In addition, the most up-to-date financial information typically resides in the vast amount of financial-related news that brokers take into account when investing. As Semantic Technologies mature, they provide a consistent and reliable basis for the development of superior, more precise mechanisms to deal with heterogeneous data. In this paper, we present a financial news semantic search engine based on Semantic Web technologies. The search engine is accompanied by an ontology population tool that assists in keeping the financial ontology up-to-date. In addition, a further module has been developed that is capable of crawling the Web in search of financial news and annotating it with knowledge entities from the financial ontology that match with the contents of the news. Our contribution is an overall solution based on a fully fledged architecture that has been validated in a use case scenario for the Spanish stock exchange." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Financial news semantic search engine" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2011.06.003" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an automatic method to generate semantic annotations of football transfer in the news. The current automatic news integration systems on the Web are constantly faced with the challenge of diversity, heterogeneity of sources. The approaches for information representation and storage based on syntax have some certain limitations in news searching, sorting, organizing and linking it appropriately. The models of semantic representation are promising to be the key to solving these problems. Design/methodology/approach – The approach of the author leverages Semantic Web technologies to improve the performance of detection of hidden annotations in the news. The paper proposes an automatic method to generate semantic annotations based on named entity recognition and rule-based information extraction. The authors have built a domain ontology and knowledge base integrated with the knowledge and information management (KIM) platform to implement the former task (named entity recognition). The semantic extraction rules are constructed based on defined language models and the developed ontology. Findings – The proposed method is implemented as a part of the sport news semantic annotations-generating prototype BKAnnotation. This component is a part of the sport integration system based on Web Semantics BKSport. The semantic annotations generated are used for improving features of news searching – sorting – association. The experiments on the news data from SkySport (2014) channel showed positive results. The precisions achieved in both cases, with and without integration of the pronoun recognition method, are both over 80 per cent. In particular, the latter helps increase the recall value to around 10 per cent. Originality/value – This is one of the initial proposals in automatic creation of semantic data about news, football news in particular and sport news in general. The combination of ontology, knowledge base and patterns of language model allows detection of not only entities with corresponding types but also semantic triples. At the same time, the authors propose a pronoun recognition method using extraction rules to improve the relation recognition process." ; default4:contributor "Quang-Minh Nguyen", "Tuan-Dung Cao" ; default4:date "2015" ; default4:title "A novel approach for automatic extraction of semantic data about football transfer in sport news" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Quang-Minh" ; default5:fullName "Quang-Minh Nguyen" ; default5:initials "Q." ; default5:lastName "Nguyen" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Tuan-Dung" ; default5:fullName "Tuan-Dung Cao" ; default5:initials "T." ; default5:lastName "Cao" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Nguyen & Cao" ; default5:id "c8bfd9e67a8467ffaeaa4798aaebe1ff22fd3fff" ; default5:refCount 31 ; default2:abstract "Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an automatic method to generate semantic annotations of football transfer in the news. The current automatic news integration systems on the Web are constantly faced with the challenge of diversity, heterogeneity of sources. The approaches for information representation and storage based on syntax have some certain limitations in news searching, sorting, organizing and linking it appropriately. The models of semantic representation are promising to be the key to solving these problems. Design/methodology/approach – The approach of the author leverages Semantic Web technologies to improve the performance of detection of hidden annotations in the news. The paper proposes an automatic method to generate semantic annotations based on named entity recognition and rule-based information extraction. The authors have built a domain ontology and knowledge base integrated with the knowledge and information management (KIM) platform to implement the former task (name..." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "A novel approach for automatic extraction of semantic data about football transfer in sport news" ; default3:doi "10.1108/IJPCC-03-2015-0018" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Pervasive Computing and Communications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "In this paper, we present the KnowledgeSeeker, an ontological agent-based system that is designed to help users find, retrieve, and analyze news article from the Internet and then present the content in a semantic web. We present the benefits of using ontologies to analyze the semantics of Chinese text, and also the advantages of using a semantic web to organize information semantically. KnowledgeSeeker also demonstrates the advantages of using ontologies to identify topics. We use a Chinese document corpus to evaluate KnowledgeSeeker and the testing result was compared to other approaches. KnowledgeSeeker is able to identify the topics of Chinese web articles with an accuracy of nearly 87% and has a processing speed of less than one second per article. It is also able to organize content flexibly and understands knowledge more accurately than methods that use ontology definition." ; default4:contributor "James N. K. Liu" ; default4:date "2008" ; default4:title "KnowledgeSeeker - An Ontological Agent-based System for Retrieving and Analyzing Chinese Web Articles" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "James N. K." ; default5:fullName "James N. K. Liu" ; default5:initials "J.N.K." ; default5:lastName "Liu" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Liu" ; default5:id "25577a41e33794958de3fe2d723e15c8e57f2a05" ; default5:refCount 17 ; default2:abstract "In this paper, we present the KnowledgeSeeker, an ontological agent-based system that is designed to help users find, retrieve, and analyze news article from the Internet and then present the content in a semantic web. We present the benefits of using ontologies to analyze the semantics of Chinese text, and also the advantages of using a semantic web to organize information semantically. KnowledgeSeeker also demonstrates the advantages of using ontologies to identify topics. We use a Chinese document corpus to evaluate KnowledgeSeeker and the testing result was compared to other approaches. KnowledgeSeeker is able to identify the topics of Chinese web articles with an accuracy of nearly 87% and has a processing speed of less than one second per article. It is also able to organize content flexibly and understands knowledge more accurately than methods that use ontology definition." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , ; default2:references , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "KnowledgeSeeker — an ontological agent-based system for retrieving and analyzing Chinese web articles" ; default3:doi "10.1109/FUZZY.2008.4630497" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "The value in the vast amount of linked data and open data produced during the last decade is widely recognized and being exploited by different initiatives. However, a remaining challenge is to integrate government information with semi-structured data in sources relevant to citizens, who have become skeptical of official versions and more interested in information associated with their own interests and values. We present a system that integrates and provides uniform access to government data linked to news portals, via an automated named entity linking process, and information provided by a parliament monitoring organization. We develop a prototype to show how this system can be used to develop semantic web applications that assist citizens in making informed political decisions using data linked to their interests and sources not affiliated with the government. This enables them to contrast the official information and find political figures associated to their own personal interests." ; default4:contributor "Claudia Jiménez-Guarín", "Daniel Sarmiento Suárez" ; default4:date "2014" ; default4:title "Natural Language Processing for Linking Online News and Open Government Data" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Daniel Sarmiento" ; default5:fullName "Daniel Sarmiento Suárez" ; default5:initials "D.S." ; default5:lastName "Suárez" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Claudia" ; default5:fullName "Claudia Jiménez-Guarín" ; default5:initials "C." ; default5:lastName "Jiménez-Guarín" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Suárez & Jiménez-Guarín" ; default5:id "33aaedc155b257709303073582e38bf7f0ae6415" ; default5:refCount 11 ; default2:abstract "The value in the vast amount of linked data and open data produced during the last decade is widely recognized and being exploited by different initiatives. However, a remaining challenge is to integrate government information with semi-structured data in sources relevant to citizens, who have become skeptical of official versions and more interested in information associated with their own interests and values. We present a system that integrates and provides uniform access to government data linked to news portals, via an automated named entity linking process, and information provided by a parliament monitoring organization. We develop a prototype to show how this system can be used to develop semantic web applications that assist citizens in making informed political decisions using data linked to their interests and sources not affiliated with the government. This enables them to contrast the official information and find political figures associated to their own personal interests." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:isReferencedBy ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Natural Language Processing for Linking Online News and Open Government Data" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-12256-4_26" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ER Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Agent-based computing environments provide the capability to establish an enterprise of autonomous agents that collaborate and share information on common interests. Discovery of new data can alert users to changes in the information environment of importance to them. The goal of this research is to define an agent environment that models an organization’s tacit knowledge. This document proposes a process to find named entities in the content of documents and to derive context from a user community. The EKA system ingests RSS feeds of data sources that are representative of separate users, extracts entities from the text, and provides context on each entity using related tags. Knowledge representations of the news feeds are created, managed, and reasoned over by a collection of agents. Agents will respond to pre-registered topics and provide notifications when those topics have been identified. The purpose here is to illustrate that an agent can serve as a broker of knowledge and assist users in identifying like-minded individuals through an analysis of the data the user is working with and initiate collaboration." ; default4:contributor "George Mason", "Josh Church", "Ruhollah Farchtchi" ; default4:date "2009" ; default4:title "Enterprise Knowledge Agents: Agent-based Discovery of Like-minded Individuals" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Josh" ; default5:fullName "Josh Church" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Church" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ruhollah" ; default5:fullName "Ruhollah Farchtchi" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Farchtchi" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "George" ; default5:fullName "George Mason" ; default5:initials "G." ; default5:lastName "Mason" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Church et al." ; default5:id "290f56dd79c2bcccd7c12454067bf7759aac7ba7" ; default5:refCount 7 ; default2:abstract "Agent-based computing environments provide the capability to establish an enterprise of autonomous agents that collaborate and share information on common interests. Discovery of new data can alert users to changes in the information environment of importance to them. The goal of this research is to define an agent environment that models an organization's tacit knowledge. This document proposes a process to find named entities in the content of documents and to derive context from a user community. The EKA system ingests RSS feeds of data sources that are representative of separate users, extracts entities from the text, and provides context on each entity using related tags. Knowledge representations of the news feeds are created, managed, and reasoned over by a collection of agents. Agents will respond to pre-registered topics and provide notifications when those topics have been identified. The purpose here is to illustrate that an agent can serve as a broker of knowledge and assist users in identifying like-minded individuals through an analysis of the data the user is working with and initiate collaboration." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:references , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Enterprise Knowledge Agents: Agent-Based Discovery of Like-Minded Individuals" ; default3:doi "10.1109/CECandEEE.2008.96" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 10th IEEE Conference on E-Commerce Technology and the Fifth IEEE Conference on Enterprise Computing, E-Commerce and E-Services" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "We present a system for browsing a news repository that is based on semantic similarity of documents. News documents get automatically annotated semantically using information extraction. Annotations are displayed to a user who can easily retrieve crosslingual semantically related documents by selecting interesting content items." ; default4:contributor "Jörg Steffen", "Walter Kasper", "Yajing Zhang" ; default4:date "2008" ; default4:title "News Annotations for Navigation by Semantic Similarity" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Walter" ; default5:fullName "Walter Kasper" ; default5:initials "W." ; default5:lastName "Kasper" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jörg" ; default5:fullName "Jörg Steffen" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Steffen" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Yajing" ; default5:fullName "Yajing Zhang" ; default5:initials "Y." ; default5:lastName "Zhang" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Kasper et al." ; default5:id "550d6bb432c9cf469409ebd1e7c76aa16e78bddf" ; default5:refCount 12 ; default2:abstract "We present a system for browsing a news repository that is based on semantic similarity of documents. News documents get automatically annotated semantically using information extraction. Annotations are displayed to a user who can easily retrieve crosslingual semantically related documents by selecting interesting content items." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:isReferencedBy ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "News Annotations for Navigation by Semantic Similarity" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-85845-4_29" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Although RDF/XML has been widely recognized as the standard vehicle for representing semantic information on the Web, an enormous amount of semantic data is still being encoded in HTML documents that are designed primarily for human consumption and not directly amenable to machine processing. This paper seeks to bridge this semantic gap by addressing the fundamental problem of automatically annotating HTML documents with semantic labels. Exploiting a key observation that semantically related items exhibit consistency in presentation style as well as spatial locality in template-based content-rich HTML documents, we have developed a novel framework for automatically partitioning such documents into semantic structures. Our framework tightly couples structural analysis of documents with semantic analysis incorporating domain ontologies and lexical databases such as WordNet. We present experimental evidence of the effectiveness of our techniques on a large collection of HTML documents from various news portals." ; default4:contributor "Guizhen Yang", "I.V. Ramakrishnan", "Saikat Mukherjee" ; default4:date "2003" ; default4:title "Automatic Annotation of Content-Rich HTML Documents: Structural and Semantic Analysis" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Saikat" ; default5:fullName "Saikat Mukherjee" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Mukherjee" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Guizhen" ; default5:fullName "Guizhen Yang" ; default5:initials "G." ; default5:lastName "Yang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "I.V." ; default5:fullName "I.V. Ramakrishnan" ; default5:initials "I." ; default5:lastName "Ramakrishnan" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Mukherjee et al." ; default5:id "173c4d17ea61b896248db4f62a201f20a8304f5f" ; default5:refCount 32 ; default2:abstract "Although RDF/XML has been widely recognized as the standard vehicle for representing semantic information on the Web, an enormous amount of semantic data is still being encoded in HTML documents that are designed primarily for human consumption and not directly amenable to machine processing. This paper seeks to bridge this semantic gap by addressing the fundamental problem of automatically annotating HTML documents with semantic labels. Exploiting a key observation that semantically related items exhibit consistency in presentation style as well as spatial locality in template-based content-rich HTML documents, we have developed a novel framework for automatically partitioning such documents into semantic structures. Our framework tightly couples structural analysis of documents with semantic analysis incorporating domain ontologies and lexical databases such as WordNet. We present experimental evidence of the effectiveness of our techniques on a large collection of HTML documents from various news portals." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Automatic Annotation of Content-Rich HTML Documents: Structural and Semantic Analysis" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-39718-2_34" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "In order to understand news, dependency patterns between objects in (economic) news items have to be detected. We propose a framework which makes it possible to discover these patterns, and support the observations with statistical analysis. Based on these patterns, alerts can be generated based on emerging news. These alerts can then be used to manage (equity) portfolios. We test our framework based on historical data. The tests show statistically significant results supporting the idea that it is possible to discover such dependency patterns between objects in news items." ; default4:contributor "Flavius Frasincar", "Maarten Jongmans", "Viorel Milea(B" ; default4:date "2014" ; default4:title "A Semantic Web Approach for Visualization-Based News Analytics" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Maarten" ; default5:fullName "Maarten Jongmans" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Jongmans" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Viorel" ; default5:fullName "Viorel Milea(B" ; default5:initials "V." ; default5:lastName "Milea(B" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Flavius" ; default5:fullName "Flavius Frasincar" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Frasincar" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Jongmans et al." ; default5:id "8e6776f27e5dd945e20a1cc7a0a63842f8e9b575" ; default5:refCount 13 ; default2:abstract "In order to understand news, dependency patterns between objects in (economic) news items have to be detected. We propose a framework which makes it possible to discover these patterns, and support the observations with statistical analysis. Based on these patterns, alerts can be generated based on emerging news. These alerts can then be used to manage (equity) portfolios. We test our framework based on historical data. The tests show statistically significant results supporting the idea that it is possible to discover such dependency patterns between objects in news items." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "A Semantic Web Approach for Visualization-Based News Analytics" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-08618-7_20" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KMO" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "As interest in provenance grows among the Semantic Web community, it is recognized as a useful tool across many domains. However, existing automatic provenance collection techniques are not universally applicable. Most existing methods either rely on (low-level) observed provenance, or require that the user discloses formal workflows. In this paper, we propose a new approach for automatic discovery of provenance, at multiple levels of granularity. To accomplish this, we detect entity derivations, relying on clustering algorithms, linked data and semantic similarity. The resulting derivations are structured in compliance with the Provenance Data Model (PROV-DM). While the proposed approach is purposely kept general, allowing adaptation in many use cases, we provide an implementation for one of these use cases, namely discovering the sources of news articles. With this implementation, we were able to detect 73% of the original sources of 410 news stories, at 68% precision. Lastly, we discuss possible improvements and future work." ; default4:contributor "Davy Van Deursen", "Erik Mannens", "Rik Van de Walle", "Sam Coppens", "Tom De Nies" ; default4:date "2012" ; default4:title "Automatic Discovery of High-Level Provenance Using Semantic Similarity" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Tom De" ; default5:fullName "Tom De Nies" ; default5:initials "T.D." ; default5:lastName "Nies" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Sam" ; default5:fullName "Sam Coppens" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Coppens" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Davy Van" ; default5:fullName "Davy Van Deursen" ; default5:initials "D.V." ; default5:lastName "Deursen" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Erik" ; default5:fullName "Erik Mannens" ; default5:initials "E." ; default5:lastName "Mannens" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Rik Van de" ; default5:fullName "Rik Van de Walle" ; default5:initials "R.V.d." ; default5:lastName "Walle" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Nies et al." ; default5:id "9a0d04cdd8dc53dc1063ec764fb8abac48c28fc2" ; default5:refCount 12 ; default2:abstract "As interest in provenance grows among the Semantic Web community, it is recognized as a useful tool across many domains. However, existing automatic provenance collection techniques are not universally applicable. Most existing methods either rely on (low-level) observed provenance, or require that the user discloses formal workflows. In this paper, we propose a new approach for automatic discovery of provenance, at multiple levels of granularity. To accomplish this, we detect entity derivations, relying on clustering algorithms, linked data and semantic similarity. The resulting derivations are structured in compliance with the Provenance Data Model (PROV-DM). While the proposed approach is purposely kept general, allowing adaptation in many use cases, we provide an implementation for one of these use cases, namely discovering the sources of news articles. With this implementation, we were able to detect 73% of the original sources of 410 news stories, at 68% precision. Lastly, we discuss possible improvements and future work." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Automatic Discovery of High-Level Provenance Using Semantic Similarity" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-34222-6_8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IPAW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "We propose a two-fold approach that is able to both consume and exploit semantics encoded in the Linking Open Data (LOD) cloud, and create news that document events reported in micro-blogging posts that correspond to documentary tweets. A documentary tweet is similar to a newspaper headline and reports an incident or event. Knowledge extracted from documentary tweets are used to develop a story line which will be augmented with RDF facts consumed from the LOD cloud. The resulting news content is represented in RDF using the rNews Ontology, facilitating news generation and retrieval. We study effectiveness of our approach with respect to a gold standard of manually tagged tweets. Initial experimental results suggest that our techniques are able to generate content that reflects up to 76.38% of the manually tagged terms." ; default4:contributor "Francisco Berrizbeita", "M.-E. Vidal" ; default4:date "2014" ; default4:title "Traversing the Linking Open Data Cloud to Create News from Tweets" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Francisco" ; default5:fullName "Francisco Berrizbeita" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Berrizbeita" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "M.-E." ; default5:fullName "M.-E. Vidal" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Vidal" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Berrizbeita & Vidal" ; default5:id "46e16bee35c56a036036acd4f7c0ac04bfead6e0" ; default5:refCount 8 ; default2:abstract "We propose a two-fold approach that is able to both consume and exploit semantics encoded in the Linking Open Data LOD cloud, and create news that document events reported in micro-blogging posts that correspond to documentary tweets. A documentary tweet is similar to a newspaper headline and reports an incident or event. Knowledge extracted from documentary tweets are used to develop a story line which will be augmented with RDF facts consumed from the LOD cloud. The resulting news content is represented in RDF using the rNews Ontology, facilitating news generation and retrieval. We study effectiveness of our approach with respect to a gold standard of manually tagged tweets. Initial experimental results suggest that our techniques are able to generate content that reflects up to 76.38% of the manually tagged terms." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Traversing the Linking Open Data Cloud to Create News from Tweets" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-662-45550-0_48" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OTM Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Given the intense attention that environmental topics such as climate change attract in news and social media coverage, scientists and communication professionals want to know how different stakeholders perceive observable threats and policy options, how specific media channels react to new insights, and how journalists present scientific knowledge to the public. This paper investigates the potential of semantic technologies to address these questions. After summarizing methods to extract and disambiguate context information, we present visualization techniques to explore the lexical, geospatial, and relational context of topics and entities referenced in these repositories. The examples stem from the Media Watch on Climate Change, the Climate Resilience Toolkit and the NOAA Media Watch—three applications that aggregate environmental resources from a wide range of online sources. These systems not only show the value of providing comprehensive information to the public, but also have helped to develop a novel communication success metric that goes beyond bipolar assessments of sentiment." ; default4:contributor "Albert Weichselbraun", "Alexander Hubmann-Haidvogel", "Arno Scharl", "Daniel Fischl", "David Herring", "Michael Föls", "Ruslan Kamolov", "Walter Rafelsberger" ; default4:date "2017" ; default4:title "Semantic Systems and Visual Tools to Support Environmental Communication" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Arno" ; default5:fullName "Arno Scharl" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Scharl" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "David" ; default5:fullName "David Herring" ; default5:initials "D." ; default5:lastName "Herring" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Walter" ; default5:fullName "Walter Rafelsberger" ; default5:initials "W." ; default5:lastName "Rafelsberger" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Alexander" ; default5:fullName "Alexander Hubmann-Haidvogel" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Hubmann-Haidvogel" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ruslan" ; default5:fullName "Ruslan Kamolov" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Kamolov" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Daniel" ; default5:fullName "Daniel Fischl" ; default5:initials "D." ; default5:lastName "Fischl" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Michael" ; default5:fullName "Michael Föls" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Föls" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Albert" ; default5:fullName "Albert Weichselbraun" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Weichselbraun" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Scharl et al." ; default5:id "77e5237117ef40385e6bf4dbfa0cbd666631644d" ; default5:refCount 20 ; default2:abstract "Given the intense attention that environmental topics such as climate change attract in news and social media coverage, scientists and communication professionals want to know how different stakeholders perceive observable threats and policy options, how specific media channels react to new insights, and how journalists present scientific knowledge to the public. This paper investigates the potential of semantic technologies to address these questions. After summarizing methods to extract and disambiguate context information, we present visualization techniques to explore the lexical, geospatial, and relational context of topics and entities referenced in these repositories. The examples stem from the Media Watch on Climate Change, the Climate Resilience Toolkit and the NOAA Media Watch—three applications that aggregate environmental resources from a wide range of online sources. These systems not only show the value of providing comprehensive information to the public, but also have helped to develop a novel communication success metric that goes beyond bipolar assessments of sentiment." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Semantic Systems and Visual Tools to Support Environmental Communication" ; default3:doi "10.1109/JSYST.2015.2466439" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Systems Journal" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Semantic enrichment of textual data is the operation of linking mentions with the entities they refer to, and the subsequent enrichment of such entities with the background knowledge about them available in one or more knowledge bases (or in the entire web). Information about the context in which a mention occurs, (e.g., information about the time, the topic, and the space, which the text is relative to) constitutes a critical resource for a correct semantic enrichment for two reasons. First, without context, mentions are “too little text” to unambiguously refer to a single entity. Second, knowledge about entities is also context dependent (e.g., speaking about political life of Illinois during 1996, Obama is a Senator, while since 2009, Obama is the US president). In this paper, we describe a concrete approach to contextdriven semantic enrichment, built upon four core sub-tasks: detection of mentions in text (i.e., finding references to people, locations and organizations); determination of the context of discourses of the text, identification of the referred entities in the knowledge base, and enrichment of the entity with the knowledge relevant to the context. In such approach, context-driven semantic enrichment needs also to have contextualized background knowledge. To cope with this aspect, we propose a customization of Sesame, one of state-of-the-art knowledge repositories, to support representation and reasoning with contextualized knowledge. The approach has been fully implemented in a system, which has been practically deployed and applied to the textual archive of the local Italian newspaper “L’Adige”, covering the decade of years from 1999 to" ; default4:contributor "Andrei Tamilin", "Bernardo Magnini", "Christian Girardi", "Luciano Serafini", "Mathew Joseph", "Roberto Zanoli" ; default4:date "2010" ; default4:title "Context-Driven Semantic Enrichment of Italian News Archive" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Andrei" ; default5:fullName "Andrei Tamilin" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Tamilin" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Bernardo" ; default5:fullName "Bernardo Magnini" ; default5:initials "B." ; default5:lastName "Magnini" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Luciano" ; default5:fullName "Luciano Serafini" ; default5:initials "L." ; default5:lastName "Serafini" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Christian" ; default5:fullName "Christian Girardi" ; default5:initials "C." ; default5:lastName "Girardi" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Mathew" ; default5:fullName "Mathew Joseph" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Joseph" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Roberto" ; default5:fullName "Roberto Zanoli" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Zanoli" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Tamilin et al." ; default5:id "fe4cd3c88bace9bf529899ec9430ca49140ad65e" ; default5:refCount 14 ; default2:abstract "Semantic enrichment of textual data is the operation of linking mentions with the entities they refer to, and the subsequent enrichment of such entities with the background knowledge about them available in one or more knowledge bases (or in the entire web). Information about the context in which a mention occurs, (e.g., information about the time, the topic, and the space, which the text is relative to) constitutes a critical resource for a correct semantic enrichment for two reasons. First, without context, mentions are “too little text” to unambiguously refer to a single entity. Second, knowledge about entities is also context dependent (e.g., speaking about political life of Illinois during 1996, Obama is a Senator, while since 2009, Obama is the US president). In this paper, we describe a concrete approach to context-driven semantic enrichment, built upon four core sub-tasks: detection of mentions in text (i.e., finding references to people, locations and organizations); determination of the context of discourses of the text, identification of the referred entities in the knowledge base, and enrichment of the entity with the knowledge relevant to the context. In such approach, context-driven semantic enrichment needs also to have contextualized background knowledge. To cope with this aspect, we propose a customization of Sesame, one of state-of-the-art knowledge repositories, to support representation and reasoning with contextualized knowledge. The approach has been fully implemented in a system, which has been practically deployed and applied to the textual archive of the local Italian newspaper “L'Adige”, covering the decade of years from 1999 to 2009." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Context-Driven Semantic Enrichment of Italian News Archive" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-13486-9_25" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "We describe our research on automatically generating rich s emantic annotations of text and making it available on the Semantic Web. In particular, we discuss the challenge s involved in adapting the OntoSem natural language processing system for this purpose. OntoSem, an implementa tio of the theory of ontological semantics under continuous development for over fifteen years, uses a specia lly onstructed NLP-oriented ontology and an ontologicalsemantic lexicon to translate English text into a custom ont ol gy-motivated knowledge representation language, the language of text meaning representations (TMRs). OntoSem c oncentrates on a variety of ambiguity resolution tasks as well as processing unexpected input and reference. To ada pt OntoSem’s representation to the Semantic Web, we developed a translation system, OntoSem2OWL, between the T MR language into the Semantic Web language OWL. We next used OntoSem and OntoSem2OWL to support SemNews, an e xperimental web service that monitors RSS news sources, processes the summaries of the news stories an d publishes a structured representation of the meaning of the text in the news story." ; default4:contributor "Akshay Java", "Anupam Joshi", "Jesse English", "Marjorie McShane", "Sergei Nirneburg", "Timothy F inin" ; default4:date "2007" ; default4:title "Using a Natural Language Understanding System to Generate Semantic Web Content" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Akshay" ; default5:fullName "Akshay Java" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Java" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Sergei" ; default5:fullName "Sergei Nirneburg" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Nirneburg" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Marjorie" ; default5:fullName "Marjorie McShane" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "McShane" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Timothy F" ; default5:fullName "Timothy F inin" ; default5:initials "T.F." ; default5:lastName "inin" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jesse" ; default5:fullName "Jesse English" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "English" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Anupam" ; default5:fullName "Anupam Joshi" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Joshi" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Java et al." ; default5:id "abce40408b4ee2464bb08284fbc93c613c5a120a" ; default5:refCount 44 ; default2:abstract "We describe our research on automatically generating rich semantic annotations of text and making it available on the Semantic Web. In particular, we discuss the challenges involved in adapting the OntoSem natural language processing system for this purpose. OntoSem, an implementation of the theory of ontological semantics under continuous development for over fifteen years, uses a specia lly constructed NLP-oriented ontology and an ontologicalsemantic lexicon to translate English text into a custom ontology-motivated knowledge representation language, the language of text meaning representations (TMRs). OntoSem concentrates on a variety of ambiguity resolution tasks as well as processing unexpected input and reference. To adapt OntoSem’s representation to the Semantic Web, we developed a translation system, OntoSem2OWL, between the TMR language into the Semantic Web language OWL. We next used OntoSem and OntoSem2OWL to support SemNews, an e xperimental web service that monitors RSS news sources, processes the summaries of the news stories and publishes a structured representation of the meaning of the text in the news story." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Using a Natural Language Understanding System to Generate Semantic Web Content" ; default3:doi "10.4018/jswis.2007100103" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "This paper proposes a semantic computing application for a news delivering service collects and recommends news articles which user feels interested in based on semantic relations between terms in the articles. We de ̄ne interested articles as the ones that users have curiosity and serendipity. The semantic relations between terms are represented by graphs of Linked Data. We ̄rst create News Articles Linked Data, which are news articles for recommendation to users and User's preferences Linked Data created from the users' preferred articles. Then, common subgraphs between two graphs are searched for the recommendation of news articles. The experiment showed that the curiosity score is 3.30 (min:0, max:4), and the serendipity score is 2.93 in our approach, but a baseline method indicated the curiosity score: 3.03 and the serendipity score: 2.79. Thus, we con ̄rmed that our approach is more e®ective than the baseline method. In the future, we will deploy our semantic technology to practical use for automatically delivering information selected from a vast amount of news sources." ; default4:contributor "Akihiko Ohsuga", "Ryohei Yokoo", "Takahiro Kawamura" ; default4:date "2017" ; default4:title "Semantics-Based News Delivering Service" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ryohei" ; default5:fullName "Ryohei Yokoo" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Yokoo" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Takahiro" ; default5:fullName "Takahiro Kawamura" ; default5:initials "T." ; default5:lastName "Kawamura" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Akihiko" ; default5:fullName "Akihiko Ohsuga" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Ohsuga" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Yokoo et al." ; default5:id "f9829f93d75354d3fed17cf7287c56f11006017f" ; default5:refCount 20 ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:title "Semantics-Based News Delivering Service" ; default3:doi "10.1142/S1793351X1640016X" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Semantic Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "In this paper a knowledge base concept driven named entity recognition (NER) approach is presented. The technique is used for information extraction from news articles and linking it with background concepts in knowledge base. The work specifically focuses on extracting entity mentions from unstructured articles. The extraction of entity mentions from articles is based on the existing concepts from DBPedia ontology, representing the knowledge associated with the concepts present in Wikipedia knowledge base. A collection of the Wikipedia concepts through structured DBpedia ontology has been extracted and developed. For processing of unstructured text, Dawn news articles have been scrapped, preprocessed and thereby a corpus has been built. The proposed knowledge base driven system shows that given an article, the system identifies the entity mentions in the text article and how they can automatically be linked with the concepts to the corresponding entity mentions representing their respective pages on Wikipedia. The system is evaluated on three test collections of news articles on politics, sports and entertainment domains. The experimental results in respect of entity mentions are reported. The results are presented as precision, recall and f-measure, where the precision of extraction of relevant entity mentions identified yields the best results with a little variation in percent recall and f-measures. Additionally, facts associated with the extracted entity mentions both in form of sentences and Resource Description Framework (RDF) triples are presented so as to enhance the user’s understanding of the related facts presented in the article. Keywords—Ontology-based information extraction; semantic web; named entity recognition; entity linking" ; default4:contributor "Adeel Ahmed", "Saif ur Rahman" ; default4:date "2017" ; default4:title "DBpedia based Ontological Concepts Driven Information Extraction from Unstructured Text" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Adeel" ; default5:fullName "Adeel Ahmed" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Ahmed" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Saif ur" ; default5:fullName "Saif ur Rahman" ; default5:initials "S.u." ; default5:lastName "Rahman" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Ahmed & Rahman" ; default5:id "7887d35cb7aabb28f148a553471f702b42359996" ; default5:refCount 18 ; default2:abstract "In this paper a knowledge base concept driven named entity recognition (NER) approach is presented. The technique is used for information extraction from news articles and linking it with background concepts in knowledge base. The work specifically focuses on extracting entity mentions from unstructured articles. The extraction of entity mentions from articles is based on the existing concepts from DBPedia ontology, representing the knowledge associated with the concepts present in Wikipedia knowledge base. A collection of the Wikipedia concepts through structured DBpedia ontology has been extracted and developed. For processing of unstructured text, Dawn news articles have been scrapped, preprocessed and thereby a corpus has been built. The proposed knowledge base driven system shows that given an article, the system identifies the entity mentions in the text article and how they can automatically be linked with the concepts to the corresponding entity mentions representing their respective pages on Wikipedia. The system is evaluated on three test collections of news articles on politics, sports and entertainment domains. The experimental results in respect of entity mentions are reported. The results are presented as precision, recall and f-measure, where the precision of extraction of relevant entity mentions identified yields the best results with a little variation in percent recall and f-measures. Additionally, facts associated with the extracted entity mentions both in form of sentences and Resource Description Framework (RDF) triples are presented so as to enhance the user’s understanding of the related facts presented in the article." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:isReferencedBy ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "DBpedia based Ontological Concepts Driven Information Extraction from Unstructured Text" ; default3:doi "10.14569/IJACSA.2017.080954" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "News agencies are one of the main actors in the news business. These agencies produce daily big amounts of digital contents, which need to be managed and distributed to their customers. The NEWS (News Engine Web Services) project, already completed, had as goal to develop tools that, using state of the art technologies, may help news agencies to improve their production and distribution processes. As a central piece in the NEWS system, an ontology for the news domain was implemented. In this paper, we describe the NEWS ontology, its intended uses in the context of the production and distribution processes of a news agency, and the NEWSPlugin, a Protégé extension developed to partially automate its" ; default4:contributor "Damaris Fuentes", "Jesús A. Fisteus", "Luis Sánchez", "Norberto Fernández" ; default4:date "2010" ; default4:title "The NEWS ontology: Design and applications" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Norberto" ; default5:fullName "Norberto Fernández" ; default5:initials "N." ; default5:lastName "Fernández" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Damaris" ; default5:fullName "Damaris Fuentes" ; default5:initials "D." ; default5:lastName "Fuentes" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Luis" ; default5:fullName "Luis Sánchez" ; default5:initials "L." ; default5:lastName "Sánchez" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jesús A." ; default5:fullName "Jesús A. Fisteus" ; default5:initials "J.A." ; default5:lastName "Fisteus" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Fernández et al." ; default5:id "dd740ff67a643139153c8d8dc3cb84917e0a2a9c" ; default5:refCount 21 ; default2:abstract "News agencies are one of the main actors in the news business. These agencies produce daily big amounts of digital contents, which need to be managed and distributed to their customers. The NEWS (News Engine Web Services) project, already completed, had as goal to develop tools that, using state of the art technologies, may help news agencies to improve their production and distribution processes. As a central piece in the NEWS system, an ontology for the news domain was implemented. In this paper, we describe the NEWS ontology, its intended uses in the context of the production and distribution processes of a news agency, and the NEWSPlugin, a Protege extension developed to partially automate its maintenance." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "The NEWS ontology: Design and applications" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2010.06.055" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Recommender systems have achieved success in a variety of domains, as a means to help users in information overload scenarios by proactively finding items or services on their behalf, taking into account or predicting their tastes, priorities or goals. Challenging issues in their research agenda include the sparsity of user preference data, and the lack of flexibility to incorporate contextual factors in the recommendation methods. To a significant extent, these issues can be related to a limited description and exploitation of the semantics underlying both user and item representations. We propose a three-fold knowledge representation, in which an explicit, semantic-rich domain knowledge space is incorporated between user and item spaces. The enhanced semantics support the development of contextualisation capabilities, and enable performance improvements in recommendation methods. As a proof of concept and evaluation testbed, the approach is evaluated through its implementation in a news recommender system, in which it is tested with real users. In such scenario, semantic knowledge bases and item annotations are automatically produced from public sources." ; default4:contributor "Alejandro Bellogín", "Iván Cantador", "Pablo Castells" ; default4:date "2011" ; default4:title "An Enhanced Semantic Layer for Hybrid Recommender Systems: Application to News Recommendation" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Iván" ; default5:fullName "Iván Cantador" ; default5:initials "I." ; default5:lastName "Cantador" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Pablo" ; default5:fullName "Pablo Castells" ; default5:initials "P." ; default5:lastName "Castells" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Alejandro" ; default5:fullName "Alejandro Bellogín" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Bellogín" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Cantador et al." ; default5:id "a599d00549e2207635a5e8963ad442df2ba688c3" ; default5:refCount 35 ; default2:abstract "Recommender systems have achieved success in a variety of domains, as a means to help users in information overload scenarios by proactively finding items or services on their behalf, taking into account or predicting their tastes, priorities, or goals. Challenging issues in their research agenda include the sparsity of user preference data and the lack of flexibility to incorporate contextual factors in the recommendation methods. To a significant extent, these issues can be related to a limited description and exploitation of the semantics underlying both user and item representations. The authors propose a three-fold knowledge representation, in which an explicit, semantic-rich domain knowledge space is incorporated between user and item spaces. The enhanced semantics support the development of contextualisation capabilities and enable performance improvements in recommendation methods. As a proof of concept and evaluation testbed, the approach is evaluated through its implementation in a news recommender system, in which it is tested with real users. In such scenario, semantic knowledge bases and item annotations are automatically produced from public sources." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "An Enhanced Semantic Layer for Hybrid Recommender Systems: Application to News Recommendation" ; default3:doi "10.4018/jswis.2011010103" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Six years after Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues drew the vision of the Semantic Web (SW) in 1998, the SW is very likely to take off in the near future based on a set of specifications such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) 1. As a natural result, people will see the coexistence of the WWW and the SW for a certain long time. Under this situation, how to bridge the gap between the WWW and the SW will become an inevitable issue. In this paper, we present a contextaware approach on enabling agents to understand semantic resources on the two webs. The basic idea of this approach is to structure user-centred contextual information to facilitate agent-based (inter)operations on the network. Based on this idea, we design a Knowledge Interoperation Reference Model (KIRM) to address the interoperation issue at the global level. To demonstrate how agents understand semantic resources in a context-aware manner in real practices, we develop a news aggregation system based on RDF Site Summary / Really Simple Syndication (RSS) using agents. Considering the fact that RSS format set is a combination of XML and RDF, the success of agent understanding of RSS content under specific semantic contexts shows the possibility of extending and applying the context-aware approach in other semantic-based applications on both the WWW and the SW in the future." ; default4:contributor "David Webster", "Weihong Huang" ; default4:date "2004" ; default4:title "Enabling Context-Aware Agents to Understand Semantic Resources on The WWW and The Semantic Web" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Weihong" ; default5:fullName "Weihong Huang" ; default5:initials "W." ; default5:lastName "Huang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "David" ; default5:fullName "David Webster" ; default5:initials "D." ; default5:lastName "Webster" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Huang & Webster" ; default5:id "9fc16dcdd7898ecc8266646d534f9807c73d89d0" ; default5:refCount 23 ; default2:abstract "Six years after Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues drew the vision of the Semantic Web (SW) in 1998, the SW is very likely to take off in the near future based on a set of specifications such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL). As a natural result, people will see the coexistence of the WWW and the SW for a certain long time. Under this situation, how to bridge the gap between the WWW and the SW will become an inevitable issue. In this paper, we present a context-aware approach on enabling agents to understand semantic resources on the two webs. The basic idea of this approach is to structure user-centred contextual information to facilitate agent-based (inter)operations on the network. Based on this idea, we design a Knowledge Interoperation Reference Model (KIRM) to address the interoperation issue at the global level. To demonstrate how agents understand semantic resources in a context-aware manner in real practices, we develop a news aggregation system based on RDF Site Summary / Really Simple Syndication (RSS) using agents. Considering the fact that RSS format set is a combination of XML and RDF, the success of agent understanding of RSS content under specific semantic contexts shows the possibility of extending and applying the context-aware approach in other semantic-based applications on both the WWW and the SW in the future." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Enabling Context-Aware Agents to Understand Semantic Resources on The WWWand The Semantic Web" ; default3:doi "10.1109/WI.2004.64" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI'04)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Interest in web-based syndication systems has been growing as information streams onto the web at an increasing rate. Technologies, like the standard Semantic Web languages RDF and OWL, make it possible to create expressive representations of the content of publications and subscriptions in a syndication framework. Because these languages are based in description logics, this representation allows the application to reasoning to make more precise matching of user interests with published information. A challenge to this approach is that the consistency of the underlying knowledge base must be maintained for these techniques to work. With the frequent addition of information from new publications, it is likely that inconsistencies will arise. There are many potential mechanisms for choosing which inconsistent information to discard from the KB to regain consistency; in the case of news syndication, we argue keeping the most trusted information is important for generating the most valuable matches. Thus, in this article, we present algorithms for belief-base revision, and specifically look at the user’s trust in the information sources as a metric for deciding what to keep in the KB and what to remove." ; default4:contributor "Christian Halaschek-Wiener", "Jennifer Golbeck" ; default4:date "2007" ; default4:title "Trust-Based Revision for Expressive Web Syndication" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jennifer" ; default5:fullName "Jennifer Golbeck" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Golbeck" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Christian" ; default5:fullName "Christian Halaschek-Wiener" ; default5:initials "C." ; default5:lastName "Halaschek-Wiener" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Golbeck & Halaschek-Wiener" ; default5:id "ac90874bd4d9a24457b96215707b023a725b60fe" ; default5:refCount 60 ; default2:abstract "Interest in web-based syndication systems has been growing as information streams onto the web at an increasing rate. Technologies, like the standard Semantic Web languages RDF and OWL, make it possible to create expressive representations of the content of publications and subscriptions in a syndication framework. Because these languages are based in description logics, this representation allows the application to reasoning to make more precise matching of user interests with published information. A challenge to this approach is that the consistency of the underlying knowledge base must be maintained for these techniques to work. With the frequent addition of information from new publications, it is likely that inconsistencies will arise. There are many potential mechanisms for choosing which inconsistent information to discard from the KB to regain consistency; in the case of news syndication, we argue keeping the most trusted information is important for generating the most valuable matches. Thus, in this article, we present algorithms for belief-base revision, and specifically look at the user's trust in the information sources as a metric for deciding what to keep in the KB and what to remove." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Trust-based Revision for Expressive Web Syndication" ; default3:doi "10.1093/logcom/exn045" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Log. Comput." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "The rapid development of the social Web has resulted in diverse Web 2.0 applications for accessing various Web feeds such as Weblogs, news headlines, business products, real time information and Podcasts. Due to the masses of Web feeds available on the Internet, a major challenge is how to access them efficiently. Conventional methods of manually finding and matching keyword for Web feeds are time-consuming and inaccurate. This study addresses this issue by defining a Personalized Web Feeds Framework (PWFF) for integrating ontology technologies into Web feeds and user profiles. The proposed PWFF is used to develop an Ontology-based Personalized Web Feed Platform (OPWFP) that provides customized Web feeds for personnel needs. To demonstrate the feasibility of OPWFP, the experimental results illustrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach." ; default4:contributor "I-Ching Hsu" ; default4:date "2013" ; default4:title "Personalized web feeds based on ontology technologies" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "I-Ching" ; default5:fullName "I-Ching Hsu" ; default5:initials "I." ; default5:lastName "Hsu" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Hsu" ; default5:id "b03649f13d7f12c83c8f3dcb7f3405bbe038965e" ; default5:refCount 19 ; default2:abstract "The rapid development of the social Web has resulted in diverse Web 2.0 applications for accessing various Web feeds such as Weblogs, news headlines, business products, real time information and Podcasts. Due to the masses of Web feeds available on the Internet, a major challenge is how to access them efficiently. Conventional methods of manually finding and matching keyword for Web feeds are time-consuming and inaccurate. This study addresses this issue by defining a Personalized Web Feeds Framework (PWFF) for integrating ontology technologies into Web feeds and user profiles. The proposed PWFF is used to develop an Ontology-based Personalized Web Feed Platform (OPWFP) that provides customized Web feeds for personnel needs. To demonstrate the feasibility of OPWFP, the experimental results illustrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "Personalized web feeds based on ontology technologies" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10796-011-9337-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Information Systems Frontiers" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "This article addresses business news analysis by using artificial intelligence. An interdisciplinary method combining financial textual data mining and ontology-based reasoning is proposed and evaluated. The experiments are performed using a well-known Cyc ontology and textual material from the financial domain. Our experiments show that using semantic technologies for business news analysis helps to provide the user with more relevant answers to his=her queries." ; default4:contributor "Inna Novalija" ; default4:date "2013" ; default4:title "APPLYING SEMANTIC TECHNOLOGY TO BUSINESS NEWS ANALYSIS" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Inna" ; default5:fullName "Inna Novalija" ; default5:initials "I." ; default5:lastName "Novalija" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Novalija" ; default5:id "57236435573f181a3d5ea734c7c77d4d8974e963" ; default5:refCount 26 ; default2:abstract "This article addresses business news analysis by using artificial intelligence. An interdisciplinary method combining financial textual data mining and ontology-based reasoning is proposed and evaluated. The experiments are performed using a well-known Cyc ontology and textual material from the financial domain. Our experiments show that using semantic technologies for business news analysis helps to provide the user with more relevant answers to his/her queries." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:isReferencedBy , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Applying Semantic Technology to Business News Analysis" ; default3:doi "10.1080/08839514.2013.805600" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Applied Artificial Intelligence" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "This paper addresses the problem of fake news detection. There are many works already in this space; however, most of them are for social media and not using news content for the decision making. In this paper, we propose some novel approaches, including the B-TransE model, to detecting fake news based on news content using knowledge graphs. In our solutions, we need to address a few technical challenges. Firstly, computational-oriented fact checking is not comprehensive enough to cover all the relations needed for fake news detection. Secondly, it is challenging to validate the correctness of the extracted triples from news articles. Our approaches are evaluated with the Kaggle’s ‘Getting Real about Fake News’ dataset and some true articles from main stream media. The evaluations show that some of our approaches have over 0.80 F1-scores." ; default4:contributor "Chenxi Li", "Jeff Z. Pan1(B", "Jinshuo Liu2(B", "Ningxi Li", "Siyana Pavlova", "Yangmei Li" ; default4:date "2018" ; default4:title "Content Based Fake News Detection Using Knowledge Graphs" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jeff Z." ; default5:fullName "Jeff Z. Pan1(B" ; default5:initials "J.Z." ; default5:lastName "Pan1(B" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Siyana" ; default5:fullName "Siyana Pavlova" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Pavlova" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Chenxi" ; default5:fullName "Chenxi Li" ; default5:initials "C." ; default5:lastName "Li" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ningxi" ; default5:fullName "Ningxi Li" ; default5:initials "N." ; default5:lastName "Li" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Yangmei" ; default5:fullName "Yangmei Li" ; default5:initials "Y." ; default5:lastName "Li" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jinshuo" ; default5:fullName "Jinshuo Liu2(B" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Liu2(B" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Pan1(B et al." ; default5:id "3323de6686a62b2b21870ca087cc853a069e39a3" ; default5:refCount 17 ; default2:abstract "This paper addresses the problem of fake news detection. There are many works already in this space; however, most of them are for social media and not using news content for the decision making. In this paper, we propose some novel approaches, including the B-TransE model, to detecting fake news based on news content using knowledge graphs. In our solutions, we need to address a few technical challenges. Firstly, computational-oriented fact checking is not comprehensive enough to cover all the relations needed for fake news detection. Secondly, it is challenging to validate the correctness of the extracted triples from news articles. Our approaches are evaluated with the Kaggle’s ‘Getting Real about Fake News’ dataset and some true articles from main stream media. The evaluations show that some of our approaches have over 0.80 F1-scores." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Content Based Fake News Detection Using Knowledge Graphs" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-030-00671-6_39" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "People on the Web talk about television. TV users’ social activities implicitly connect the concepts referred to by videos, news, comments, and posts. The strength of such connections may change as the perception of users on the Web changes over time. With the goal of leveraging users’ social activities to better understand how TV programs are perceived by the TV public and how the users’ interests evolve in time, we introduce a knowledge graph to model the integration of the heterogeneous and dynamic data coming from different information sources, including broadcasters’ archives, online newspapers, blogs, web encyclopedias, social media platforms, and social networks, which play a role in what we call the “extended life” of TV content. We show how our graph model captures multiple aspects of the television domain, from the semantic characterization of the TV content, to the temporal evolution of its social characterization and of its social perception. Through a real use-case analysis, based on the instance of our knowledge graph extracted from (the analysis of) a set of episodes of an Italian TV talk show, we discuss the involvement of the public of the considered program." ; default4:contributor "Alessio Antonini", "Claudio Schifanella", "Luca Vignaroli", "Maria Luisa Sapino", "Raffaele Teraoni Prioletti", "Ruggero G. Pensa" ; default4:date "2013" ; default4:title "Tracking and analyzing TV content on the web through social and ontological knowledge" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ruggero G." ; default5:fullName "Ruggero G. Pensa" ; default5:initials "R.G." ; default5:lastName "Pensa" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Maria Luisa" ; default5:fullName "Maria Luisa Sapino" ; default5:initials "M.L." ; default5:lastName "Sapino" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Claudio" ; default5:fullName "Claudio Schifanella" ; default5:initials "C." ; default5:lastName "Schifanella" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Alessio" ; default5:fullName "Alessio Antonini" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Antonini" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Raffaele Teraoni" ; default5:fullName "Raffaele Teraoni Prioletti" ; default5:initials "R.T." ; default5:lastName "Prioletti" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Luca" ; default5:fullName "Luca Vignaroli" ; default5:initials "L." ; default5:lastName "Vignaroli" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Pensa et al." ; default5:id "fa9b6d402c0c67b590d993bfac4fa74cfaa2e910" ; default5:refCount 26 ; default2:abstract "People on the Web talk about television. TV users' social activities implicitly connect the concepts referred to by videos, news, comments, and posts. The strength of such connections may change as the perception of users on the Web changes over time. With the goal of leveraging users' social activities to better understand how TV programs are perceived by the TV public and how the users' interests evolve in time, we introduce a knowledge graph to model the integration of the heterogeneous and dynamic data coming from different information sources, including broadcasters' archives, online newspapers, blogs, web encyclopedias, social media platforms, and social networks, which play a role in what we call the \"extended life\" of TV content. We show how our graph model captures multiple aspects of the television domain, from the semantic characterization of the TV content, to the temporal evolution of its social characterization and of its social perception. Through a real use-case analysis, based on the instance of our knowledge graph extracted from (the analysis of) a set of episodes of an Italian TV talk show, we discuss the involvement of the public of the considered program." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Tracking and analyzing TV content on the web through social and ontological knowledge" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2465958.2465978" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EuroITV" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Recently, the Korean popular (K-Pop) music industry has grown into a popular subculture among teenagers and young adults worldwide, which resulted in widespread interest in the fashion and style of idolised Korean singers and groups. Although English social media websites provide some content related to K-Pop, these websites lack diversity and rapid updating of information compared to local Korean websites. This study introduces a K-Pop knowledge graph, which is the basis for describing various objects and their relationships. All contents of the knowledge graph can be distributed and shared across various applications. To do so, this study proposes a semantic data model to represent a comprehensive profile for singers and groups, their activities, organisations and entertainment content. The knowledge graph is created by aggregating a set of relevant datasets from various data sources. In addition, Gnosis, which is a news application, demonstrates how this knowledge graph can be used in a" ; default4:contributor "Haklae Kim" ; default4:date "2017" ; default4:title "Building a K-Pop knowledge graph using an entertainment ontology" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Haklae" ; default5:fullName "Haklae Kim" ; default5:initials "H." ; default5:lastName "Kim" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Kim" ; default5:id "373304d08f844c279d26a1c215a11e13c1507645" ; default5:refCount 27 ; default2:abstract "Recently, the Korean popular (K-Pop) music industry has grown into a popular subculture among teenagers and young adults worldwide, which resulted in widespread interest in the fashion and style of idolised Korean singers and groups. Although English social media websites provide some content related to K-Pop, these websites lack diversity and rapid updating of information compared to local Korean websites. This study introduces a K-Pop knowledge graph, which is the basis for describing various objects and their relationships. All contents of the knowledge graph can be distributed and shared across various applications. To do so, this study proposes a semantic data model to represent a comprehensive profile for singers and groups, their activities, organisations and entertainment content. The knowledge graph is created by aggregating a set of relevant datasets from various data sources. In addition, Gnosis, which is a news application, demonstrates how this knowledge graph can be used in a real-world service." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Building a K-Pop knowledge graph using an entertainment ontology" ; default3:doi "10.1057/s41275-017-0056-8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "News production is characterized by a complex and dynamic workflow, in which it is important to produce and broadcast reliable news as fast as possible. In this process, the efficient retrieval of previously broadcasted news items is important, both for gathering background information and for reuse of footage in new reports. This paper discusses how the quality of descriptive metadata of news items can be optimized, by collecting data generated during news production. Starting from a description of the news production process of the Flemish public service broadcaster in Belgium (VRT), information systems containing valuable metadata are identified. Subsequently, we present a data model that uniformly represents the available information generated during news production. This data model is then implemented using Semantic Web technologies. Further, we describe how other valuable data sets, present in the Semantic Web, are connected to the data model, enabling semantic search operations." ; default4:contributor "Davy Van Deursen", "Dieter Van Rijsselbergen", "Erik Mannens", "Mike Matton", "Pedro Debevere", "Rik Van de Walle", "Robbie De Sutter" ; default4:date "2011" ; default4:title "Enabling Semantic Search in a News Production Environment" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Pedro" ; default5:fullName "Pedro Debevere" ; default5:initials "P." ; default5:lastName "Debevere" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Davy Van" ; default5:fullName "Davy Van Deursen" ; default5:initials "D.V." ; default5:lastName "Deursen" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Dieter Van" ; default5:fullName "Dieter Van Rijsselbergen" ; default5:initials "D.V." ; default5:lastName "Rijsselbergen" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Erik" ; default5:fullName "Erik Mannens" ; default5:initials "E." ; default5:lastName "Mannens" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Mike" ; default5:fullName "Mike Matton" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Matton" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Robbie De" ; default5:fullName "Robbie De Sutter" ; default5:initials "R.D." ; default5:lastName "Sutter" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Rik Van de" ; default5:fullName "Rik Van de Walle" ; default5:initials "R.V.d." ; default5:lastName "Walle" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Debevere et al." ; default5:id "ac9f6a366150c62d0ec48233bf06b4b12c3b03ce" ; default5:refCount 14 ; default2:abstract "News production is characterized by a complex and dynamic workflow, in which it is important to produce and broadcast reliable news as fast as possible. In this process, the efficient retrieval of previously broadcasted news items is important, both for gathering background information and for reuse of footage in new reports. This paper discusses how the quality of descriptive metadata of news items can be optimized, by collecting data generated during news production. Starting from a description of the news production process of the Flemish public service broadcaster in Belgium (VRT), information systems containing valuable metadata are identified. Subsequently, we present a data model that uniformly represents the available information generated during news production. This data model is then implemented using Semantic Web technologies. Further, we describe how other valuable data sets, present in the SemanticWeb, are connected to the data model, enabling semantic search operations." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Enabling Semantic Search in a News Production Environment" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-23017-2_3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAMT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Summarizing news articles is becoming crucial for allowing quick and concise access to information about daily events. This task can be challenging when the same event is reported with various levels of detail or is subject to diverse view points. A well established technique in the area of news summarization consists in modeling events as a set of semantic triples. These triples are weighted, mainly based on their frequencies, and then fused to build summaries. Typically, triples are extracted from main clauses, which might lead to information loss. Moreover, some crucial facets of news, such as reasons or consequences, are mostly reported in subordinate clauses and thus they are not properly handled. In this paper, we focus on an existing work that uses a graph structure to model sentences allowing the access to any triple independently from the clause it belongs to. Summary sentences are then generated by taking the top ranked paths that contain many triples and show grammatical correctness. We further provide several improvements to that approach. First, we leverage node degrees for finding the most important triples and facets shared among sentences. Second, we enhance the process of triple fusion by providing more effective similarity measures that exploit entity linking and predicate similarity. We performed extensive experiments using the DUC’04 and DUC’07 datasets showing that our approach outperforms baseline approaches by a large margin in terms of ROUGE and PYRAMID scores." ; default4:contributor "Mouna Kacimi", "Radityo Eko Prasojo(B", "Werner Nutt" ; default4:date "2018" ; default4:title "Modeling and Summarizing News Events Using Semantic Triples" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Radityo Eko" ; default5:fullName "Radityo Eko Prasojo(B" ; default5:initials "R.E." ; default5:lastName "Prasojo(B" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Mouna" ; default5:fullName "Mouna Kacimi" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Kacimi" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Werner" ; default5:fullName "Werner Nutt" ; default5:initials "W." ; default5:lastName "Nutt" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Prasojo(B et al." ; default5:id "942f3703813e44ebe304805d0c19ed098eb978da" ; default5:refCount 27 ; default2:abstract "Summarizing news articles is becoming crucial for allowing quick and concise access to information about daily events. This task can be challenging when the same event is reported with various levels of detail or is subject to diverse view points. A well established technique in the area of news summarization consists in modeling events as a set of semantic triples. These triples are weighted, mainly based on their frequencies, and then fused to build summaries. Typically, triples are extracted from main clauses, which might lead to information loss. Moreover, some crucial facets of news, such as reasons or consequences, are mostly reported in subordinate clauses and thus they are not properly handled. In this paper, we focus on an existing work that uses a graph structure to model sentences allowing the access to any triple independently from the clause it belongs to. Summary sentences are then generated by taking the top ranked paths that contain many triples and show grammatical correctness. We further provide several improvements to that approach. First, we leverage node degrees for finding the most important triples and facets shared among sentences. Second, we enhance the process of triple fusion by providing more effective similarity measures that exploit entity linking and predicate similarity. We performed extensive experiments using the DUC’04 and DUC’07 datasets showing that our approach outperforms baseline approaches by a large margin in terms of ROUGE and PYRAMID scores." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Modeling and Summarizing News Events Using Semantic Triples" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-93417-4_33" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "With the rapid growth of online information services, a sheer volume of news data becomes available. To help people quickly digest the explosive information, we define a new problem – schema-based news event profiling – profiling events reported in open-domain news corpora, with a set of slots and slot-value pairs for each event, where the set of slots forms the schema of an event type. Such profiling not only provides readers with concise views of events, but also facilitates various applications such as information retrieval, knowledge graph construction and question answering. It is however a quite challenging task. The first challenge is to find out events and event types because they are both initially unknown. The second difficulty is the lack of pre-defined event-type schemas. Lastly, even with the schemas extracted, to generate event profiles from them is still essential yet demanding. To address these challenges, we propose a fully automatic, unsupervised, three-step framework to obtain event profiles. First, we develop a Bayesian non-parametricmodel to detect events and event types by exploiting the slot expressions of the entities mentioned in news articles. Second, we propose an unsupervised embedding model for schema induction that encodes the insight: an entity may serve as the values of multiple slots in an event, but if it appears in more sentences along with the same set of more entities in the event, its slots in these sentences tend to be similar. Finally, we build event profiles by extracting slot values for each event based on the slots’ expression patterns. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on schema-based profiling for news events. Experimental results on a large news corpus demonstrate the superior performance of our method against the state-of-the-art baselines on event detection, schema induction and event profiling. *This work was done when the first 3 authors were at University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org. CIKM ’18, October 22–26, 2018, Torino, Italy © 2018 Association for Computing Machinery. ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-6014-2/18/10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3269206.3271674 ACM Reference Format: Quan Yuan, Xiang Ren, Wenqi He, Chao Zhang, Xinhe Geng, Lifu Huang, Heng Ji, Chin-Yew Lin, Jiawei Han. 2018. Open-Schema Event Profiling for Massive News Corpora. In The 27th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM ’18), October 22–26, 2018, Torino, Italy.ACM,NewYork, NY, USA, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3269206.3271674" ; default4:contributor "Chao Zhang", "Chin-Yew Lin", "Heng Ji", "Jiawei Han", "Lifu Huang", "Quan Yuan", "Wenqi He", "Xiang Ren", "Xinhe Geng" ; default4:date "2018" ; default4:title "Open-Schema Event Profiling for Massive News Corpora" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Quan" ; default5:fullName "Quan Yuan" ; default5:initials "Q." ; default5:lastName "Yuan" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Xiang" ; default5:fullName "Xiang Ren" ; default5:initials "X." ; default5:lastName "Ren" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Wenqi" ; default5:fullName "Wenqi He" ; default5:initials "W." ; default5:lastName "He" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Chao" ; default5:fullName "Chao Zhang" ; default5:initials "C." ; default5:lastName "Zhang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Xinhe" ; default5:fullName "Xinhe Geng" ; default5:initials "X." ; default5:lastName "Geng" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Lifu" ; default5:fullName "Lifu Huang" ; default5:initials "L." ; default5:lastName "Huang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Heng" ; default5:fullName "Heng Ji" ; default5:initials "H." ; default5:lastName "Ji" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Chin-Yew" ; default5:fullName "Chin-Yew Lin" ; default5:initials "C." ; default5:lastName "Lin" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jiawei" ; default5:fullName "Jiawei Han" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Han" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Yuan et al." ; default5:id "be0e834669b4351ed2ee843d5eeb03b084b88968" ; default5:refCount 67 ; default2:abstract """With the rapid growth of online information services, a sheer volume of news data becomes available. To help people quickly digest the explosive information, we define a new problem - schema-based news event profiling - profiling events reported in open-domain news corpora, with a set of slots and slot-value pairs for each event, where the set of slots forms the schema of an event type. Such profiling not only provides readers with concise views of events, but also facilitates various applications such as information retrieval, knowledge graph construction and question answering. It is however a quite challenging task. The first challenge is to find out events and event types because they are both initially unknown. The second difficulty is the lack of pre-defined event-type schemas. Lastly, even with the schemas extracted, to generate event profiles from them is still essential yet demanding. To address these challenges, we propose a fully automatic, unsupervised, three-step framework to obtain event profiles. First, we develop a Bayesian non-parametric model to detect events and event types by exploiting the slot expressions of the entities mentioned in news articles. Second, we propose an unsupervised embedding model for schema induction that encodes the insight: an entity may serve as the values of multiple slots in an event, but if it appears in more sentences along with the same set of more entities in the event, its slots in these sentences tend to be similar. Finally, we build event profiles by extracting slot values for each event based on the slots' expression patterns. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on schema-based profiling for news events. Experimental results on a large news corpus demonstrate the superior performance of our method against the state-of-the-art baselines on event detection, schema induction and event profiling.""" ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Open-Schema Event Profiling for Massive News Corpora" ; default3:doi "10.1145/3269206.3271674" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '18" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "In media monitoring users have a clearly defined information need to find so far unknown statements regarding certain entities or relations mentioned in natural-language text. However, commonly used keyword-based search technologies are focused on finding relevant documents and cannot judge the novelty of statements contained in the text. In this work, we propose a new semantic novelty measure that allows to retrieve statements, which are both novel and relevant, from naturallanguage sentences in news articles. Relevance is defined by a semantic query of the user, while novelty is ensured by checking whether the extracted statements are related, but non-existing in a knowledge base containing the currently known facts. Our evaluation performed on English news texts and on CrunchBase as the knowledge base demonstrates the effectiveness, unique capabilities and future challenges of this novel approach to novelty." ; default4:contributor "Achim Rettinger", "Andreas Harth", "Michael Färber" ; default4:date "2016" ; default4:title "Towards Monitoring of Novel Statements in the News" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Michael" ; default5:fullName "Michael Färber" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Färber" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Achim" ; default5:fullName "Achim Rettinger" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Rettinger" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Andreas" ; default5:fullName "Andreas Harth" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Harth" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Färber et al." ; default5:id "4141fc2cc02b44f30ac3c3d6ef6677430d3d86da" ; default5:refCount 19 ; default2:abstract "In media monitoring users have a clearly defined information need to find so far unknown statements regarding certain entities or relations mentioned in natural-language text. However, commonly used keyword-based search technologies are focused on finding relevant documents and cannot judge the novelty of statements contained in the text. In this work, we propose a new semantic novelty measure that allows to retrieve statements, which are both novel and relevant, from natural-language sentences in news articles. Relevance is defined by a semantic query of the user, while novelty is ensured by checking whether the extracted statements are related, but non-existing in a knowledge base containing the currently known facts. Our evaluation performed on English news texts and on CrunchBase as the knowledge base demonstrates the effectiveness, unique capabilities and future challenges of this novel approach to novelty." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:isReferencedBy , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Towards Monitoring of Novel Statements in the News" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-34129-3_18" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "The gradual migration of television from broadcast diffusion to Internet diffusion offers countless possibilities for the generation of rich navigable contents. However, it also raises numerous scientific issues regarding delinearization of TV streams and content enrichment. In this paper, we study how speech can be used at different levels of the delinearization process, using automatic speech transcription and natural language processing (NLP) for the segmentation and characterization of TV programs and for the generation of semantic hyperlinks in videos. Transcript-based video delinearization requires natural language processing techniques robust to transcription peculiarities, such as transcription errors, and to domain and genre differences. We therefore propose to modify classical NLP techniques, initially designed for regular texts, to improve their robustness in the context of TV delinearization. We demonstrate that the modified NLP techniques can efficiently handle various types of TV material and be exploited for program description, for topic segmentation, and for the generation of semantic hyperlinks between multimedia contents. We illustrate the concept of cross-media semantic navigation with a description of our news navigation demonstrator presented during the NEM Summit 2009." ; default4:contributor "Camille Guinaudeau", "Guillaume Gravier", "Gwénolé Lecorvé", "Pascale Sébillot" ; default4:date "2011" ; default4:title "Exploiting Speech for Automatic TV Delinearization: From Streams to Cross- Media Semantic Navigation" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Pascale" ; default5:fullName "Pascale Sébillot" ; default5:initials "P." ; default5:lastName "Sébillot" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Guillaume" ; default5:fullName "Guillaume Gravier" ; default5:initials "G." ; default5:lastName "Gravier" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Camille" ; default5:fullName "Camille Guinaudeau" ; default5:initials "C." ; default5:lastName "Guinaudeau" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Gwénolé" ; default5:fullName "Gwénolé Lecorvé" ; default5:initials "G." ; default5:lastName "Lecorvé" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Sébillot et al." ; default5:id "4a83ffee6ce6f839ee0ad9738d001fa10c930efa" ; default5:refCount 36 ; default2:abstract "The gradual migration of television from broadcast diffusion to Internet diffusion offers countless possibilities for the generation of rich navigable contents. However, it also raises numerous scientific issues regarding delinearization of TV streams and content enrichment. In this paper, we study how speech can be used at different levels of the delinearization process, using automatic speech transcription and natural language processing (NLP) for the segmentation and characterization of TV programs and for the generation of semantic hyperlinks in videos. Transcript-based video delinearization requires natural language processing techniques robust to transcription peculiarities, such as transcription errors, and to domain and genre differences. We therefore propose to modify classical NLP techniques, initially designed for regular texts, to improve their robustness in the context of TV delinearization. We demonstrate that the modified NLP techniques can efficiently handle various types of TV material and be exploited for program description, for topic segmentation, and for the generation of semantic hyperlinks between multimedia contents. We illustrate the concept of cross-media semantic navigation with a description of our news navigation demonstrator presented during the NEM Summit 2009." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Exploiting Speech for Automatic TV Delinearization: From Streams to Cross-Media Semantic Navigation" ; default3:doi "10.1155/2011/689780" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EURASIP J. Image and Video Processing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "News on the Internet today plays an important role in helping people access daily information around the world. News aggregators are websites that collect and provide content from different sources in one location for easy viewing. However, the increasing number of news on the Internet makes it difficult for readers when they desire to access news they are concerned. One solution to this issue is based on employing recommender systems. In this research, we propose a novel method for news recommendation based on a combination of semantic similarity with content similarity between news and implement it as a feature of semantic-based news aggregators BKSport. Experimental results have shown that, a combination of both kind of similarity measures will result in better recommendation than when using either measure separately." ; default4:contributor "Quang-Minh Nguyen", "Tuan-Dung Cao" ; default4:date "2016" ; default4:title "Semantic-Based Recommendation Method for Sport News Aggregation System" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Quang-Minh" ; default5:fullName "Quang-Minh Nguyen" ; default5:initials "Q." ; default5:lastName "Nguyen" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Tuan-Dung" ; default5:fullName "Tuan-Dung Cao" ; default5:initials "T." ; default5:lastName "Cao" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Nguyen & Cao" ; default5:id "5db5e8f0bbde255db3e6be20db2add293a1a0f3d" ; default5:refCount 9 ; default2:abstract "News on the Internet today plays an important role in helping people access daily information around the world. News aggregators are websites that collect and provide content from different sources in one location for easy viewing. However, the increasing number of news on the Internet makes it difficult for readers when they desire to access news they are concerned. One solution to this issue is based on employing recommender systems. In this research, we propose a novel method for news recommendation based on a combination of semantic similarity with content similarity between news and implement it as a feature of semantic-based news aggregators BKSport. Experimental results have shown that, a combination of both kind of similarity measures will result in better recommendation than when using either measure separately." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Semantic-Based Recommendation Method for Sport News Aggregation System" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-49944-4_3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CONFENIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Fake news detection is a difficult problem due to the nuances of language. Understanding the reasoning behind certain fake items implies inferring a lot of details about the various actors involved. We believe that the solution to this problem should be a hybrid one, combining machine learning, semantics and natural language processing. We introduce a new semantic fake news detection method built around relational features like sentiment, entities or facts extracted directly from text. Our experiments show that by adding semantic features the accuracy of fake news classification improves significantly." ; default4:contributor "2(B", "Adrian M. P. Braşoveanu", "Răzvan Andonie" ; default4:date "2019" ; default4:title "Semantic Fake News Detection: A Machine Learning Perspective" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Adrian M. P." ; default5:fullName "Adrian M. P. Braşoveanu" ; default5:initials "A.M.P." ; default5:lastName "Braşoveanu" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "" ; default5:fullName "2(B" ; default5:initials "." ; default5:lastName "2(B" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Răzvan" ; default5:fullName "Răzvan Andonie" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Andonie" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Braşoveanu et al." ; default5:id "5aba93b3771aade9e396e088f7f91ccf0934b9cd" ; default5:refCount 32 ; default2:abstract "Fake news detection is a difficult problem due to the nuances of language. Understanding the reasoning behind certain fake items implies inferring a lot of details about the various actors involved. We believe that the solution to this problem should be a hybrid one, combining machine learning, semantics and natural language processing. We introduce a new semantic fake news detection method built around relational features like sentiment, entities or facts extracted directly from text. Our experiments show that by adding semantic features the accuracy of fake news classification improves significantly." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject ; default2:title "Semantic Fake News Detection: A Machine Learning Perspective" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-030-20521-8_54" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IWANN" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "0950-7051/$ see front matter 2011 Elsevier B.V. A doi:10.1016/j.knosys.2011.12.007 ⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +30 210 727 5232; fa E-mail addresses: l.kallipolitis@di.uoa.gr (L. Ka (V. Karpis), izambo@di.uoa.gr (I. Karali). The Semantic Web can have great influence on various domains of information. One of them is the domain of World News. Semantic Web technologies aim at providing the means to organize the vast amount of knowledge that is scattered in the Web, in a machine understandable way. Then, searching and data retrieval would be much easier. This would be particularly helpful in the World News domain. There is a big variety of news sources and it would be useful to provide an efficient method to automatically organize them. In this paper, we describe World News Finder, a system which performs semantic search on the World News domain. The system is based on metadata files created for every single World News HTML webpage in an automatic way. According to a user query, the system performs the search on these metadata files rather than keyword search. To achieve the above, we developed the World News Ontology and a large set of domain-specific heuristic rules. 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." ; default4:contributor "Isambo Karali", "Leonidas Kallipolitis", "Vassilis Karpis" ; default4:date "2012" ; default4:title "Semantic search in the World News domain using automatically extracted metadata files" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Leonidas" ; default5:fullName "Leonidas Kallipolitis" ; default5:initials "L." ; default5:lastName "Kallipolitis" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Vassilis" ; default5:fullName "Vassilis Karpis" ; default5:initials "V." ; default5:lastName "Karpis" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Isambo" ; default5:fullName "Isambo Karali" ; default5:initials "I." ; default5:lastName "Karali" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Kallipolitis et al." ; default5:id "ac859a57eaf5aed3cffeb11913ba3a22608bb4ba" ; default5:refCount 42 ; default2:abstract "The Semantic Web can have great influence on various domains of information. One of them is the domain of World News. Semantic Web technologies aim at providing the means to organize the vast amount of knowledge that is scattered in the Web, in a machine understandable way. Then, searching and data retrieval would be much easier. This would be particularly helpful in the World News domain. There is a big variety of news sources and it would be useful to provide an efficient method to automatically organize them. In this paper, we describe World News Finder, a system which performs semantic search on the World News domain. The system is based on metadata files created for every single World News HTML webpage in an automatic way. According to a user query, the system performs the search on these metadata files rather than keyword search. To achieve the above, we developed the World News Ontology and a large set of domain-specific heuristic rules." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Semantic search in the World News domain using automatically extracted metadata files" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.knosys.2011.12.007" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowl.-Based Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "In this paper, a system, RitroveRAI, addressing the general problem of enriching a multimedia news stream with semantic metadata is presented. News metadata here are explicitly derived from transcribed sentences or implicitly expressed into a topical category automatically detected. The enrichment process is accomplished by searching the same news expressed by different agencies reachable over the Web. Metadata extraction from the alternative sources (i.e. Web pages) is similarly applied and finally integration of the sources (according to some heuristic of pertinence) is carried out. Performance evaluation of the current system prototype has been carried out on a large scale. It confirms the viability of the RitroveRAI approach for realistic (i.e. 24 hours) applications and continuous monitoring and metadata extraction from multimedia news data." ; default4:contributor "Marco Cammisa", "Roberto Basili" ; default4:date "2005" ; default4:title "RitroveRAI: A Web Application for Semantic Indexing and Hyperlinking of Multimedia News*" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Roberto" ; default5:fullName "Roberto Basili" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Basili" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Marco" ; default5:fullName "Marco Cammisa" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Cammisa" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Basili & Cammisa" ; default5:id "55977665107af0a4b5ad304857267038d613eb8d" ; default5:refCount 10 ; default2:abstract "In this paper, a system, RitroveRAI, addressing the general problem of enriching a multimedia news stream with semantic metadata is presented. News metadata here are explicitly derived from transcribed sentences or implicitly expressed into a topical category automatically detected. The enrichment process is accomplished by searching the same news expressed by different agencies reachable over the Web. Metadata extraction from the alternative sources (i.e. Web pages) is similarly applied and finally integration of the sources (according to some heuristic of pertinence) is carried out. Performance evaluation of the current system prototype has been carried out on a large scale. It confirms the viability of the RitroveRAI approach for realistic (i.e. 24 hours) applications and continuous monitoring and metadata extraction from multimedia news data." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "RitroveRAI: A Web Application for Semantic Indexing and Hyperlinking of Multimedia News" ; default3:doi "10.1007/11574620_10" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "The problem we tackle in this work is, given a present news event, to generate a plausible future event that can be caused by the given event. We present a new methodology for modeling and predicting such future news events using machine learning and data mining techniques. Our Pundit algorithm generalizes examples of causality pairs to infer a causality predictor. To obtain precise labeled causality examples, we mine 150 years of news articles, and apply semantic natural language modeling techniques to titles containing certain predefined causality patterns. For generalization, the model uses a vast amount of world knowledge ontologies mined from LinkedData, containing 200 datasets with approximately 20 billion relations. Empirical evaluation on real news articles shows that our Pundit algorithm reaches a human-level performance." ; default4:contributor "Kira Radinsky", "Sagie Davidovich", "Shaul Markovitch" ; default4:date "2012" ; default4:title "Learning Causality for News Events Prediction" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Kira" ; default5:fullName "Kira Radinsky" ; default5:initials "K." ; default5:lastName "Radinsky" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Sagie" ; default5:fullName "Sagie Davidovich" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Davidovich" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Shaul" ; default5:fullName "Shaul Markovitch" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Markovitch" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Radinsky et al." ; default5:id "2cd5849d22fc04723232e6da7ff1e87b9eb9a8e0" ; default5:refCount 40 ; default2:abstract "The problem we tackle in this work is, given a present news event, to generate a plausible future event that can be caused by the given event. We present a new methodology for modeling and predicting such future news events using machine learning and data mining techniques. Our Pundit algorithm generalizes examples of causality pairs to infer a causality predictor. To obtain precise labeled causality examples, we mine 150 years of news articles, and apply semantic natural language modeling techniques to titles containing certain predefined causality patterns. For generalization, the model uses a vast amount of world knowledge ontologies mined from LinkedData, containing ~200 datasets with approximately 20 billion relations. Empirical evaluation on real news articles shows that our Pundit algorithm reaches a human-level performance." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Learning causality for news events prediction" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2187836.2187958" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "The vision behind the Web of Data is to extend the current document-oriented Web with machine-readable facts and structured data, thus creating a representation of general knowledge. However, most of the Web of Data is limited to being a large compendium of encyclopedic knowledge describing entities. A huge challenge, the timely and massive extraction of RDF facts from unstructured data, has remained open so far. The availability of such knowledge on the Web of Data would provide significant benefits to manifold applications including news retrieval, sentiment analysis and business intelligence. In this paper, we address the problem of the actuality of the Web of Data by presenting an approach that allows extracting RDF triples from unstructured data streams. We employ statistical methods in combination with deduplication, disambiguation and unsupervised as well as supervised machine learning techniques to create a knowledge base that reflects the content of the input streams. We evaluate a sample of the RDF we generate against a large corpus of news streams and show that we achieve a precision of more than 85%." ; default4:contributor "Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo", "Daniel Gerber", "Lorenz Bühmann", "Ricardo Usbeck", "Sebastian Hellmann", "Tommaso Soru" ; default4:date "2013" ; default4:title "Real-Time RDF Extraction from Unstructured Data Streams" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Daniel" ; default5:fullName "Daniel Gerber" ; default5:initials "D." ; default5:lastName "Gerber" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Sebastian" ; default5:fullName "Sebastian Hellmann" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Hellmann" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Lorenz" ; default5:fullName "Lorenz Bühmann" ; default5:initials "L." ; default5:lastName "Bühmann" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Tommaso" ; default5:fullName "Tommaso Soru" ; default5:initials "T." ; default5:lastName "Soru" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ricardo" ; default5:fullName "Ricardo Usbeck" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Usbeck" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Axel-Cyrille Ngonga" ; default5:fullName "Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo" ; default5:initials "A.N." ; default5:lastName "Ngomo" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Gerber et al." ; default5:id "31ced8966085e3b9658470ae84958026f7f0c1e4" ; default5:refCount 25 ; default2:abstract "The vision behind the Web of Data is to extend the current document-oriented Web with machine-readable facts and structured data, thus creating a representation of general knowledge. However, most of the Web of Data is limited to being a large compendium of encyclopedic knowledge describing entities. A huge challenge, the timely and massive extraction of RDF facts from unstructured data, has remained open so far. The availability of such knowledge on the Web of Data would provide significant benefits to manifold applications including news retrieval, sentiment analysis and business intelligence. In this paper, we address the problem of the actuality of the Web of Data by presenting an approach that allows extracting RDF triples from unstructured data streams. We employ statistical methods in combination with deduplication, disambiguation and unsupervised as well as supervised machine learning techniques to create a knowledge base that reflects the content of the input streams. We evaluate a sample of the RDF we generate against a large corpus of news streams and show that we achieve a precision of more than 85%." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Real-Time RDF Extraction from Unstructured Data Streams" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-41335-3_9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "A. J. Sun", "Ang John Sun" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Ang Sun" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "H Lu", "H. 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O’connor", "Noel O'connor", "Noel O’connor" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 357 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Noel E. O'Connor" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "C. Boucharda" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Q. 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Digit. Inf." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WETICE.2014.21" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2014 IEEE 23rd International WETICE Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/scored.2017.8305411" ; default1:citationVelocity 4 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 IEEE 15th Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-89197-0_55" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "PRICAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Disclosed herein is a bolt tightening tool for tightening a nut onto a bolt, of the type driven by an electric motor, including an outer sleeve adapted to receive a nut for rotational drive therewith, the outer sleeve having an engaging section provided on the inner periphery thereof; an inner sleeve adapted to receive a bolt-tip formed at the extreme end of a bolt, the inner sleeve being mounted within the outer sleeve and effective to move in one axial direction, the inner sleeve having a window portion provided in and extending vertically through the upper wall portion thereof; an engaging member operatively inserted in the window portion and adapted to move in the radial direction of the inner sleeve for engagement with the engaging section of the outer sleeve; a cylindrical movable member operatively inserted in the inner sleeve for movement in the axial direction of the inner sleeve; and a spherical projection provided on a portion of the outer periphery of the cylindrical movable member and adapted to project into the window portion for moving the engaging member; whereby when the spherical projection is retracted by the cylindrical movable member pushed by the bolt-tip, the engaging member is disengaged from the engaging section of the outer sleeve, and when the spherical projection is advanced by the cylindrical movable member, the engaging member is engaged with the engaging section of the outer sleeve." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Models of causation and causal verbs" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1145/3357154" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TOIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 139 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 90 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICLR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Background: Detecting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is an important task that has direct implications for the use of that drug. If we can detect previously unknown ADRs as quickly as possible, then this information can be fed back to regulators, pharmaceutical companies and healthcare organisations thereby potentially reducing drug-related morbidity and saving lives of many patients. A promising approach for detecting ADRs is to use social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. A high level of correlation between a drug name and an event may be an indication of a potential adverse reaction associated with that drug. Although numerous association measures have been proposed by the signal detection community for identifying ADRs, these measures are limited in that they detect correlations but often ignore causality. Objective: In this paper, we propose a causality measure that can detect an adverse reaction that is caused by a drug rather than merely being a correlated signal. Methods: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first causality-sensitive approach for detecting ADRs from social media. Specifically, we represent the relationship between a drug and an event using a set of automatically extracted lexical patterns. We then learn the weights for the extracted lexical patterns that indicate their reliability for expressing an adverse reaction of a given drug. Results: Our proposed method obtains an ADR detection accuracy of 74% on a large-scale manually annotated dataset of tweets, covering a standard set of drugs and adverse reactions. Conclusions: By using lexical patterns, we can accurately detect the causality between drugs and adverse reaction related events. Trial Registration: This study does not require any clinical trials." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Learning Causality Patterns for Detecting Adverse Drug Reactions from Social Media" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Narrative interfaces promise to improve the user experience of interacting with information systems by adapting a powerful communication concept which comes natural in human interaction. In this paper, we outline how such a narrative information system which answers queries using elaborate stories can be realized. We show how to construct query-dependent plot graphs from unstructured data sources. Also, we conduct an extended user study on our prototype implementation in which users adapt and personalize the plots of query-dependent stories. These studies provide further insights into which parts of a story are relevant and can be used as a starting point for either personalizing stories or for crafting better user-independent stories in later works." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Towards Narrative Information Systems" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-21042-1_52" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WAIM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/P17-2067" ; default1:citationVelocity 58 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-23014-1_9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EC-Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.12676/j.cc.2019.04.017" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "China Communications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-22970-1_1" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "BIRTE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11429760_16" ; default1:citationVelocity 15 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "iTrust" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/PIMRC.2018.8580929" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 IEEE 29th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-030-00794-2_2" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TSD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1031419.1031423" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EUSAI '04" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OIS@IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11915072_85" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OTM Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/775152.775214" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '03" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0007953204060413" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICINCO" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/JCDL.2003.1204842" ; default1:citationVelocity 9 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 24 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2003 Joint Conference on Digital Libraries, 2003. Proceedings." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1002/asi.23824" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JASIST" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper focuses on building up distributed representation of words in cause and effect spaces, a task-specific word embedding technique for causality. The causal embedding model is trained on a large set of cause-effect phrase pairs extracted from raw text corpus via a set of high-precision causal patterns. Three strategies are proposed to transfer the positive or negative labels from the level of phrase pairs to the level of word pairs, leading to three causal embedding models (Pairwise-Matching, Max-Matching, and AttentiveMatching) correspondingly. Experimental results have shown that Max-Matching and Attentive-Matching models significantly outperform several state-of-the-art competitors by a large margin on both English and Chinese corpora." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Distributed Representation of Words in Cause and Effect Spaces" ; default3:doi "10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33017330" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Social media platforms have democratized the process of web content creation allowing mere consumers to become creators and distributors of content. But this has also contributed to an explosive growth of information and has intensified the online competition for users attention, since only a small number of items become popular while the rest remain unknown. Understanding what makes one item more popular than another, observing its popularity dynamics, and being able to predict its popularity has thus attracted a lot of interest in the past few years. Predicting the popularity of web content is useful in many areas such as network dimensioning (e.g., caching and replication), online marketing (e.g., recommendation systems and media advertising), or real-world outcome prediction (e.g., economical trends). In this survey, we review the current findings on web content popularity prediction. We describe the different popularity prediction models, present the features that have shown good predictive capabilities, and reveal factors known to influence web content popularity." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "A survey on predicting the popularity of web content" ; default3:doi "10.1186/s13174-014-0008-y" ; default1:citationVelocity 21 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Journal of Internet Services and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2019" ; default3:doi "10.5294/pacla.2019.22.1.8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default3:doi "10.1109/csei47661.2019.8938875" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Educational Informatization (CSEI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/SW-2012-0088" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-1-84800-076-6_6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 16 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 50 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Inf. Res." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2009.02.022" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2015.06.052" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.knosys.2011.03.006" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowl.-Based Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MCI.2012.2188588" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ipm.2007.09.013" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Inf. Process. Manage." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2806416.2806642" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '15" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "FLAIRS Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.23919/CISTI.2017.7975968" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 12th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1957" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1147/rd.14.0309" ; default1:citationVelocity 40 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 27 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IBM Journal of Research and Development" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDM.2018.00187" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; 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default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1296843.1296905" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Assets '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICWS.2010.97" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2010 IEEE International Conference on Web Services" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/511446.511477" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '02" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2797115.2797130" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WIMS '15" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1135777.1135914" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '06" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.08.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Environmental Modelling and Software" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/336597.336662" ; default1:citationVelocity 59 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 52 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DL '00" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJKL.2008.022059" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJKL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/AXMEDIS.2006.20" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2006 Second International Conference on Automated Production of Cross Media Content for Multi-Channel Distribution (AXMEDIS'06)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3321408.3322836" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACM TURC '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2492517.2492554" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2013 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining (ASONAM 2013)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2480362.2480729" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAC '13" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3324473" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CSUR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2247596.2247680" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EDBT '12" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSAI.2017.8248539" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 4th International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Identifying the causalities for air pollutants and answering questions, such as, where do Beijing's air pollutants come from, are crucial to inform government decision-making. In this paper, we identify the spatio-temporal (ST) causalities among air pollutants at different locations by mining the urban big data. This is challenging for two reasons: 1) since air pollutants can be generated locally or dispersed from the neighborhood, we need to discover the causes in the ST space from many candidate locations with time efficiency; 2) the cause-and-effect relations between air pollutants are further affected by confounding variables like meteorology. To tackle these problems, we propose a coupled Gaussian Bayesian model with two components: 1) a Gaussian Bayesian Network (GBN) to represent the cause-and-effect relations among air pollutants, with an entropy-based algorithm to efficiently locate the causes in the ST space; 2) a coupled model that combines cause-and-effect relations with meteorology to better learn the parameters while eliminating the impact of confounding. The proposed model is verified using air quality and meteorological data from 52 cities over the period Jun 1st 2013 to May 1st 2015. Results show superiority of our model beyond baseline causality learning methods, in both time efficiency and prediction accuracy." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "A Gaussian Bayesian model to identify spatio-temporal causalities for air pollution based on urban big data" ; default3:doi "10.1109/INFCOMW.2016.7562036" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDE.2001.914842" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Proceedings 17th International Conference on Data Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/S0306-4573(98)00025-9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Inf. Process. Manage." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 40 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW 2001" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ipm.2007.03.005" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Inf. Process. Manage." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SePublica" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1163/9789004333901_011" ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CLIN" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-30229-2_13" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Middleware" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EON@WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10844-006-0025-9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Journal of Intelligent Information Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/TCSVT.2002.808088" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Techn." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJNVO.2011.042482" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJNVO" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-45268-0_35" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ECDL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4304/jsw.7.6.1315-1320" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JSW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJMSO.2012.050183" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJMSO" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/E14-2017" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0006501701890194" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KEOD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-1-4419-1219-0_5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Web 2.0 & Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSC.2008.79" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1458527.1458532" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WICOW '08" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KRDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11603412_4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Data Semantics IV" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-20062-0_16" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Data Management in Pervasive Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/JCDL.2017.7991575" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 30 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 63 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SemEval@NAACL-HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MIS.2017.57" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Intelligent Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ISPAW.2011.11" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2011 IEEE Ninth International Symposium on Parallel and Distributed Processing with Applications Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 22 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SENSEVAL@ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-41338-4_10" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1994" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.3115/981732.981751" ; default1:citationVelocity 161 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 316 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-16373-9_34" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ER" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2872518.2889354" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 28 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EON" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1028630.1028663" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Assets '04" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/icccnt.2017.8204123" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 8th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAAKM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1075096.1075125" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Microblogging platforms such as Twitter have recently received much attention as great sources for live web sensing, real-time event detection and opinion analysis. Previous works usually assumed that tweets mainly describe \"what's happening now\". However, a large portion of tweets contains time expressions that refer to time frames within the past or the future. Such messages often reflect expectations or memories of social media users. In this work we investigate how microblogging users collectively refer to time. In particular, we analyze half a year long portion of Japanese and four months long collection of US tweets and we quantify collective temporal attention of users as well as other related temporal characteristics. This kind of knowledge is helpful in the context of growing interest for detection and prediction of important events within social media. The exploratory analysis we perform is possible thanks to the development of visual analytics framework for robust overview and easy detection of various regularities in the past and future-oriented thinking of Twitter users. We believe that the visualizations we provide and the findings we outline can be also valuable for sociologists and computer scientists to test and refine their models about time in natural language." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Mapping Temporal Horizons: Analysis of Collective Future and Past related Attention in Twitter" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2736277.2741632" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '15" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDIM.2009.5356769" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 Fourth International Conference on Digital Information Management" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDM.2017.105" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1031171.1031181" ; default1:citationVelocity 26 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 111 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '04" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X" ; default1:citationVelocity 401 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1808 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computer Networks" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1017/S1351324905003839" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Natural Language Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1119176.1119195" ; default1:citationVelocity 137 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 54 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CoNLL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-59888-8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJMSO.2010.033281" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJMSO" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/FSKD.2007.578" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Fourth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD 2007)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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default1:url ; default1:venue "WIMS '12" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1983" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 41 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1992" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/133160.133177" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '92" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICETET.2009.107" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Recent work on temporal relation identification has focused on three types of relations between events: temporal relations between an event and a time expression, between a pair of events and between an event and the document creation time. These types of relations have mostly been identified in isolation by event pairwise comparison. However, this approach neglects logical constraints between temporal relations of different types that we believe to be helpful. We therefore propose a Markov Logic model that jointly identifies relations of all three relation types simultaneously. By evaluating our model on the TempEval data we show that this approach leads to about 2% higher accuracy for all three types of relations ---and to the best results for the task when compared to those of other machine learning based systems." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Jointly Identifying Temporal Relations with Markov Logic" ; default3:doi "10.3115/1687878.1687936" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 16 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL/IJCNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 28 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/DBKDA.2010.34" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2010 Second International Conference on Advances in Databases, Knowledge, and Data Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2010.05.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/d18-1389" ; default1:citationVelocity 20 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-006-0031-5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1145/1739041.1739080" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EDBT '10" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11762256_10" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2008.02.062" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 46 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 14 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICLR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICASSP.2008.4518801" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT-NAACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default3:doi "10.2747/0272-3646.29.6.529" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/328236.328148" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CACM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10816-015-9241-3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/5254.988447" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SWWS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.6025/jcl/2018/9/2/81-92" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "PACLIC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/P16-1116" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1390334.1390446" ; default1:citationVelocity 56 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 80 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '08" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "eCOM@SIGIR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1017/S135132491700047X" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Natural Language Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.dss.2014.03.004" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Decision Support Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "News articles often contain information about the future. Given the huge volume of information available nowadays, an automatic way for extracting and summarizing future-related information is desirable. Such information will allow people to obtain a collective image of the future, to recognize possible future scenarios and be prepared for the future events. We propose a model-based clustering algorithm for detecting future events based on information extracted from a text corpus. The algorithm takes into account both textual and temporal similarity of sentences. We demonstrate that our algorithm can be used to discover future events and estimate their probabilities over time." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Extracting collective expectations about the future from large text collections" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2063576.2063759" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Abstract In the following paper, we investigated the usefulness of future reference sentence patterns in the prediction of the unfolding of future events. To obtain such patterns we first collected sentences that have any reference to the future from newspapers and Web news. Based on this collection, we developed a novel method for automatic extraction of frequent patterns from such sentences. The extracted patterns, consisting of multilayer semantic information and morphological information, were implemented in the formation of a general model of linguistically expressed future. To fully assess the performance of the proposed method we performed a number of evaluation experiments. In the first experiment, we evaluated the automatic extraction of future reference sentence patterns with the proposed extraction algorithm. In the second set of experiments, we estimated the effectiveness of those patterns and applied them to automatically classify sentences into future referring and other. The final model was then tested for performance in retrieving a new set of future reference sentences from a large news corpus. The obtained results confirmed that the proposed method outperformed state-of-the-art method in fully automatic retrieval of future reference sentences. Lastly, we applied the method in practice to confirm its usefulness in two tasks. The first is to support human readers in the everyday prediction of unfolding future events. In the second task, we developed a fully automatic prototype method for future prediction and tested its performance using the tasks included in the official Future Prediction Competence Test. The results indicate that the prototype system outperforms natural human foreseeing capability." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "Future Prediction with Automatically Extracted Morphosemantic Patterns" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.cogsys.2019.09.004" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Cognitive Systems Research" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-39718-2_10" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1983" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "We address the problem of identifying important events in the past, present, and future from semantically-annotated large-scale document collections. Semantic annotations that we consider are named entities (e.g., persons, locations, organizations) and temporal expressions (e.g., during the 1990s). More specifically, for a given time period of interest, our objective is to identify, rank, and describe important events that happened. Our approach P2F Miner makes use of frequent itemset mining to identify events and group sentences related to them. It uses an information-theoretic measure to rank identified events. For each of them, it selects a representative sentence as a description. Experiments on ClueWeb09 using events listed in Wikipedia year articles as ground truth show that our approach is effective and outperforms a baseline based on statistical language models." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Important Events in the Past, Present, and Future" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2740908.2741692" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '15 Companion" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-68234-9_41" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2666158.2666180" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DOLAP '14" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "My primary research focus is in graph-based machine learning and data mining. I have worked on graph summarization where I developed graph mining algorithms that help better understand the underlying graph organization and making sense of it. I’m also generally interested in large-scale data science projects that help the end users make sense of large amounts of data, such as finding interesting patterns, detecting anomalies, and visualizing important connections in real-world data." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Reducing Million-Node Graphs to a Few Structural Patterns : A Unified Approach" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper reports the first part of a project that aims to develop a knowledge extraction and knowledge discovery system that extracts causal knowledge from textual databases. In this initial study, we develop a method to identify and extract cause-effect information that is explicitly expressed in medical abstracts in the Medline database. A set of graphical patterns were constructed that indicate the presence of a causal relation in sentences, and which part of the sentence represents the cause and which part represents the effect. The patterns are matched with the syntactic parse trees of sentences, and the parts of the parse tree that match with the slots in the patterns are extracted as the cause or the effect." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Extracting Causal Knowledge from a Medical Database Using Graphical Patterns" ; default3:doi "10.3115/1075218.1075261" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1975" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Reasoning with commonsense knowledge is critical for natural language understanding. Traditional methods for commonsense machine comprehension mostly only focus on one specific kind of knowledge, neglecting the fact that commonsense reasoning requires simultaneously considering different kinds of commonsense knowledge. In this paper, we propose a multi-knowledge reasoning method, which can exploit heterogeneous knowledge for commonsense machine comprehension. Specifically, we first mine different kinds of knowledge (including event narrative knowledge, entity semantic knowledge and sentiment coherent knowledge) and encode them as inference rules with costs. Then we propose a multiknowledge reasoning model, which selects inference rules for a specific reasoning context using attention mechanism, and reasons by summarizing all valid inference rules. Experiments on RocStories show that our method outperforms traditional models significantly." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Reasoning with Heterogeneous Knowledge for Commonsense Machine Comprehension" ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/D17-1216" ; default1:citationVelocity 5 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2806416.2806591" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '15" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WIRI.2005.11" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Workshop on Challenges in Web Information Retrieval and Integration" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "VLDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MIC.2011.7" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Internet Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3132847.3132889" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '17" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSC.2009.63" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default3:doi "10.1109/WETICE.2019.00069" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 IEEE 28th International Conference on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WETICE)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1075096.1075098" ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 20 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10619-017-7211-3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Distributed and Parallel Databases" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ECIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1989323.1989469" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGMOD '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1376616.1376746" ; default1:citationVelocity 337 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 612 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGMOD Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "We consider the problem of semantic annotation of semi-structured documents according to a target XML schema. The task is to annotate a document in a tree-like manner where the annotation tree is an instance of a tree class defined by DTD or W3C XML Schema descriptions. In the probabilistic setting, we cope with the tree annotation problem as a generalized probabilistic context-free parsing of an observation sequence where each observation comes with a probability distribution over terminals supplied by a probabilistic classifier associated with the content of documents. We determine the most probable tree annotation by maximizing the joint probability of selecting a terminal sequence for the observation sequence and the most probable parse for the selected terminal sequence." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:title "A Probabilistic Learning Method for XML Annotation of Documents" ; default1:venue "International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2005)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-04394-9_45" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IDEAL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-01350-8_26" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SITIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2072552.2072560" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AIEMPro '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-21545-7" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1117/12.2015667" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Defense, Security, and Sensing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/BigMM.2019.00-44" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Multimedia Big Data (BigMM)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.12785/ijcds/030106" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 29 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/PERCOMW.2018.8480380" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-25093-4_13" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/S1389-1286(00)00039-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computer Networks" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2003.07.001" ; default1:citationVelocity 31 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 180 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-32498-7_27" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CD-ARES" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "On-line news reading has become the most popular way for user to obtain real-time information. With the millions of news, it is a key challenge to help user find the articles that are interesting to read. Although great achievements have been made, there is little work to focus on combing news language with external knowledge graphs and expanding news text from a wordlevel. Taking this issue into consideration, we introduce a novel self-attention based mechanism in news recommendation. The key component of our model is multiple self-attention modules: the word-level attention, which takes tags of news, entities in external knowledge graph and its contexts as the input to calculate the semantic-level and knowledge-level representation of the news; the item-level attention module, which used to fuse the two-level representation into the same low-dimension and get a overall embedding of user history behavior sequence. Specially, in order to deal with the diversity of user preferences, we use another self-attention module dynamically aggregate user click history and select candidate news. And finally, a multihead attention module is used to connect history and candidate news and then calculate the click-through-rate(CTR) via a fully connected layer. Through amount of experiments on a real-world on-line news website, we demonstrate that our model outperforms better results than previous start-of-art recommendation models." ; default4:contributor "Biao Li", "Jie Gao", "Jing Lu", "Junshuai Liu", "Ping Guo", "Rui Wang", "Xin Fan", "Xin Xin" ; default4:date "2018" ; default4:title "Fine-Grained Deep Knowledge-Aware Network for News Recommendation with Self-Attention" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jie" ; default5:fullName "Jie Gao" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Gao" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Xin" ; default5:fullName "Xin Xin" ; default5:initials "X." ; default5:lastName "Xin" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Junshuai" ; default5:fullName "Junshuai Liu" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Liu" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Rui" ; default5:fullName "Rui Wang" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Wang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jing" ; default5:fullName "Jing Lu" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Lu" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Biao" ; default5:fullName "Biao Li" ; default5:initials "B." ; default5:lastName "Li" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Xin" ; default5:fullName "Xin Fan" ; default5:initials "X." ; default5:lastName "Fan" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ping" ; default5:fullName "Ping Guo" ; default5:initials "P." ; default5:lastName "Guo" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Gao et al." ; default5:id "1c9bb99a125b890f66824df2ef314f2a50d16a8e" ; default5:refCount 35 ; default2:abstract "On-line news reading has become the most popular way for user to obtain real-time information. With the millions of news, it is a key challenge to help user find the articles that are interesting to read. Although great achievements have been made, there is little work to focus on combing news language with external knowledge graphs and expanding news text from a word-level. Taking this issue into consideration, we introduce a novel self-attention based mechanism in news recommendation. The key component of our model is multiple self-attention modules: the word-level attention, which takes tags of news, entities in external knowledge graph and entities' contexts as the input to calculate the semantic-level and knowledge-level representation of the news; the item-level attention module, which used to fuse the two-level representation into the same low-dimension and get a overall embedding of user history behavior sequence. Specially, in order to deal with the diversity of user preferences, we use another self-attention module dynamically aggregate user click history and select candidate news. And finally, a multi-head attention module is used to connect history and candidate news and then calculate the click-through-rate(CTR) via a fully connected layer. Through amount of experiments on a real-world online news website, we demonstrate that our model outperforms better results than previous start-of-art recommendation models." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Fine-Grained Deep Knowledge-Aware Network for News Recommendation with Self-Attention" ; default3:doi "10.1109/WI.2018.0-104" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1242572.1242671" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1978942.1978975" ; default1:citationVelocity 36 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 45 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CHI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "1995" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/217279.215080" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MULTIMEDIA '95" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Events in the world around us are frequently discussed in natural language, and their accurate identification is central to tasks from intelligence analytics to question answering. They are nonetheless very diverse, both in ontology and in how they are referred to, and have complex but ill-defined structures. For these reasons, computationally identifying and characterising events by how they are referred to proves very challenging. We establish this argument through a broad survey of computational tasks that identify and characterise references to events. News and social media play an important role in informing the public of events as they occur, thus providing a shared foundation for communication. This work presents several studies into interpreting references to the breadth of events covered in news, before proposing and evaluating a new model for computationally grounding newsworthy event references. We perform two annotation studies over broad-coverage news text, the first applying a coarse-grained event typology to mark event-referring sentences. Its results concur with our analysis of inter-annotator agreement and type distribution in the ace05 corpus (Walker et al., 2006): both highlight the brittleness of such type schemas which leave a long, heavy tail of news events unmarked. The second annotation introduces a new approach to event typology, which employs a hierarchy of types that is extended over the course of annotation. This yields more complete coverage of newsworthy events, but suggests that there is no definitive means of structuring the space of events. The second annotation is also novel in characterising each news report in terms of its update event and topic event, focusing only on the notable event content of news. We find that topic is too ambiguously characterised as a single event, suggesting that we should instead consider the explicit references to related events that a journalist provides as background. Despite Wikipedia’s utility for processing entity references, an analysis of its event articles shows that they are unsuitable for informing news event detection and disambiguation: they are strongly biased towards those that are enumerable (e.g. sports series), or that are collections of newsworthy sub-events (e.g. Vietnam War); their distribution, granularity and referential forms are mismatched to news media’s event coverage. In this context, we propose the event linking task. By analogy with named entity linking or disambiguation (Bunescu and Pasca, 2006), event linking models the grounding of references to notable events. It treats a news archive as a proxy for the set of events it reports, and defines the disambiguation of a newsworthy event reference as a link to the article that first reports it. When two references are linked to the same article, they need not be references to the same event. We argue that precise event coreference is often too strict: it does not account for the intricate structure of events, nor the flexibility of referential language. By considering events at the granularity in which they are reported, we hope to provide a more intuitive" ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Grounding event references in news" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4025/actascitechnol.v34i4.10435" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1072228.1072365" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "COLING" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/AIC-2008-0437" ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AI Commun." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT-NAACL 2010" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "INTERSPEECH" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-00382-0_44" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CICLing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2302" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AI Magazine" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "We study an open text mining problem – discovering concept-level event associations from a text stream. We investigate the importance and challenge of this task and propose a novel solution by using event sequential patterns. The proposed approach can discover important event associations implicitly expressed. 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default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/988672.988707" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '04" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1452567.1452573" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OBI '08" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "News clustering, categorization and analysis are key components of any news portal. They require algorithms capable of dealing with dynamic data to cluster, interpret and to temporally aggregate news articles. These three tasks are often solved separately. In this paper we present a unified framework to group incoming news articles into temporary but tightly-focused storylines, to identify prevalent topics and key entities within these stories, and to reveal the temporal structure of stories as they evolve. We achieve this by building a hybrid clustering and topic model. To deal with the available wealth of data we build an efficient parallel inference algorithm by sequential Monte Carlo estimation. Time and memory costs are nearly constant in the length of the history, and the approach scales to hundreds of thousands of documents. We demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy on the publicly available TDT dataset and data of a major internet news site." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Unified analysis of streaming news" ; default3:doi "10.1145/1963405.1963445" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OWLED" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2187836.2187900" ; default1:citationVelocity 40 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 35 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-87696-0_34" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EKAW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/W17-2711" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NEWS@ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1273073.1273100" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11926078_24" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.dss.2015.02.001" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Decision Support Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2953539" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Access" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1155/2009/421425" ; default1:citationVelocity 181 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 192 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Adv. Artificial Intellegence" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10796-009-9188-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Information Systems Frontiers" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.5772/33847" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/w19-1102" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/10722086_6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TABLEAUX" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1023/A:1007562322031" ; default1:citationVelocity 16 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 87 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Machine Learning" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2607023.2611451" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EICS '14" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 16 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ECAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/HICSS.2016.133" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2016 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1109/BIGCOMP.2017.7881755" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data and Smart Computing (BigComp)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2623330.2623645" ; default1:citationVelocity 20 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '14" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11280-008-0046-0" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "World Wide Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Causality is an important type of relation which is crucial in numerous tasks, such as predicting future events, generating scenario, question answering, textual entailment and discourse comprehension. Therefore, causality extraction is a fundamental task in text mining. Many efforts have been dedicated to extracting causality from texts utilizing patterns, constraints and machine learning techniques. This paper presents a new Restricted Hidden Naive Bayes model to extract causality from texts. Besides some commonly used features, such as contextual features, syntactic features, position features, we also utilize a new category feature of causal connectives. This new feature is obtained from the tree kernel similarity of sentences containing connectives. In previous studies, the features have been usually assumed to be independent, which is not the case in reality. The advantage of our model lies in its ability to cope with partial interactions among features so as to avoid over-fitting problem on Hidden Naive Bayes model, especially the interaction between the connective category and the syntactic structure of sentences. Evaluation on a public dataset shows that our method goes beyond all the baselines." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Event causality extraction based on connectives analysis" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.neucom.2015.09.066" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Neurocomputing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/EMS.2014.15" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2014 European Modelling Symposium" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJMSO.2007.016807" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJMSO" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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default1:citationVelocity 109 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 403 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1809980.1810065" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.24251/HICSS.2017.132" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HICSS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Analyzing how technology evolves is important for understanding technological progress and its impact on society. Although the concept of evolution has been explored in many domains (e.g., evolution of topics, events or terminology, evolution of species), little research has been done on automatically analyzing the evolution of products and technology in general. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for investigating the technology evolution based on collections of product reviews. We are particularly interested in understanding social impact of technology and in discovering how changes of product features influence changes in our social lives. We address this challenge by first distinguishing two kinds of product-related terms: physical product features and terms describing situations when products are used. We then detect changes in both types of terms over time by tracking fluctuations in their popularity and usage. Finally, we discover cases when changes of physical product features trigger the changes in product's use. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the Amazon Product Review Dataset that spans over 18 years." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Detecting Evolution of Concepts based on Cause-Effect Relationships in Online Reviews" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2872427.2883013" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-40180-5_22" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DB&IS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3990/1.9789036531740" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2008.04.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "An Event, containing a sequence of subevents, describes a typical thing that happens at a specific time and place. Predicting next probable subevents based on knowledge acquired from large-scale news documents are very important for many real-world applications, such as disaster warning etc. In this paper, we present a novel hierarchical attention based end-to-end model for future (unknown) subevent prediction using large-scale historical events. Our model automatically produces a short text which describes a possible future subevent after consuming the texts describing previous subevents. To boost the model’s understanding towards subevent sequence, we design a hierarchical LSTM model to compress the knowledge in both the word sequence for a subevent and the subevent sequence for an event. In addition, topic information has been exploited to make context-aware prediction for future subevents. To further consider which subevents and words play a critical role in prediction, we propose a hierarchical attention mechanism to stress on the important previous subevents as well as the the critical words within them. Experimental results on a real-world dataset demonstrate the superiority of our model for future subevent prediction over state-of-the-art methods." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2020" ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Integrating Hierarchical Attentions for Future Subevent Prediction" ; default3:doi "10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2961973" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Access" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/IDAP.2017.8090177" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing Symposium (IDAP)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MMUL.2005.13" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE MultiMedia" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/P14-1062" ; default1:citationVelocity 381 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 168 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ipm.2014.10.006" ; default1:citationVelocity 37 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 18 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Inf. Process. Manage." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2324796.2324868" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICMR '12" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1073427.1073435" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT-NAACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5120/ijca2015907164" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11825890_1" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Ambient Intelligence in Everyday" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0005138303060312" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KMIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1133219.1133228" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "W4A '06" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1002/isaf.1362" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. Syst. in Accounting, Finance and Management" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1839707.1839759" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "I-SEMANTICS '10" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/NBiS.2011.33" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2011 14th International Conference on Network-Based Information Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.knosys.2017.07.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowl.-Based Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2187836.2187868" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP-CoNLL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-23166-7_10" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s13222-012-0090-x" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Datenbank-Spektrum" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1994" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 27 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1109/MIC.2002.1067737" ; default1:citationVelocity 18 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 71 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Internet Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2009916.2009937" ; default1:citationVelocity 16 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 17 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CIT.2005.81" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "The Fifth International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (CIT'05)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EUROSPEECH" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "DBpedia is a community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and to make this information available on the Web. DBpedia allows you to ask sophisticated queries against datasets derived from Wikipedia and to link other datasets on the Web to Wikipedia data. We describe the extraction of the DBpedia datasets, and how the resulting information is published on the Web for human-andmachine-consumption. We describe some emerging applications from the DBpedia community and show how website authors can facilitate DBpedia content within their sites. Finally, we present the current status of interlinking DBpedia with other open datasets on the Web and outline how DBpedia could serve as a nucleus for an emerging Web of open data." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , ; default2:title "DBpedia: A Nucleus for a Web of Open Data" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-76298-0_52" ; default1:citationVelocity 301 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 610 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ISWC/ASWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1142/S0218001409007065" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2007 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security (CIS 2007)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1218955.1219008" ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 32 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2590835" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In this paper, we explore the utility of intra- and inter-sentential causal relations between terms or clauses as evidence for answering why-questions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that uses both intra- and inter-sentential causal relations for why-QA. We also propose a method for assessing the appropriateness of causal relations as answers to a given question using the semantic orientation of excitation proposed by Hashimoto et al. (2012). By applying these ideas to Japanese why-QA, we improved precision by 4.4% against all the questions in our test set over the current state-of-theart system for Japanese why-QA. In addition, unlike the state-of-the-art system, our system could achieve very high precision (83.2%) for 25% of all the questions in the test set by restricting its output to the confident answers only." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Why-Question Answering using Intra- and Inter-Sentential Causal Relations" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-0-387-09492-2_7" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "BASYS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-015-3210-4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-02121-3_23" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJNVO.2013.053746" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJNVO" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Representation of news events as latent feature vectors is essential for several tasks, such as news recommendation, news event linking, etc. However, representations proposed in the past fail to capture the complex network structure of news events. In this paper we propose Event2Vec, a novel way to learn latent feature vectors for news events using a network. We use recently proposed network embedding techniques, which are proven to be very effective for various prediction tasks in networks. As events involve different classes of nodes, such as named entities, temporal information, etc, general purpose network embeddings are agnostic to event semantics. To address this problem, we propose biased random walks that are tailored to capture the neighborhoods of news events in event networks. We then show that these learned embeddings are effective for news event recommendation and news event linking tasks using strong baselines, such as vanilla Node2Vec, and other state-of-the-art graph-based event ranking techniques." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Event2Vec: Neural Embeddings for News Events" ; default3:doi "10.1145/3209978.3210136" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '18" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Causation in its simplest form can be expressed as the pairing of a cause event with an effect event. Grouping and relating common past event pairs can be a key to predicting an effect event for a previously unseen cause event. This paper presents a project that (i) constructs an abstraction tree based on several semantic web datasets to represent all past events and then (ii) uses the abstraction tree to make such a prediction. To construct an abstraction tree, similarities between each pair of cause-effect events are measured using ConceptNet, DBpedia, and YAGO semantic web data and the measured similarity values are used by a clustering algorithm to group similar cause-effect event pairs together. To predict an effect event, the abstraction tree is traversed to find similar past cause events and then the paired effect events are extracted, which are then generalized using ConceptNet to form a new effect event. A user study shows favorable ratings on new predicted events compared with known baseline events." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Predicting an Effect Event from a New Cause Event Using a Semantic Web Based Abstraction Tree of Past Cause-Effect Event Pairs" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIMBig" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1135777.1135985" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '06" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/D16-1244" ; default1:citationVelocity 157 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 96 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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This paper proposes a hybrid time-series predictive neural network (HTPNN) that combines the effection of news. The features of news headlines are expressed as distributed word vectors which are dimensionally reduced to optimize the efficiency of the model by sparse automatic encoders. Then, according to the timeliness of stocks, the daily K-line data is combined with the news. HTPNN captures the potential law of stock price fluctuation by learning the fusion feature of news and time series, which not only retains the effective information of news and stock data, but also eliminates the redundant information of the text. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our method combines more abundant stock characteristics and has more advantages in running speed. 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Mach. Learn. Res." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ConfWS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CLEF" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 41 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "VLDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-28569-1_5" ; default1:citationVelocity 15 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multi-source, Multilingual Information Extraction and Summarization" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00778-002-0077-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "The VLDB Journal" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICME.2007.4284725" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2007 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ccoms.2018.8463282" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 3rd International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ins.2009.01.030" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Inf. 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To accomplish that, we present a novel representation of the temporal structure of a news article based on time intervals. We then present an algorithmic approach that jointly optimizes the temporal structure by coupling local classifiers that predict associations and temporal relations between pairs of temporal entities with global constraints. Moreover, we present ways to leverage knowledge provided by event coreference to further improve the system performance. Overall, our experiments show that the joint inference model significantly outperformed the local classifiers by 9.2% of relative improvement in F1. The experiments also suggest that good event coreference could make remarkable contribution to a robust event timeline construction system." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Joint Inference for Event Timeline Construction" ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP-CoNLL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1060745.1060765" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.specom.2004.12.004" ; default1:citationVelocity 17 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Speech Communication" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1090785.1090839" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Assets '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.24963/ijcai.2018/600" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-73354-6_34" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HCI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Knowledge discovery from web news events has received great attention in recent years. In practice, this knowledge is a digital representation (virtual world) of various phenomena that occur in our physical world. Hierarchical clustering algorithms are used to organize related events into groups and subgroups according to some similarity measure. The main motivation for this organization is based on the hypothesis that if the user is interested in a specific event of a certain cluster, then the user may also be interested in other related events of this same cluster. However, existing event clustering methods do not effectively use the different types of information about events, such as temporal information, geographical data, name of people and organizations. In this paper, we propose the COH-KMeans algorithm (Constrained Hierarchical K-Means) that obtains a hierarchical clustering structure considering certain conditions imposed by the users, for example, events of similar content that occurred in nearby geographic locations or that occurred within a predefined time window. A statistical analysis of the experimental results reveals that the incorporation of constraints performed by COH-KMeans allows to obtain higher quality clusters when compared to a state-of-the-art unsupervised hierarchical clustering method. Moreover, we present our tool for exploratory analysis of events and we discuss how event clustering can be used to support the decision-making process from the perspective of a Data Analytics System." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Constrained Hierarchical Clustering for News Events" ; default3:doi "10.1145/3105831.3105859" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IDEAS 2017" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2998181.2998325" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CSCW '17" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_9" ; default1:citationVelocity 16 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 47 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Handbook on Ontologies" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1145/2063518.2063558" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "I-Semantics '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI Spring Symposium: Machine Reading" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.2991/iske.2007.245" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TAC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 17 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/978-1-58603-891-5-648" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ECAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1178677.1178722" ; default1:citationVelocity 20 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 244 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MIR '06" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper describes a system for extracting typed dependency parses of English sentences from phrase structure parses. In order to capture inherent relations occurring in corpus texts that can be critical in real-world applications, many NP relations are included in the set of grammatical relations used. We provide a comparison of our system with Minipar and the Link parser. The typed dependency extraction facility described here is integrated in the Stanford Parser, available for download." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Generating Typed Dependency Parses from Phrase Structure Parses" ; default1:citationVelocity 111 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 168 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.21917/ijsc.2013.0095" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SOCO 2013" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/863955.863975" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 47 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGCOMM '03" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1988" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 42 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SEKE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-41057-4_6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IRFC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 17 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 117 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "VLDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Real-world knowledge is growing rapidly nowadays. New entities arise with time, resulting in large volumes of relations that do not exist in current knowledge graphs (KGs). These relations containing at least one new entity are called emerging relations. They often appear in news, and hence the latest information about new entities and relations can be learned from news timely. In this paper, we focus on the problem of discovering emerging relations from news. However, there are several challenges for this task: (1) at the beginning, there is little information for emerging relations, causing problems for traditional sentence-based models; (2) no negative relations exist in KGs, creating difficulties in utilizing only positive cases for emerging relation detection from news; and (3) new relations emerge rapidly, making it necessary to keep KGs up to date with the latest emerging relations. In order to address these issues, we start from a global graph perspective and propose a novel Heterogeneous graph Embedding framework for Emerging Relation detection (HEER) that learns a classifier from positive and unlabeled instances by utilizing information from both news and KGs. Furthermore, we implement HEER in an incremental manner to timely update KGs with the latest detected emerging relations. Extensive experiments on real-world news datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HEER model. Keywords-Heterogeneous Networks; Emerging Relations; Embedding;" ; default4:contributor "Chun-Ta Lu", "Jingyuan Zhang", "Mianwei Zhou", "Philip S. Yu", "Sihong Xie", "Yi Chang" ; default4:date "2016" ; default4:title "HEER: Heterogeneous Graph Embedding for Emerging Relation Detection from News" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jingyuan" ; default5:fullName "Jingyuan Zhang" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Zhang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Chun-Ta" ; default5:fullName "Chun-Ta Lu" ; default5:initials "C." ; default5:lastName "Lu" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Mianwei" ; default5:fullName "Mianwei Zhou" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Zhou" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Sihong" ; default5:fullName "Sihong Xie" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Xie" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Yi" ; default5:fullName "Yi Chang" ; default5:initials "Y." ; default5:lastName "Chang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Philip S." ; default5:fullName "Philip S. Yu" ; default5:initials "P.S." ; default5:lastName "Yu" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Zhang et al." ; default5:id "3e0f53c37ac021801f3f71cd52f5dcf0f7fd0cc4" ; default5:refCount 34 ; default2:abstract "Real-world knowledge is growing rapidly nowadays. New entities arise with time, resulting in large volumes of relations that do not exist in current knowledge graphs (KGs). These relations containing at least one new entity are called emerging relations. They often appear in news, and hence the latest information about new entities and relations can be learned from news timely. In this paper, we focus on the problem of discovering emerging relations from news. However, there are several challenges for this task: (1) at the beginning, there is little information for emerging relations, causing problems for traditional sentence-based models; (2) no negative relations exist in KGs, creating difficulties in utilizing only positive cases for emerging relation detection from news; and (3) new relations emerge rapidly, making it necessary to keep KGs up to date with the latest emerging relations. In order to address these issues, we start from a global graph perspective and propose a novel Heterogeneous graph Embedding framework for Emerging Relation detection (HEER) that learns a classifier from positive and unlabeled instances by utilizing information from both news and KGs. Furthermore, we implement HEER in an incremental manner to timely update KGs with the latest detected emerging relations. Extensive experiments on real-world news datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed HEER model." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "HEER: Heterogeneous graph embedding for emerging relation detection from news" ; default3:doi "10.1109/BigData.2016.7840673" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2016 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "When we categorize textual data according to time categories the three main types of information that come up are the past, the present, and the future. In this paper we present our study in predicting the future. In particular, we aim at detecting expressions which refer to future events (temporal expressions, etc.) and apply them to support the prediction of probable future outcomes. In order to realize the future prediction support, we firstly need to be able to find out whether a sentence refers to the future or not in general. We propose a method of bi-polar text classification for sentences into either future-related or non-future-related (other). To do this we use a machine learning based sentence pattern extraction system SPEC and report on the accuracy of extracted patterns. We train the classifier using morphological and semantic representations of sentences and show that it is possible to extract fully automatically frequent patterns from sentences referring to the future." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "An Extraction Method for Future Reference Expressions Using Morphological and Semantic Patterns" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1242572.1242677" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Microblog-based social network platforms like Twitter and Sina Weibo have been important sources for news event extraction. However, existing works on microblog event extraction, which usually use keywords, entities, or selected microblogs to represent events, are not able to extract details of an event. Based on the view of news report, an event should present detailed news features, i.e., when, where, who, whom, and what. Such news features are helpful for conducting deeply data analysis on microblogs, e.g., competitor monitoring and public crisis discovery. However, the challenge is that the news features of an event on microblogs are usually distributed among different posts because of the short-text property of microblogs. This is much different from extracting news events from Web news pages that usually contain most details of an event. In this paper, we propose a new framework to extract events together with their news features from microblogs. We first extract a set of events from microblogs. Each event is represented as a distribution over four kinds of named entities including location, person name, organization, and time. In addition, the type of each event, i.e., location-related, person-related, or organization-related, is determined by a machine-learning method. In order to obtain the news features of an event, we propose an event-clustering approach that puts together all the relevant events into a cluster. For each cluster, we propose different algorithms to extract the news features of the event reported in the cluster. We conduct experiments on two microblog datasets crawled from a commercial microblogging platform to evaluate the performance of the proposed framework. The results suggest the effectiveness of our proposal." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "News Feature Extraction for Events on Social Network Platforms" ; default3:doi "10.1145/3041021.3054151" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LDOW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICEMT.2010.5657675" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2010 International Conference on Education and Management Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/HSI.2009.5091024" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 2nd Conference on Human System Interactions" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5120/2238-2861" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2810133.2810144" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESAIR '15" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "RIAO" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-98192-5_31" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Medical text extraction has become needs for researcher and society to generate factual knowledge about disease diagnosis. Disease diagnosis information is usually related to causality, symptom, and disease. Today, source of information about causality, symptom, and disease are able to be obtained from print and electronic media. The research focused on experiment and analytic related to identification of health information which is related with causality. Causality is a sentence explains about cause and effect. Some of extraction patterns to identify causality sentence have been done by researcher to generate discourse marker. However, discourse marker cannot be found in every sentence which obtains cause and effect meaning. Therefore, this research suggests a new approach to identify a correlation of causality sentences using analytical opinion pattern. Positive sentences (+) can represent an explanation of cause sentence, whereas negative sentences (-) can represent an explanation of sentence effect. Classification method that is used to identify opinion sentences is Lexicon, Naïve Bayes and SVM with 230 amount of training. The experiment using 3 chronological scenarios generate an average result as follows: Lexicon propose generates 50,14; 50,87; 49,71 while Naïve Bayes method generates 42,32; 43,33; 45,07 and SVM method generates 97,68; 97,97; 95,19. Recall measurement generates 50% from 10 sentences random." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Identification of causal pattern using opinion analysis in Indonesian medical texts" ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICITSI.2015.7437734" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2015 International Conference on Information Technology Systems and Innovation (ICITSI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2303" ; default1:citationVelocity 88 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 81 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AI Magazine" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2481492.2481518" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HT '13" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/SW-170278" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CISIS.2009.99" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The majority of Web email is known to be generated by machines even when one excludes spam. Many machine-generated email messages such as invoices or travel itineraries are critical to users. Recent research studies establish that causality relations between certain types of machine-generated email messages exist and can be mined. These relations exhibit a link between a given message to a past message that gave rise to its creation. For example, a shipment notification message can often be linked to a past online purchase message. Instead of studying how an incoming message can be linked to the past, we propose here to focus on predicting future email arrival as implied by causality relations. Such a prediction method has several potential applications, ranging from improved ad targeting in up sell scenarios to reducing false positives in spam detection. We introduce a novel approach for predicting which types of machine-generated email messages, represented by so-called “email templates”, a user should receive in future time windows. Our prediction approach relies on (1) statistically inferring causality relations between email templates, (2) building a generative model that explains the inbox of each user using those causality relations, and (3) combining those results to predict which email templates are likely to appear in future time frames. We present preliminary experimental results and some data insights obtained by analyzing several million inboxes of Yahoo Mail users, who voluntarily opted-in for such research." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Predicting the Arrival of Future Email" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-45654-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10550-005-0040-3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Recent progress in information extraction has enabled the automatic construction of large knowledge bases. Knowledge bases contain millions of entities (e.g. persons, organizations, events, etc.), their semantic classes, and facts about them. Knowledge bases have become a great asset for semantic search, entity linking, deep analytics, and question answering. However, a common limitation of current knowledge bases is the poor coverage of temporal knowledge. First of all, so far, knowledge bases have focused on popular events and ignored long tail events such as political scandals, local festivals, or protests. Secondly, they do not cover the textual phrases denoting events and temporal facts at all. The goal of this dissertation, thus, is to automatically populate knowledge bases with this kind of temporal knowledge. The dissertation makes the following contributions to address the afore mentioned limitations. The first contribution is a method for extracting events from news articles. The method reconciles the extracted events into canonicalized representations and organizes them into fine-grained semantic classes. The second contribution is a method for mining the textual phrases denoting the events and facts. The method infers the temporal scopes of these phrases and maps them to a knowledge base. Our experimental evaluations demonstrate that our methods yield high quality output compared to state-ofthe-art approaches, and can indeed populate knowledge bases with temporal knowledge." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Populating knowledge bases with temporal information" ; default3:doi "10.22028/D291-26705" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.2139/ssrn.262452" ; default1:citationVelocity 24 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 71 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Information extraction systems usually require two dictionaries: a semantic lexicon and a dictionary of extraction patterns for the domain. We present a multilevel bootstrapping algorithm that generates both the semantic lexicon and extraction patterns simultaneously. As input, our technique requires only unannotated training texts and a handful of seed words for a category. We use a mutual bootstrapping technique to alternately select the best extraction pattern for the category and bootstrap its extractions into the semantic lexicon, which is the basis for selecting the next extraction pattern. To make this approach more robust, we add a second level of bootstrapping (metabootstrapping) that retains only the most reliable lexicon entries produced by mutual bootstrapping and then restarts the process. We evaluated this multilevel bootstrapping technique on a collection of corporate web pages and a corpus of terrorism news articles. The algorithm produced high-quality dictionaries for several semantic categories." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Learning Dictionaries for Information Extraction by Multi-Level Bootstrapping" ; default1:citationVelocity 20 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 30 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI/IAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.artint.2005.03.001" ; default1:citationVelocity 36 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 91 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Artif. Intell." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SemAnnot@ISWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDCS.2002.1022239" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 48 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Proceedings 22nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3148011.3148024" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "K-CAP 2017" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-0-387-09823-4_34" ; default1:citationVelocity 84 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 135 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Handbook" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In everyday life people use past events and their own knowledge to predict future events. In such everyday predictions people use widely available resources (newspapers, Internet). This study focused on sentences referring to the future, such as the one below, as one of such resource." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Automatic extraction of future references from news using morphosemantic patterns with application to future trend prediction" ; default3:doi "10.1145/3008665.3008671" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NODALIDA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-20161-5_44" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ECIR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Predicting the popularity of news article is a challenging task. Existing literature mostly focused on article contents and polarity to predict popularity. However, existing research has not considered the users' preference towards a particular article. Understanding users' preference is an important aspect for predicting the popularity of news articles. Hence, we consider the social media data, from the Twitter platform, to address this research gap. In our proposed model, we have considered the users' involvement as well as the users' reaction towards an article to predict the popularity of the article. In short, we are predicting tomorrow's headline by probing today's Twitter discussion. We have considered 300 political news article from the New York Post, and our proposed approach has outperformed other baseline models." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Predicting Tomorrow's Headline using Today's Twitter Deliberations" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Storytelling, the act of connecting entities through relationships, provides an intuitive platform for exploratory analysis. This paper combines storytelling and Spatio-logical Inference (SLI) to generate rules of interaction among entities and measure how well they forecast a real-world event. The proposed algorithm first takes as input the probability of prior occurrences of events along with their spatial distances. It calculates their soft truths, i.e., the belief they have indeed been observed with certainty. Subsequently, the algorithm applies a relaxed form of logical conjunction and disjunction to compute a distance to satisfaction for each rule. The rules of lowest distances represent the best forecasts. Extensive experiments with social unrest in Afghanistan show that storytelling and SLI can outperform common probabilistic approaches by as much as 30% in terms of precision and 13% in terms of recall." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , ; default2:title "Forecasting location-based events with spatio-temporal storytelling" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2755492.2755496" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LBSN '14" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1561/1800000010" ; default1:citationVelocity 13 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 16 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Foundations and Trends in Web Science" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SemAnnot@ISWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3077136.3080797" ; default1:citationVelocity 68 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 22 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '17" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3360901.3364415" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "K-CAP '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1023/A:1006569829653" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 53 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Artificial Intelligence Review" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 21 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 124 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ANLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1561/1900000003" ; default1:citationVelocity 15 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 23 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Foundations and Trends in Databases" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00530-006-0065-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.csi.2008.09.041" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computer Standards & Interfaces" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s12525-016-0238-x" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Electronic Markets" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3390/fi2010074" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Future Internet" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICCIC.2015.7435807" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2015 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/SW-2010-0019" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HCI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3390/s18092778" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Sensors" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Linguistics studies have shown that action verbs often denote some Change of State (CoS) as the result of an action. However, the causality of action verbs and its potential connection with the physical world has not been systematically explored. To address this limitation, this paper presents a study on physical causality of action verbs and their implied changes in the physical world. We first conducted a crowdsourcing experiment and identified eighteen categories of physical causality for action verbs. For a subset of these categories, we then defined a set of detectors that detect the corresponding change from visual perception of the physical environment. We further incorporated physical causality modeling and state detection in grounded language understanding. Our empirical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of causality modeling in grounding language to perception." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Physical Causality of Action Verbs in Grounded Language Understanding" ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/P16-1171" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default3:doi "10.5771/9783845217901-107" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.19026/rjaset.8.944" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1991" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/112405.112477" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 34 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 34 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NIPS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.csi.2008.09.029" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computer Standards & Interfaces" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDSC.2001.918966" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 23 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Proceedings 21st International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/978-1-59904-879-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Handbook of Research on Digital Libraries" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICICIP.2014.7010300" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Fifth International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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default3:doi "10.1109/ComputationWorld.2009.110" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 Computation World: Future Computing, Service Computation, Cognitive, Adaptive, Content, Patterns" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1080/10447318.2014.925383" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interaction" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1983" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 193 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 652 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1772690.1772777" ; default1:citationVelocity 245 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 188 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '10" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.24963/ijcai.2017/447" ; default1:citationVelocity 30 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 20 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2566486.2568003" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1145/503112.503114" ; default1:citationVelocity 19 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 51 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CSUR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1060745.1060835" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 50 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/971258.971272" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "INTR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CIMCA.2005.1631438" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Modelling, Control and Automation and International Conference on Intelligent Agents, Web Technologies and Internet Commerce (CIMCA-IAWTIC'06)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MCI.2016.2572518" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3361217" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TOIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-68111-3_32" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "PPAM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-35728-2_48" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MMM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/DEST.2009.5276746" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 3rd IEEE International Conference on Digital Ecosystems and Technologies" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The evolution and development of events has its underlying principles, leading to events happened sequentially. Therefore, the discovery of such evolutionary patterns between events are of great value for event prediction, decision-making and scenario design of dialog system. In this paper, we propose Event Evolutionary Graph (EEG), which reveals evolutionary patterns and development logics between events. Specifically, we propose to construct EEG by recognizing the sequential relation between events and the direction of each sequential relation. For sequential relation and direction recognition, we explore the effectiveness of 4 categories of features: count-based, ratio-based, context-based and association-based features for correctly identifying sequential relations and corresponding directions. Experimental results show that (1) the framework we proposed is promising for EEG construction and (2) methods we proposed are effective for both sequential relation and direction recognition." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "EEG: Knowledge Base for Event Evolutionary Principles and Patterns" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-981-10-6805-8_4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SMP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 15 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3336191.3371778" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4258/hir.2018.24.4.376" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Healthcare informatics research" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Today in this Big Data era, overwhelming amounts of textual information across different sources with a high degree of redundancy has made it hard for a consumer to retrospect on past events. A plausible solution is to link semantically similar information contained across the different sources to enforce a structure thereby providing multiple access paths to relevant information. Keeping this larger goal in view, this work uses Wikipedia and online news articles as two prominent yet disparate information sources to address the following three problems: • We address a linking problem to connect Wikipedia excerpts to news articles by casting it into an IR task. Our novel approach integrates time, geolocations, and entities with text to identify relevant documents that can be linked to a given excerpt. • We address an unsupervised extractive multi-document summarization task to generate a fixed-length event digest that facilitates efficient consumption of information contained within a large set of documents. Our novel approach proposes an ILP for global inference across text, time, geolocations, and entities associated with the event. • To estimate temporal focus of short event descriptions, we present a semi-supervised approach that leverages redundancy within a longitudinal news collection to estimate accurate probabilistic time models. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness and viability of our proposed approaches towards achieving the larger goal." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Leveraging Semantic Annotations for Event-focused Search & Summarization" ; default3:doi "10.22028/D291-27108" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2014.08.004" ; default1:citationVelocity 17 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1073012.1073076" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 41 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default3:doi "10.1109/KAM.2008.169" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 International Symposium on Knowledge Acquisition and Modeling" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1115/1.3482061" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MC.2010.26" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computer" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1143844.1143892" ; default1:citationVelocity 32 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICML '06" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2008.04.003" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 151 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1268 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5121/ijaia.2014.5102" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.24963/ijcai.2019/674" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MIS.2007.17" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Intelligent Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WAINA.2009.127" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IICS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Since their discovery in the 1950’s by Erdős and Rényi, network theory (the study of objects and their associations) has blossomed into a full-fledged branch of mathematics. Due to the network’s flexibility, diverse scientific problems can be reformulated as networks and studied using a common set of tools. I define a network G = (V,E) composed of two parts: (i) the set of objects V , called nodes, and (ii) set of relationships (associations) E, called links, that connect objects in V . We can extend the classic network of nodes and links by describing the intensity of these associations with weights. More formally, weighted networks augment the classic network with a function f(e) from links to the real line, uncovering powerful ways to model real-world applications. This thesis studies new ways to construct robust micro powergrids, mine people’s perceptions of causality on a social network, and proposes a new way to analyze crowdsourcing all in the context of the weighted network model. The current state of Earth’s ecosystem and intensifying climate calls on scientists to find new ways to harvest clean affordable energy. A microgrid, or neighborhoodscale powergrid built using renewable energy sources attached to personal homes, suggest one way to ameliorate this energy crisis. We can study the stability (robustness) of such a small-scale system with weighted networks. A novel use of weighted networks and percolation theory guides the safe and efficient construction of power lines (links, E) connecting a small set of houses (nodes, V ) to one another and weights each power line by the distance between houses. This new look at the robustness of microgrid structures calls into question the efficacy of the traditional utility. The next study uses the twitter social network to compare and contrast causal language from everyday conversation. Collecting a set of 1 million tweets, we find a set of words (unigrams), parts of speech, named entities, and sentiment signal the use of informal causal language. Breaking a problem difficult for a computer to solve into many parts and distributing these tasks to a group of humans to solve is called Crowdsourcing. My final project asks volunteers to ‘reply’ to questions asked of them and ‘supply’ novel questions for others to answer. I model this ‘reply and supply’ framework as a dynamic weighted network, proposing new theories about this network’s behavior and how to steer it toward worthy goals. This thesis demonstrates novel uses of, enhances the current scientific literature on, and presents novel methodology for, weighted networks." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Weighted networks: Applications from power grid construction to crowd control" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2959100.2959131" ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "RecSys '16" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2011.04.001" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2124295.2124360" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WSDM '12" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Large-scale text archive data are prevalent in many areas including informatics, computational social science and finance. However, to better explore and understand archival datasets, still many research problems remain. (1) The first problem lies in the difficulties of searching in the archives. Often searchers face the problem of the gap between the knowledge they possess and the content they desire to search due to domain differences or due to long time spans between documents contained in the archives. We call such problem a terminology gap. In such sense, it is sometimes difficult for the users to come up with a right key word to search the object in an unknown domain. (2) Besides the object search, searching for the relationships in archives is another challenging task. For example, searching for the set of evidences to explain the similarity relationship among entities. (3) In addition, the cause-and-effect relationship is another unknown relationship likely to be searched by the users who wish to discover and understand the changes reflected in text archives. For example, users may not be aware of the changes in one object causing the changes related to another object. This thesis aims at establishing methodologies for supporting object search as well as relationship search in text archive data. More specifically, we address the following three research topics: 1. Detecting Semantically Similar Terms across Different Domains We address the problem of terminology gap in object search by detecting semantically similar terms across different domains. For example, users searching for documents about music devices in 1980s which are similar to iPod, may fail to succeed since they may not know Walkman which played similar role as iPod does nowadays. We solve this problem by finding the counterpart (e.g., Walkman) of the query (e.g., iPod) that existed in the target domain (e.g., 1980s). We propose an efficient method to find counterparts by transforming the representation of terms within different vector spaces. We then enhance such global correspondence method by considering also the local context of terms (local correspondence). Through the extensive experiments conducted on the 20-years long archive, the New York Times Annotated Corpus, as well as the 200-years long archive, the Times" ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "A Study on Object Search and Relationship Search from Text Archive Data" ; default3:doi "10.14989/doctor.k20026" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MITP.2015.29" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IT Professional" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-011-0762-9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-09465-6_29" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ISCIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.32657/10220/46243" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "VLC@COLING/ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/AICCSA.2010.5587013" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACS/IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications - AICCSA 2010" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3308558.3313411" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-24731-6_37" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MTSR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1060745.1060766" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1060745.1060799" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSC.2011.42" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2011 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Semantic Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper presents a crowdsourcing approach for annotating causal relation instances to Wikipedia. Because an annotation task cannot be decomposed into multiple-choice problems, we integrate a crowdsourcing service and brat, a popular on-line annotation tool, to provide an easy-to-use interface and quality control for annotation work. We design simple micro-tasks that involve annotating textual spans with causal relations. We issued the micro-tasks to crowd workers, and collected 95,008 annotations of causal relation instances among 8,745 summary sentences in 1,494 Wikipedia articles. The annotated corpus not only provides supervision data for automatic recognition of causal relation instances, but also reveals valuable facts for improving the annotation process of this task." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "A Crowdsourcing Approach for Annotating Causal Relation Instances in Wikipedia" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "PACLIC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.knosys.2014.04.039" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowl.-Based Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1119176.1119181" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 33 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CoNLL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default3:doi "10.3115/1608829.1608839" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "FCA@ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1177/0165551507084300" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Inf. Sci." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1984" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/d19-1671" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP/IJCNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0007566307940800" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICAART" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10115-012-0590-x" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowledge and Information Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In this paper, we propose an unsupervised method for discovering inference rules from text, such as “X is author of Y  X wrote Y”, “X solved Y  X found a solution to Y”, and “X caused Y  Y is triggered by X”. Inference rules are extremely important in many fields such as natural language processing, information retrieval, and artificial intelligence in general. Our algorithm is based on an extended version of Harris’ Distributional Hypothesis, which states that words that occurred in the same contexts tend to be similar. Instead of using this hypothesis on words, we apply it to paths in the dependency trees of a parsed corpus." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "DIRT – Discovery of Inference Rules from Text" ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 53 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2003.07.006" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Artificial Intelligence and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1060745.1060832" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Research in Computing Science, ISSN 1870-4069, is an internationally refereed open access scientific research journal published by the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Event Causality Extraction from Natural Science Literature" ; default3:doi "10.13053/rcs-117-1-8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Research in Computing Science" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MIS.2013.41" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Intelligent Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 389 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 195 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NIPS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/TKDE.2005.48" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 5 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 72 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "VLDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/dexa.2007.34" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "18th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA 2007)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 74 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 161 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3148011.3148038" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "K-CAP 2017" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ITSC.2011.6083072" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2011 14th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1993" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1989" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-0-387-39940-9_2930" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Encyclopedia of Database Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-0-387-73798-0_19" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Virtual Enterprises and Collaborative Networks" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Raimundo F. Dos Santos Jr. With the growing spread of spatial data, exploratory analysis has gained a considerable amount of attention. Particularly in the fields of Information Retrieval and Data Mining, the integration of data points helps uncover interesting patterns not always visible to the naked eye. Social networks often link entities that share places and activities; marketing tools target users based on behavior and preferences; and medical technology combines symptoms to categorize diseases. Many of the current approaches in this field of research depend on semantic analysis, which is good for inferencing and decision making. From a functional point of view, objects can be investigated from a spatial and temporal perspectives. The former attempts to verify how proximity makes the objects related; the latter adds a measure of coherence by enforcing time ordering. This type of spatio-temporal reasoning examines several aspects of semantic analysis and their characteristics: shared relationships among objects, matches versus mismatches of values, distances among parents and children, and bruteforce comparison of attributes. Most of these approaches suffer from the pitfalls of disparate data, often missing true relationships, failing to deal with inexact vocabularies, ignoring missing values, and poorly handling multiple attributes. In addition, the vast majority does not consider the spatio-temporal aspects of the data. This research studies semantic techniques of data analysis in spatial contexts. The proposed solutions represent different methods on how to relate spatial entities or sequences of entities. They are able to identify relationships that are not explicitly written down. Major contributions of this research include (1) a framework that computes a numerical entity similarity, denoted a semantic footprint, composed of spatial, dimensional, and ontological facets; (2) a semantic approach that translates categorical data into a numerical score, which permits ranking and ordering; (3) an extensive study of GML as a representative spatial structure of how semantic analysis methods are influenced by its approaches to storage, querying, and parsing; (4) a method to find spatial regions of high entity density based on a clustering coefficient; (5) a ranking strategy based on connectivity strength which differentiates important relationships from less relevant ones; (6) a distance measure between entity sequences that quantifies the most related streams of information; (7) three distance-based measures (one probabilistic, one based on spatial influence, and one that is spatiological) that quantifies the interactions among entities and events; (8) a spatio-temporal method to compute the coherence of a data sequence." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Effective Methods of Semantic Analysis in Spatial Contexts" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDE.2019.00129" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 IEEE 35th International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI Spring Symposium: Semantic Scientific Knowledge Integration" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/SW-160218" ; default1:citationVelocity 66 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 20 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/BIBM.2013.6732567" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2013 IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1075096.1075124" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1111/exsy.12143" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/980845.980860" ; default1:citationVelocity 148 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 371 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "COLING-ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 23 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2020" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-019-08554-5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WI-IATW.2007.104" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11227-016-1697-8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "The Journal of Supercomputing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/342009.335409" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 24 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGMOD '00" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ISCAS.2005.1464896" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2005 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.11648/j.ajnna.20190501.15" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1049/ic.2005.0758" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s005300050098" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/IA-120038" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Intelligenza Artificiale" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Research in Computing Science" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/n19-1105" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NAACL-HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "When train troubles occur, users of microblogs often post information about these troubles. Microblogs often include more fine-graind information of train troubles than official information. Such information could make out decision better. In this paper, we propose a method for extracting details of train troubles by analyzing Twitter. We classify train troubles into suspensions, partial suspensions and other troubles, then detect whether these troubles occur or not. Experimental results show that proposed method work well in case of suspencions and partial suspencions. We also find that by analyzing twitter, we can know information which is not reported officially such as congestion and recovery of train troubles." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:title "Extracting Details of Train Troubles from Microblogs" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1992" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1108/eb026906" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Journal of Documentation" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3292500.3330665" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-25956-5_9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-35176-1_23" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 210 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 389 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-1-4471-4048-1_1" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10994-018-05777-9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Machine Learning" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 9 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3292500.3330836" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3354142.3354145" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICIST 2019" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ipm.2013.08.007" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Inf. Process. Manage." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.26615/978-954-452-040-3_003" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1945" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_16" ; default1:citationVelocity 451 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 388 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/245108.245126" ; default1:citationVelocity 47 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 102 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CACM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The evolution and development of events have their own basic principles, which make events happen sequentially. Therefore, the discovery of such evolutionary patterns among events are of great value for event prediction, decision-making and scenario design of dialog systems. However, conventional knowledge graph mainly focuses on the entities and their relations, which neglects the real world events. In this paper, we present a novel type of knowledge base - Event Logic Graph (ELG), which can reveal evolutionary patterns and development logics of real world events. Specifically, ELG is a directed cyclic graph, whose nodes are events, and edges stand for the sequential, causal, conditional or hypernym-hyponym (is-a) relations between events. We constructed two domain ELG: financial domain ELG, which consists of more than 1.5 million of event nodes and more than 1.8 million of directed edges, and travel domain ELG, which consists of about 30 thousand of event nodes and more than 234 thousand of directed edges. Experimental results show that ELG is effective for the task of script event prediction." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "ELG: An Event Logic Graph" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/s18-1108" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SemEval@NAACL-HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2830894.2830895" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Middleware Posters and Demos '15" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5171/2011.611355" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10796-012-9381-x" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Information Systems Frontiers" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.6092/polito/porto/2497074" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP-CoNLL Shared Task" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1247660.1247665" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MobiSys '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LWA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/EDOCW.2006.41" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2006 10th IEEE International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops (EDOCW'06)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WI.2004.104" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI'04)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-18117-2" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Comput. Linguistics Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/RIVF.2008.4586363" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 IEEE International Conference on Research, Innovation and Vision for the Future in Computing and Communication Technologies" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The way in which people gather information about events and form their own opinion on them has changed dramatically with the advent of social media. For many readers, the news gathered from online sources has become an opportunity to share points of view and information within micro-blogging platforms such as Twitter, mainly aimed at satisfying their communication needs. Furthermore, the need to deepen the aspects related to news stimulates a demand for additional information which is often met through online encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia. This behaviour has also influenced the way in which journalists write their articles, requiring a careful assessment of what actually interests the readers. The goal of this paper is to present a recommender system, What to Write and Why, capable of suggesting to a journalist, for a given event, the aspects still uncovered in news articles on which the readers focus their interest. The basic idea is to characterize an event according to the echo it receives in online news sources and associate it with the corresponding readers’ communicative and informative patterns, detected through the analysis of Twitter and Wikipedia, respectively. Our methodology temporally aligns the results of this analysis and recommends the concepts that emerge as topics of interest from Twitter and Wikipedia, either not covered or poorly covered in the published news articles." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "A topic recommender for journalists" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10791-018-9333-2" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Information Retrieval Journal" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/988672.988764" ; default1:citationVelocity 20 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 56 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '04" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0003115401890194" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICAART" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10489-015-0690-x" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Applied Intelligence" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-88564-1_40" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/TVCG.2008.172" ; default1:citationVelocity 16 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 30 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 50 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1060745.1060762" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Conference on Mobile IT Convergence" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-07443-6_35" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JLCL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.13016/M2NS0M20T" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "FLAIRS Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-01112-2_34" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "UNISCON" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/VAST.2010.5652922" ; default1:citationVelocity 19 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 17 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2010 IEEE Symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Ontology Learning and Population" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/301308.301326" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 57 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "PODC '99" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-34459-6_4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SBIA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:date "2014" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1871437.1871699" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '10" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default3:doi "10.5860/choice.50-0612" ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default3:doi "10.2139/ssrn.1651972" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1093/llc/fqt067" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DSH" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.21236/ada440528" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 25 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI/IAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/288627.288641" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '98" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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default2:abstract "Jaegwon Kim is one of the most pre-eminent and most influential contributors to the philosophy of mind and metaphysics. This collection of essays presents the core of his work on supervenience and mind with two sets of postscripts especially written for the book. The essays focus on such issues as the nature of causation and events, what dependency relations other than causal relations connect facts and events, the analysis of supervenience, and the mind-body problem. A central problem in the philosophy of mind is the problem of explaining how the mind can causally influence bodily processes. Professor Kim explores this problem in detail, criticises the nonreductionist solution of it, and offers a modified reductionist solution of his own. Both professional philosophers and their graduate students will find this an invaluable collection." ; default2:date "1993" ; default2:title "Supervenience and Mind: Selected Philosophical Essays" ; default3:doi "10.2307/2108401" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 38 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1646396.1646436" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIVR '09" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; 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By crawling Wikipedia's current events portal we identified nine top-level event types. Using articles referenced by the portal we built a event type classification model for news articles using lexical and semantic features and present a small-scale manual evaluation of its results. Results show that our model can accurately distinguish between event types but its coverage could still be significantly improved." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Towards a Complete Event Type Taxonomy" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2740908.2742005" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '15 Companion" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Recommender system is emerging as a powerful and popular tool for online information relevant to a given user. The traditional recommendation system suffers from the cold start problem and the data sparsity problem. Many methods have been proposed to solve these problems, but few can achieve satisfactory efficiency. In this paper, we present a method which combines the trust diffusion (DiffTrust) algorithm and the probabilistic matrix factorization (PMF). DiffTrust is first used to study the possible diffusions of trust between various users. It is able to make use of the implicit relationship of the trust network, thus alleviating the data sparsity problem. The probabilistic matrix factorization (PMF) is then employed to combine the users' tastes with their trusted friends' interests. We evaluate the algorithm on Flixster, Moviedata, and Epinions datasets, respectively. The experimental results show that the recommendation based on our proposed DiffTrust + PMF model achieves high performance in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE), Recall, and F Measure." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "Recommendation Based on Trust Diffusion Model" ; default3:doi "10.1155/2014/159594" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TheScientificWorldJournal" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LDOW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSC.2008.52" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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default3:doi "10.1145/1506250.1506254" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESAIR '09" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 54 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 142 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI 1997" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1996" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-94-011-5054-5_3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-88873-4_28" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OTM Conferences" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI Spring Symposium: It's All in the Timing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default3:doi "10.14445/22315381/ijett-v53p205" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ONTOBRAS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1080/0951192X.2013.874593" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Computer Integrated Manufacturing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Abstract This paper investigates the phenomena that come under the label ‘causative alternation’ in English, as illustrated in the transitive and intransitive sentence pair Antonia broke the vase / The vase broke . Central to our analysis is a distinction between verbs which are inherently monadic and verbs which are inherently dyadic. Given this distinction, much of the relevant data is explained by distinguishing two processes that give rise to causative alternation verbs. The first, and by far more pervasive process, forms lexical detransitive verbs from certain transitive verbs with a causative meaning. The second process, which is more restricted in its scope, results in the existence of causative transitive verbs related to some intransitive verbs. Finally, this study provides further insight into the semantic underpinnings of the Unaccusativity Hypothesis (Perlmutter 1978)." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1994" ; default2:title "A preliminary analysis of causative verbs in English" ; default3:doi "10.1016/0024-3841(94)90337-9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/NLPKE.2009.5313806" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 International Conference on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1988852.1988873" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGF" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.04.003" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. 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Sci." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/988672.988738" ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '04" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 100 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 376 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ROCLING" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 20 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 248 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-30202-5_14" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EKAW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-25956-5_21" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICWR.2016.7498452" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2016 Second International Conference on Web Research (ICWR)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1135777.1135839" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 22 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '06" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LDSI@FIA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Traditional Information Extraction (IE) takes a relation name and hand-tagged examples of that relation as input. Open IE is a relationindependent extraction paradigm that is tailored to massive and heterogeneous corpora such as the Web. An Open IE system extracts a diverse set of relational tuples from text without any relation-specific input. How is Open IE possible? We analyze a sample of English sentences to demonstrate that numerous relationships are expressed using a compact set of relation-independent lexico-syntactic patterns, which can be learned by an Open IE system. What are the tradeoffs between Open IE and traditional IE? We consider this question in the context of two tasks. First, when the number of relations is massive, and the relations themselves are not pre-specified, we argue that Open IE is necessary. We then present a new model for Open IE called O-CRF and show that it achieves increased precision and nearly double the recall than the model employed by TEXTRUNNER, the previous stateof-the-art Open IE system. Second, when the number of target relations is small, and their names are known in advance, we show that O-CRF is able to match the precision of a traditional extraction system, though at substantially lower recall. Finally, we show how to combine the two types of systems into a hybrid that achieves higher precision than a traditional extractor, with comparable recall." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "The Tradeoffs Between Open and Traditional Relation Extraction" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 55 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "When we categorize textual data according to time categories the three main types of information that come up are the past, the present, and the future. In this paper we present our study in predicting the future. In particular, we aim at detecting expressions which refer to future events (temporal expressions, etc.) and apply them to support the prediction of probable future outcomes. In order to realize the future prediction support, we firstly need to be able to find out whether a sentence refers to the future or not in general. We propose a method of bi-polar text classification for sentences into either future-related or non-future-related (other). To do this we use a machine learning based sentence pattern extraction system SPEC and report on the accuracy of extracted patterns. We train the classifier using semantic representations of sentences and show that it is possible to extract fully automatically frequent patterns from sentences referring to the future." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Investigation of Future Reference Expressions in Trend Information" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI Spring Symposia" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1981" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10791-006-9018-0" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Information Retrieval" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3308558.3313543" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper presents some more recent developments in the research area of human activity recognition. In many cases, human activity recognition can be achieved with the support of body sensors that deliver information about the motion of a person or about acceleration and position. Such data can contribute substantially to the accuracy of the results, however wearing extra equipment is not a very popular practice for most human users and therefore camera-based methods are mostly preferred in today’s systems, which is also a result of the tremendous progress achieved in recent years in pattern recognition and machine learning. Therefore, also this paper concentrates on camera-based methods for human activity recognition. Activity recognition has a large variety of sub-research areas and has many exciting application areas, such as e.g. interaction in smart spaces, surveillance, human-robot interaction or automatic analysis of interest, emotions and human traits." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:title "Pattern Recognition and Information Processing: 14th International Conference, PRIP 2019, Minsk, Belarus, May 21–23, 2019, Revised Selected Papers" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-030-35430-5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/p19-3030" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3292500.3330705" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SWDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The knowledge behind the gigantic pool of data remains largely unextracted. Techniques such as ontology design, RDF representations, hpernym extraction, etc. have been used to represent the knowledge. However, the area of logic (FOPL) and linguistics (Semantics) has not been explored in depth for this purpose. Search engines suffer in extraction of specific answers to queries because of the absence of structured domain knowledge. The current paper deals with the design of formalism to extract and represent knowledge from the data in a consistent format. The application of logic and linguistics combined greatly eases and increases the precision of knowledge translation from natural language. The results clearly indicate the effectiveness of the knowledge extraction and representation methodology developed providing intelligence to machines for efficient analysis of data. The methodology helps machines to retrieve precise results in an efficient manner." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Logico-linguistic Semantic Representation of Documents" ; default3:doi "10.1109/DASC-PICom-DataCom-CyberSciTec.2016.135" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2016 IEEE 14th Intl Conf on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, 14th Intl Conf on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, 2nd Intl Conf on Big Data Intelligence and Computing and Cyber Science and Technology Congress(DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ISM.2017.53" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia (ISM)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2072552.2072558" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AIEMPro '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In this work, we present our findings and experiments for stock-market prediction using various textual sentiment analysis tools, such as mood analysis and event extraction, as well as prediction models, such as LSTMs and specific convolutional architectures." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Sentiment Predictability for Stocks" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0005131003350341" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDIR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1002/047148296X.tie205" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10586-013-0299-y" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Cluster Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s13740-012-0012-y" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Journal on Data Semantics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 34 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-45715-1_36" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CICLing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-1-84996-074-8_4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Emergent Web Intelligence" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1994" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 17 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2488732" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TOMCCAP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICSLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5539/ijbm.v3n7p3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1257/jep.31.2.211" ; default1:citationVelocity 177 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 75 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.csl.2009.10.001" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computer Speech & Language" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/access.2018.2810062" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Access" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper presents our study on future prediction support method based on state-of-the-art natural language processing and pattern extraction techniques. We propose two practical applications of the method. The first is supporting future prediction in human users. The second is automatic future prediction based on provided data. We conduct experiments on the developed prototype method and evaluate its effectiveness. In the development of the method we assumed that sentences from official sources such as newspapers that refer to future events could be useful for future prediction. By using sophisticated patterns combining morphemes and semantic roles, we successfully extracted future reference sentences and effectively used them in future prediction performed both by human users as well as by the fully automatic prototype method. In the experiments we tested the method on a number of future prediction questions from official Future Prediction Competence Test, performed yearly in Japan. Both, the results of the support application as well as the automatic method were higher then the results of original test participants. Moreover, the prototype fully automatic method greatly outperformed all human users. This suggests that the method can be expected to not only reduce the response time and the amount of information needed for prediction in humans, but also perform the prediction automatically on a level comparable and exceeding an average human." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "A Prototype Method for Future Event Prediction Based on Future Reference Sentence Extraction" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2019" ; default3:doi "10.3390/su11205641" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-0-387-85820-3_5" ; default1:citationVelocity 88 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 95 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Recommender Systems Handbook" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Causality extraction from natural language texts is a challenging open problem in artificial intelligence. Existing methods utilize patterns, constraints, and machine learning techniques to extract causality, heavily depend on domain knowledge and require considerable human efforts and time on feature engineering. In this paper, we formulate causality extraction as a sequence tagging problem based on a novel causality tagging scheme. On this basis, we propose a neural causality extractor with BiLSTM-CRF model as the backbone, named SCIFI (Self-Attentive BiLSTM-CRF with Flair Embeddings), which can directly extract Cause and Effect, without extracting candidate causal pairs and identifying their relations separately. To tackle the problem of data insufficiency, we transfer the contextual string embeddings, also known as Flair embeddings, which trained on a large corpus into our task. Besides, to improve the performance of causality extraction, we introduce the multi-head self-attention mechanism into SCIFI to learn the dependencies between causal words. We evaluate our method on a public dataset, and experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves significant and consistent improvement as compared to other baselines." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Causality Extraction based on Self-Attentive BiLSTM-CRF with Transferred Embeddings" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2009.01.056" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. 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Much less attention has been paid to the understanding of dynamics, or how the state of the world changes over time. Because intelligent behavior seeks to change the state of the world in rational and utilitymaximizing ways, common-sense knowledge about dynamics is essential for intelligent agents. In this paper, we describe a novel system, PREPOST, that tackles the problem of extracting the preconditions and effects of actions and events, two important kinds of knowledge for connecting world state and the actions that affect it. 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An example is to include the time, the location, and the duration of a specific fact. These relations can be even more complex to extract in advanced domains such as news, where events typically come with different facets including reasons, consequences, purposes, involved parties, and related events. The main challenge consists in first finding the set of facets related to each fact, and second tagging those facets to the relevant category. In this paper, we tackle the above problems by proposing StuffIE, a fine-grained information extraction approach which is facet-centric. We exploit the Stanford dependency parsing enhanced by lexical databases such as WordNet to extract nested triple relations. Then, we exploit the syntactical dependencies to semantically tag facets using distant learning based on Oxford dictionary. We have tested the accuracy of the extracted facets and their semantic tags using DUC'04 dataset. 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default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2487575.2488200" ; default1:citationVelocity 85 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 32 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '13" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ISWC Developers Workshop" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1980" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 409 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 426 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/SMAP.2006.4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2006 First International Workshop on Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization (SMAP'06)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/775152.775229" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 16 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '03" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1283880.1283893" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SADPI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:title "Analyzing the dynamics between the user-sensed data and the real world" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ISM.2009.99" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 11th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-39718-2_32" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/TKDE.2007.31" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Mining causality from text is a complex and crucial natural language understanding task. Most of the early attempts at its solution can group into two categories: 1) utilizing co-occurrence frequency and world knowledge for causality detection; 2) extracting cause-effect pairs by using connectives and syntax patterns directly. However, because causality has various linguistic expressions, the noisy data and ignoring implicit expressions problems induced by these methods cannot be avoided. In this paper, we present a neural causality detection model, namely Multi-level Causality Detection Network (MCDN), to address this problem. Specifically, we adopt multi-head self-attention to acquire semantic feature at word level and integrate a novel Relation Network to infer causality at segment level. To the best of our knowledge, in touch with the causality tasks, this is the first time that the Relation Network is applied. The experimental results on the AltLex dataset, demonstrate that: a) MCDN is highly effective for the ambiguous and implicit causality inference; b) comparing with the regular text classification task, causality detection requires stronger inference capability; c) the proposed approach achieved state-of-the-art performance." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "A Multi-level Neural Network for Implicit Causality Detection in Web Texts" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/1-84628-290-X_9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0005295806590665" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HEALTHINF" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/978-1-60566-992-2.ch008" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-01891-6_5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowledge Discovery Enhanced with Semantic and Social Information" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICALT.2012.175" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2012 IEEE 12th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/P17-1132" ; default1:citationVelocity 22 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-25956-5_13" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/FSKD.2008.179" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 Fifth International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICACCI.2018.8554457" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1017/S0269888907001282" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowledge Eng. Review" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-13489-0_45" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "The 7th International Conference on Networked Computing and Advanced Information Management" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Wikipedia provides a knowledge base for computing word relatedness in a more structured fashion than a search engine and with more coverage than WordNet. In this work we present experiments on using Wikipedia for computing semantic relatedness and compare it to WordNet on various benchmarking datasets. Existing relatedness measures perform better using Wikipedia than a baseline given by Google counts, and we show that Wikipedia outperforms WordNet when applied to the largest available dataset designed for that purpose. The best results on this dataset are obtained by integrating Google, WordNet and Wikipedia based measures. We also show that including Wikipedia improves the performance of an NLP application processing naturally occurring texts." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "WikiRelate! Computing Semantic Relatedness Using Wikipedia" ; default1:citationVelocity 27 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 87 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1991" ; default3:doi "10.1007/BF00284974" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Philosophical Logic" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 41 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 52 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "We propose a method for recognizing such event causalities as “smoke cigarettes” → “die of lung cancer” using background knowledge taken from web texts as well as original sentences from which candidates for the causalities were extracted. We retrieve texts related to our event causality candidates from four billion web pages by three distinct methods, including a why-question answering system, and feed them to our multi-column convolutional neural networks. This allows us to identify the useful background knowledge scattered in web texts and effectively exploit the identified knowledge to recognize event causalities. We empirically show that the combination of our neural network architecture and background knowledge significantly improves average precision, while the previous state-of-the-art method gains just a small benefit from such background knowledge." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Improving Event Causality Recognition with Multiple Background Knowledge Sources Using Multi-Column Convolutional Neural Networks" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2623330.2630803" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '14" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJMSO.2010.035554" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJMSO" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-48005-6_26" ; default1:citationVelocity 19 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 208 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1088622.1088651" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "K-CAP '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CLiC-it" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AMIA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1628275.1628281" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1821748.1821850" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MoMM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "I-SEMANTICS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1401890.1401920" ; default1:citationVelocity 60 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 99 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-13486-9_11" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "We present in this paper our approach for modeling inter-topic preferences of Twitter users: for example, those who agree with the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) also agree with free trade. This kind of knowledge is useful not only for stance detection across multiple topics but also for various real-world applications including public opinion surveys, electoral predictions, electoral campaigns, and online debates. In order to extract users' preferences on Twitter, we design linguistic patterns in which people agree and disagree about specific topics (e.g., \"A is completely wrong\"). By applying these linguistic patterns to a collection of tweets, we extract statements agreeing and disagreeing with various topics. Inspired by previous work on item recommendation, we formalize the task of modeling inter-topic preferences as matrix factorization: representing users' preferences as a user-topic matrix and mapping both users and topics onto a latent feature space that abstracts the preferences. Our experimental results demonstrate both that our proposed approach is useful in predicting missing preferences of users and that the latent vector representations of topics successfully encode inter-topic preferences." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Other Topics You May Also Agree or Disagree: Modeling Inter-Topic Preferences using Tweets and Matrix Factorization" ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/P17-1037" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2939672.2939673" ; default1:citationVelocity 76 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 24 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '16" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/D15-1174" ; default1:citationVelocity 62 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 48 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/5254.747902" ; default1:citationVelocity 39 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 39 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-76928-6_64" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Australian Conference on Artificial Intelligence" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICML" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/compcomm.2017.8322999" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications (ICCC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2912845.2912852" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WIMS '16" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1988688.1988714" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WIMS '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/P15-1153" ; default1:citationVelocity 15 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/BigData.2017.8258025" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2851613.2851845" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAC '16" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "More than 80% of today’s data is unstructured in nature, and these unstructured datasets evolve over time. A large part of these datasets are text documents generated by media outlets, scholarly articles in digital libraries, findings from scientific and professional communities, and social media. Vector space models were developed to analyze text data using data mining and machine learning algorithms. While ample vector space models exist for text data, the evolutionary aspect of ever changing text corpora is still missing in vector-based representations. The advent of word embeddings has enabled us to create a contextual vector space, but the embeddings fail to consider the temporal aspects of the feature space successfully. This paper presents an approach to include temporal aspects in feature spaces. The inclusion of the time aspect in the feature space provides vectors for every natural language element, such as words or entities, at every timestamp. Such temporal word vectors allow us to track how the meaning of a word changes over time, by studying the changes in its neighborhood. Moreover, a time-reflective text representation will pave the way to a new set of text analytic abilities involving time series for text collections.In this paper, we present a time-reflective vector space model for temporal text data that is able to capture short and long-term changes in the meaning of words. We compare our approach with the limited literature on dynamic embeddings. We present qualitative and quantitative evaluations using the tracking of semantic evolution as the target application." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Tracking the Evolution of Words with Time-reflective Text Representations" ; default3:doi "10.1109/BigData.2018.8621902" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "FLAIRS Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3312738" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TOIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/p19-1276" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ACHI.2008.23" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "First International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interaction" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3308558.3313597" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Technology progress is one of the key reasons behind today's rapid changes in lifestyles. Knowing how products and objects evolve can not only help with understanding the evolutionary patterns in our society but can also provide clues on effective product design and can offer support for predicting the future. We propose a general framework for analyzing technology's impact on our lives through detecting cause--effect relationships, where causes represent changes in technology while effects are changes in social life, such as new activities or new ways of using products. We address the challenge of viewing technology evolution through the “social impact lens” by mining causal relationships from the long-term collections of product reviews. In particular, we first propose dividing vocabulary into two groups: terms describing product features (called physical terms) and terms representing product usage (called conceptual terms). We then search for two kinds of changes related to the appearance of terms: frequency-based and context-based changes. The former indicate periods when a word was significantly more frequently used, whereas the latter indicate periods of high change in the word's context. Based on the detected changes, we then search for causal term pairs such that the change in the physical term triggers the change in the conceptual term. We next extend our approach to finding causal relationships between word groups such as a group of words representing the same technology and causing a given conceptual change or group of words representing two different technologies that simultaneously “co-cause” a conceptual change. We conduct experiments on different product types using the Amazon Product Review Dataset, which spans 1995 to 2013, and we demonstrate that our approaches outperform state-of-the-art baselines." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Causal Relationship Detection in Archival Collections of Product Reviews for Understanding Technology Evolution" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2937752" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TOIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.5120/12162-8205" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1557019.1557029" ; default1:citationVelocity 39 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 41 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1458082.1458295" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '08" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1155/2013/832963" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. 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In general, news language is highly condensed, full of knowledge entities and common sense. However, existing methods are unaware of such external knowledge and cannot fully discover latent knowledge-level connections among news. The recommended results for a user are consequently limited to simple patterns and cannot be extended reasonably. To solve the above problem, in this paper, we propose a deep knowledge-aware network (DKN) that incorporates knowledge graph representation into news recommendation. DKN is a content-based deep recommendation framework for click-through rate prediction. The key component of DKN is a multi-channel and word-entity-aligned knowledge-aware convolutional neural network (KCNN) that fuses semantic-level and knowledge-level representations of news. KCNN treats words and entities asmultiple channels, and explicitly keeps their alignment relationship during convolution. In addition, to address users’ diverse interests, we also design an attention module in DKN to dynamically aggregate a user’s history with respect to current candidate news. Through extensive experiments on a real online news platform, we demonstrate that DKN achieves substantial gains over state-of-the-art deep recommendation models." ; default4:contributor "Boris Johnson", "Fuzheng Zhang", "Hongwei Wang", "Minyi Guo", "Xing Xie" ; default4:date "2018" ; default4:title "DKN: Deep Knowledge-Aware Networkfor News Recommendation" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Hongwei" ; default5:fullName "Hongwei Wang" ; default5:initials "H." ; default5:lastName "Wang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Fuzheng" ; default5:fullName "Fuzheng Zhang" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Zhang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Xing" ; default5:fullName "Xing Xie" ; default5:initials "X." ; default5:lastName "Xie" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Minyi" ; default5:fullName "Minyi Guo" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Guo" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Boris" ; default5:fullName "Boris Johnson" ; default5:initials "B." ; default5:lastName "Johnson" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Wang et al." ; default5:id "848aa2210061b6bab6f3dbe7df9c190bf1c79c27" ; default5:refCount 54 ; default2:abstract "Online news recommender systems aim to address the information explosion of news and make personalized recommendation for users. In general, news language is highly condensed, full of knowledge entities and common sense. However, existing methods are unaware of such external knowledge and cannot fully discover latent knowledge-level connections among news. The recommended results for a user are consequently limited to simple patterns and cannot be extended reasonably. Moreover, news recommendation also faces the challenges of high time-sensitivity of news and dynamic diversity of users' interests. To solve the above problems, in this paper, we propose a deep knowledge-aware network (DKN) that incorporates knowledge graph representation into news recommendation. DKN is a content-based deep recommendation framework for click-through rate prediction. The key component of DKN is a multi-channel and word-entity-aligned knowledge-aware convolutional neural network (KCNN) that fuses semantic-level and knowledge-level representations of news. KCNN treats words and entities as multiple channels, and explicitly keeps their alignment relationship during convolution. In addition, to address users' diverse interests, we also design an attention module in DKN to dynamically aggregate a user's history with respect to current candidate news. Through extensive experiments on a real online news platform, we demonstrate that DKN achieves substantial gains over state-of-the-art deep recommendation models. We also validate the efficacy of the usage of knowledge in DKN." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "DKN: Deep Knowledge-Aware Network for News Recommendation" ; default3:doi "10.1145/3178876.3186175" ; default1:citationVelocity 20 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJCVR.2015.071341" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCVR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; 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Unlike traditional text summarization and timeline generation systems, the proposed framework combines text and image analysis and delivers a storyline containing textual, pictorial, and structural information to provide a sketch of the topic evolution. A key idea in the framework is the use of an approximate solution for the dominating set problem. Given a collection of topic-related objects consisting of images and their text descriptions, a weighted multi-view graph is first constructed to capture the contextual and temporal relationships among these objects. Then the objects are selected by solving the minimum-weighted connected dominating set problem defined on this graph. Comprehensive experiments on real-world data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Generating Pictorial Storylines Via Minimum-Weight Connected Dominating Set Approximation in Multi-View Graphs" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2428736.2428810" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IIWAS '12" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1017/S1351324904003468" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 17 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Natural Language Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2018.12.007" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. 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People around the globe author, everyday, millions of blog posts, social network status updates, etc. This rich stream of information can be used to identify, on an ongoing basis, emerging stories, and events that capture popular attention. Stories can be identified via groups of tightly coupled real-world entities, namely the people, locations, products, etc, that are involved in the story. The sheer scale and rapid evolution of the data involved necessitate highly efficient techniques for identifying important stories at every point of time. The main challenge in real-time story identification is the maintenance of dense subgraphs (corresponding to groups of tightly coupled entities) under streaming edge weight updates (resulting from a stream of user-generated content). This is the first work to study the efficient maintenance of dense subgraphs under such streaming edge weight updates. For a wide range of definitions of density, we derive theoretical results regarding the magnitude of change that a single edge weight update can cause. Based on these, we propose a novel algorithm, DynDens, which outperforms adaptations of existing techniques to this setting and yields meaningful, intuitive results. Our approach is validated by a thorough experimental evaluation on large-scale real and synthetic datasets." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Dense subgraph maintenance under streaming edge weight updates for real-time story identification" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00778-013-0340-z" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "The VLDB Journal" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computing and Informatics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1093/bioinformatics/bti475" ; default1:citationVelocity 19 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 54 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1982" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1080/01449298208914452" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 36 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Information Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1290082.1290127" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MIR '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ITAPP.2010.5566114" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2010 International Conference on Internet Technology and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CCNC.2007.219" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2007 4th IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In the last few years, machine learning has become a very popular tool for analyzing financial text data, with many promising results in stock price forecasting from financial news, a development with implications for the E cient Markets Hypothesis (EMH) that underpins much economic theory. In this work, we explore recurrent neural networks with character-level language model pre-training for both intraday and interday stock market forecasting. In terms of predicting directional changes in the Standard & Poor’s 500 index, both for individual companies and the overall index, we show that this technique is competitive with other state-of-the-art approaches." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Stock Market Prediction with Deep Learning: A Character-based Neural Language Model for Event-based Trading" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ALTA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Story understanding requires developing expectations of what events come next in text. Prior knowledge – both statistical and declarative – is essential in guiding such expectations. While existing semantic language models (SemLM) capture event co-occurrence information by modeling event sequences as semantic frames, entities, and other semantic units, this paper aims at augmenting them with causal knowledge (i.e., one event is likely to lead to another). Such knowledge is modeled at the frame and entity level, and can be obtained either statistically from text or stated declaratively. The proposed method, KnowSemLM1, infuses this knowledge into a semantic LM by joint training and inference, and is shown to be effective on both the event cloze test and story/referent prediction tasks." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "KnowSemLM: A Knowledge Infused Semantic Language Model" ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/k19-1051" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CoNLL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-10871-6_11" ; default1:citationVelocity 13 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 25 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ASWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The minimum description length (MDL) principle is a powerful method of inductive inference, the basis of statistical modeling, pattern recognition, and machine learning. It holds that the best explanation, given a limited set of observed data, is the one that permits the greatest compression of the data. MDL methods are particularly well-suited for dealing with model selection, prediction, and estimation problems in situations where the models under consideration can be arbitrarily complex, and overfitting the data is a serious concern. This extensive, step-by-step introduction to the MDL Principle provides a comprehensive reference (with an emphasis on conceptual issues) that is accessible to graduate students and researchers in statistics, pattern classification, machine learning, and data mining, to philosophers interested in the foundations of statistics, and to researchers in other applied sciences that involve model selection, including biology, econometrics, and experimental psychology. Part I provides a basic introduction to MDL and an overview of the concepts in statistics and information theory needed to understand MDL. Part II treats universal coding, the information-theoretic notion on which MDL is built, and part III gives a formal treatment of MDL theory as a theory of inductive inference based on universal coding. Part IV provides a comprehensive overview of the statistical theory of exponential families with an emphasis on their information-theoretic properties. The text includes a number of summaries, paragraphs offering the reader a \"fast track\" through the material, and boxes highlighting the most important concepts." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:title "The Minimum Description Length Principle" ; default3:doi "10.1002/9781118445112.stat01690" ; default1:citationVelocity 71 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 155 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 82 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 111 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP-CoNLL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.jnca.2014.04.015" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Network and Computer Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default3:doi "10.1080/1553118x.2013.826227" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Ausgezeichnete Informatikdissertationen" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-44399-1_6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IBERAMIA-SBIA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/P15-2036" ; default1:citationVelocity 13 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Event causality knowledge is indispensable for intelligent natural language understanding. The problem is that any method for extracting event causalities from text is insufficient; it is likely that some event causalities that we can recognize in this world are not written in a corpus, no matter its size. We propose a method of hypothesizing unseen event causalities from known event causalities extracted from the web by the semantic relations between nouns. For example, our method can hypothesize deploy a security camera→avoid crimes from deploy a mosquito net→avoid malaria through semantic relation A PREVENTS B. Our experiments show that, from 2.4 million event causalities extracted from the web, our method generated more than 300,000 hypotheses, which were not in the input, with 70% precision. We also show that our method outperforms a state-of-the-art hypothesis generation method." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Generating Event Causality Hypotheses through Semantic Relations" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CCAA.2018.8777631" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 4th International Conference on Computing Communication and Automation (ICCCA)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/LA-WEB.2012.24" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2012 Eighth Latin American Web Congress" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2479787.2479795" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WIMS '13" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1186/1471-2105-10-S10-S7" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "BMC Bioinformatics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Research on information extraction (IE) seeks to distill relational tuples from natural language text, such as the contents of the WWW. Most IE work has focussed on identifying static facts, encoding them as binary relations. This is unfortunate, because the vast majority of facts are fluents, only holding true during an interval of time. It is less helpful to extract PresidentOf(Bill-Clinton, USA) without the temporal scope 1/20/93 - 1/20/01. This paper presents TIE, a novel, information-extraction system, which distills facts from text while inducing as much temporal information as possible. In addition to recognizing temporal relations between times and events, TIE performs global inference, enforcing transitivity to bound the start and ending times for each event. We introduce the notion of temporal entropy as a way to evaluate the performance of temporal IE systems and present experiments showing that TIE outperforms three alternative approaches." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Temporal Information Extraction" ; default1:citationVelocity 9 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3724/SP.J.1001.2012.04215" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Providing the means for understanding natural language, or some groups of its realizations is one of the main goals of Artificial Intelligence (AI). For example, subfields of AI such as natural language processing ( NLP), or sentiment analysis (SA) focus on analyzing of speaker attitudes and emotions expressed in a sentence. A different kind of realization of natural language, which we focus on in this research, is predicting trends of future events from available language data. It is a challenging task, since it focuses on obtaining information on future unfolding of events from the provided instances of language behavior. To make the task feasible we narrowed the scope of our research to detecting and extracting sentences which refer to future events as potentially the most useful in prediction of future unfolding of events. Future reference sentences can contain information on the current state of events, or specific expert knowledge, and thus can be useful in future prediction. We propose a method for automatic extraction of future reference sentences from news corpora using semantic and morphological information. We also perform an experiment in which the sentences extracted with the proposed method are applied to predict future unfolding of a set of specific events." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:title "Future Reference Sentence Extraction in Support of Future Event Prediction" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Ontology Learning and Population" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-009-0282-z" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ISM.2009.80" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 11th IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Many Natural Language Processing works on emotion analysis only focus on simple emotion classification without exploring the potentials of putting emotion into \"event context\", and ignore the analysis of emotion-related events. One main reason is the lack of this kind of corpus. Here we present Cause-Emotion-Action Corpus, which manually annotates not only emotion, but also cause events and action events. We propose two new tasks based on the data-set: emotion causality and emotion inference. The first task is to extract a triple (cause, emotion, action). The second task is to infer the probable emotion. We are currently releasing the data-set with 10,603 samples and 15,892 events, basic statistic analysis and baseline on both emotion causality and emotion inference tasks. Baseline performance demonstrates that there is much room for both tasks to be improved." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "Emotion Action Detection and Emotion Inference: the Task and Dataset" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2932466" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Access" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.2991/ijcis.2017.10.1.40" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 27 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00354-019-00070-2" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "New Generation Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2623330.2623758" ; default1:citationVelocity 50 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '14" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-68723-0" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-40173-2_7" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DEXA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/DEXA.2010.51" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2010 Workshops on Database and Expert Systems Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/988672.988727" ; default1:citationVelocity 40 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 165 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '04" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1145/1298406.1298441" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "K-CAP '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1996" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1017/S0269888900007797" ; default1:citationVelocity 72 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 98 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowledge Eng. Review" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "GI Jahrestagung" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/N15-1040" ; default1:citationVelocity 26 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 34 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT-NAACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.2478/dim-2019-0004" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0004550203010307" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KEOD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.15625/1813-9663/31/3/5923" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CICT.2015.109" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2015 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence & Communication Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/980845.980914" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "COLING-ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1162/089120102762671972" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computational Linguistics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2020408.2020480" ; default1:citationVelocity 153 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 163 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 37 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Web Intelligence and Agent Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WIIAT.2008.56" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1626481.1626506" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "STEP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1985" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.2307/2274239" ; default1:citationVelocity 62 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 351 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Symb. Log." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11575863_98" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OTM Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-48005-6_7" ; default1:citationVelocity 27 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 183 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSC.2018.00023" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 IEEE 12th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-1-84882-983-1_2" ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SGAI Conf." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1515/jib-2018-0023" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Integrative Bioinformatics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SWAIE@RANLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1023/B:APIN.0000033637.51909.04" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Applied Intelligence" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "VaSCo@WebSci" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MIS.2006.62" ; default1:citationVelocity 55 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 112 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Intelligent Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1137/1.9781611974348.5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SDM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Statistical language models have recently been successfully applied to many information retrieval problems. A great deal of recent work has shown that statistical language models not only achieve superior empirical performance, but also facilitate parameter tuning and provide a more principled way, in general, for modeling various kinds of complex and non-traditional retrieval problems." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , ; default2:title "Statistical Language Models for Information Retrieval" ; default3:doi "10.2200/S00158ED1V01Y200811HLT001" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 27 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT-NAACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5121/ijnlc.2012.1402" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-27772-9_32" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WAIM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/D15-1219" ; default1:citationVelocity 5 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2804075.2804077" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DATB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/1-4020-2164-X_8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Personalized Digital Television" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 40 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "VLDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10115-013-0678-y" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowledge and Information Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2806416.2806494" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '15" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-36124-3_65" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CoopIS/DOA/ODBASE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-45810-7_24" ; default1:citationVelocity 21 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 44 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EKAW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/jswis.2006010102" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. 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Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/PACIIA.2008.360" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-030-04284-4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11914853_48" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OTM Conferences" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/TKDE.2013.133" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1027527.1027574" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MULTIMEDIA '04" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSEC.2016.7859928" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2016 International Computer Science and Engineering Conference (ICSEC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.26466/opus.492434" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/S0167-6393(00)00020-0" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Speech Communication" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICTBIG.2016.7892635" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2016 International Conference on ICT in Business Industry & Government (ICTBIG)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 27 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 89 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1806338.1806469" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "iiWAS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TAC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5121/ijasa.2014.3101" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1774088.1774386" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAC '10" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICMCS.2011.5945640" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2011 International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1162/0891201053630264" ; default1:citationVelocity 128 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 356 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computational Linguistics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2005.05.006" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 38 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-39733-5_6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Data Semantics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-10816-2_16" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TSD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33015329" ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDIM.2014.6991426" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Ninth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM 2014)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EventStory@Coling" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WI.2004.65" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI'04)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-27779-8_28" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NLDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-72575-6_51" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AWIC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI 2003" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Our news are saturated with various statements pertaining to future actions, employment, stock market, economic growth projections, global financial crisis, policies, globalization, climate changes, technologies, etc. Such future trends could have potential impact on our lives, business, etc. In this work, we consider a set of articles or reports by journalists or others, wherein they predict or promise something about future. The problem we address is to determine the credibility of the authors based on the predictions coming out to be true. The two specific problems we address in this thesis are automatically extracting the predictions from the articles and annotating with various prediction attributes. And then, we determine the truth of these predictions, using Wikipedia as a credible source to retrieve relevant facts which can ascertain the validity of the predictions. We estimate that large number of news articles contain references to future. The reference is detected through the notion of predictive statements (phrases). Distinguishing such predictive statements from factual statements in news articles is important for most applications such as fact checking, opinion mining, future trend analysis, etc. In this thesis, we present our approach to the problem of automatically extracting future-related information by solving two sub-problems. The first sub-problem is labeling a sentence as predictive or factual. In addition to extracting the predictions, we address the tasks of clausal scope resolution and dis-embedding linguistic peripheral clauses with respect to the predictive clause in a sentence. To solve these problems, we extract all the clauses of a given sentence and classify each of the clauses as predictive or factual. We then use a machine learning based approach to disambiguate the clause labels by using the clausal dependency relations and label the sentence. ’. We present the results obtained by our predictions extraction methods on two datasets collected and annotated from economics, politics and sports domain. Our system attained an accuracy of (0.85-0.89) on both the datasets. In addition to extracting predictive statements, we further attempted to validate the truth of these predictions. We proposed an architecture to integrate various unscaled Natural Language Processing resources to incorporate background knowledge into our modules, and built an end to end system for automated predictions validation(APV) by extracting future speculations and predictions from news articles and social media. We proposed heuristics to identify core prediction triplets and a retrieval model to extract facts relevant to the prediction. We demonstrated relation alignment based entailment methods for validating the truth of predictions against relevant facts obtained from credible sources(Wikipedia)." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Predictive Analytics for News Articles Using Wikipedia" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5762/KAIS.2010.11.9.3458" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "A considerable portion of social media messages is devoted to current events. Aside from references to events that recently happened, social media messages may also refer to events that have not occurred yet. Future events, such as football matches in the case study we present here, may be scheduled and known to happen; other future events, such as transfers of football players, may only be rumoured, and may in fact not happen in the end. We describe a news mining component that learns to identify tweets referring to scheduled and unscheduled future events, by being trained on messages referring to scheduled future events (as the latter are easy to harvest). Our results show that discriminating between tweets that refer to upcoming football matches and tweets that refer to past matches can be done relatively reliably with supervised machine learning methods. However, when these trained models are applied to unscheduled events, performance drops to near-baseline performance. We discuss how these results can be explained by the distinction between event type and event domain." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Leveraging unscheduled event prediction through mining scheduled event tweets" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-38844-6_14" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "UMAP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-11964-9_29" ; default1:citationVelocity 21 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 22 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2661829.2662038" ; default1:citationVelocity 28 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 21 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '14" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1996" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3130348.3130365" ; default1:citationVelocity 17 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 102 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR 1996" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Causality is an important relation among events and entities. Embedded causal structures represent an important class, expressing complex causal chains; but they are traditionally dicult to uncover automatically. In this paper we propose a method for the ecient identification and extraction of embedded causal relations with minimal supervision, by combining a representation of structured language data with modified prototype theory specifically suited to the data type. We then utilize a form of genetic algorithm specifically adapted for our purpose to locate the likely candidate linguistic structures that contain causal chains. With this procedure, we were able to identify many embedded structures with complex causal chains in two corpora of dierent genres, applying this algorithm as a ranking procedure for all structures in the data. We obtained 79.5% percision for top quantiles of both of our datasets (BNC & novels)." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Detecting Causally Embedded Structures Using an Evolutionary Algorithm" ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/W15-0806" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EVENTS@HLP-NAACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11575863_119" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OTM Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/B978-0-12-801595-7.00008-2" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "The Cloud Security Ecosystem" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ipm.2006.09.003" ; default1:citationVelocity 13 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 18 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Inf. Process. Manage." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "COLING" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LDOW@WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00799-018-0258-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Journal on Digital Libraries" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper describes a domain-independent, machine-learning based approach to temporally anchoring and ordering events in news. The approach achieves 84.6% accuracy in temporally anchoring events and 75.4% accuracy in partially ordering them." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Inferring Temporal Ordering of Events in News" ; default3:doi "10.3115/1073483.1073502" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT-NAACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.knosys.2016.09.017" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowl.-Based Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ISSPA.2007.4555345" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2007 9th International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.2200/S00528ED1V01Y201308WBE007" ; default1:citationVelocity 13 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Provenance: An Introduction to PROV" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/INTECH.2014.6927774" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Fourth edition of the International Conference on the Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH 2014)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-40593-3_19" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IPAW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3390/ijgi6020050" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Information" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.dss.2014.03.006" ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Decision Support Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSC.2017.13" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 IEEE 11th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/dexa.2007.84" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "18th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA 2007)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1871437.1871580" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '10" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1242572.1242578" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "We present a method for extracting causality knowledge from Wikipedia, such as Protectionism → Trade war, where the cause and effect entities correspond to Wikipedia articles. Such causality knowledge is easy to verify by reading corresponding Wikipedia articles, to translate to multiple languages through Wikidata, and to connect to knowledge bases derived from Wikipedia. Our method exploits Wikipedia article sections that describe causality and the redundancy stemming from the multilinguality of Wikipedia. Experiments showed that our method achieved precision and recall above 98% and 64%, respectively. In particular, it could extract causalities whose cause and effect were written distantly in a Wikipedia article. We have released the code and data for further research." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject ; default2:title "Weakly Supervised Multilingual Causality Extraction from Wikipedia" ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/d19-1296" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP/IJCNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.patrec.2004.01.005" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Pattern Recognition Letters" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/eScience.2016.7870898" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2016 IEEE 12th International Conference on e-Science (e-Science)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.aei.2015.10.003" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Advanced Engineering Informatics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11545163_1" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EC-Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SemEval@NAACL-HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/COMPSAC.2019.10205" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 IEEE 43rd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/765891.766059" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CHI EA '03" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1126/science.aap9559" ; default1:citationVelocity 129 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 40 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Science" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/S0304-405X(98)00052-X" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 82 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/D16-1053" ; default1:citationVelocity 100 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 32 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2072298.2072044" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MM '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1988688.1988711" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WIMS '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/S1389-1286(00)00060-8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computer Networks" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/584792.584868" ; default1:citationVelocity 5 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '02" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-22810-0_18" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WEBIST" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/jeis.2010120205" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJEIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3292500.3330965" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-29219-4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Communications in Computer and Information Science" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/W16-5701" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In this paper we specifically address questions of polysemy with respect to verbs, and how regular extensions of meaning can be achieved through the adjunction of particular syntactic phrases. We see verb classes as the key to making generalizations about regular extensions of meaning. Current approaches to English classification, Levin classes and WordNet, have limitations in their applicability that impede their utility as general classification schemes. We present a refinement of Levin classes, intersective sets, which are a more fine-grained classification and have more coherent sets of syntactic frames and associated semantic components. We have preliminary indications that the membership of our intersective sets will be more compatible with WordNet than the original Levin classes. We also have begun to examine related classes in Portuguese, and find that these verbs demonstrate similarly coherent syntactic and semantic properties." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Investigating Regular Sense Extensions Based on Intersective Levin Classes" ; default3:doi "10.3115/980845.980893" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "COLING-ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/775152.775155" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 14 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '03" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/N16-1049" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT-NAACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-72035-5_28" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "BIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.elerap.2011.07.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Electronic Commerce Research and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract """The majority of Web email is known to be generated by machines even when one excludes spam. Many machine-generated email messages such as invoices or travel itineraries are critical to users. Recent research studies establish that causality relations between certain types of machine-generated email messages exist and can be mined. These relations exhibit a link between a given message to a past message that gave rise to its creation. For example, a shipment notification message can often be linked to a past online purchase message. Instead of studying how an incoming message can be linked to the past, we propose here to focus on predicting future email arrival as implied by causality relations. Such a prediction method has several potential applications, ranging from improved ad targeting in up sell scenarios to reducing false positives in spam detection. We introduce a novel approach for predicting which types of machine-generated email messages, represented by so-called "email templates", a user should receive in future time windows. Our prediction approach relies on (1) statistically inferring causality relations between email templates, (2) building a generative model that explains the inbox of each user using those causality relations, and (3) combining those results to predict which email templates are likely to appear in future time frames. We present preliminary experimental results and some data insights obtained by analyzing several million inboxes of Yahoo Mail users, who voluntarily opted-in for such research.""" ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "You Will Get Mail!Predicting the Arrival of Future Email" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2740908.2741694" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '15 Companion" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-11964-9_5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1596409.1596418" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CoNLL Shared Task" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.jbi.2008.03.004" ; default1:citationVelocity 38 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 66 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Journal of Biomedical Informatics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/S15-1011" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "*SEM@NAACL-HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDAR.2007.10" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Ninth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2007)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICMSE.2013.6586342" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2013 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering 20th Annual Conference Proceedings" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.engappai.2012.08.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Eng. Appl. of AI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1023/A:1001800717376" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computers and the Humanities" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-88564-1_44" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-30284-8_35" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2207676.2207758" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CHI '12" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11890850_18" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IPAW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In recent years, “News Curation Services” that recommend news articles on the Internet to users are getting attention. In this paper, we propose a news curation service that collects and recommends “news articles” that users feel interested by using semantic relationships between terms in the articles. We define “interested” news articles as articles that users have curiosity and serendipity. The semantic relations between events terms are represented by Linked Data. We create News Articles Linked Data (candidates for recommendation to users) and User’s preferences Linked Data (users’ preferences). In order to recommend news articles to users, we first search common subgraphs between two kinds of Linked Data. The experiment showed that the curiosity score is 3.30 (min:0, max:4), and the serendipity score is 2.93 in our approach, although a baseline method showed the curiosity score is 3.03, and the serendipity score is 2.79. Thus, we confirmed that our approach is more effective than the baseline method. Keywords–Semantic Relation; Linked Data; News Recommendation." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Service using Semantic Graph Matching" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1991" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 50 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WIIAT.2008.278" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "SEKE2 is a semantic expectation-based knowledge extraction system for extracting causation relations from natural language texts. It is inspired by capitalizing the human behavior of analyzing information with semantic expectations. The framework of SEKE2 consists of different kinds of generic templates organized in a hierarchical fashion. All kinds of templates are domain independent. They are robust and enable flexible changes for different domains and expected semantics. By associating a causation semantic template with a set of sentence templates, SEKE2 can extract causation knowledge from complex sentences without full-fledged syntactic parsing. To demonstrate the flexibility of SEKE2 for different domains, we study the application of causation semantic templates on two domain areas of news stories, namely, Hong Kong stock market movement and global warming." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , ; default2:title "Extracting Causation Knowledge from Natural Language Texts" ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-47887-6_55" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "PAKDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5277/e-Inf180110" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "e-Informatica" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-0-387-44641-7_58" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Intelligent Information Processing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The sentiment behind financial text has been observed to have correlations with stock market trend. Though widely discussed, the study on this topic faces the challenge coming from the lack of open dataset and labeled financial text. In this work, we collected a large amount of Chinese financial text from financial news, research report, stock BBS and corporate announcements. It contains 3 million articles about 128 stocks from 2010 to 2018. And then we proposed a model mapping from the text and latent sentiment to the abnormal market trend. It combines the posting amount, daily market index with the RBM-embedded document vector, and extracts the abnormal features via LSTM. After that a neural net is employed to identify the abnormal trend. The experimental results on our dataset show the effectiveness of our approach comparing to baseline methods." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Massive Text Mining for Abnormal Market Trend Detection" ; default3:doi "10.1109/BigData.2018.8622450" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Web archives preserve an unprecedented abundance of materials regarding major events and transformations in our society. In this paper, we present an approach for building event-centric sub-collections from such large archives, which includes not only the core documents related to the event itself but, even more importantly, documents describing related aspects (e.g., premises and consequences). This is achieved by 1) identifying relevant concepts and entities from a knowledge base, and 2) detecting their mentions in documents, which are interpreted as indicators for relevance. We extensively evaluate our system on two diachronic corpora, the New York Times Corpus and the US Congressional Record, and we test its performance on the TREC KBA Stream corpus, a large and publicly available web archive." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Building Entity-Centric Event Collections" ; default3:doi "10.1109/JCDL.2017.7991574" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 ACM/IEEE Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/s18-2013" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "*SEM@NAACL-HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "BIOKDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ISDA.2012.6416601" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2012 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1117/12.920245" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Other Conferences" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1117575.1117580" ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 18 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1148170.1148183" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '06" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Ontology Learning and Population" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-94-024-0881-2_18" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JSSP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1995" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-24960-0_5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Technologies in Content Management Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-23088-2_32" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DEXA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1242572.1242646" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 25 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SWWS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "RTA-CSIT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-45080-1_145" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IDEAL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2506182.2506198" ; default1:citationVelocity 55 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 68 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "I-SEMANTICS '13" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In open online communities, everyone can freely express opinions about other entities. As the quality of opinions may vary, it is important for users to evaluate opinions in order to determine how much to rely on. In this paper, we propose a novel trust model stemmed from the diffusion theory in social science (called DiffTrust), to evaluate the opinions of users (referred to as advisors) by modeling their trustworthiness. Specifically, an advisor's trust building among users is considered as a diffusion process. Her trustworthiness perceived by a specific user is influenced by four important factors including the advisor's characteristics directly observed by the user, susceptibility of the user, the contagious influence of other users already having a certain level of trust on the advisor and the environment. DiffTrust also emphasizes on the dynamics of trust. Experimental results based on four real datasets verify the effectiveness of our model in comparison with state-of-the-art approaches." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , ; default2:title "A trust model stemmed from the diffusion theory for opinion evaluation" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAMAS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1109/EISIC.2013.57" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2013 European Intelligence and Security Informatics Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI 2008" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Spinning the Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1117769.1117784" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL 2000" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WCNC.2005.1424873" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 2005" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/INNOVATIONS.2008.4781643" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1062745.1062822" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.2498/cit.1001912" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Proceedings of the ITI 2010, 32nd International Conference on Information Technology Interfaces" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1108/14684521211287909" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Online Information Review" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 60 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-69478-6_22" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EuroITV" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1596374.1596399" ; default1:citationVelocity 124 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 124 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CoNLL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3308560.3317702" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "We propose a supervised method of extracting event causalities like conduct slash-and-burn agriculture! exacerbate desertification from the web using semantic relation (between nouns), context, and association features. Experiments show that our method outperforms baselines that are based on state-of-the-art methods. We also propose methods of generating future scenarios like conduct slash-and-burn agriculture! exacerbate desertification! increase Asian dust (from China)! asthma gets worse. Experiments show that we can generate 50,000 scenarios with 68% precision. We also generated a scenario deforestation continues! global warming worsens! sea temperatures rise! vibrio parahaemolyticus fouls (water), which is written in no document in our input web corpus crawled in 2007. But the vibrio risk due to global warming was observed in Baker-Austin et al. (2013). Thus, we “predicted” the future event sequence in a sense." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Toward Future Scenario Generation: Extracting Event Causality Exploiting Semantic Relation, Context, and Association Features" ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/P14-1093" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1155/2017/5140631" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Comp. Math. Methods in Medicine" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0006325200880098" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICEIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WaSABi@ISWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.asoc.2015.01.070" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Appl. Soft Comput." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001284" ; default1:citationVelocity 9496 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9423 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NIPS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In large and open environments, users may often encounter entities (e.g. people, products and information) which they have no previous experience with or prior knowledge of. In this case, they usually rely on the experience or knowledge of other users (referred as advisors) in the form of opinions (e.g. reviews and ratings), to choose which entities to interact with. However, in these environments, users can freely express their opinions, and the quality of opinions may then vary. Of all the possible reasons that result in diversity of opinion quality, the following two are the most dominant: (1) users are subjectively different, which thus leads to discrepancy of users’ opinions towards same entities; and (2) some users might be dishonest and lie about their experience with entities. However, some existing approaches may only consider either dishonesty or subjectivity difference, while others cannot accurately distinguish these two different aspects. On the other hand, subjectivity difference and dishonesty, regarded as either the extrinsic or intrinsic characteristics of users (human-beings), are more related to the behavioral and psychological perspectives of users other than merely the statistical probability of data points that prevalently adopted by Computer Science. In other words, it is expected to involve understanding users’ motivation and needs of providing opinions when evaluating them. It is thus worthwhile to incorporate social factors when addressing these two aspects for opinion evaluation. With the aforementioned two issues in mind, we aim to solve the subjectivity and dishonesty problems for opinion evaluation by also taking social factors into consideration in this dissertation. In particular, this dissertation is comprised of four studies. First, we propose a novel trust model stemmed from diffusion theory in Social Science (called DiffTrust), to evaluate the opinions of advisors by modeling their trustworthiness. Trust has been recognized as a diffusive concept. When modeling trust, it is crucial to" ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Coping with subjectivity and dishonesty in opinion evaluation by exploiting social factors" ; default3:doi "10.32657/10356/62116" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-49493-7" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Reasoning Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WebDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2578638" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Access" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper proposes three methods of association analysis that address two challenges of Big Data: capturing relatedness among real-world events in high data volumes, and modeling similar events that are described disparately under high data variability. The proposed methods take as input a set of geotemporally-encoded text streams about violent events called “storylines”. These storylines are associated for two purposes: to investigate if an event could occur again, and to measure influence, i.e., how one event could help explain the occurrence of another. The first proposed method, Distance-based Bayesian Inference, uses spatial distance to relate similar events that are described differently, addressing the challenge of high variability. The second and third methods, Spatial Association Index and Spatio-logical Inference, measure the influence of storylines in different locations, dealing with the high-volume challenge. Extensive experiments on social unrest in Mexico and wars in the Middle East showed that these methods can achieve precision and recall as high as 80 % in retrieval tasks that use both keywords and geospatial information as search criteria. In addition, the experiments demonstrated high effectiveness in uncovering real-world storylines for exploratory analysis." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "The big data of violent events: algorithms for association analysis using spatio-temporal storytelling" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10707-016-0247-0" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "GeoInformatica" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The textual entailment task - determining if a given text entails a given hypothesis - provides an abstraction of applied semantic inference. This paper describes first a general generative probabilistic setting for textual entailment. We then focus on the sub-task of recognizing whether the lexical concepts present in the hypothesis are entailed from the text. This problem is recast as one of text categorization in which the classes are the vocabulary words. We make novel use of Naive Bayes to model the problem in an entirely unsupervised fashion. Empirical tests suggest that the method is effective and compares favorably with state-of-the-art heuristic scoring approaches." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "A Probabilistic Classification Approach for Lexical Textual Entailment" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Volatility in critical socio-economic indices can have a significant negative impact on global development. This thesis presents a suite of novel big data analytics algorithms that operate on unstructured Web data streams to automatically infer events, knowledge graphs and predictive models to understand, characterize and predict the volatility of socioeconomic indices. This thesis makes four important research contributions. First, given a large volume of diverse unstructured news streams, we present new models for capturing events and learning spatio-temporal characteristics of events from news streams. We specifically explore two types of event models in this thesis: one centered around the concept of event triggers and a probabilistic meta-event model that explicitly delineates named entities from text streams to learn a generic class of meta-events. The second contribution focuses on learning several different types of knowledge graphs from news streams and events: a) Spatiotemporal article graphs capture intrinsic relationships between different news articles; b) Event graphs characterize relationships between events and given a news query, provide a succinct summary of a timeline of events relating to a query; c) Event-phenomenon graphs that provide a condensed representation of classes of events that relate to a given phenomena at a given location and time; d) Causality testing on word-word graphs which can capture strong spatio-temporal relationships between word occurrences in news streams; e) Concept graphs that capture relationships between different word concepts that occur in a given text stream. The third contribution focuses on connecting the different knowledge graph representations and structured time series data corresponding to a socio-economic index to automatically learn event-driven predictive models for the given socio-economic index to predict future volatility. We propose several types of predictive models centered around our two event models: event triggers and probabilistic meta-events. The final contribution focuses on a broad spectrum of inference case studies for different" ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Big Data Analytics for Development: Events, Knowledge Graphs and Predictive Models" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1099554.1099734" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3295662" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TALLIP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3038912.3052569" ; default1:citationVelocity 220 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 174 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-13881-2_4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NLDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ALPIT.2008.52" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 International Conference on Advanced Language Processing and Web Information Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJMSO.2011.048020" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJMSO" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "FIRST" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1621066.1621072" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NLPXML@ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.cosrev.2015.05.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 21 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computer Science Review" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/sw-180333" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W4-333-2017" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/S0895-7177(04)90008-8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/eScience.2014.54" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2014 IEEE 10th International Conference on e-Science" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1515/9783110328936.385" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2015.04.031" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.25046/aj0203120" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-1-4614-3223-4_2" ; default1:citationVelocity 13 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Mining Text Data" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.jnca.2007.09.001" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Network and Computer Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/978-1-61350-038-5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/511446.511506" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 18 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '02" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSC.2010.12" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2010 IEEE Fourth International Conference on Semantic Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AKBC-WEKEX@NAACL-HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In this paper we propose a data intensive approach for inferring sentence-internal temporal relations. Temporal inference is relevant for practical NLP applications which either extract or synthesize temporal information (e.g., summarisation, question answering). Our method bypasses the need for manual coding by exploiting the presence of markers like after, which overtly signal a temporal relation. We first show that models trained on main and subordinate clauses connected with a temporal marker achieve good performance on a pseudo-disambiguation task simulating temporal inference (during testing the temporal marker is treated as unseen and the models must select the right marker from a set of possible candidates). Secondly, we assess whether the proposed approach holds promise for the semi-automatic creation of temporal annotations. Specifically, we use a model trained on noisy and approximate data (i.e., main and subordinate clauses) to predict intra-sentential relations present in TimeBank, a corpus annotated rich temporal information. Our experiments compare and contrast several probabilistic models differing in their feature space, linguistic assumptions and data requirements. We evaluate performance against gold standard corpora and also against human subjects." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Learning Sentence-internal Temporal Relations" ; default3:doi "10.1613/jair.2015" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Artif. Intell. Res." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10845-008-0141-1" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Intelligent Manufacturing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/NCM.2009.344" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 Fifth International Joint Conference on INC, IMS and IDC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default3:doi "10.25148/etd.FI14071146" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-72909-9_41" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "APWeb/WAIM Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1526709.1526794" ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 24 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '09" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JDIM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2187980.2188060" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SWAP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.5120/ijca2017914427" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1995" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/219717.219745" ; default1:citationVelocity 56 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 218 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CACM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-48005-6_11" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-72667-8_55" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1049/iet-sen:20070062" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IET Software" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The time in which we live is often referred to as the Information Age. However, it can also aptly be characterized as an age of constant information overload. Nowhere is this more present than on the Web, which serves as an endless source of news articles, blog posts, and social media messages. Of course, this overload is even greater in professions that handle the creation or extraction of information and knowledge, such as journalists, lawyers, researchers, clerks, or medical professionals. The volume of available documents and the interconnectedness of their contents are both a blessing and a curse for the contemporary information consumer. On the one hand, they provide near limitless information, but on the other hand, their consumption and comprehension requires an amount of time that many of us cannot spare. As a result, automated extraction, aggregation, and summarization techniques have risen in popularity, even though they are a long way from being comprehensive. When we, as humans, are faced with an overload of information, we tend to look for patterns that bring order into the chaos. In news, we might identify familiar political gures or celebrities, whereas we might look for expressive symptoms in medicine, or precedential cases in law. In other words, we look for known entities as reference points, and then explore the content along the lines of their relations to others entities. Unfortunately, this approach is not re ected in current document models, which do not provide a similar focus on entities. As a direct result, the retrieval of entity-centric knowledge and relations from a ood of textual information becomes more di cult than it has to be, and the inclusion of external knowledge sources is impeded. In this thesis, we introduce implicit entity networks as a comprehensive document model that addresses this shortcoming and provides a holistic representation of document collections and document streams. Based on the premise of modelling the cooccurrence relations between terms and entities as rst-class citizens, we investigate how the resulting network structure facilitates e cient and e ective entity-centric search, and demonstrate the extraction of complex entity relations, as well as their summarization. We show that the implicit network model is fully compatible with dynamic streams of documents. Furthermore, we introduce document aggregation methods that are sensitive to the context of entity mentions, and can be used to distinguish between di erent entity relations. Beyond the relations of individual entities, we introduce network topics as a novel and scalable method for the extraction of topics from collections and streams of documents. Finally, we combine the insights gained from these applications in a versatile hypergraph document model that bridges the gap between unstructured text and structured knowledge sources." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Implicit entity networks: a versatile document model" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default3:doi "10.1109/csei47661.2019.8938952" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Educational Informatization (CSEI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/GCIS.2009.78" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 WRI Global Congress on Intelligent Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/331983.331992" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TODS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CBRecSys@RecSys" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/IDEAS.2004.10" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Proceedings. International Database Engineering and Applications Symposium, 2004. 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The output is displayed graphically, conveying the clustering and the underlying expression data simultaneously in a form intuitive for biologists. We have found in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that clustering gene expression data groups together efficiently genes of known similar function, and we find a similar tendency in human data. Thus patterns seen in genome-wide expression experiments can be interpreted as indications of the status of cellular processes. Also, coexpression of genes of known function with poorly characterized or novel genes may provide a simple means of gaining leads to the functions of many genes for which information is not available currently." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns." ; default3:doi "10.1073/pnas.95.25.14863" ; default1:citationVelocity 281 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1098 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "ConceptNet is a freely available commonsense knowledge base and natural-language-processing tool-kit which supports many practical textual-reasoning tasks over real-world documents including topic-gisting, analogy-making, and other context oriented inferences. The knowledge base is a semantic network presently consisting of over 1.6 million assertions of commonsense knowledge encompassing the spatial, physical, social, temporal, and psychological aspects of everyday life. ConceptNet is generated automatically from the 700 000 sentences of the Open Mind Common Sense Project — a World Wide Web based collaboration with over 14 000 authors." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "ConceptNet — A Practical Commonsense Reasoning Tool-Kit" ; default3:doi "10.1023/B:BTTJ.0000047600.45421.6d" ; default1:citationVelocity 72 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 204 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/P14-1085" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OJSW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1145/266180.266390" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MULTIMEDIA '97" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-45217-1_18" ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 43 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0002426000470056" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2012.10.029" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. 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default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ISCE.2007.4382193" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2007 IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 48 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-011-0874-2" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; 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default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICADIWT.2009.5273860" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 Second International Conference on the Applications of Digital Information and Web Technologies" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1186/1471-2105-7-488" ; default1:citationVelocity 27 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 54 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "BMC Bioinformatics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SWAP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1609/aimag.v25i4.1783" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AI Magazine" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1242572.1242686" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/p19-1033" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Will reading different stories about the same event in the world result in a similar image of the world? Will reading the same story by different people result in a similar proxy for experiencing the story? The answer to both questions is no because language is abstract by definition and relies on our episodic experience to turn a story into a more concrete mental movie. Since our episodic knowledge differs, also the mental movie will be different. Language leaves out details, and this becomes specifically clear when building machines that read texts to represent events and to establish event relations across mentions, such as co-reference, causality, subevents, scripts, timelines, and storylines. There is a lot of information and knowledge on the event that is not in the text but is needed to reconstruct these relations and understand the story. Machines lack this knowledge and experience and likewise make explicit what it takes to understand stories from text. In this paper, we report on experiments to automatically model event descriptions and instances across different news articles. We will show that event information is scattered over the text but also varies a lot in the degree it abstracts from details, which makes establishing event identity and relations extremely difficult. The variation in granularity of event descriptions seems to vary with pragmatic communicative strategies and defines the problem at different levels of complexity." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "How Concrete Do We Get Telling Stories?" ; default3:doi "10.1111/tops.12366" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "topiCS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/IRC.2019.00075" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 Third IEEE International Conference on Robotic Computing (IRC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.procs.2014.08.210" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KES" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "INTERSPEECH" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1109/JCDL.2004.1336129" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JCDL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDM.2003.1250918" ; default1:citationVelocity 44 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 80 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Third IEEE International Conference on Data Mining" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3219819.3219823" ; default1:citationVelocity 39 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '18" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default3:doi "10.1198/016214506000000302" ; default1:citationVelocity 152 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 646 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2008.07.007" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-030-00671-6_9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.datak.2009.02.010" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Data Knowl. Eng." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "How do graph clustering techniques compare with respect to their summarization power? How well can they summarize a million-node graph with a few representative structures? Graph clustering or community detection algorithms can summarize a graph in terms of coherent and tightly connected clusters. In this paper, we compare and contrast different techniques: METIS, Louvain, spectral clustering, SlashBurn and KCBC, our proposed k-core-based clustering method. Unlike prior work that focuses on various measures of cluster quality, we use vocabulary structures that often appear in real graphs and the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle to obtain a graph summary per clustering method. Our main contributions are: (i) Formulation: We propose a summarization-based evaluation of clustering methods. Our method, VOG-OVERLAP, concisely summarizes graphs in terms of their important structures which lead to small edge overlap, and large node/edge coverage; (ii) Algorithm: we introduce KCBC, a graph decomposition technique, in the heart of which lies the k-core algorithm (iii) Evaluation: We compare the summarization power of five clustering techniques on large real graphs, and analyze their compression performance, summary statistics and runtimes." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "An Empirical Comparison of the Summarization Power of Graph Clustering Methods" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/IS.2004.1344779" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2004 2nd International IEEE Conference on 'Intelligent Systems'. Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04EX791)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "We describe and evaluate methods for learning to forecast forthcoming events of interest from a corpus containing 22 years of news stories. We consider the examples of identifying significant increases in the likelihood of disease outbreaks, deaths, and riots in advance of the occurrence of these events in the world. We provide details of methods and studies, including the automated extraction and generalization of sequences of events from news corpora and multiple web resources. We evaluate the predictive power of the approach on real-world events withheld from the system." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Mining the web to predict future events" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2433396.2433431" ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WSDM '13" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2014.06.009" ; default1:citationVelocity 38 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 20 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AKBC-WEKEX@NAACL-HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-018-6021-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-27814-6_18" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIVR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "As one attack on the \"knowledge acquisition bottleneck\", we are attempting to exploit a largely untapped source of general knowledge in texts, lying at a level beneath the explicit assertional content. This knowledge consists of relationships implied to be possible in the world, or, under certain conditions, implied to be normal or commonplace in the world. The goal of the work reported is to derive such general world knowledge (initially, from Penn Tree-bank corpora) in two stages: first, we derive general \"possibilistic\" propositions from noun phrases and clauses; then we try to derive stronger generalizations, based on the nature and statistical distribution of the possibilistic claims obtained in the first phase. Here we report preliminary results of the first phase, which indicate the feasibility of our project, and its likely limitations." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Can we derive general world knowledge from texts" ; default3:doi "10.3115/1289189.1289263" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/RIVF.2010.5633401" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2010 IEEE RIVF International Conference on Computing & Communication Technologies, Research, Innovation, and Vision for the Future (RIVF)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11914853_44" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OTM Conferences" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 21 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 31 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/w18-3101" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL 2018" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TaPP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 679 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 506 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Mach. Learn. Res." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1401890.1401997" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WIAMIS 2011" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-30475-3_3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11803034_8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Data Semantics VI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2017.04.010" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI Fall Symposium: Proactive Assistant Agents" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/312624.312668" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 14 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '99" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/iiai-aai.2017.21" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 6th IIAI International Congress on Advanced Applied Informatics (IIAI-AAI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/COMPSACW.2013.29" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2013 IEEE 37th Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/taffc.2017.2695605" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-16552-8_22" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MTSR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2187980.2188067" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1989" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/32.60295" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Trans. Software Eng." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/IJCNN.2019.8851834" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CIS.2009.269" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1993" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/168619.168624" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SOSP '93" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11575832_18" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SPIRE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default1:citationVelocity 29 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "FIRE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ipm.2007.12.011" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Inf. Process. Manage." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-011-0859-1" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3308560.3316761" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/tii.2018.2867174" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 18 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SemEval@ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1645953.1646170" ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 14 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-0-387-73798-0_62" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Virtual Enterprises and Collaborative Networks" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1992" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1111/j.1540-6261.1992.tb04681.x" ; default1:citationVelocity 49 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 179 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/SPCA.2006.297506" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2006 First International Symposium on Pervasive Computing and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 171 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 301 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2487788.2487930" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '13 Companion" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.3115/1610195.1610208" ; default1:citationVelocity 38 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 50 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ENLG" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Event relation recognition is a challenging language processing task. It is required to determine the relation class of a pair of query events, such as causality, under the condition that there isn’t any reliable clue for use. We follow the traditional statistical approach in this paper, speculating the relation class of the target events based on the relation-class distributions on the similar events. There is minimal supervision used during the speculation process. In particular, we incorporate image processing into the acquisition of similar event instances, including the utilization of images for visually representing event scenes, and the use of the neural network based image matching for approximate calculation between events. We test our method on the ACE-R2 corpus and compare it with the fully-supervised neural network models. Experimental results show that we achieve a comparable performance to CNN while slightly better than LSTM." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Incorporating Image Matching Into Knowledge Acquisition for Event-Oriented Relation Recognition" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "COLING" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1459352.1459355" ; default1:citationVelocity 98 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 152 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CSUR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.12681/eadd/13798" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1986" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1991" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2911451.2911519" ; default1:citationVelocity 25 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '16" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3923/itj.2007.1130.1138" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-45810-7_14" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EKAW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SEKE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract """The goal of this work is extraction and retrieval of local events from web pages. Examples of local events include small venue concerts, theater performances, garage sales, movie screenings, etc. We collect these events in the form of retrievable calendar entries that include structured information about event name, date, time and location. Between existing information extraction techniques and the availability of information on social media and semantic web technologies, there are numerous ways to collect commercial, high-profile events. However, most extraction techniques require domain-level supervision, which is not attainable at web scale. Similarly, while the adoption of the semantic web has grown, there will always be organizations without the resources or the expertise to add machine-readable annotations to their pages. Therefore, our approach bootstraps these explicit annotations to massively scale up local event extraction. We propose a novel event extraction model that uses distant supervision to assign scores to individual event fields (event name, date, time and location) and a structural algorithm to optimally group these fields into event records. Our model integrates information from both the entire source document and its relevant sub-regions, and is highly scalable. We evaluate our extraction model on all 700 million documents in a large publicly available web corpus, ClueWeb12. Using the 217,000 unique explicitly annotated events as distant supervision, we are able to double recall with 85% precision and quadruple it with 65% precision, with no additional human supervision. We also show that our model can be bootstrapped for a fully supervised approach, which can further improve the precision by 30%. In addition, we evaluate the geographic coverage of the extracted events. We find that there is a significant increase in the geo-diversity of extracted events compared to existing explicit annotations, while maintaining high precision levels.""" ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Learning to Extract Local Events from the Web" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2766462.2767739" ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '15" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2024288.2024304" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "i-KNOW '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.32657/10356/54903" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1371/journal.pone.0128193" ; default1:citationVelocity 36 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "PloS one" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-008-0246-8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.21236/ada439541" ; default1:citationVelocity 54 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 86 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1207/S15327051HCI16234_01" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Human-Computer Interaction" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.datak.2006.06.011" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Data Knowl. Eng." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-45982-0_9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "INSCI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.7201/earn.2011.01.04" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1177/0954405414555739" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-17569-5_27" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "FGIT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-25073-6_29" ; default1:citationVelocity 26 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 41 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18778/0208-6018.335.09" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5220/0002796702270236" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WEBIST" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "RANLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2339530.2339704" ; default1:citationVelocity 50 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 48 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-01307-2_14" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "PAKDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/978-1-60566-028-8.ch006" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "The Semantic Web for Knowledge and Data Management" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/N16-1033" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT-NAACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s41324-016-0020-3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Spatial Information Research" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Events are typically composed of a sequence of subevents. Predicting a future subevent of an event is of great importance for many real-world applications. Most previous work on event prediction relied on hand-crafted features and can only predict events that already exist in the training data. In this paper, we develop an end-to-end model which directly takes the texts describing previous subevents as input and automatically generates a short text describing a possible future subevent. Our model captures the two-level sequential structure of a subevent sequence, namely, the word sequence for each subevent and the temporal order of subevents. In addition, our model incorporates the topics of the past subevents to make context-aware prediction of future subevents. Extensive experiments on a real-world dataset demonstrate the superiority of our model over several state-of-the-art methods." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "What Happens Next? Future Subevent Prediction Using Contextual Hierarchical LSTM" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/aiccsa.2006.205086" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, 2006." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1073445.1073465" ; default1:citationVelocity 70 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 208 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT-NAACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP-CoNLL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s12652-017-0536-y" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Lexical classifications have proved useful in supporting various natural language processing (NLP) tasks. The largest verb classification for English is Levin’s (1993) work which defined groupings of verbs based on syntactic properties. VerbNet (Kipper et al., 2000; Kipper-Schuler, 2005) – the largest computational verb lexicon currently available for English – provides detailed syntactic-semantic descriptions of Levin classes. While the classes included are extensive enough for some NLP use, they are not comprehensive. Korhonen and Briscoe (2004) have proposed a significant extension of Levin’s classification which incorporates 57 novel classes for verbs not covered (comprehensively) by Levin. This paper describes the integration of these classes into VerbNet. The result is the most extensive Levin-style classification for English verbs which can be highly useful for practical applications." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , ; default2:title "Extending VerbNet with Novel Verb Classes" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 20 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1973" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1108/eb026562" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 39 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-34456-5_6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/SW-180304" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3299869.3320243" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGMOD '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2011.11.001" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1017068.1017073" ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 31 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TALIP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1971" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 33 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-30466-1_19" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ER" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-35173-0_29" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1613/jair.4129" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Artif. Intell. Res." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1609/aimag.v31i3.2298" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AI Magazine" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "With the rapid proliferation of the Internet and mobile devices, vast amounts of user-generated content has been accumulated through social network services, and massive amounts of news continues to be created and posted online. In this paper, we extract the characteristics of online news and data from social network services, including the differences and similarities between them. We found the following differences: First, the news responds to official events but content on social network services is related to personal interests. Second, the news is continually related to a specific issue or set of issues, whereas topics of conversation change daily in social network services. Third, items from the news can be identified with a single keyword in searches, whereas more keywords are needed to extract the desired information from social network services. At the same time, we found that the words mentioned in both the news and on social network services were similar, and both were used for commercial purposes. Our analysis revealed that the news is related to the keyword generally, uses same words repeatedly, and its range of topics is narrow and public. On the contrary, social network services are not related to the keyword often, and their range of topics is wide and personal. Furthermore our analysis showed that the ranking algorithm improves the topic detection rate and catches the topic quickly. This paper provides useful information to better understand the characteristics of online news and data from social network services." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "Characteristics Analysis of Data From News and Social Network Services" ; default3:doi "10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2818792" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Access" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJAIP.2014.062172" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJAIP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1108/EL-07-2012-0096" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "The Electronic Library" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web Workshop" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/978-1-60566-034-9.ch015" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.datak.2009.10.003" ; default1:citationVelocity 24 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 17 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Data Knowl. Eng." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SWAP" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "The Semantic Web realization depends on the availability of a critical mass of metadata for the web content, associated with the respective formal knowledge about the world. We claim that the Semantic Web, at its current stage of development, is in a state of a critical need of metadata generation and usage schemata that are specific, well-defined and easy to understand. This paper introduces our vision for a holistic architecture for semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval of documents with regard to extensive semantic repositories. A system (called KIM), implementing this concept, is presented in brief and it is used for the purposes of evaluation and demonstration. A particular schema for semantic annotation with respect to real-world entities is proposed. The underlying philosophy is that a practical semantic annotation is impossible without some particular knowledge modelling commitments. Our understanding is that a system for such semantic annotation should be based upon a simple model of real-world entity classes, complemented with extensive instance knowledge. To ensure the efficiency, ease of sharing, and reusability of the metadata, we introduce an" ; default4:contributor "Atanas Kiryakov", "Borislav Popov", "Damyan Ognyanoff", "Dimitar Manov", "Ivan Terziev" ; default4:date "2004" ; default4:title "Semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Atanas" ; default5:fullName "Atanas Kiryakov" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Kiryakov" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Borislav" ; default5:fullName "Borislav Popov" ; default5:initials "B." ; default5:lastName "Popov" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ivan" ; default5:fullName "Ivan Terziev" ; default5:initials "I." ; default5:lastName "Terziev" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Dimitar" ; default5:fullName "Dimitar Manov" ; default5:initials "D." ; default5:lastName "Manov" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Damyan" ; default5:fullName "Damyan Ognyanoff" ; default5:initials "D." ; default5:lastName "Ognyanoff" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Kiryakov et al." ; default5:id "4a1221dfa63dab6dfc8812e2811f6c33f4a793c5" ; default5:refCount 7 ; default2:abstract "The Semantic Web realization depends on the availability of a critical mass of metadata for the web content, associated with the respective formal knowledge about the world. We claim that the Semantic Web, at its current stage of development, is in a state of a critical need of metadata generation and usage schemata that are specific, well-defined and easy to understand. This paper introduces our vision for a holistic architecture for semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval of documents with regard to extensive semantic repositories. A system (called KIM), implementing this concept, is presented in brief and it is used for the purposes of evaluation and demonstration. A particular schema for semantic annotation with respect to real-world entities is proposed. The underlying philosophy is that a practical semantic annotation is impossible without some particular knowledge modelling commitments. Our understanding is that a system for such semantic annotation should be based upon a simple model of real-world entity classes, complemented with extensive instance knowledge. To ensure the efficiency, ease of sharing, and reusability of the metadata, we introduce an upper-level ontology (of about 250 classes and 100 properties), which starts with some basic philosophical distinctions and then goes down to the most common entity types (people, companies, cities, etc.). Thus it encodes many of the domain-independent commonsense concepts and allows straightforward domain-specific extensions. On the basis of the ontology, a large-scale knowledge base of entity descriptions is bootstrapped, and further extended and maintained. Currently, the knowledge bases usually scales between 10^5 and 10^6 descriptions. Finally, this paper presents a semantically enhanced information extraction system, which provides automatic semantic annotation with references to classes in the ontology and to instances. The system has been running over a continuously growing document collection (currently about 0.5 million news articles), so it has been under constant testing and evaluation for some time now. On the basis of these semantic annotations, we perform semantic based indexing and retrieval where users can mix traditional information retrieval (IR) queries and ontology-based ones. We argue that such large-scale, fully automatic methods are essential for the transformation of the current largely textual web into a Semantic Web." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Semantic annotation, indexing, and retrieval" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2004.07.005" ; default1:citationVelocity 20 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 46 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3137597.3137600" ; default1:citationVelocity 88 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 31 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SKDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICACCI.2013.6637407" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2013 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ChinaGrid.2009.19" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 Fourth ChinaGrid Annual Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.knosys.2010.05.008" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowl.-Based Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-89704-0_29" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ASWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 40 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 171 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computational Linguistics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "HLT-NAACL 2010" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract """Discovering causal relations is fundamental to reasoning and intelligence. In particular, observational causal discovery algorithms estimate the cause-effect relation between two random entities $X$ and $Y$, given $n$ samples from $P(X,Y)$. In this paper, we develop a framework to estimate the cause-effect relation between two static entities $x$ and $y$: for instance, an art masterpiece $x$ and its fraudulent copy $y$. To this end, we introduce the notion of proxy variables, which allow the construction of a pair of random entities $(A,B)$ from the pair of static entities $(x,y)$. Then, estimating the cause-effect relation between $A$ and $B$ using an observational causal discovery algorithm leads to an estimation of the cause-effect relation between $x$ and $y$. For example, our framework detects the causal relation between unprocessed photographs and their modifications, and orders in time a set of shuffled frames from a video. As our main case study, we introduce a human-elicited dataset of 10,000 pairs of casually-linked pairs of words from natural language. Our methods discover 75% of these causal relations. Finally, we discuss the role of proxy variables in machine learning, as a general tool to incorporate static knowledge into prediction tasks.""" ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Causal Discovery Using Proxy Variables" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICLR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/TKDE.2007.17" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/INFCOM.2004.1356979" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 36 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE INFOCOM 2004" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "INTERSPEECH" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1109/COMPSAC.2019.00054" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 IEEE 43rd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default3:doi "10.1145/1325555.1325565" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CACM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1145/3130348.3130372" ; default1:citationVelocity 100 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 301 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGF" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-04930-9_27" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11428817_21" ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 48 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.future.2015.04.010" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Future Generation Comp. Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00354-007-0018-4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "New Generation Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/jhcitp.2012070101" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJHCITP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2566486.2568013" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.2498/cit.1002493" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The Cyc project, started by Doug Lenat at MCC in 1984, is the most ambitious knowledge representation project ever undertaken. It embodies Lenat's current ideas for a system intended to encode all of commonsense knowledge. By the year 1999, he hopes that \"no one would even think of buying a computer that doesn't have Cyc running on it\". The book by Lenat and Guha is a report on the project as it was in 1989. A review of that book must distinguish four different things: the book itself, the Cyc project as it was when the book was written, the Cyc project today, and the developments that the designers are planning for the future. Of these four, the last two are probably the most interesting. This review has been difficult for me to write, because my thoughts about Cyc have changed a great deal since I first read the book in the spring of 1990. Doug Skuce showed me a copy of his review (which also appears in this issue), and it is similar to what I had originally intended to write. I agree with his complaints about the confusing organization of the book and the lack of precise definitions. Despite our reservations, we both used" ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1989" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project" ; default3:doi "10.1016/0004-3702(93)90093-q" ; default1:citationVelocity 17 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 70 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3331184.3331188" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR'19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/P15-1019" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1963192.1963246" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.dss.2015.04.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Decision Support Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Acta Cybern." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5815/ijitcs.2015.04.10" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3148011.3148021" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "K-CAP 2017" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-68123-6_51" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ISMIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Text documents often contain valuable structured data that is hidden Yin regular English sentences. This data is best exploited infavailable as arelational table that we could use for answering precise queries or running data mining tasks.We explore a technique for extracting such tables from document collections that requires only a handful of training examples from users. These examples are used to generate extraction patterns, that in turn result in new tuples being extracted from the document collection.We build on this idea and present our Snowball system. Snowball introduces novel strategies for generating patterns and extracting tuples from plain-text documents.At each iteration of the extraction process, Snowball evaluates the quality of these patterns and tuples without human intervention,and keeps only the most reliable ones for the next iteration. In this paper we also develop a scalable evaluation methodology and metrics for our task, and present a thorough experimental evaluation of Snowball and comparable techniques over a collection of more than 300,000 newspaper documents." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Snowball: extracting relations from large plain-text collections" ; default3:doi "10.1145/336597.336644" ; default1:citationVelocity 43 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 107 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DL '00" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 29 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "INTERSPEECH" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-21940-5_10" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArgMAS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "GeoInfo" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1974" ; default3:doi "10.2307/2344557" ; default1:citationVelocity 190 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 289 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Only a few media companies have so far (as of April 2012) publicly declared engagement in the area of Linked Data. Nevertheless among the chosen few are BBC Online, the New York Times, The Guardian and Reuters who utilize Linked Data to add significant value to the news production process. This paper discusses achievements and challenges in utilizing semantic metadata in the news production process. By discussing a BBC use case it illustrates how Linked Data can be integrated into the content value chain and provide added value to content-related workflows without necessarily disrupting them. This is insofar critical as publishing companies react very sensitively to radical changes in their working settings and are often very suspicious of technologically induced innovations. Given the fact that from the perspective of media professionals Linked Data is a highly technology driven phenomenon that incrementally incorporates the culture, speech and logic of the engineering discipline, it is necessary to translate the benefits of Linked Data into the thinking and understanding of the publishing sector by illustrating the intersections between the traditional editorial content value chain and Linked Data as a complementary resource to innovate existing products and services." ; default4:contributor "Tassilo Pellegrini" ; default4:date "2012" ; default4:title "Semantic Metadata in the News Production Process – Achievements and Challenges" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Tassilo" ; default5:fullName "Tassilo Pellegrini" ; default5:initials "T." ; default5:lastName "Pellegrini" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Pellegrini" ; default5:id "cf702441f3d93b63b22fbd9b279ff2591affd04b" ; default5:refCount 54 ; default2:abstract "Only a few media companies have so far (as of April 2012) publicly declared engagement in the area of Linked Data. Nevertheless among the chosen few are BBC Online, the New York Times, The Guardian and Reuters who utilize Linked Data to add significant value to the news production process. This paper discusses achievements and challenges in utilizing semantic metadata in the news production process. By discussing a BBC use case it illustrates how Linked Data can be integrated into the content value chain and provide added value to content-related workflows without necessarily disrupting them. This is insofar critical as publishing companies react very sensitively to radical changes in their working settings and are often very suspicious of technologically induced innovations. Given the fact that from the perspective of media professionals Linked Data is a highly technology driven phenomenon that incrementally incorporates the culture, speech and logic of the engineering discipline, it is necessary to translate the benefits of Linked Data into the thinking and understanding of the publishing sector by illustrating the intersections between the traditional editorial content value chain and Linked Data as a complementary resource to innovate existing products and services." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:isReferencedBy , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Semantic metadata in the news production process: achievements and challenges" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2393132.2393158" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MindTrek" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11926078_51" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-25956-5_22" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.5120/ijca2015907630" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11546924_18" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DEXA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ECAI Workshop on Ontology Learning" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00607-017-0578-1" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/276304.276331" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGMOD '98" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/INM.2015.7140273" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2015 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/775152.775160" ; default1:citationVelocity 15 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 138 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '03" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00530-005-0009-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "PersDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Cross-media analysis and reasoning is an active research area in computer science, and a promising direction for artificial intelligence. However, to the best of our knowledge, no existing work has summarized the state-of-the-art methods for cross-media analysis and reasoning or presented advances, challenges, and future directions for the field. To address these issues, we provide an overview as follows: (1) theory and model for cross-media uniform representation; (2) cross-media correlation understanding and deep mining; (3) cross-media knowledge graph construction and learning methodologies; (4) cross-media knowledge evolution and reasoning; (5) cross-media description and generation; (6) cross-media intelligent engines; and (7) cross-media intelligent applications. By presenting approaches, advances, and future directions in cross-media analysis and reasoning, our goal is not only to draw more attention to the state-of-the-art advances in the field, but also to provide technical insights by discussing the challenges and research directions in these areas." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "Cross-media analysis and reasoning: advances and directions" ; default3:doi "10.1631/FITEE.1601787" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In recent years, several noteworthy large, crossdomain and openly available knowledge graphs (KGs) have been created. These include DBpedia, Freebase, OpenCyc, Wikidata, and YAGO. Although extensively in use, these KGs have not been subject to an in-depth comparison so far. In this survey, we first define aspects according to which KGs can be analyzed. Next, we analyze and compare the above mentioned KGs along those aspects and finally propose a method for finding the most suitable KG for a given setting." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "A Comparative Survey of DBpedia , Freebase , OpenCyc , Wikidata , and YAGO" ; default1:citationVelocity 13 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SemAnnot@ISWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4236/jcc.2017.514008" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Real world events, such as historic incidents, typically contain both spatial and temporal aspects and involve a specific group of persons. This is reflected in the descriptions of events in textual sources, which contain mentions of named entities and dates. Given a large collection of documents, however, such descriptions may be incomplete in a single document, or spread across multiple documents. In these cases, it is beneficial to leverage partial information about the entities that are involved in an event to extract missing information. In this paper, we introduce the LOAD model for cross-document event extraction in large-scale document collections. The graph-based model relies on co-occurrences of named entities belonging to the classes locations, organizations, actors, and dates and puts them in the context of surrounding terms. As such, the model allows for efficient queries and can be updated incrementally in negligible time to reflect changes to the underlying document collection. We discuss the versatility of this approach for event summarization, the completion of partial event information, and the extraction of descriptions for named entities and dates. We create and provide a LOAD graph for the documents in the English Wikipedia from named entities extracted by state-of-the-art NER tools. Based on an evaluation set of historic data that include summaries of diverse events, we evaluate the resulting graph. We find that the model not only allows for near real-time retrieval of information from the underlying document collection, but also provides a comprehensive framework for browsing and summarizing event data." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Terms over LOAD: Leveraging Named Entities for Cross-Document Extraction and Summarization of Events" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2911451.2911529" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '16" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1983" ; default3:doi "10.4324/9781315802725" ; default1:citationVelocity 22 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 129 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2566486.2568032" ; default1:citationVelocity 27 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-48005-6_28" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 31 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 19 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 32 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "UAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/511446.511504" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '02" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1367497.1367577" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MMUL.2005.50" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE MultiMedia" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-29325-6_26" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web: Wege zur vernetzten Wissensgesellschaft" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1002/ima.v18:2/3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SWAP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2806416.2806576" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '15" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDEW.2013.6547416" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2013 IEEE 29th International Conference on Data Engineering Workshops (ICDEW)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-45876-X_11" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EDBT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CLEI.2016.7833349" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2016 XLII Latin American Computing Conference (CLEI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MSP.2006.1621449" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Signal Processing Magazine" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ECAI Workshop on Application of Semantic Web Technologies to Web Communities" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1075096.1075114" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/369275.369289" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 16 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SGMD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4304/jcp.4.6.436-443" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JCP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 93 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 115 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICCIT.2010.5711088" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "5th International Conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.3166/dn.9.2.13-36" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Document Numérique" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper describes a fully automatic two-stage machine learning architecture that learns temporal relations between pairs of events. The first stage learns the temporal attributes of single event descriptions, such as tense, grammatical aspect, and aspectual class. These imperfect guesses, combined with other linguistic features, are then used in a second stage to classify the temporal relationship between two events. We present both an analysis of our new features and results on the TimeBank Corpus that is 3% higher than previous work that used perfect human tagged features." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject ; default2:title "Classifying Temporal Relations Between Events" ; default3:doi "10.3115/1557769.1557820" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 20 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10796-008-9144-x" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Information Systems Frontiers" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.22215/etd/2017-12232" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.knosys.2012.07.005" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowl.-Based Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/jdsst.2010101601" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJDSST" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11915072_50" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OTM Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/SW-130110" ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1137/1.9781611973440.54" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SDM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 25 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "FLAIRS Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2602299.2602308" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TVX '14" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1992" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1017/CBO9780511526664.003" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3390/su11082388" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Social networking services (SNS) such as Twitter and Facebook have rapidly sunk into our lives in recent years. SNS is used not only as a kind of communication tools but also as a place to be used for advertisement, expressing individual opinions, and so on. In particular, there are various kinds regarding opinion. For example, there are many opinions about a specific product. These opinions are also abundant in electronic commerce services like Amazon. As these opinions play an important role in improving products, many researchers and companies analyze them. Unlike the review of the above-mentioned products, there are relatively few sites in which opinion on political topics and events is compiled. There are debate sites such as debate.org and idebate.org in English, and zzhh.jp in Japanese, but it is overwhelmingly small compared to product reviews. Because of such a background, analysis of opinions in SNS has been actively performed. In this thesis, we especially addressed the task called stance classification. In this task, the goal is to identify whether a given text agrees or disagrees a certain topic. However, it cannot be said that the performance of the current state-of-the-art of this task is satisfactory. Various causes can be considered for this, but the main reason for this is thought to be lack of knowledge about topics. Under such a background, in this thesis, we aim at acquiring and applying knowledge that contributes to the performance improvement of stance classification." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:title "Incorporating Domain Knowledge into Stance Classification スタンス分類における領域知識の活用に関する研究" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00610.x" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/eCHALLENGES.2015.7441086" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "eChallenges e-2015 Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/AIDM.2006.17" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2006 International Workshop on Integrating AI and Data Mining" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WI.2006.67" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2006 Main Conference Proceedings)(WI'06)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Few attempts have been made to investigate the utility of temporal reasoning within machine learning frameworks for temporal relation classification between events in news articles. This paper presents three settings where temporal reasoning aids machine learned classifiers of temporal relations: (1) expansion of the dataset used for learning; (2) detection of inconsistencies among the automatically identified relations; and (3) selection among multiple temporal relations. Feature engineering is another effort in our work to improve classification accuracy." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Experiments with Reasoning for Temporal Relations between Events" ; default3:doi "10.3115/1599081.1599189" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "COLING" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-92673-3_35" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Handbook on Ontologies" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1690219.1690287" ; default1:citationVelocity 241 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 243 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL/IJCNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-0-387-78414-4_41" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Encyclopedia of Multimedia" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICALT.2019.00013" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 IEEE 19th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.2991/ict4s-env-15.2015.28" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EnviroInfo/ICT4S" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1321440.1321475" ; default1:citationVelocity 58 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 114 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 79 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 176 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2019" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/IDA-163131" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Intell. Data Anal." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11755593_8" ; default1:citationVelocity 21 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 35 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "iTrust" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI Fall Symposium: Agents and the Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2012.08.074" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4172/2165-7866.1000204" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/B978-012088469-8.50055-3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 27 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "VLDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1046456.1046460" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 25 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SKDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MIC.2003.1167344" ; default1:citationVelocity 287 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 281 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Internet Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1989" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1991996.1992060" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICMR '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 163 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "VLDB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper presents a supervised method for the detection and extraction of Causal Relations from open domain text. First we give a brief outline of the definition of causation and how it relates to other Semantic Relations, as well as a characterization of their encoding. In this work, we only consider marked and explicit causations. Our approach first identifies the syntactic patterns that may encode a causation, then we use Machine Learning techniques to decide whether or not a pattern instance encodes a causation. We focus on the most productive pattern, a verb phrase followed by a relator and a clause, and its reverse version, a relator followed by a clause and a verb phrase. As relators we consider the words as, after, because and since. We present a set of lexical, syntactic and semantic features for the classification task, their rationale and some examples. The results obtained are discussed and the errors analyzed." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Causal Relation Extraction" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract """The World Wide Web is highly dynamic and is constantly evolving to cover the latest information about the physical and social updates in the world. At the same time, the changes in web contents are entangled with new information needs and time-sensitive user interactions with information sources. To address these temporal information needs effectively, it is essential for the search engines to model web dynamics and understand the changes in user behavior over time that are caused by them. In this full-day tutorial, we focus on modeling time-sensitive content on the web, and discuss the state-of-the-art approaches for integrating temporal signals in web search. We address many of the related research topics including those associated with searching dynamic collections, defining time-sensitive relevance, understanding user query behavior over time, and investigating the mains reasons behind content changes. We also cover algorithms, architectures, evaluation methodologies and metrics for time-aware search, and discuss the latest breakthroughs and open challenges, both from the algorithmic and the architectural perspectives.""" ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Temporal web dynamics and its application to information retrieval" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2433396.2433500" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WSDM '13" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1957" ; default3:doi "10.1002/j.1538-7305.1957.tb01515.x" ; default1:citationVelocity 122 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 185 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/SKG.2015.40" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2015 11th International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grids (SKG)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1038/s41467-018-06930-7" ; default1:citationVelocity 21 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/245108.245121" ; default1:citationVelocity 68 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 83 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CACM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/872757.872809" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 46 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGMOD '03" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1992" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/992133.992154" ; default1:citationVelocity 118 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 309 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "COLING" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Linked Open Data (LOD) is recently attracting attention as a vast amount of distributed knowledge base on the Web. Thus, semi-structured data such as tables and hierarchical data in several domains have been triplified to the LOD. Moreover, triplification of unstructured data such as text and sensor data is actively studied in the research area. We thus developed a Web API for extracting triples from natural sentences, which is useful for the promotion of the LOD. In this paper, we first describe the service specification, its technical background, and the evaluation of the current extraction accuracy, and then introduce several use cases of the service. Although this service adopts a novel combination of a method using ontology-based rules and a machine learning method using Conditional Random Field based on a probability distribution, the main contributions are in the practical aspect, that is, mashup of several natural language processing (NLP) techniques for the text triplification, and its deployment as a public Web API, so that non-experts of NLP can easily use it." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Development of Web Service for Japanese Text Triplification" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00354-016-0401-0" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "New Generation Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1994" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-1-4471-2099-5_7" ; default1:citationVelocity 22 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 72 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '94" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3297280.3297358" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAC '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Given a semantic relation, the automatic extraction of linguistic patterns that express that relation is a rather difficult problem. This paper presents a semi-automatic method of discovering generally applicable lexico-syntactic patterns that refer to the causal relation. The patterns are found automatically, but their validation is done semi-automatically." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Text Mining for Causal Relations" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "FLAIRS Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10796-014-9540-3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Information Systems Frontiers" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CISIS.2008.70" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CISIM.2007.34" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "6th International Conference on Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications (CISIM'07)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EventStory@Coling" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ITRE.2005.1503125" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ITRE 2005. 3rd International Conference on Information Technology: Research and Education, 2005." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11227-014-1183-0" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "The Journal of Supercomputing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/978-1-61499-421-3-111" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "STAIRS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1186/2041-1480-4-12" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Biomedical Semantics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1080/10864415.2004.11044307" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 77 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Electronic Commerce" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DeSemWeb@ISWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NMR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1983" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/182.358466" ; default1:citationVelocity 25 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 67 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CACM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAAW@ISWC" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "In this article, we describe a system that reads news articles in four different languages and detects what happened, who is involved, where and when. This event-centric information is represented as episodic situational knowledge on individuals in an interoperable RDF format that allows for reasoning on the implications of the events. Our system covers the complete path from unstructured text to structured knowledge, for which we defined a formal model that links interpreted textual mentions of things to their representation as instances. The model forms the skeleton for interoperable interpretation across different sources and languages. The real content, however, is defined using multilingual and cross-lingual knowledge resources, both semantic and episodic. We explain how these knowledge resources are used for the processing of text and ultimately define the actual content of the episodic situational knowledge that is reported in the news. The knowledge and model in our system can be seen as an example how the Semantic Web helps NLP. However, our systems also generate massive episodic knowledge of the same type as the Semantic Web is built on. We thus envision a cycle of knowledge acquisition and NLP improvement on a massive scale. This article reports on the details of the system but also on the performance of various high-level components. We demonstrate that our system performs at state-of-the-art level for various subtasks in the four languages of the project, but that we also consider the full integration of these tasks in an overall system with the purpose of reading text. We applied our system to millions of news articles, generating billions of triples expressing formal semantic properties. This shows the capacity of the system to perform at an unprecedented scale. © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )." ; default4:contributor "Agata Cybulska", "Alessio Palmero Aprosio", "Antske Fokkens", "Egoitz Laparra", "Itziar Aldabe", "Marco Rospocher", "Marieke van Erp", "Piek Vossen", "Rodrigo Agerri", "Roxane Segers" ; default4:date "2016" ; default4:title "NewsReader: Using knowledge resources in a cross-lingual reading machine to generate more knowledge from massive streams of news" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Piek" ; default5:fullName "Piek Vossen" ; default5:initials "P." ; default5:lastName "Vossen" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Rodrigo" ; default5:fullName "Rodrigo Agerri" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Agerri" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Itziar" ; default5:fullName "Itziar Aldabe" ; default5:initials "I." ; default5:lastName "Aldabe" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Agata" ; default5:fullName "Agata Cybulska" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Cybulska" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Marieke van" ; default5:fullName "Marieke van Erp" ; default5:initials "M.v." ; default5:lastName "Erp" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Antske" ; default5:fullName "Antske Fokkens" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Fokkens" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Egoitz" ; default5:fullName "Egoitz Laparra" ; default5:initials "E." ; default5:lastName "Laparra" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Alessio Palmero" ; default5:fullName "Alessio Palmero Aprosio" ; default5:initials "A.P." ; default5:lastName "Aprosio" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Marco" ; default5:fullName "Marco Rospocher" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Rospocher" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Roxane" ; default5:fullName "Roxane Segers" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Segers" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Vossen et al." ; default5:id "c128cbaef2e8096ec38c2f9d922b7549eee8c39a" ; default5:refCount 22 ; default2:abstract "Abstract In this article, we describe a system that reads news articles in four different languages and detects what happened, who is involved, where and when. This event-centric information is represented as episodic situational knowledge on individuals in an interoperable RDF format that allows for reasoning on the implications of the events. Our system covers the complete path from unstructured text to structured knowledge, for which we defined a formal model that links interpreted textual mentions of things to their representation as instances. The model forms the skeleton for interoperable interpretation across different sources and languages. The real content, however, is defined using multilingual and cross-lingual knowledge resources, both semantic and episodic. We explain how these knowledge resources are used for the processing of text and ultimately define the actual content of the episodic situational knowledge that is reported in the news. The knowledge and model in our system can be seen as an example how the Semantic Web helps NLP. However, our systems also generate massive episodic knowledge of the same type as the Semantic Web is built on. We thus envision a cycle of knowledge acquisition and NLP improvement on a massive scale. This article reports on the details of the system but also on the performance of various high-level components. We demonstrate that our system performs at state-of-the-art level for various subtasks in the four languages of the project, but that we also consider the full integration of these tasks in an overall system with the purpose of reading text. We applied our system to millions of news articles, generating billions of triples expressing formal semantic properties. This shows the capacity of the system to perform at an unprecedented scale." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "NewsReader: Using knowledge resources in a cross-lingual reading machine to generate more knowledge from massive streams of news" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.knosys.2016.07.013" ; default1:citationVelocity 9 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowl.-Based Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSC.2013.17" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2013 IEEE Seventh International Conference on Semantic Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 67 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 160 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDM.2015.50" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2015 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Causality analysis continues to remain one of the fundamental research questions and the ultimate objective for a tremendous amount of scientific studies. In line with the rapid progress of science and technology, the age of big data has significantly influenced the causality analysis on various disciplines especially for the last decade due to the fact that the complexity and difficulty on identifying causality among big data has dramatically increased. Data mining, the process of uncovering hidden information from big data is now an important tool for causality analysis, and has been extensively exploited by scholars around the world. The primary aim of this paper is to provide a concise review of the causality analysis in big data. To this end the paper reviews recent significant applications of data mining techniques in causality analysis covering a substantial quantity of research to date, presented in chronological order with an overview table of data mining applications in causality analysis domain as a reference directory." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Big Data and Causality" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s40745-017-0122-3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/P15-1150" ; default1:citationVelocity 347 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 277 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1718487.1718501" ; default1:citationVelocity 24 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 45 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WSDM '10" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper addresses the new problem of predicting the occurrence of Twitter user's life events using word occurrence tendencies in user's tweet histories. Many previous studies have addressed public event prediction and life event extraction on Twitter. Most of the methods for these two problems use tweets that explicitly refer to event occurrence. However, users who will experience a life event are unlikely to post tweets that reference the occurrence of the life event explicitly; thus, existing methods to find tweets that refer to event occurrence explicitly are not applicable to life event prediction. Therefore, we assume that users who will experience a life event tend to post tweets that refer to life event occurrence implicitly and propose a method to identify such a tendency to predict life events. First, we extract users who experienced a specific life event and collect their past tweets to identify features that implicitly indicate the life event occurrence. We use the word occurrence tendency in such tweets as training data to construct a life event prediction model. We chose five life events, that is, \"Giving birth,\" \"Getting a job offer,\" \"Leaving the hospital,\" \"Pregnancy,\" and \"Marriage,\" and assessed the prediction performance of the proposed method for each event. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperformed a baseline method for all selected life events except \"Leaving the hospital\" and achieved the highest prediction accuracy for \"Giving birth.\" We suppose that this event resulted in the highest prediction accuracy because all users who gave birth experienced pregnancy and common features appeared in their tweets over a long period." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , ; default2:title "Predicting the Occurrence of Life Events from User's Tweet History" ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICSC.2018.00038" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 IEEE 12th International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default3:doi "10.3390/app8122472" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDM.2010.127" ; default1:citationVelocity 117 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 105 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2010 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-90-481-8847-5_6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICET.2008.4777470" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 4th International Conference on Emerging Technologies" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.24963/ijcai.2019/536" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "The web has become the central platform and marketplace for the organization, propagation of events and sale of tickets of any kind. Such events range from concerts, workshops, sport events, professional events to small local events. Individual’s event choices vary tremendously based on preferences and lifestyle. Online users use the web to inform themselves about new events near their location of choice, and potentially use the website to purchase tickets or make a reservation for such events. Event Extraction from the web is a particularly difficult type of information extraction, dealing with the detection of specific types of events and its attributes mentioned in source language data. Traditional research in event extraction focuses on the extraction of political, cultural, or other general interest events from text. Such text is typically editorial news content, e.g (Kuzey, Vreeken, and Weikum 2014), or more lately from social media such as Twitter, e.g. (Ritter, Etzioni, and Clark 2012). This research, however, covers events presented in tables, lists, or most crucially on single pages devoted to that event. This thesis focuses on both the discovery and extraction of such “single event pages”. This work is inspired by a series of works on inducing wrappers for the extraction of specific document types from the web. For example, (Wang et al. 2009) proposes an approach for learning to extract news articles and their basic attributes from a very small training corpus. Though inspired by this work, the approach presented here differs considerably, in scope and techniques used. In scope, I am targeting events, which carry many more attributes than the document types targeted in the above work, and where attributes may occur both in the template structure (as in (Wang et al. 2009)) and in the event descriptions. Further, my approach balances the need for more training data due to the more complex domain with semi-supervised methods for acquiring that training data." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Joint Learning of Structural and Textual Features for Web Scale Event Extraction" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2505515.2508212" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-30348-2_42" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Automatic extraction of cause-effect relationships from natural language texts is a challenging open problem in Artificial Intelligence. Most of the early attempts at its solution used manually constructed linguistic and syntactic rules on small and domain-specific data sets. However, with the advent of big data, the availability of affordable computing power and the recent popularization of machine learning, the paradigm to tackle this problem has slowly shifted. Machines are now expected to learn generic causal extraction rules from labelled data with minimal supervision, in a domain independent-manner. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of causal relation extraction techniques from both paradigms, and analyse their relative strengths and weaknesses, with recommendations for future work." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Automatic Extraction of Causal Relations from Natural Language Texts: A Comprehensive Survey" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/access.2019.2899989" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Access" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computing and Informatics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.7916/D85B09VZ" ; default1:citationVelocity 33 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 88 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJWGS.2005.008320" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJWGS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 18 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 20 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/SW-160225" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00500-018-3414-4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Soft Comput." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Predicting future events from text data has been a controversial and much disputed topic in the field of text analytics. However, far too little attention has been paid to efficient prediction in textual environments. This study has aimed to develop a novel and efficient method for news event prediction. The proposed method is based on Markov logic networks (MLNs) framework, which enables us to concisely represent complex events by full expressivity of first-order logic (FOL), as well as to reason uncertain event with probabilities. In our framework, we first extract text news events via an event representation model at a semantic level and then transform them into web ontology language (OWL) as a posteriori knowledge. A set of domain-specific causal rules in FOL associated with weights were also fed into the system as a priori (common-sense) knowledge. Additionally, several large-scale ontologies including DBpedia, VerbNet and WordNet were used to model common-sense logic rules as contextual knowledge. F..." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "News events prediction using Markov logic networks" ; default3:doi "10.1177/0165551516673285" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Inf. Sci." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-46016-0_17" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MICAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CBI.2017.71" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 IEEE 19th Conference on Business Informatics (CBI)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "USENIX Security Symposium" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Applied Ontology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Microblog services have emerged as an essential way to strengthen the communications among individuals and organizations. These services promote timely and active discussions and comments towards products, markets as well as public events, and have attracted a lot of attentions from organizations. In particular, emerging topics are of immediate concerns to organizations since they signal current concerns of, and feedback by their users. Two challenges must be tackled for effective emerging topic detection. One is the problem of real-time relevant data collection and the other is the ability to model the emerging characteristics of detected topics and identify them before they become hot topics. To tackle these challenges, we first design a novel scheme to crawl the relevant messages related to the designated organization by monitoring multi-aspects of microblog content, including users, the evolving keywords and their temporal sequence. We then develop an incremental clustering framework to detect new topics, and employ a range of content and temporal features to help in promptly detecting hot emerging topics. Extensive evaluations on a representative real-world dataset based on Twitter data demonstrate that our scheme is able to characterize emerging topics well and detect them before they become hot topics." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , ; default2:title "Emerging topic detection for organizations from microblogs" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2484028.2484057" ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR '13" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-73597-7_47" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICWE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2017.05.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 6 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Actes d'IC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAAKM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 41 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 374 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1017/S1351324997001794" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Natural Language Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/978-1-59904-618-1.ch007" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2816839.2816912" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICMIT.2006.262189" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2006 IEEE International Conference on Management of Innovation and Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICDE.2005.28" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "21st International Conference on Data Engineering (ICDE'05)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 95 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW 2004" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3159652.3159666" ; default1:citationVelocity 17 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WSDM '18" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11926078_4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1961" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.5860/choice.46-5664" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1108/14684521111113687" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IADIS AC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default3:doi "10.1111/j.1755-2567.1989.tb00725.x" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In this paper, we formally define the problem of representing and leveraging abstract event causality to power downstream applications. We propose a novel solution to this problem, which build an abstract causality network and embed the causality network into a continuous vector space. The abstract causality network is generalized from a specific one, with abstract event nodes represented by frequently co-occurring word pairs. To perform the embedding task, we design a dual cause-effect transition model. Therefore, the proposed method can obtain general, frequent, and simple causality patterns, meanwhile, simplify event matching. Given the causality network and the learned embeddings, our model can be applied to a wide range of applications such as event prediction, event clustering and stock market movement prediction. Experimental results demonstrate that 1) the abstract causality network is effective for discovering high-level causality rules behind specific causal events; 2) the embedding models perform better than state-of-the-art link prediction techniques in predicting events; and 3) the event causality embedding is an easy-to-use and sophisticated feature for downstream applications such as stock market movement prediction." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Constructing and Embedding Abstract Event Causality Networks from Text Snippets" ; default3:doi "10.1145/3018661.3018707" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WSDM '17" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1988" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/0306-4573(88)90021-0" ; default1:citationVelocity 305 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 638 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Inf. Process. Manage." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2168752.2168771" ; default1:citationVelocity 110 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 129 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TIST" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 25 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICWSM 2012" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2937375" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Access" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In today's information era, people are keen to know about various topics & events but are unable to keep up because of lack of time & information overload. Inspired by the need to say “Let me know”, ‘LeMeNo’ aims to be an application that provides personalized news & event updates to its users without losing out on time or having to go through irrelevant content. This paper presents the event-based approach used by LeMeNo for News Recommendation based on user interest. The Recommendation System is based on both news & users interests. News articles are recommended based on machine learning techniques like clustering of similar articles, predicting their category, content similarity & keyword extraction. The system learns user interests based on time spent on reading an article, whether user likes/dislikes the article as well as user specified levels of interest in various topics. The proposed system provides a unique Event Timeline feature, which filters out multiple news articles related to an event, displays them in chronological order & appends new upcoming related articles, thus providing a journey of that event." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "LeMeNo: Personalised News Using Machine Learning" ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICCUBEA.2018.8697560" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 Fourth International Conference on Computing Communication Control and Automation (ICCUBEA)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-39964-3_30" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CoopIS/DOA/ODBASE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2339530.2339728" ; default1:citationVelocity 39 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 35 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1142/S0218194014400075" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/n19-1216" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NAACL-HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 78 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computational Linguistics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MIC.2009.79" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Internet Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.jss.2009.10.011" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Journal of Systems and Software" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 46 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SemWeb" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICOSC.2015.7050785" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 9th International Conference on Semantic Computing (IEEE ICSC 2015)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/AO-130124" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Applied Ontology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SePublica" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-211-69566-1_36" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ENTER" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 44 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 76 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NIPS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/S15-2135" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SemEval@NAACL-HLT" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; 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default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Every day thousands of news articles are published in Bangla from several different sources on the web and this number is even increasing rapidly. On the contrary, the readers are often selective to read their desired news only. In this connection, classical Information Extraction (IE) techniques are used to query with keywords from unstructured or semistructured news contents to fulfill partial requirements. However, they cannot interpret sequences of events, relation among entities, inference some unveiled facts to facilitate further human analysis. To achieve this goal, semantic technology adds formal structure and semantics to the news stream. In this paper, we propose a system to analyze Bangla news content to annotate especially things, people and places with semantic technology automatically by extracting what happened, when, where and who being involved in the news with the help of classical Natural Language Processing (NLP ) techniques. Furthermore, we relate news of today with the previous news to accumulate information over time. We present our proposed system of annotating Bangla news semantically and experiment with SPARQL to inference integrated news from different sources over time and shows its effectiveness in querying specific information." ; default4:contributor "Hasan Hafizur Rahman", "Md. Hanif Seddiqui", "Md. Nesarul Hoque" ; default4:date "2016" ; default4:title "Semantic Annotation of Bangla News Stream to Record History" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Md. Hanif" ; default5:fullName "Md. Hanif Seddiqui" ; default5:initials "M.H." ; default5:lastName "Seddiqui" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Md. Nesarul" ; default5:fullName "Md. Nesarul Hoque" ; default5:initials "M.N." ; default5:lastName "Hoque" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Hasan Hafizur" ; default5:fullName "Hasan Hafizur Rahman" ; default5:initials "H.H." ; default5:lastName "Rahman" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Seddiqui et al." ; default5:id "e7f4c0702144cc55857979badb01fde2648fee07" ; default5:refCount 38 ; default2:abstract "Every day thousands of news articles are published in Bangla from several different sources on the web and this number is even increasing rapidly. On the contrary, the readers are often selective to read their desired news only. In this connection, classical Information Extraction (IE) techniques are used to query with keywords from unstructured or semi-structured news contents to fulfill partial requirements. However, they cannot interpret sequences of events, relation among entities, inference some unveiled facts to facilitate further human analysis. To achieve this goal, semantic technology adds formal structure and semantics to the news stream. In this paper, we propose a system to analyze Bangla news content to annotate especially things, people and places with semantic technology automatically by extracting what happened, when, where and who being involved in the news with the help of classical Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Furthermore, we relate news of today with the previous news to accumulate information over time. We present our proposed system of annotating Bangla news semantically and experiment with SPARQL to inference integrated news from different sources over time and shows its effectiveness in querying specific information." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:isReferencedBy ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Semantic annotation of Bangla news stream to record history" ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICCITechn.2015.7488135" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2015 18th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Given a stream of Twitter messages about an event, we investigate the predictive power of temporal expressions in the messages to estimate the time to event (TTE). From labeled training data we learn average TTE estimates of temporal expressions and combinations thereof, and define basic rules to compute the time to event from temporal expressions, so that when they occur in a tweet that mentions an event we can generate a prediction. We show in a case study on soccer matches that our estimations are off by about eight hours on average in terms of mean absolute error." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Estimating Time to Event from Tweets Using Temporal Expressions" ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/W14-1302" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1699510.1699527" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3132218.3132221" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantics2017" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SWPM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-01350-8_28" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SITIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1526709.1526753" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '09" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/335168.335173" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 34 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "PODS '00" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3326937.3341257" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "DLP-KDD '19" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JDIM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/AERO.2007.352806" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2007 IEEE Aerospace Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-41230-1_5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WISE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "A first contribution of this thesis is to propose causality as a language for problems of distribution shift. First, we consider domain generalisation, where no data from the test distribution are observed during training. What assumptions can be made regarding the relation between train and test distributions for transfer to succeed? We argue that assuming the data in both tasks originate from the same causal graph leads to a natural solution: use only causal features for prediction, as the mechanism mapping causes to effects is invariant to shifts in the probability distributions induced by the causal structure. We provide optimality results when the test task is adversarial, and introduce a method for exploiting all remaining features when data from the test task are observed. We motivate that learning such invariant mechanisms mapping features to outputs leads to machine learning modules robust to transfer. Second, we consider a classification problem where only few examples are available for each label. How should an initial large dataset be leveraged to improve performance in this task? We argue that such a dataset should be used to learn powerful features for batch classification using a neural network. We present a framework which transfers between classes by building a probabilistic model on the weights of the network. Our results suggest that practitioners should use the original dataset for building features whose power can be exploited during few-shot learning. Finally, we extend causal discovery to solve problems such as distinguishing a painting from its counterfeit. Given two such static entities, a proxy random variable introduces the randomness necessary to construct two features of the static entities which preserve their causal footprint, measurable by a standard causal discovery procedure. Experiments on vision and language provide evidence that the causal relation between the static entities can often be identified." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Learning transferable representations" ; default3:doi "10.17863/CAM.39297" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/IRI.2009.5211574" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse & Integration" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICASERT.2019.8934481" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2019 1st International Conference on Advances in Science, Engineering and Robotics Technology (ICASERT)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/AICCSA.2017.218" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 IEEE/ACS 14th International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/jswis.2008100103" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1109/JCDL.2004.1336139" ; default1:citationVelocity 15 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 40 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JCDL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/TKDE.2004.1269601" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Due to the explosion of news materials available through broadcast and other channels, there is an increasing need for personalised news video retrieval. In this work, we introduce a semantic-based user modelling technique to capture users’ evolving information needs. Our approach exploits implicit user interaction to capture long-term user interests in a profile. The organised interests are used to retrieve and recommend news stories to the users. In this paper, we exploit the Linked Open Data Cloud to identify similar news stories that match the users’ interest. We evaluate various recommendation parameters by introducing a simulation-based evaluation scheme." ; default4:contributor "Frank Hopfgartner", "Joemon M. Jose" ; default4:date "2010" ; default4:title "Semantic User Profiling Techniques for Personalised Multimedia Recommendation" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Frank" ; default5:fullName "Frank Hopfgartner" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Hopfgartner" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Joemon M." ; default5:fullName "Joemon M. Jose" ; default5:initials "J.M." ; default5:lastName "Jose" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Hopfgartner & Jose" ; default5:id "2d3141f0110033613a6ee434058bd1cd0ff6404e" ; default5:refCount 38 ; default2:abstract "Due to the explosion of news materials available through broadcast and other channels, there is an increasing need for personalised news video retrieval. In this work, we introduce a semantic-based user modelling technique to capture users’ evolving information needs. Our approach exploits implicit user interaction to capture long-term user interests in a profile. The organised interests are used to retrieve and recommend news stories to the users. In this paper, we exploit the Linked Open Data Cloud to identify similar news stories that match the users’ interest. We evaluate various recommendation parameters by introducing a simulation-based evaluation scheme." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , ; default2:title "Semantic user profiling techniques for personalised multimedia recommendation" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00530-010-0189-6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2015.02.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11779568_110" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEA/AIE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.2312/VisSym/VisSym02/241-249" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "VisSym" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "This paper develops a minimally supervised approach, based on focused distributional similarity methods and discourse connectives, for identifying of causality relations between events in context. While it has been shown that distributional similarity can help identifying causality, we observe that discourse connectives and the particular discourse relation they evoke in context provide additional information towards determining causality between events. We show that combining discourse relation predictions and distributional similarity methods in a global inference procedure provides additional improvements towards determining event causality." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Minimally Supervised Event Causality Identification" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-030-01762-0_11" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EuroMed" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1587/transinf.2017swp0006" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEICE Transactions" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 658 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1822 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW 1999" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 187 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 65 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IICAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WI-IAT.2012.128" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2012 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1984" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-83189-8" ; default1:citationVelocity 40 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 443 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Symbolic Computation" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; 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(ICASSP '05). IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2005." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-7643-7361-X_4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Abstract In this paper, we describe a procedure that integrates several techniques for recognizing causal relationships in expository text. Applying these techniques yields a knowledge representation consisting of classifications of the causal relationships contained in a text. This procedure is very robust. If any one of the techniques for recognizing a causal relationship fails, an alternate methodology can be used to continue the causal analysis. The procedure we will describe is embodied in a program called the causal analyser. We have applied the causal analyser to several texts to produce a representation of the causal relationships in these texts. The causal analyser described in this paper will be part of a knowledge acquisition system called TAKT (tool for the acquisition of knowledge from text), which is currently being developed." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1991" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "Knowledge-based acquisition of causal relationships in text" ; default3:doi "10.1016/1042-8143(91)90009-C" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2000" ; default3:doi "10.2307/3089802" ; default1:citationVelocity 29 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 56 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1093/ACPROF:OSO/9780199206650.001.0001" ; default1:citationVelocity 650 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 776 ; 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Web Eng." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/DEXA.2013.19" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2013 24th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/978-1-61499-139-7-69" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CCIA" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 9 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Deriving pseudo causal relations from medical text data lies at the heart of medical literature mining. Existing studies have utilized extraction models to find pseudo causal relation from single sentences, while the knowledge created by causation transitivity - often spanning multiple sentences - has not been considered. Furthermore, we observe that many pseudo causal relations follow the rule of causation transitivity, which makes it possible to discover unseen casual relations and generate new causal relation hypotheses. In this paper, we address these two issues by proposing a factor graph model to incorporate three clues to discover causation expressions in the text data. We propose four types of triad structures to represent the rules of causation transitivity among causal relations. Our proposed model, called CausalTriad, uses textual and structural knowledge to infer pseudo causal relations from the triad structures. Experimental results on two datasets demonstrate that (a) CausalTriad is effective for pseudo causal relation discovery within and across sentences; (b) CausalTriad is highly capable at recognizing implicit pseudo causal relations; (c) CausalTriad can infer missing/new pseudo causal relations from text data." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "CausalTriad: Toward Pseudo Causal Relation Discovery and Hypotheses Generation from Medical Text Data" ; default3:doi "10.1145/3233547.3233555" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "BCB '18" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2505515.2505601" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1273073.1273142" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Knowledge graphs (KGs) have been widely used to represent relationships among entities, while KGs cannot capture new relationships between entities emerging along time. Since news often provides the latest information regarding the new entities and relationships, there is an opportunity to connect emerging relationships from news timely. However, it is a challenging task due to the source heterogeneity of structured KGs and unstructured news texts. In order to address the issue, we propose a tensor-based framework to capture the complex interactions among multiple types of relations, entities and text descriptions. We further develop an efficient Text-Aware MUlti-RElational learning method (TAMURE) that can learn the embedding representations of entities and relation types from both KGs and news, by jointly factorizing the interaction parameters. Furthermore, the complexity of TAMURE is linear in the number of parameters, which makes it suitable to large-scale KGs and news texts. Extensive experiments via TensorFlow demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed TAMURE model compared with nine state-of-the-art methods on real-world datasets. Keywords-Information Extraction; Emerging Relationships; Tensor Factorization; Embedding" ; default4:contributor "Bokai Cao", "Chun-Ta Lu", "Jingyuan Zhang", "Philip S. Yu", "Yi Chang" ; default4:date "2018" ; default4:title "Connecting Emerging Relationships from News via Tensor Factorization" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jingyuan" ; default5:fullName "Jingyuan Zhang" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Zhang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Chun-Ta" ; default5:fullName "Chun-Ta Lu" ; default5:initials "C." ; default5:lastName "Lu" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Bokai" ; default5:fullName "Bokai Cao" ; default5:initials "B." ; default5:lastName "Cao" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Yi" ; default5:fullName "Yi Chang" ; default5:initials "Y." ; default5:lastName "Chang" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Philip S." ; default5:fullName "Philip S. Yu" ; default5:initials "P.S." ; default5:lastName "Yu" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Zhang et al." ; default5:id "95a2aca8a1f1b161f5303774266109da945a9a51" ; default5:refCount 38 ; default2:abstract "Knowledge graphs (KGs) have been widely used to represent relationships among entities, while KGs cannot capture new relationships between entities emerging along time. Since news often provides the latest information regarding the new entities and relationships, there is an opportunity to connect emerging relationships from news timely. However, it is a challenging task due to the source heterogeneity of structured KGs and unstructured news texts. In order to address the issue, we propose a tensor-based framework to capture the complex interactions among multiple types of relations, entities and text descriptions. We further develop an efficient Text-Aware MUlti-RElational learning method (TAMURE) that can learn the embedding representations of entities and relation types from both KGs and news, by jointly factorizing the interaction parameters. Furthermore, the complexity of TAMURE is linear in the number of parameters, which makes it suitable to large-scale KGs and news texts. Extensive experiments via TensorFlow demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed TAMURE model compared with nine state-of-the-art methods on real-world datasets." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:isReferencedBy ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Connecting emerging relationships from news via tensor factorization" ; default3:doi "10.1109/BigData.2017.8258048" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2942338" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Access" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 69 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 64 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11901181_21" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ER" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "1994" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/191246.191322" ; default1:citationVelocity 11 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 227 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '94" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 139 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 145 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICML" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1988" ; default3:doi "10.2307/415440" ; default1:citationVelocity 120 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 396 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1400/85997" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1218955.1219011" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "We consider here the problem of building a never-ending language learner; that is, an intelligent computer agent that runs forever and that each day must (1) extract, or read, information from the web to populate a growing structured knowledge base, and (2) learn to perform this task better than on the previous day. In particular, we propose an approach and a set of design principles for such an agent, describe a partial implementation of such a system that has already learned to extract a knowledge base containing over 242,000 beliefs with an estimated precision of 74% after running for 67 days, and discuss lessons learned from this preliminary attempt to build a never-ending learning agent." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "Toward an Architecture for Never-Ending Language Learning" ; default1:citationVelocity 131 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 205 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-46547-0_15" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 31 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WOP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11926078_31" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2539150.2539191" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IIWAS '13" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.knosys.2013.10.007" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowl.-Based Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1515/icom-2018-0005" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "i-com" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "We define the novel problem of extracting and predicting occurrence dates for a class of recurrent events that are held periodically as per a near-regular schedule (e.g., conferences, film festivals, sports championships). Knowledge-bases such as Freebase contain a large number of such recurring events, but they also miss substantial information regarding specific event instances and their occurrence dates. We develop a temporal extraction and inference engine to fill in the missing dates as well as to predict their future occurrences. Our engine performs joint inference over several knowledge sources - (1) information about an event instance and its date extracted from text by our temporal extractor, (2) information about the typical schedule (e.g., \"every second week of June\") for a recurrent event extracted by our schedule extractor, and (3) known dates for other instances of the same event. The output of our system is a representation for the event schedule and an occurrence date for each event instance. We find that our system beats humans in predicting future occurrences of recurrent events by significant margins. We release our code and system output for further research." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Inferring Temporal Knowledge for Near-Periodic Recurrent Events" ; default3:doi "10.24963/ijcai.2018/598" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LD4IE@ISWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-39784-4_1" ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Reasoning Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1225753.1225767" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2012.12.070" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3292500.3330836" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD 2019" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3308560.3317701" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '19" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Today, people have only limited, valuable leisure time at their hands which they want to fill in as good as possible according to their own interests, whereas broadcasters want to produce and distribute news items as fast and targeted as possible. These (developing) news stories can be characterised as dynamic, chained, and distributed events in addition to which it is important to aggregate, link, enrich, recommend, and distribute these news event items as targeted as possible to the individual, interested user. In this paper, we show how personalised recommendation and distribution of news events, described using an RDF/OWL representation of the NewsML-G2 standard, can be enabled by automatically categorising and enriching news events metadata via smart indexing and linked open datasets available on the web of data. The recommendations—based on a global, aggregated profile, which E. Mannens (B) · S. Coppens · D. Van Deursen · R. Van de Walle IBBT, ELIS – Multimedia Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail: erik.mannens@ugent.be S. Coppens e-mail: sam.coppens@ugent.be D. Van Deursen e-mail: davy.vandeursen@ugent.be R. Van de Walle e-mail: rik.vandewalle@ugent.be T. De Pessemier IBBT, INTEC – WiCa, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium e-mail: tdpessem@intec.ugent.be H. Dacquin · R. De Sutter VRT-Medialab, VRT, Brussels, Belgium H. Dacquin e-mail: hendrik.dacquin@vrt.be R. De Sutter e-mail: robbie.desutter@vrt.be 408 Multimed Tools Appl (2013) 63:407–425 also takes into account the (dis)likings of peer friends—are finally fed to the user via a personalised RSS feed. As such, the ultimate goal is to provide an open, userfriendly recommendation platform that harnesses the end-user with a tool to access useful news event information that goes beyond basic information retrieval. At the same time, we provide the (inter)national community with standardised mechanisms to describe/distribute news event and profile information." ; default4:contributor "Davy Van Deursen", "Erik Mannens", "Hendrik Dacquin", "Rik Van de Walle", "Robbie De Sutter", "Sam Coppens", "Toon De Pessemier" ; default4:date "2013" ; default4:title "Automatic news recommendations via aggregated profiling" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Erik" ; default5:fullName "Erik Mannens" ; default5:initials "E." ; default5:lastName "Mannens" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Sam" ; default5:fullName "Sam Coppens" ; default5:initials "S." ; default5:lastName "Coppens" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Toon De" ; default5:fullName "Toon De Pessemier" ; default5:initials "T.D." ; default5:lastName "Pessemier" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Hendrik" ; default5:fullName "Hendrik Dacquin" ; default5:initials "H." ; default5:lastName "Dacquin" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Davy Van" ; default5:fullName "Davy Van Deursen" ; default5:initials "D.V." ; default5:lastName "Deursen" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Robbie De" ; default5:fullName "Robbie De Sutter" ; default5:initials "R.D." ; default5:lastName "Sutter" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Rik Van de" ; default5:fullName "Rik Van de Walle" ; default5:initials "R.V.d." ; default5:lastName "Walle" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Mannens et al." ; default5:id "f942ff97192fdc10699913d1f5bd6daba0a8aa6b" ; default5:refCount 30 ; default2:abstract "Today, people have only limited, valuable leisure time at their hands which they want to fill in as good as possible according to their own interests, whereas broadcasters want to produce and distribute news items as fast and targeted as possible. These (developing) news stories can be characterised as dynamic, chained, and distributed events in addition to which it is important to aggregate, link, enrich, recommend, and distribute these news event items as targeted as possible to the individual, interested user. In this paper, we show how personalised recommendation and distribution of news events, described using an RDF/OWL representation of the NewsML-G2 standard, can be enabled by automatically categorising and enriching news events metadata via smart indexing and linked open datasets available on the web of data. The recommendations—based on a global, aggregated profile, which also takes into account the (dis)likings of peer friends—are finally fed to the user via a personalised RSS feed. As such, the ultimate goal is to provide an open, user-friendly recommendation platform that harnesses the end-user with a tool to access useful news event information that goes beyond basic information retrieval. At the same time, we provide the (inter)national community with standardised mechanisms to describe/distribute news event and profile information." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Automatic news recommendations via aggregated profiling" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-011-0844-8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/FITME.2008.105" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2008 International Seminar on Future Information Technology and Management Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "It has been shown that news events influence the trends of stock price movements. However, previous work on news-driven stock market prediction rely on shallow features (such as bags-of-words, named entities and noun phrases), which do not capture structured entity-relation information, and hence cannot represent complete and exact events. Recent advances in Open Information Extraction (Open IE) techniques enable the extraction of structured events from web-scale data. We propose to adapt Open IE technology for event-based stock price movement prediction, extracting structured events from large-scale public news without manual efforts. Both linear and nonlinear models are employed to empirically investigate the hidden and complex relationships between events and the stock market. Largescale experiments show that the accuracy of S&P 500 index prediction is 60%, and that of individual stock prediction can be over 70%. Our event-based system outperforms bags-of-words-based baselines, and previously reported systems trained on S&P 500 stock historical data." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Using Structured Events to Predict Stock Price Movement: An Empirical Investigation" ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/D14-1148" ; default1:citationVelocity 18 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1142/9789812775375_0007" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 18 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Web Document Analysis" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 29 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3197026.3197047" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JCDL '18" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2516641.2516643" ; default1:citationVelocity 9 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NRS '13" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJKL.2006.009681" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJKL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1454008.1454068" ; default1:citationVelocity 147 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 160 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "RecSys '08" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SWAP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1039539.1039541" ; default1:citationVelocity 36 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 56 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CACM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 24 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 327 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 2517 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1503 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICLR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1108/13673270510622438" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Knowledge Management" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LREC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-74951-6_8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WebMine" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1993" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computational Linguistics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 30 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 130 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ICRITO.2014.7014751" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Reliability, Infocom Technologies and Optimization" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1996" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 81 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 266 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computational Linguistics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/eScience.2018.00136" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 IEEE 14th International Conference on e-Science (e-Science)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-12090-9_4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Advances in Intelligent Information and Database Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4156/jdcta.vol6.issue6.34" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 84 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 88 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP-CoNLL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1155/2010/153160" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Digital Multimedia Broadcasting" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1986" ; default3:doi "10.2307/2981565" ; default1:citationVelocity 105 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 132 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract """Tracking global events through time would ease many diachronic analyses which are currently carried out manually by social scientists. While entity linking algorithms can be adapted to track events that go by a common name, such a name is often not established in early stages leading up to the event. This study evaluates the utility of entity relatedness for the task of identifying related entities and textual resources that describe the involvement of the entity in the event. In a small study we find that simple relatedness methods obtain MAP score of 0.74 outperforming many advanced baseline systems such as Stics and Wiki2Vec. A small adaptation of this method provides sufficient explanations of entity involvement or 68% of relevant entities.""" ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default2:title "Entity relatedness for retrospective analyses of global events" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , ; default1:citationVelocity 472 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 859 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2039331.2039334" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACMMR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "While general-purpose Knowledge Bases (KBs) have gone a long way in compiling comprehensive knowledge about people, events, places, etc., domain-specific KBs, such as on health, are equally important, but are less explored. Consequently, a comprehensive and expressive health KB that spans all aspects of biomedical knowledge is still missing. The main goal of this thesis is to develop principled methods for building such a KB and enabling knowledge-centric applications. We address several challenges and make the following contributions: • To construct a health KB, we devise a largely automated and scalable pattern-based knowledge extraction method covering a spectrum of different text genres and distilling a wide variety of facts from different biomedical areas. • To consider higher-arity relations, crucial for proper knowledge representation in advanced domain such as health, we generalize the fact-pattern duality paradigm of previous methods. A key novelty is the integration of facts with missing arguments by extending our framework to partial patterns and facts by reasoning over the composability of partial facts. • To demonstrate the benefits of a health KB, we devise systems for entity-aware search and analytics and for entity-relationshiporiented exploration. Extensive experiments and use-case studies demonstrate the viability of the proposed approaches." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Biomedical knowledge base construction from text and its applications in knowledge-based systems" ; default3:doi "10.22028/D291-27105" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default3:doi "10.1002/047003033X.ch2" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1162/089120102760275983" ; default1:citationVelocity 63 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 169 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computational Linguistics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/253260.253395" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGMOD '97" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MITP.2007.78" ; default1:citationVelocity 16 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 75 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IT Professional" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Microblogging platforms such as Twitter have recently received much attention as great sources for Live Web sensing, for real time event detection or opinion analysis. Previous works usually assumed that the tweets mainly describe “what’s happening now”. However, a large portion of tweets actually refers to time frames within the past or the future. Such messages often reflect expectations or memories of social media users. In this work we investigate how microblogging users collectively speak about time. In particular, we analyze half a year long portion of Japanese and four months long collection of US tweets and we quantify collective temporal attention of users and other related temporal characteristics. This kind of knowledge is helpful in the context of growing interest for prediction and for detection of important events within social media. The exploratory analysis we perform is possible thanks to the development of visual analytics framework for robust overview and easy detection of various regularities in the past and future-oriented thinking of Twitter users. We believe that the visualizations we provide and the findings we outline can be also valuable for sociologists and computer scientists to test and refine their models about time in natural language." ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Mapping Temporal Horizons ∗ Analysis of Collective Future and Past related Attention in Microblogging" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/SW-150191" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MIS.2003.1249166" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Intelligent Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1155/2013/429696" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11926078_20" ; default1:citationVelocity 5 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 14 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 16 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Monolingual@ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1080/17512786.2017.1320773" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "In this paper, we proposes a system for extracting multi-granular phases for event evolutions on social network platforms like Sina Weibo and Twitter. Existing studies on event extraction usually use a set of tweets to describe an event, which is not able to present the evolutional knowledge about the event. In many decision-making scenarios, it is much helpful to detect the evolutional stage of an event, as this can help people make counter-measures according to the current developing trend of the event. In this paper, we present a multi-granular approach for extracting the phases of evolutional events. We implement a web-based prototype called MGP (Multi-Granular Phase) which can extract and show the stages of events from a fine granularity such as hour to a coarse granularity like month. After a brief introduction on the architecture of MGP, we present the implemental details of MGP. Then, we present a case study to demonstrate the usability and effectiveness of MGP." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "MGP: Extracting Multi-Granular Phases for Evolutional Events on Social Network Platforms" ; default3:doi "10.1109/SKG.2018.00046" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 14th International Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grids (SKG)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SEBIZ" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1109/MC.2009.82" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computer" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 5 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default3:doi "10.5772/14986" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00354-012-0104-0" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "New Generation Computing" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract """BACKGROUND Detecting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is an important task that has direct implications for the use of that drug. If we can detect previously unknown ADRs as quickly as possible, then this information can be provided to the regulators, pharmaceutical companies, and health care organizations, thereby potentially reducing drug-related morbidity and saving lives of many patients. A promising approach for detecting ADRs is to use social media platforms such as Twitter and Facebook. A high level of correlation between a drug name and an event may be an indication of a potential adverse reaction associated with that drug. Although numerous association measures have been proposed by the signal detection community for identifying ADRs, these measures are limited in that they detect correlations but often ignore causality. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to propose a causality measure that can detect an adverse reaction that is caused by a drug rather than merely being a correlated signal. METHODS To the best of our knowledge, this was the first causality-sensitive approach for detecting ADRs from social media. Specifically, the relationship between a drug and an event was represented using a set of automatically extracted lexical patterns. We then learned the weights for the extracted lexical patterns that indicate their reliability for expressing an adverse reaction of a given drug. RESULTS Our proposed method obtains an ADR detection accuracy of 74% on a large-scale manually annotated dataset of tweets, covering a standard set of drugs and adverse reactions. CONCLUSIONS By using lexical patterns, we can accurately detect the causality between drugs and adverse reaction-related events.""" ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Causality Patterns for Detecting Adverse Drug Reactions From Social Media: Text Mining Approach" ; default3:doi "10.2196/publichealth.8214" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JMIR public health and surveillance" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-15208-5_6" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EC-Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.jnca.2015.12.016" ; default1:citationVelocity 29 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 8 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Network and Computer Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ITNG.2009.116" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 Sixth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3126858.3126870" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WebMedia '17" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "1992" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1072064.1072092" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MUC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2325616.2325635" ; default1:citationVelocity 5 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EuroITV" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SALAD@ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1002/smr.v20:1" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-0-387-85820-3_3" ; default1:citationVelocity 116 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 65 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Recommender Systems Handbook" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ENDOMETRIAL", "ESS", "Endometrial", "Endometrial Stromal", "Endometrial Stromal Sarcomas", "Endometrial Stromal [Disease/Finding]", "Endometrioid Stromal Sarcoma", "MALIGNANT", "STROMAL SARCOMA", "Sarcoma", "Sarcomas", "Stromal Sarcoma", "Stromal Sarcomas", "endometrial sarcoma", "sarcoma endometrium", "sarcoma stromal", "stromal sarcoma" ; :definition "A malignant mesenchymal neoplasm that affects the uterine corpus, and rarely, the ovaries, cervix, and vagina. In the uterine corpus it is classified as low grade or high grade endometrial stromal sarcoma. In the remainder of the anatomic sites it is classified as low grade endometrioid stromal sarcoma." ; :prefLabel "Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(3S-(3R*(E(1S*,3S*,4S*)),4S*,5R*,8S*,9E,12R*,14R*,15S*,16R*,18S*,19S*,26aR*))-", "15,19-Epoxy-3H-pyrido(2,1-c)(1,4)oxaazacyclotricosine-1,7,20,21(4H,23H)-tetrone", "5,6,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,24,25,26,26a-hexadecahydro-5,19-dihydroxy-3-(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl)-1-methylethenyl)-14,16-dimethoxy-4,10,12,18-tetramethyl-8-(2-p", "5,6,8,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,24,25,26,26a-hexadecahydro-5,19-dihydroxy-3-(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl)-1-methylethenyl)-14,16-dimethoxy-4,10,12,18-tetramethyl-8-(2-propenyl)-", "Fujimycin", "Hexadecahydro-5,19-dihydroxy-3-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl)-1-methylethenyl]-14,16-dimethoxy-4,10,12,18-tetramethyl-8-(2-propenyl)-15,19-epoxy-3H-pyrido[2,1-c][1,4]oxaazacyclotricosine-1,7,20,21(4H,23H)-tetrone", "Tacrolimus [Chemical/Ingredient]", "monohydrate" ; :definition "A macrolide isolated from Streptomyces tsukubaensis. Tacrolimus binds to the FKBP-12 protein and forms a complex with calcium-dependent proteins, thereby inhibiting calcineurin phosphatase activity and resulting in decreased cytokine production. This agent exhibits potent immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation. Tacrolimus possesses similar immunosuppressive properties to cyclosporine, but is more potent." ; :prefLabel "Tacrolimus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analyses", "Analysis", "Sex Determination", "Sex Determination Analyses", "Sex Determination Technic", "Sex Determination Technics", "Sex Determination Technique", "Sex Determination Techniques", "Technic", "Technics", "Technique", "Techniques", "determination sex", "sex determination" ; :definition "Validation of the SEX of an individual by inspection of the GONADS and/or by genetic tests." ; :prefLabel "Sex Determination Analysis" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Point of view" ; :definition "Point of View, POV is a computer hardware company that produces PCs (including all-in-one systems), tablets, gaming graphics cards/PC cases/mice and mouse pads, as well as other accessories such as headphones, Bluetooth dongles. It was established in the year 2000. Most of its sales are in Europe, as it serves more than 30 European countries. POV is based in the Netherlands. The company also includes Point of View Taiwan, Point of View China, Point of View Hong Kong, Point of View France and Point of View United States." ; :prefLabel "Point of View (computer hardware company)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ERC", "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography [ERC]" ; :prefLabel "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mortar", "Mortar method" ; :definition "In numerical analysis, mortar methods are discretization methods for partial differential equations, which use separate finite element discretization on nonoverlapping subdomains. The meshes on the subdomains do not match on the interface, and the equality of the solution is enforced by Lagrange multipliers, judiciously chosen to preserve the accuracy of the solution. Mortar discretizations lend themselves naturally to the solution by iterative domain decomposition methods such as FETI and balancing domain decomposition In the engineering practice in the finite element method, continuity of solutions between non-matching subdomains is implemented by multiple-point constraints." ; :prefLabel "Mortar methods" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Human Sexual Intercourse", "Intercourse", "Sex", "Sexual", "Sexual intercourse", "make love", "making love", "sexual act", "vaginal intercourse" ; :definition "The act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur." ; :prefLabel "Coitus" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Thalia", "Thalias", "alligator-flag" ; :prefLabel "Thalia " ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TRACE model", "Trace" ; :definition "TRACE is a connectionist model of speech perception, proposed by James McClelland and Jeffrey Elman in 1986. TRACE was made into a working computer program for running perceptual simulations. These simulations are predictions about how a human mind/brain processes speech sounds and words as they are heard in real time." ; :prefLabel "TRACE (psycholinguistics)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "courted", "courts" ; :prefLabel "court" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EC 4.6.1.2", "GC-C", "GCC", "Guanylate Cyclase 2C", "Guanylyl Cyclase 2C", "Guanylyl Cyclase C", "Heat Stable Enterotoxin Receptor", "Heat-Stable Enterotoxin Receptor", "Intestinal Guanylate Cyclase", "STA Receptor", "StAR", "guanylate cyclase 2C (heat stable enterotoxin receptor)", "hSTAR", "human" ; :definition "Heat-stable enterotoxin receptor (1073 aa, ~123 kDa) is encoded by the human GUCY2C gene. This protein is involved in ligand-stimulated guanylate cyclase activity." ; :prefLabel "GUCY2C protein, human" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Agent Vehicle", "TRTV", "Treatment Vehicle", "Vehicle", "Vehicles" ; :definition "A carrier or inert medium used as a solvent (or diluent) in which a medicinally active agent is formulated and or administered.(MeSH)" ; :prefLabel "Drug vehicle" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ICCIT" ; :definition "International Conference on Computer and Information Technology or ICCIT is a series of Computer Science and Information Technology based conferences that is hosted in Bangladesh since 1997 by a different university each year. ICCIT provides a forum for researchers, scientists, and professionals from both academia and industry to exchange up-to-date knowledge and experience in different fields of Computer Science/Engineering and Information and Communication Technology (ICT). This is a regularly held ICT based major annual conference (held typically in December) in Bangladesh now in its 15th year. ICCIT series has succeeded in engaging the most number of universities in Bangladesh from both public and private sectors. Each new university in Bangladesh have been investing in computer scienc" ; :prefLabel "International Conference on Computer and Information Technology" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Electric", "Electrical", "Electrically", "current electric", "electric current", "electrical energy" ; :definition "A physical phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons and protons; energy made available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor." ; :prefLabel "Electricity" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "0", "Zero" ; :definition "A mathematical element that when added to another number yields the same number; the cardinal number meaning one less than one." ; :prefLabel "Arabic numeral 0" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "All-electronic tolling", "Free flow", "Free-flow tolling", "Multi Lane Free Flow", "Multi-Lane Free Flow", "Open road toll", "Open road tolls", "Open-road tolling", "Ort" ; :definition "Open road tolling (ORT) or free-flow tolling is the collection of tolls on toll roads without the use of toll booths. An electronic toll collection system is usually used instead. The major advantage to ORT is that users are able to drive through the toll plaza at highway speeds without having to slow down to pay the toll. In some installations, ORT may also reduce congestion at the plazas by allowing more vehicles per hour/per lane. The disadvantage to ORT is the possibility of "leakage"; that is, "violators" who do not pay. Leakage may either be written off as an expense by the toll operator, or offset in part or whole by fees and fines collected against the violators." ; :prefLabel "Open road tolling" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fused Legs and Feet", "Malformation", "Mermaid", "Mermaid Malformation", "Mermaid Syndrome", "Sequence", "Sirenomelia", "Sirenomelia Sequence", "Sirenomelia Sequences", "Sirenomelus", "Symmelia", "Sympodia", "Syndrome", "siren", "sirens" ; :definition "A disorder characterized by the malformation of the legs into a single lower limb." ; :prefLabel "Sirenomelia" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bernhard Schoelkopf", "Bernhard Scholkopf" ; :definition "Bernhard Schölkopf (born February 20, 1968) is a director at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems in Tübingen, Germany, where he heads the Department of Empirical Inference. He is a leading researcher in the machine learning community, where he is particularly active in the field of kernel methods. He has made particular contributions to support vector machines and kernel PCA. A large part of his work is the development of novel machine learning algorithms through their formulation as (typically convex) optimisation problems." ; :prefLabel "Bernhard Schölkopf" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Program level", "Programme levels" ; :definition "Programme level refers to the signal level that an audio source is transmitted or recorded at, and is important in audio if listeners of Compact Discs (CDs), radio and television are to get the best experience, without excessive noise in quiet periods or distortion of loud sounds. Programme level is often measured using a peak programme meter or a VU meter. The level of an audio signal is among the most basic of measurements, and yet widespread misunderstanding and disagreement about programme levels has become arguably the greatest single obstacle to high quality sound reproduction." ; :prefLabel "Programme level" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chen-Fox-Lyndon theorem", "Chen–Fox–Lyndon theorem", "Schützenberger", "Schützenberger theorem" ; :definition "In mathematics, a factorisation of a free monoid is a sequence of subsets of words with the property that every word in the free monoid can be written as a concatenation of elements drawn from the subsets. The Chen–Fox–Lyndon theorem states that the Lyndon words furnish a factorisation. The Schützenberger theorem relates the definition in terms of a multiplicative property to an additive property. Let A* be the free monoid on an alphabet A. Let Xi be a sequence of subsets of A* indexed by a totally ordered index set I. A factorisation of a word w in A* is an expression with and ." ; :prefLabel "Monoid factorisation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Vox (computer game)", "Vox (game)" ; :definition "Vox is an independent voxel-based Adventure and Role playing video game under development by AlwaysGeeky Games." ; :prefLabel "Vox" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "baseline", "baselines" ; :prefLabel "BaseLine dental cement" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Qualitative", "Research", "qualitative studies", "qualitative study", "research qualitative" ; :definition "Any type of research that employs nonnumeric information to explore individual or group characteristics, producing findings not arrived at by statistical procedures or other quantitative means. (Qualitative Inquiry: A Dictionary of Terms Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997)" ; :prefLabel "Qualitative Research" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "External link", "External links", "Internal links" ; :definition "An internal link is a type of hyperlink on a webpage to another page or resource, such as an image or document, on the same website or domain. Hyperlinks are considered either "external" or "internal" depending on their target or destination. Generally, a link to a page outside the same domain or website is considered external, whereas one that points at another section of the same webpage or to another page of the same website or domain is considered internal." ; :prefLabel "Internal link" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Doaremon", "Dora", "Doraemon (anime)", "Doraemon (manga)", "Doraemon The Musical: Nobita and the Animal Planet", "Doraemon cartoon", "Doraemon episodes", "Doraemon theme", "Doramen", "Doreamon", "Doremon", "Doromon", "Jiqimao", "List of Doraemon comics in English", "List of Doraemon episodes", "List of Doraemon episodes (Disney XD)", "List of Doraemon media", "List of Doraemon's Dogu", "List of Doraemon's Dōgu", "List of channels air Doraemon series", "List of media of Doraemon", "Memory Bread", "Memory Bread for Testing", "Nobita and the Animal Planet 2008", "Nobita and the Animal Planet 2009", "Song of Doraemon", "Song of Doraemon 2", "Take copter", "Take-copter", "The Doraemons' Special", "Transformation Biscuts", "どらえもん", "ドラえもん", "ドラエモン", "多啦A梦" ; :definition "Doraemon (Japanese: ドラえもん) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Fujiko F. Fujio. The series has also been adapted into a successful anime series and media franchise. The story revolves around a robotic cat named Doraemon, who travels back in time from the 22nd century to aid a pre-teen boy named Nobita Nobi (野比のび太 Nobi Nobita)." ; :prefLabel "Doraemon" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Liverpool (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Liverpool (also known as Liverpool: The Computer Game) is a football video game released in 1990 for the Amstrad CPC. In 1992 versions were released for the Atari ST, Commodore Amiga and DOS platforms and a Commodore 64 version was released in 1993. The game was developed by Arc Developments and published by GrandSlam Entertainment. Liverpool is based on the Liverpool F.C. football team. One or two players can play Liverpool. A ZX Spectrum version was advertised, but never actually released." ; :prefLabel "Liverpool" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire - 25 Version 2000 Interviewer-Administered Format Questionnaire Test Name", "QS-VFQ25-Interviewer Administered Format TEST", "VFQ1TN" ; :definition "Test names of questionnaire questions associated with the Visual Functioning Questionnaire 25-Interviewer Administered Format Version 2000 (VFQ25-Interviewer Administered Format) for the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) Standard Data Tabulation Model (SDTM)." ; :prefLabel "CDISC Questionnaire VFQ25-Interviewer Administered Format Test Name Terminology" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alcohol or Other Drug Related effects on labor market behavior and productivity" ; :prefLabel "AODR effects on labor market behavior and productivity" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BFS", "BeFS", "BeOS File System", "OpenBFS" ; :definition "The Be File System (BFS) is the native file system for the BeOS. In the Linux kernel, it is referred to as "BeFS" to avoid confusion with Boot File System. BFS was developed by Dominic Giampaolo and Cyril Meurillon over a ten-month period, starting in September 1996, to provide BeOS with a modern 64-bit capable journaling file system. It is case-sensitive and capable of being used on floppy, hard disks and read-only media such as CD-ROMs. However, its use on small removable media is not advised, as the file-system headers consume from 600 KB to 2 MB, rendering floppy disks virtually useless." ; :prefLabel "Be File System" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Track", "Tracks" ; :definition "A course artificially laid out for running or racing" ; :prefLabel "Track (course)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Boas" ; :prefLabel "Boa" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "New AI", "Nouvelle" ; :definition "Nouvelle artificial intelligence (AI) is an approach to artificial intelligence pioneered in the 1980s by Rodney Brooks, who was then part of MIT artificial intelligence laboratory. Nouvelle AI differs from classical AI by aiming to produce robots with intelligence levels similar to insects. Researchers believe that intelligence can emerge organically from simple behaviors as these intelligences interacted with the "real world," instead of using the constructed worlds which symbolic AIs typically needed to have programmed into them." ; :prefLabel "Nouvelle AI" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Carlson", "Carlson theorem" ; :definition "In mathematics, in the area of complex analysis, Carlson's theorem is a uniqueness theorem which was discovered by Fritz David Carlson. Informally, it states that two different analytic functions which do not grow very fast at infinity can not coincide at the integers. The theorem may be obtained from the Phragmén–Lindelöf theorem, which is itself an extension of the maximum-modulus theorem. Carlson's theorem is typically invoked to defend the uniqueness of a Newton series expansion. Carlson's theorem has generalized analogues for other expansions." ; :prefLabel "Carlson's theorem" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Inbred", "Inbred WF", "Inbred WF Rat", "Inbred WF Rats", "Inbred Wistar Furth", "Rat", "Rat Strain", "Rats", "WF", "WF Rat", "WF Rats", "WISTAR FURTH", "Wistar Furth", "Wistar Furth Rat", "Wistar Furth Rats" ; :definition "A Wistar substrain derived by Furth (1945), this inbred rat strain is a white albino with pink eyes, genotype c. The Wistar Furth rat carries a heteropyenotic Y chromosome that is used as a cellular marker. Leukemia develops in 15-22% of these rats, which is characterized by mononuclear cells with reddish granules. The Wistar Furth rat exhibits good reproductive performance and is docile, with an averages life span of 22 months." ; :prefLabel "Rats, Inbred WF" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gerbil" ; :prefLabel "Gerbil antigen" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Responsiveness as a concept of computer science refers to the specific ability of a system or functional unit to complete assigned tasks within a given time. For example, it would refer to the ability of an artificial intelligence system to understand and carry out its tasks in a timely fashion. It is one of the criteria under the principle of robustness (from a v principle). The other three are observability, recoverability, and task conformance." ; :prefLabel "Responsiveness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Speech Works", "Speechify" ; :definition "SpeechWorks was a company founded in Boston in 1994 by speech recognition pioneer Mike Phillips and Bill O’Farrell. The Boston-based company developed and supported speech-related computer software. Originally known as Applied Language Technologies, SpeechWorks went public in 2000 and tripled its value. ScanSoft (now Nuance Communications) acquired SpeechWorks in 2003." ; :prefLabel "SpeechWorks" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ali", "Alus", "Tongkat", "Tongkat Alus" ; :prefLabel "Tongkat Ali" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hope", "Hopeful", "Hopefulness", "Hopes", "hoping" ; :definition "A feeling of optimism that one will attain a desired outcome." ; :prefLabel "Hope (emotion)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Pinta is an open-source, cross-platform bitmap image drawing and editing program inspired by Paint.NET, a similar image editing program which is limited to Microsoft Windows. Pinta has more features than Microsoft Paint. Compared with open-source image editor GIMP, Pinta is simpler and has fewer features." ; :prefLabel "Pinta" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "XMLP" ; :definition "The XML Protocol ("XMLP") is a standard being developed by the W3C XML Protocol Working Group to the following guidelines, outlined in the group's charter: 1. * An envelope for encapsulating XML data to be transferred in an interoperable manner that allows for distributed extensibility. 2. * A convention for the content of the envelope when used for RPC (Remote Procedure Call) applications. The protocol aspects of this should be coordinated closely with the IETF and make an effort to leverage any work they are doing, see below for details. 3. * A mechanism for serializing data representing non-syntactic data models such as object graphs and directed labeled graphs, based on the data types of XML Schema. 4. * A mechanism for using HTTP transport in the context of an XML Proto" ; :prefLabel "XML Protocol" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CGH", "Computer generated holography", "Computer-generated", "Computer-generated hologram" ; :definition "Computer Generated Holography (CGH) is the method of digitally generating holographic interference patterns. A holographic image can be generated e.g. by digitally computing a holographic interference pattern and printing it onto a mask or film for subsequent illumination by suitable coherent light source.Alternatively, the holographic image can be brought to life by a holographic 3D display (a display which operates on the basis of interference of coherent light), bypassing the need of having to fabricate a "hardcopy" of the holographic interference pattern each time. Consequently, in recent times the term "computer generated holography" is increasingly being used to denote the whole process chain of synthetically preparing holographic light wavefronts suitable for observation." ; :prefLabel "Computer-generated holography" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Steemit is a social news service which combines a blogging site/social networking website, and a cryptocurrency, known as Steem." ; :prefLabel "Steemit" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CoreData" ; :definition "Core Data is an object graph and persistence framework provided by Apple in the macOS and iOS operating systems. It was introduced in Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger and iOS with iPhone SDK 3.0. It allows data organised by the relational entity–attribute model to be serialized into XML, binary, or SQLite stores. The data can be manipulated using higher level objects representing entities and their relationships. Core Data manages the serialised version, providing object lifecycle and object graph management, including persistence. Core Data interfaces directly with SQLite, insulating the developer from the underlying SQL." ; :prefLabel "Core Data" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "A set of well defined rules for representing quantities and operations with symbols. (mathworld.wolfram.com)" ; :prefLabel "notation" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Counterfeit", "Counterfeit Medicines", "Drugs", "Fake", "Fake Drugs", "Medicines" ; :definition "Drugs manufactured and sold with the intent to misrepresent its origin, authenticity, chemical composition, and or efficacy. Counterfeit drugs may contain inappropriate quantities of ingredients not listed on the label or package. In order to further deceive the consumer, the packaging, container, or labeling, may be inaccurate, incorrect, or fake." ; :prefLabel "Counterfeit Drugs" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analyses", "Analysis", "Classification Analyses", "Classification Analysis", "Multiple", "Multiple Classification", "Multiple Classification Analyses" ; :prefLabel "Multiple Classification Analysis" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cumulative", "Cumulative Trauma", "Cumulative Trauma Disorder", "Cumulative Trauma Disorders [Disease/Finding]", "Disorder", "Disorders", "Injuries", "Injury", "Motion Disorder", "Motion Disorders", "Overuse", "Overuse Injuries", "Overuse Injury", "Overuse Syndrome", "Overuse Syndromes", "Repetition", "Repetition Strain", "Repetition Strain Injuries", "Repetition Strain Injury", "Repetitive", "Repetitive Motion", "Repetitive Motion Disorder", "Repetitive Motion Disorders", "Repetitive Motion Injuries", "Repetitive Strain", "Repetitive Strain Injuries", "Repetitive Strain Injury", "Repetitive Stress", "Repetitive Stress Injuries", "Repetitive Stress Injury", "Strain Injuries", "Strain Injury", "Stress Injuries", "Stress Injury", "Trauma Disorder", "Trauma Disorders", "repetitive motion injury", "rsi" ; :definition "Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves." ; :prefLabel "Cumulative Trauma Disorders" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MAE" ; :prefLabel "MYOCLONIC-ATONIC EPILEPSY" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "International Journal of IT" ; :definition "The International Journal of Information Technology is an online peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Singapore Computer Society. Its aim is to disseminate information on the application of information technology." ; :prefLabel "International Journal of Information Technology" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nut" ; :definition "Botanically, a type of single-seeded fruit in which the pericarp enclosing the seed is a hard woody shell. In common usage the term is used loosely for any hard, oil-rich kernel. Of those commonly eaten, only hazel, filbert, and chestnut are strictly nuts. Walnuts, pecans, almonds, and coconuts are really drupes. Brazil nuts, pistachios, macadamias, and cashews are really seeds with a hard shell derived from the testa rather than the pericarp." ; :prefLabel "Nuts" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "WFM" ; :definition "Wired for Management (WfM) was a primarily hardware-based system allowing a newly built computer without any software to be manipulated by a master computer that could access the hard disk of the new PC to paste the install program. It could also be used to update software and monitor system status remotely. Intel developed the system in the 1990s; it is now considered obsolete. WfM included the Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) and Wake-on-LAN (WOL) standards." ; :prefLabel "Wired for Management" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lenses", "lens" ; :definition "Pieces of glass or other transparent materials used for magnification or increased visual acuity." ; :prefLabel "Lens (device)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "((3-Iodophenyl)Methyl)Guanidine", "3 Iodobenzylguanidine", "3-Iodobenzylguanidine [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Iobenguane", "M-Iodobenzylguanidine", "MIBG", "Meta-Iodobenzylguanidine", "Metaiodobenzylguanidine", "m Iodobenzylguanidine", "meta Iodobenzylguanidine" ; :definition "A synthetic, aralkylguanidine analogue of the adrenergic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) and adrenergic neuron blocking agent with potential diagnostic imaging or antineoplastic activity when radiolabeled. Iobenguane, also known as metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), is taken up and accumulates in the granules of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells and in the pre-synaptic granules of adrenergic neurons in a manner almost identical with that of NE. In radiolabeled forms, iobenguane may be used to image or eradicate neuroendocrine tissues and tumor cells." ; :prefLabel "3-Iodobenzylguanidine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Animated pedagogical agent" ; :definition "A pedagogical agent is a concept borrowed from Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence and applied to education, usually as part of an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS). It is a simulated human-like interface between the learner and the content, in an educational environment. A pedagogical agent is designed to model the type of interactions between a student and another person. Mabanza and de Wet define it as “as a character enacted by a computer that interacts with the user in a socially engaging manner”. A pedagogical agent can be assigned different roles in the learning environment, such as tutor or co-learner, depending on the desired purpose of the agent. “A tutor agent plays the role of a teacher, while a co-learner agent plays the role of a learning companion"." ; :prefLabel "Pedagogical agent" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cyprinus erythrophthalmus", "pearl roach", "redeye", "rudd fish" ; :prefLabel "Scardinius erythrophthalmus" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Testbench" ; :definition "A test bench or testing workbench is an (often virtual) environment used to verify the correctness or soundness of a design or model, for example, that of a software product. The term has its roots in the testing of electronic devices, where an engineer would sit at a lab bench with tools for measurement and manipulation, such as oscilloscopes, multimeters, soldering irons, wire cutters, and so on, and manually verify the correctness of the device under test (DUT)." ; :prefLabel "Test bench" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IBM Rational Purify", "Purify (debugger)", "Purify (software)" ; :definition "Purify is a memory debugger program used by software developers to detect memory access errors in programs, especially those written in C or C++. It was originally written by Reed Hastings of Pure Software. Pure Software later merged with Atria Software to form Pure Atria Software, which in turn was later acquired by Rational Software, which in turn was acquired by IBM, and then divested to UNICOM Systems, Inc. on Dec 31, 2014. It is functionally similar to other memory debuggers, such as Insure++, Valgrind and BoundsChecker." ; :prefLabel "Purify" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Scrape", "scraped", "scrapes", "scraping [procedure]" ; :definition "To draw one thing roughly across another." ; :prefLabel "Scraping" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hydrogen (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Hydrogen is an open source drum machine created by Alessandro Cominu, an Italian programmer who goes by the pseudonym Comix. Its main goal is to provide professional yet simple and intuitive pattern-based drum programming." ; :prefLabel "Hydrogen" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Economic Income", "Incomes" ; :definition "A gain or recurrent benefit during a period of time, usually measured in money that derives from capital or labor." ; :prefLabel "Income" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Header" ; :definition "A line of text serving to indicate what the passage below it is about." ; :prefLabel "Header of a document" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acid Cholesteryl Ester Hydrolase Deficiency", "Acid Lipase Deficiency", "CESD", "CHOLESTEROL ESTER HYDROLASE DEFICIENCY", "CHOLESTERYL ESTER STORAGE DISEASE", "Disease", "Familial", "Familial Xanthomatoses", "Familial Xanthomatosis", "LAL DEFICIENCY", "LIPA DEFICIENCY", "LYSOSOMAL ACID LIPASE DEFICIENCY", "Liposomal Acid Lipase Deficiency", "Primary familial xanthomatosis", "Wolman", "Wolman Disease [Disease/Finding]", "Wolman Type", "Wolman xanthomatosis", "Wolman's", "Wolman's Xanthomatosis", "Wolman's disease", "Wolman's or triglyceride storage Type III disease", "Wolmans", "Wolmans Disease", "Xanthomatoses", "Xanthomatosis" ; :definition "The severe infantile form of inherited lysosomal lipid storage diseases due to deficiency of acid lipase (STEROL ESTERASE). It is characterized by the accumulation of neutral lipids, particularly CHOLESTEROL ESTERS in leukocytes, fibroblasts, and hepatocytes. It is also known as Wolman's xanthomatosis and is an allelic variant of CHOLESTEROL ESTER STORAGE DISEASE." ; :prefLabel "Wolman Disease" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MGI" ; :definition "A resource of the Jackson lab, provides integrated access to data on the genetics, genomics, and biology of the laboratory mouse." ; :prefLabel "Mouse Genome Informatics" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Internet diary" ; :definition "An online diary is a personal diary or journal that is published on the World Wide Web on a personal website or a diary-hosting website." ; :prefLabel "Online diary" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NAL" ; :definition "The Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) is a part of the H.264/AVC and HEVC video coding standards. The main goal of the NAL is the provision of a "network-friendly" video representation addressing "conversational" (video telephony) and "non conversational" (storage, broadcast, or streaming) applications. NAL has achieved a significant improvement in application flexibility relative to prior video coding standards." ; :prefLabel "Network Abstraction Layer" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arabidopsis", "SHORT HYPOCOTYL IN WHITE LIGHT1 protein" ; :prefLabel "SHW1 protein, Arabidopsis" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence" ; :definition "Eric Joel Horvitz is an American computer scientist, and Technical Fellow at Microsoft, where he serves as managing director of Microsoft Research's main Redmond lab." ; :prefLabel "Eric Horvitz" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application context", "Context", "Kernel context" ; :definition "In computer science, a task context is the minimal set of data used by a task (which may be a process or thread) that must be saved to allow a task to be interrupted, and later continued from the same point. The concept of context assumes significance in the case of interruptible tasks, wherein, upon being interrupted, the processor saves the context and proceeds to serve the interrupt service routine. Thus, the smaller the context is, the smaller the latency is." ; :prefLabel "Context (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Gnowit is a real-time media monitoring software tool that provides detailed analysis for media analysts, marketing management, and PR organizations. For years companies would have to rely on humans to perform this analysis but Gnowit employs automation with the use of artificial intelligence. The company is based in Ottawa and is part of the Invest Ottawa incubator program. Co-founded by both Shahzad Khan and Mohammad Al-Azzouni in 2010, they worked on the product for a number of years before launching their media monitoring service in April 2013." ; :prefLabel "Gnowit" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CAGB", "CFAG", "CGLB", "Calgranulin B", "Calgranulin-B", "Calprotectin L1H Subunit", "L1Ag", "Leukocyte L1 Complex Heavy Chain", "MIF", "MRP-14", "MRP14", "Migration Inhibitory Factor-Related Protein 14", "Myeloid-Related Protein 14", "NIF", "S100 Calcium Binding Protein A9", "S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A9", "S100A9", "p14" ; :definition "A protein that is made by many different types of cells and is involved in processes that take place both inside and outside of the cell. It is made in larger amounts in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and in some types of cancer. It is being studied as a biomarker for breast cancer." ; :prefLabel "Protein S100-A9" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chemical graph", "Hydrogen-depleted molecular graph", "Hydrogen-suppressed molecular graph", "Kenogram", "Mere kenogram", "Plerogram" ; :definition "In chemical graph theory and in mathematical chemistry, a molecular graph or chemical graph is a representation of the structural formula of a chemical compound in terms of graph theory. A chemical graph is a labeled graph whose vertices correspond to the atoms of the compound and edges correspond to chemical bonds. Its vertices are labeled with the kinds of the corresponding atoms and edges are labeled with the types of bonds. For particular purposes any of the labelings may be ignored." ; :prefLabel "Molecular graph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hostage (disambiguation)", "Hostage (video game)", "Hostage: Rescue Mission", "Hostages (computer game)", "Hostages (disambiguation)", "Rescue the Embassy Mission", "Rescue: The Embassy Mission" ; :definition "Hostages is an action video game developed by New Frontier and published by Infogrames. It was released for the Acorn Electron, Archimedes, Atari ST, Amiga, Apple IIGS, Amstrad CPC, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, DOS, MSX, NES and ZX Spectrum platforms in 1988. The game was released as Hostage: Rescue Mission in the United States and Operation Jupiter in France; the NES port was titled Rescue: The Embassy Mission." ; :prefLabel "Hostages" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Satisfaction" ; :definition "Computer user satisfaction (and closely related concepts such as System Satisfaction, User Satisfaction, Computer System Satisfaction, End User Computing Satisfaction) is the attitude of a user to the computer system (s)he employs in the context of his/her work environments. Doll and Torkzadeh's (1988) definition of user satisfaction is, the opinion of the user about a specific computer application, which they use. In a broader sense, the definition of user satisfaction can be extended to user satisfaction with any computer-based electronic appliance. However, scholars distinguish between user satisfaction and usability as part of Human-Computer Interaction. Successful organisations have systems in place which they believe help maximise profits and minimise overheads. It is therefore desir" ; :prefLabel "Computer user satisfaction" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Evolutionary systematics", "Evolutionary systematist", "Taxonomy" ; :definition "Evolutionary taxonomy, evolutionary systematics or Darwinian classification is a branch of biological classification that seeks to classify organisms using a combination of phylogenetic relationship (shared descent), progenitor-descendant relationship (serial descent), and degree of evolutionary change. This type of taxonomy may consider whole taxa rather than single species, so that groups of species can be inferred as giving rise to new groups. The concept found its most well-known form in the modern evolutionary synthesis of the early 1940s." ; :prefLabel "Evolutionary taxonomy" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(-)-Rapamycin", "9,10,12,13,14,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,32,33,34,34a-Hexadecahydro-9,27-dihydroxy-3-((1R)-2-((1S,3R,4R)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxycyclohexyl)-1-methylethyl)-10,21-dimethoxy-6,8,12,14,20,26-hexamethyl-23,27-epoxy-3H-pyrido(2,1-c)(1,4)oxaazacyclohentriacontine-1,5,11,2", "RAPA", "RAPAMYCIN", "SLM", "Sirolimus [Chemical/Ingredient]" ; :definition "A natural macrocyclic lactone produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus, with immunosuppressant properties. In cells, sirolimus binds to the immunophilin FK Binding Protein-12 (FKBP-12) to generate an immunosuppressive complex that binds to and inhibits the activation of the mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulatory kinase. This results in inhibition of T lymphocyte activation and proliferation that occurs in response to antigenic and cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, and IL-15) stimulation and inhibition of antibody production. (NCI04)" ; :prefLabel "Sirolimus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Shanks algorithm", "Shanks-Tonelli algorithm", "Shanks–Tonelli algorithm", "Tonelli", "Tonelli algorithm", "Tonelli's algorithm", "Tonelli-Shanks algorithm" ; :definition "The Tonelli–Shanks algorithm (referred to by Shanks as the RESSOL algorithm) is used within modular arithmetic to solve a congruence of the form where n is a quadratic residue (mod p), and p is an odd prime. Tonelli–Shanks cannot be used for composite moduli; finding square roots modulo composite numbers is a computational problem equivalent to integer factorization. An equivalent, but slightly more redundant version of this algorithm was developed by Alberto Tonelli in 1891. The version discussed here was developed independently by Daniel Shanks in 1973, who explained:" ; :prefLabel "Tonelli–Shanks algorithm" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Investment" ; :definition "Use for articles on the investing of funds for income or profit." ; :prefLabel "Investments" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "lsh is a free software implementation of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol version 2, by the GNU Project including both server and client programs. Featuring SRP as specified in secsh-srp besides, public-key authentication. Kerberos is somewhat supported as well. Currently however for password verification only, not as an SSO method.secsh-srplsh was started from scratch and predates OpenSSH, a more popular alternative. Debian provides packages of lsh as lsh-server, lsh-utils, lsh-doc and lsh-client." ; :prefLabel "lsh" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BLODNING LOK EJ ANGIVEN", "BLODNING LOKALISASJON IKA", "Bleeding site unspecified", "Blodning lokalisation INA", "Bloeding lokalisatie NAO", "Blutung", "EZ LEKU ODOLJARIOA", "Hemorragia local nao especificado", "Hemorragia lugar NE", "Lokalisation unbekannt", "Saignement de site non spec", "Sanguinamento sede non specificata", "VERENVUOTO NUD", "bleeding hemorrhage", "demem bexol ezor shehu lelo mikum exad", "hemorrhage bleeding", "nem meghat. helyen", "verzes" ; :prefLabel "bleeding/hemorrhage nos" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Case-preserving", "Preservation" ; :definition "When a computer file system stores file names, the computer may keep or discard case information. When the case is stored, it is called case preservation. A system that is not case-preserving is necessarily case-insensitive, but it is possible and common for a system to be case-insensitive, yet case-preserving. This combination is often considered most natural for people to understand, because most people prefer using the correct capitalization but will still recognize others. For example, if someone refers to the "uNiTeD states oF AMERICA", it is understood to mean the United States of America, even though the capitalization is incorrect." ; :prefLabel "Case preservation" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "T-Cell Receptor-Rearrangement Excision DNA Circle", "T-cell Receptor Excision Circle", "trecs" ; :definition "The reciprocal product of T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement. Following TCR gene rearrangement the T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) is maintained in the cell as a non-replicating episome. With each cell division the TREC is segregated to a single daughter cell and becomes diluted in the population. Recent TCR rearrangement can be detected by a spike in the number of TREC and can be used to quantify thymic T-cell output." ; :prefLabel "trec" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chronology", "Chronology as Topics" ; :definition "The temporal sequence of events that have occurred." ; :prefLabel "Chronology as Topic" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Disorder", "Dissociative", "Dissociative Identity", "Dissociative Identity Disorder", "Identity Disorder", "Multiple", "Multiple Identity", "Multiple Identity Disorder", "Multiple Identity Disorders", "Multiple Personalities", "Multiple Personality", "Multiple Personality Disorder [Disease/Finding]", "Multiple Personality Disorders", "Multiple personality", "Personalities", "Personality", "Personality Disorder", "Personality Disorders", "disorder dissociative identity", "disorder multiple personalities", "disorder multiple personality", "disorders dissociative identity", "disorders multiple personalities", "dissociative identify disorder", "identity dissociative disorder", "personalities split", "personality disorder multiple", "personality multiple", "personality split", "split personality" ; :definition "A disorder characterized by the presence of two or more identities with distinct patterns of perception and personality which recurrently take control of the person's behavior; this is accompanied by a retrospective gap in memory of important personal information that far exceeds ordinary forgetfulness. The changes in identity are not due to substance use or to a general medical condition." ; :prefLabel "Multiple Personality Disorder" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "flowing", "flows" ; :definition "The continuous movement characteristic of a liquid or gas." ; :prefLabel "Flow" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "responsibilities" ; :definition "A duty, obligation, or burden; something for which one is responsible." ; :prefLabel "responsibility" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Emphysema", "Lung or pulmonary emphysema", "MacLeod", "MacLeod Syndrome", "MacLeod's syndrome", "Swyer James Syndrome", "Swyer-James", "Syndrome", "Unilateral hyperlucent lung", "macleods syndrome", "unilateral" ; :definition "A rare syndrome characterized by the presence of a small lung as a result of unilateral post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans." ; :prefLabel "Swyer-James Syndrome" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "99", "Ninety-Nine" ; :definition "A natural number greater than ninety-eight and less than one hundred and the quantity that it denotes." ; :prefLabel "Ninety Nine" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ADEH", "ADENYLOSUCCINATE SYNTHETASE", "ADSS", "Ade(-)H", "COMPLEMENT OF", "adenylosuccinate synthase" ; :prefLabel "ADSS gene" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Advertisement" ; :definition "Works consisting of publicly distributed notices, usually as paid announcements in mass media such as newspapers, magazines, or on billboards. They include those in motion picture, television advertising, or electronic media." ; :prefLabel "Advertisements" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "*Number", "Num", "Number", "Numeric", "Numerical", "{Number}" ; :definition "A numeral or string of numerals expressing value, quantity, or identification." ; :prefLabel "Numbers" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "WH", "Wistar Han" ; :definition "A Wistar substrain established in Hanover, Germany (1964), this rat breed is a white albino with pink eyes, genotype c. The WH rat has a low incidence of overall spontaneous tumor formation; the most common in males being pituitary adenomas while females exhibit spontaneous mammary, thyroid, and pituitary adenomas. This is a multi-purpose research strain and applications include aging, oncology, toxicology, and safety and efficacy testing." ; :prefLabel "WH, Rat Strain" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Towns (computer game)" ; :definition "Towns is a 2012 simulation video game. Towns was initially developed by the three-person group SMP, consisting of Xavi Canal, Alex Poysky, and Ben Palgi. In February 2014, development was passed on to Florian Frankenberger. The game's influences are cited as Diablo, Dungeon Keeper and Dwarf Fortress on the official website. It was released on Steam Greenlight on November 7, 2012, as a beta product, causing some who purchased the game to complain that it was not made clear that the game was unfinished. The game was among the first ten games approved from Steam Greenlight to be sold in the Steam store." ; :prefLabel "Towns" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "No Support", "None" ; :definition "A response indicating that a person requires no physical support." ; :prefLabel "No Support Needed" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "The divisor of a fraction.(WordNet)" ; :prefLabel "Denominator" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Earth", "Earth Science", "Geoscience", "Geosciences", "Science", "Sciences" ; :definition "Fields of science encompassing studies and research from the disciplines of PHYSICS; CHEMISTRY; BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; and MATHEMATICS; that are related to the planet EARTH. Subfields include atmospheric chemistry; CLIMATOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; GEOGRAPHY; GEOLOGY; geophysics; METEOROLOGY; OCEANOGRAPHY; PALEONTOLOGY; mineralogy; and seismology." ; :prefLabel "Earth Sciences" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Modifier" ; :definition "A chemical that influences the properties of another chemical or biological function. (NCI)" ; :prefLabel "Chemical Modifier" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DOE", "DYSPNEA (ON EXERTION)", "Dyspnea", "Dyspnea Exertional", "Exertional dyspnea", "SHORTNESS OF BREATH (ON EXERTION)", "dyspnea on exertion (DOE)", "exertion dyspnea", "exertional", "exertional dyspnoea", "short of breath on exertion", "shortness of breath during exercise", "shortness of breath on exertion" ; :prefLabel "Dyspnea on exertion" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fissured", "Fissured Tongues", "Fissured [Disease/Finding]", "Furrowed", "Furrowed Tongue", "Furrowed Tongues", "Grooved tongue", "LINGUA PLICATA", "Lingua", "Lingua Plicatas", "Lingual furrow", "Lingue plicata", "Plicata", "Plicatas", "Plicated tongue", "Prominent tongue grooves", "Scrotal", "Scrotal Tongues", "Scrotal tongue", "TONGUE FISSURE", "Tongue", "Tongues", "fissure tongue", "fissures tongue", "fissuring tongue", "tongue fissured", "tongue scrotal" ; :definition "The occurrence of of breaks or slits in the tissue of the dorsal surface of the TONGUE." ; :prefLabel "Fissured tongue" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Janus is a computer programming language partially described by K. Kahn and Vijay A. Saraswat in "Actors as a special case of concurrent constraint (logic) programming", in SIGPLAN Notices, October 1990. Janus is a concurrent constraint language without backtracking. Janus models concurrency through the use of bag channels. Code that needs to send a message to a process does so by constraining a bag to be the union of another bag and the singleton bag of the message. The other bag is then available to be constrained for sending subsequent messages." ; :prefLabel "Janus" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alert C", "RDS TMC", "RDS-TMC", "RDS/TMC", "TISA", "TMC", "TMC-LC", "Total Traffic Network", "Total Traffic and Weather Network", "Traveller Information Services Association" ; :definition "Traffic Message Channel (TMC) is a technology for delivering traffic and travel information to motor vehicle drivers. It is digitally coded using the ALERT C protocol into RDS Type 8A groups carried via conventional FM radio broadcasts. It can also be transmitted on Digital Audio Broadcasting or satellite radio. TMC allows silent delivery of dynamic information suitable for reproduction or display in the user's language without interrupting audio broadcast services. Both public and commercial services are operational in many countries. When data is integrated directly into a navigation system, traffic information can be used in the system's route calculation." ; :prefLabel "Traffic message channel" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gender changers", "Gender mender", "Sex changer" ; :definition "A gender changer or "gender-bender", is a hardware device placed between two cable connectors of the same type and gender.An example is a cable connector shell with either two female or two male connectors on it (male-to-male or female-to-female), used to correct the mismatches that result when interconnecting two devices or cables with the same gender of connector. Gender changers are used in professional audio to adapt XLR connectors, RCA connectors, Speakon connectors and TRS phone connectors." ; :prefLabel "Gender changer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Wheels (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Wheels is a defunct operating system for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128 home computers partially based on and an upgrade from (plus generally backwards compatible with) GEOS. Wheels gave new abilities to the C64 and 128: the ability to open several, movable, resizeable windows on the desktop and limited graphical web browsing (and limited server abilities.) At the core of the Wheels OS was the new Dashboard and Toolbox. The Dashboard was the name for the new desktop environment which made using the C64/128 similar to using modern Mac or Windows operating systems with icons and a menu bar. The Toolbox was the replacement for the GEOS Configure app." ; :prefLabel "Wheels" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Patents", "patent", "patented", "patenting" ; :definition "Works consisting of documents granted by a government giving exclusive rights to an inventor or assignee to manufacture, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years." ; :prefLabel "Legal patent" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Core-Periphery Structures in Networks" ; :definition "Core-periphery structures are commonly found in economic and social networks. They consist of a dense cohesive core and a sparse, loosely connected periphery. (Zhang, Martin, & Newman, n.d.) Networks can be described from various macro, micro and meso scales. Identifying these structures allows for the comparison between complex structures. (Rombach, Porter, Fowler, & Mucha, 2014)" ; :prefLabel "Core-periphery structure" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FM", "Fetal Measurements" ; :definition "A findings domain that captures individual fetal body and tissue weights, as well as growth measurements." ; :prefLabel "Fetal Measurements Domain" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Integrated project" ; :definition "The Integrated Project Support Environment (IPSE) is a set of management and technical tools to support software development, usually integrated in a coherent framework, equivalent to a Software Engineering Environment." ; :prefLabel "Integrated Project Support Environment" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dix" ; :definition "Alan Dix is a British author and university professor, specialising in human–computer interaction. He is one of the four co-authors of the university level textbook Human–Computer Interaction. He was previously a professor at Lancaster University." ; :prefLabel "Alan Dix" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Parametric Landscapes" ; :definition "Parametric design is a process based on algorithmic thinking that enables the expression of parameters and rules that, together, define, encode and clarify the relationship between design intent and design response. Parametric design is a paradigm in design where the relationship between elements is used to manipulate and inform the design of complex geometries and structures. Parametric modeling systems can be divided into two main types:" ; :prefLabel "Parametric design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Plymouth Routines In Multivariate Ecological Research (PRIMER) is a statistical package that is a collection of specialist univariate, multivariate, and graphical routines for analyzing species sampling data for community ecology. Types of data analyzed are typically species abundance, biomass, presence/absence, and percent area cover, among others. It is primarily used in the scientific community for ecological and environmental studies. Multivariate routines include:" ; :prefLabel "PRIMER" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASK", "Amplitude Shift Keying" ; :definition "Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.In an ASK system, the binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a fixed-amplitude carrier wave and fixed frequency for a bit duration of T seconds. If the signal value is 1 then the carrier signal will be transmitted; otherwise, a signal value of 0 will be transmitted. the difference between one voltage and the other is: Out of the transmitter, the signal s(t) can be expressed in the form: where we use the notation:" ; :prefLabel "Amplitude-shift keying" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Program", "Programs", "Training", "Training Program", "program training", "programs training" ; :definition "To teach with hands-on experience" ; :prefLabel "Training Programs" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GRASP (multimedia authoring software)", "GRASP GRaphical System for Presentation", "GRaphics Animation System for Professionals", "Grasp (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Graphics Animation System for Professionals (GRASP) was the first multimedia animation program for the IBM PC family of computers. It was also at one time the most widely used animation format. Originally conceived by Doug Wolfgram under the name FlashGun, the first public version of GRASP was the Graphical System for Presentation. The original software was written by Doug Wolfgram and Rob Neville. It later became the Graphic Animation System for Professionals. Many regard this as the birth of the multimedia industry." ; :prefLabel "GRASP" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an organismal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A system is a regularly interacting or interdependent group of organs or tissues that work together to carry out a given biological process. [GOC:dph, GOC:jid]" ; :prefLabel "system development" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TAL", "Typed assembler language" ; :definition "In computer science, a typed assembly language (TAL) is an assembly language that is extended to include a method of annotating the datatype of each value that is manipulated by the code. These annotations can then be used by a program (type checker) that processes the assembly language code in order to analyse how it will behave when it is executed. Specifically, such a type checker can be used to prove the type safety of code that meets the criteria of some appropriate type system. Typed assembly languages usually include a high-level memory management system based on garbage collection." ; :prefLabel "Typed assembly language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Redland" ; :definition "Redland is a set of free software libraries written in C that provide support for the Resource Description Framework (RDF), created by Dave Beckett (a former resident of Redland, Bristol). The packages that form Redland are: * Redland RDF Application Framework providing the C RDF API * Raptor RDF Parser Toolkit for parsing and serializing RDF syntaxes (RDF/XML, N-Triples, Turtle, RSS tag soup, Atom) * Rasqal RDF Query Library for executing RDF queries with RDQL and SPARQL * Redland Language Bindings for APIs to Redland in C#, Java, Objective-C, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby and Tcl" ; :prefLabel "Redland RDF Application Framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MedlinePlus" ; :prefLabel "MedlinePlus Health Topics" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "subsection" ; :prefLabel "subsection - HtmlLinkType" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OTHER EVENT" ; :definition "Other important events that occur during a trial but are not driven by protocol requirements." ; :prefLabel "Protocol Event" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Criterion", "Eisenstein criterion", "Eisenstein irreducibility criterion", "Eisenstein polynomial", "Eisenstein's irreducibility criterion", "Schönemann-Eisenstein theorem", "Schönemann–Eisenstein theorem" ; :definition "In mathematics, Eisenstein's criterion gives a sufficient condition for a polynomial with integer coefficients to be irreducible over the rational numbers—that is, for it to be unfactorable into the product of non-constant polynomials with rational coefficients. This criterion is not applicable to all polynomials with integer coefficients that are irreducible over the rational numbers, but it does allow in certain important cases to prove irreducibility with very little effort. It may apply either directly or after transformation of the original polynomial." ; :prefLabel "Eisenstein's criterion" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Electrophoresis", "Fractionation", "Gel Electrophoresis", "PAGE", "Polyacrylamide", "Polyacrylamide Gel", "Polyacrylamide gel" ; :definition "Analytical and separative procedures in which molecules, particularly proteins or nucleic acids, are separated by their different electrophoretic mobilities in a hydrated gel. The gel suppresses convective mixing of the fluid phase through which the electrophoresis takes place and contributes molecular sieving. For proteins, commonly carried out in the presence of the anionic detergent sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). SDS denatures proteins so that noncovalently associating sub unit polypeptides migrate independently and by binding to the proteins confers a net negative charge roughly proportional to the chain weight." ; :prefLabel "Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "D(2) Dopamine Receptor Gene", "D2DR", "D2DR Gene", "D2R", "D2R Gene", "Dopamine Receptor D2 wt Allele" ; :definition "Human DRD2 wild-type allele is located within 11q23 and is approximately 66 kb in length. This allele, which encodes D(2) dopamine receptor protein, plays a role in the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity. A missense mutation in this gene causes myoclonus dystonia and allelic variant mutants are associated with schizophrenia." ; :prefLabel "DRD2 wt Allele" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SAG" ; :definition "The SQL Access Group (SAG) was a group of software companies that was formed in 1989 to define and promote standards for database portability and interoperability. Initial members were Oracle Corporation, Informix, Ingres, DEC, Tandem, Sun and HP. The SAG started the development of the SQL Call Level Interface which later was published as an X/Open specification. In 1992, Microsoft released version 1.0 of ODBC which was based on the X/Open SQL CLI specification. The SQL Access Group transferred its activities and assets to X/Open in the fourthquarter of 1994." ; :prefLabel "SQL Access Group" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AGM", "FSTL2", "IBP-7", "IGFBP-7", "IGFBP-7v", "IGFBPRP1", "Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 7 wt Allele", "MAC25", "PSF", "RAMSVPS", "TAF" ; :definition "Human IGFBP7 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 4q12 and is approximately 79 kb in length. This allele, which encodes insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7, may be involved in the regulation of growth factor signaling." ; :prefLabel "IGFBP7 wt Allele" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fire", "Fires", "fire [physical phenomenon]" ; :prefLabel "Fire - physical phenomenon" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "49", "Forty-Nine" ; :definition "A natural number greater than forty-eight and less than fifty and the quantity that it denotes." ; :prefLabel "Forty Nine" . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Encephalitis Virus", "Japanese", "Japanese B Encephalitis Virus", "Japanese Encephalitis", "Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus", "Japanese encephalitis virus JE", "Japanese encephalitis virus JEV", "Virus" ; :definition "A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), which is the etiological agent of Japanese encephalitis found in Asia, southeast Asia, and the Indian subcontinent." ; :prefLabel "Japanese encephalitis virus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AlphaWorks", "DeveloperWorks" ; :definition "developerWorks is a free web-based professional network and technical resource center from IBM for software developers, IT professionals, and students worldwide. The site attracts over 4 million unique visitors per month in 195 countries, and is designed to help users develop and master skills, solve problems, collaborate with peers, and stay ahead of the latest trends in open standards and IBM technologies." ; :prefLabel "IBM DeveloperWorks" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Areal storage density", "Bit density", "Computer storage density", "Constant bit-density", "Data density", "Data storage density", "Density (disambiguation)", "Memory density", "Memory storage densities", "Memory storage density", "Storage densities", "Storage density" ; :definition "Areal density is a measure of the quantity of information bits that can be stored on a given length of track, area of surface, or in a given volume of a computer storage medium. Generally, higher density is more desirable, for it allows greater volumes of data to be stored in the same physical space. Density therefore has a direct relationship to storage capacity of a given medium. Density also generally has a fairly direct effect on the performance within a particular medium, as well as price." ; :prefLabel "Areal density (computer storage)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Genetic Translation", "Translation", "Translation Process", "Translational" ; :definition "A Translation Process consists of enzymatic reactions by which polypeptides are synthesized on ribosomes from information in mRNA transcripts to specify the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain." ; :prefLabel "Genetic Translation Process" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "79", "Seventy-Nine" ; :definition "A natural number greater than seventy-eight and less than eighty and the quantity that it denotes." ; :prefLabel "Seventy Nine" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RDT", "Rhabdoid", "Rhabdoid Tumor [Disease/Finding]", "Rhabdoid Tumors", "Rhabdoid tumors", "Tumor", "Tumors", "malignant", "malignant rhabdoid tumor", "rhabdoid sarcoma", "sarcoma rhabdoid" ; :definition "A rare but highly lethal childhood tumor found almost exclusively in infants. Histopathologically, it resembles RHABDOMYOSARCOMA but the tumor cells are not of myogenic origin. Although it arises primarily in the kidney, it may be found in other parts of the body. The rhabdoid cytomorphology is believed to be the expression of a very primitive malignant cell. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2210)" ; :prefLabel "Rhabdoid Tumor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nesospiza acunhae questi" ; :prefLabel "Nesospiza questi" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ag", "Ag element", "Silver [Chemical/Ingredient]", "silvers" ; :definition "Silver. An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA." ; :prefLabel "Silver" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Expect, an extension to the Tcl scripting language written by Don Libes, is a program to automate interactions with programs that expose a text terminal interface. Expect was originally written in 1990 for Unix systems, but is now also available for Microsoft Windows and other systems. It is used to automate control of interactive applications such as telnet, ftp, passwd, fsck, rlogin, tip, ssh, and others. Expect uses pseudo terminals (Unix) or emulates a console (Windows), starts the target program, and then communicates with it, just as a human would, via the terminal or console interface. Tk, another Tcl extension, can be used to provide a GUI." ; :prefLabel "Expect" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "spouse" ; :prefLabel "Entity Name Part Qualifier - spouse" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DIR", "Direct Technique", "Direct Treatment" ; :definition "An osteopathic treatment strategy by which the restrictive barrier is engaged and a final activating force is applied to correct somatic dysfunction." ; :prefLabel "Direct Method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PRA", "Plasma Renin Activity", "RENINA", "Renin Activity", "URA", "Urinary Renin Activity" ; :definition "The determination of the amount of renin activity present in a sample." ; :prefLabel "Renin Activity Measurement" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(2S)-threonine", "(2S,3R)-(-)-Threonine", "(2S,3R)-2-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid", "2-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid", "L Threonine", "L-(-)-Threonine", "L-2-Amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid", "L-?-amino-?-hydroxybutyric acid", "L-Threonin", "L-Threonine", "L-alpha-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid", "Thr", "Threonine [Chemical/Ingredient]", "threonine (Thr)" ; :definition "An essential amino acid in humans (provided by food), Threonine is an important residue of many proteins, such as tooth enamel, collagen, and elastin. An important amino acid for the nervous system, threonine also plays an important role in porphyrin and fat metabolism and prevents fat buildup in the liver. Useful with intestinal disorders and indigestion, threonine has also been used to alleviate anxiety and mild depression. (NCI04)" ; :prefLabel "Threonine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "evaluation test", "evaluation testing", "evaluation tests", "test evaluation" ; :prefLabel "evaluation/testing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "fake", "faked", "fakes" ; :prefLabel "faking" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Reward", "Reward (Psychology)", "rewarding" ; :definition "An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure." ; :prefLabel "Rewards" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "COX DEFICIENCY", "Cox Deficiency", "Cox deficiency", "Cytochrome C Oxidase Deficiency", "Cytochrome c oxidase deficiency", "FRENCH CANADIAN TYPE", "French Canadian type", "French-Canadian Type", "LEIGH SYNDROME", "LSFC", "Leigh Syndrome", "Leigh syndrome", "SAGUENAY-LAC-SAINT-JEAN TYPE", "Saguenay Lac saint Jean type", "Saguenay-Lac Saint-Jean Type" ; :prefLabel "Leigh syndrome , French Canadian type" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AUC", "Area", "Area Under", "Area Under Curves", "Curve", "Curves", "Under Curve", "Under Curves", "area under the curve", "area under the curve (AUC)", "{AUC}" ; :definition "A statistical means of summarizing information from a series of measurements on one individual. It is frequently used in clinical pharmacology where the AUC from serum levels can be interpreted as the total uptake of whatever has been administered. As a plot of the concentration of a drug against time, after a single dose of medicine, producing a standard shape curve, it is a means of comparing the bioavailability of the same drug made by different companies. (From Winslade, Dictionary of Clinical Research, 1992)" ; :prefLabel "Area Under Curve" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Direct navigation describes the method individuals use to navigate the World Wide Web in order to arrive at specific websites. Direct navigation is a 10-year-old term which is generally understood to include type-in traffic. Direct navigation traffic was first discovered circa 1996. The few lucky domainers who had premium names and analyzed their traffic found people were typing in their domain names and bypassing search engines. Many of them immediately realized the potential of these domain names. At that time the direct navigation segment of the World Wide Web was born." ; :prefLabel "Direct navigation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Indication", "Indications", "Off Label Prescribing", "Off Label Use", "Off-Label", "Off-Label Prescribing", "Off-Label Prescribings", "Off-Label Use", "Off-Label Uses", "Prescribing", "Prescribings", "Unlabeled", "Unlabeled Indication", "Unlabeled Indications", "Use", "Uses", "label off uses", "off label uses" ; :definition "The practice of prescribing or using a drug outside the scope of the drug's official approved label as designated by a regulatory agency concerning the treatment of a particular disease or condition." ; :prefLabel "Off-Label Treatment" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "executing" ; :prefLabel "executing - QueryStatusCode" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Incision & Drainage", "d i", "drainage incision", "i d", "incision drainage" ; :definition "A surgical procedure where a cut is made in a tissue or structure to allow the drainage of fluid." ; :prefLabel "Incision and drainage" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Decision", "Decision Tree", "Tree", "Trees" ; :definition "A graphic device used in decision analysis, series of decision options are represented as branches (hierarchical)." ; :prefLabel "Decision Trees" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DNA Restriction Enzymes", "DNase", "Deoxyribonucleases", "Restriction Endonucleases", "Site Specific", "Site Specific DNase", "Site-Specific", "Site-Specific DNase", "Type III", "Type III Restriction Enzymes", "Type III Site Specific", "Type III Site Specific DNase", "Type III Site Specific Deoxyribonucleases", "Type III Site-Specific", "Type III Site-Specific DNase", "Type III Site-Specific Deoxyribonucleases", "Type III Site-Specific [Chemical/Ingredient]", "type III restriction enzyme", "type III site specific deoxyribonuclease" ; :definition "Enzyme systems composed of two subunits and requiring ATP and magnesium for endonucleolytic activity; they do not function as ATPases. They exist as complexes with modification methylases of similar specificity listed under EC 2.1.1.72 or EC 2.1.1.73. The systems recognize specific short DNA sequences and cleave a short distance, about 24 to 27 bases, away from the recognition sequence to give specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. Enzymes from different microorganisms with the same specificity are called isoschizomers. EC 3.1.21.5." ; :prefLabel "Type III site-specific deoxyribonuclease" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analyses", "Analysis", "Endonuclease Mapping", "Endonuclease Mappings", "Enzyme Analyses", "Enzyme Analysis", "Enzyme Mapping", "Enzyme Mappings", "Mapping", "Mappings", "Restriction", "Restriction Endonuclease", "Restriction Endonuclease Mapping", "Restriction Endonuclease Mappings", "Restriction Enzyme", "Restriction Enzyme Analyses", "Restriction Enzyme Analysis", "Restriction Enzyme Mapping", "Restriction Enzyme Mappings", "Restriction Mappings", "Restriction Site", "Restriction Site Mapping", "Restriction Site Mappings", "Site Mapping", "Site Mappings", "restriction map" ; :definition "Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA." ; :prefLabel "Restriction Mapping" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "7 of 9", "7/9", "7of9", "Annika", "Annika Hansen", "Seven of Nine", "Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix Zero-One", "Tertiary adjunct" ; :definition "Seven of Nine (born Annika Hansen) is a fictional character who appears in seasons four through seven of the American science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager. Portrayed by Jeri Ryan, she is a former Borg drone who joins the crew of the Federation starship Voyager. Her full Borg designation is Seven of Nine, Tertiary Adjunct of Unimatrix Zero One (or Seven of Nine, grid Nine-Two of Subjunction Twelve ). The character Seven of Nine arrived just as the character Kes was leaving, and was intended to introduce a foil to Captain Kathryn Janeway in a similar manner as Spock in Star Trek: The Original Series." ; :prefLabel "Seven of Nine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Distillations" ; :definition "A chemical process for separating the components of a liquid mixture by boiling and collecting condensed vapors." ; :prefLabel "Distillation" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dental Retraction", "Retraction" ; :definition "A posterior movement of teeth." ; :prefLabel "Dental Retraction (procedure)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biologic", "Biologic Ontologies", "Biologic Ontology", "Biological", "Biological Ontology", "Ontologies", "Ontology" ; :definition "Structured vocabularies describing concepts from the fields of biology and relationships between concepts." ; :prefLabel "Biological Ontologies" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Observer" ; :definition "A person, organization, or device that makes an observation." ; :prefLabel "observers" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Seed (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Seed is a JavaScript interpreter and a library of the GNOME project to create standalone applications in JavaScript. It uses the JavaScript engine JavaScriptCore of the WebKit project. It is possible to easily create modules in C. Seed is integrated in GNOME since the 2.28 version and is used by two games in the GNOME Games package. It is also used by the Web web browser for the design of its extensions. The module is also officially supported by the GTK+ project." ; :prefLabel "Seed" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DH Lymphoma", "DHL", "Double Hit Lymphoma" ; :definition "A rare non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is characterized by the abnormal rearrangement of two genes, MYC gene and either BCL2 or BCL6 genes. Patients with this type of lymphoma usually respond poorly to standard treatments and have a poor prognosis." ; :prefLabel "Double-Hit Lymphoma" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Social problem solving" ; :definition "Social problem-solving, in its most basic form, is defined as problem solving as it occurs in the natural environment. More specifically it refers to the cognitive-behavioral process in which one works to find adaptive ways of coping with everyday situations that are considered problematic. This process in self-directed, conscious, effortful, cogent, and focused. Adaptive social problem-solving skills are known to be effective coping skills in an array of stressful situations. Social problem-solving consists of two major processes. One of these processes is known as problem orientation. Problem orientation is defined as the schemas one holds about problems in everyday life and ones assessment of their ability to solve said problems. The problem orientation may be positive and constructive" ; :prefLabel "Social problem-solving" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ENTIRE", "wholes" ; :definition "Including all components without exception; constituting the full amount or extent or duration; complete." ; :prefLabel "Whole" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Color", "Color Vision", "Color Vision Defects", "Color Vision Defects [Disease/Finding]", "Color Vision Deficiency", "Defect", "Defects", "Vision Defect", "Vision Defects" ; :definition "Defects of color vision are mainly hereditary traits but can be secondary to acquired or developmental abnormalities in the CONES (RETINA). Severity of hereditary defects of color vision depends on the degree of mutation of the ROD OPSINS genes (on X CHROMOSOME and CHROMOSOME 3) that code the photopigments for red, green and blue." ; :prefLabel "Color vision defect" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Ovide" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Neptun 156", "Timex", "Timex Computer", "Timex of Portugal", "Timex-Sinclair" ; :definition "Timex Sinclair was a joint venture between the British company Sinclair Research and Timex Corporation in an effort to gain an entry into the rapidly growing early-1980s home computer market in North America. The choice of partnership was natural, as Timex was already the main contractor for manufacture of Sinclair's ZX81 and ZX Spectrum computers at its Scottish plant in Dundee. It was Timex of Portugal, though, that took on the R&D and the local manufacturing of the models to be exported to the U.S. Although both Timex of Scotland and Timex of Portugal were full subsidiaries of Timex, internal rivalry, whether unintended or purported, meant there were little sharing between the two plants. Timex of Portugal also sold the Timex Sinclair models in Portugal and Poland under the Timex Comput" ; :prefLabel "Timex Sinclair" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1", "INHIBITOR OF: PCSK1N", "PCSK1N", "PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE", "PROSAAS", "SAAS", "SCG8", "SUBTILISIN/KEXIN-TYPE", "SgVIII", "proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 inhibitor" ; :prefLabel "PCSK1N gene" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EXE Packers", "EXE packer", "Executable packer", "LZEXE", "Packed executable", "Packer", "Runtime packer" ; :definition "Executable compression is any means of compressing an executable file and combining the compressed data with decompression code into a single executable. When this compressed executable is executed, the decompression code recreates the original code from the compressed code before executing it. In most cases this happens transparently so the compressed executable can be used in exactly the same way as the original. Executable compressors are often referred to as "runtime packers", "software packers", "software protectors" (or even "polymorphic packers" and "obfuscating tools")." ; :prefLabel "Executable compression" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Book", "booking", "bookings" ; :definition "A volume made up of pages fastened along one edge and enclosed between protective covers. (from American Heritage Dictionary)" ; :prefLabel "Books" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Modifier" ; :definition "In computing, a modified key is a special key (or combination) on a computer keyboard that temporarily modifies the normal action of another key when pressed together. By themselves, modifier keys usually do nothing; that is, pressing any of the ⇧ Shift, Alt, or Ctrl keys alone does not (generally) trigger any action from the computer. User interface expert Jef Raskin coined the term "quasimode" to describe the state a computer enters into when a modifier key is pressed." ; :prefLabel "Modifier key" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SAW", "sawing", "saws" ; :definition "A manual surgical instrument for general use is a nonpowered, hand-held, or hand-manipulated device, either reusable or disposable, intended to be used in various general surgical procedures. The device includes the applicator, clip applier, biopsy brush, manual dermabrasion brush, scrub brush, cannula, ligature carrier, chisel, clamp, contractor, curette, cutter, dissector, elevator, skin graft expander, file, forceps, gouge, instrument guide, needle guide, hammer, hemostat, amputation hook, ligature passing and knot-tying instrument, knife, blood lancet, mallet, disposable or reusable aspiration and injection needle, disposable or reusable suturing needle, osteotome, pliers, rasp, retainer, retractor, saw, scalpel blade, scalpel handle, one-piece scalpel, snare, spatula, stapler, disposable or reusable stripper, stylet, suturing apparatus for the stomach and intestine, measuring tape, and calipers. A surgical instrument that has specialized uses in a specific medical specialty is classified in separate regulations in Parts 868 through 892." ; :prefLabel "saw (device)" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pupil (Eye)", "Pupilla", "Pupils", "eye pupil", "eye pupils", "eyes pupils" ; :definition "The round opening in the center of the iris (the colored tissue that makes the eye color at the front of the eye). The pupil changes size to let light into the eye. It gets smaller in bright light and larger as the amount of light decreases." ; :prefLabel "Pupil" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FK 506 Binding Protein", "FK-506-Binding", "FK-506-Binding Protein", "FK506 Binding Protein", "FK506 Binding Proteins", "FK506-Binding", "FK506-Binding Protein", "FKBP", "FKBP Rotamase", "KBP", "Protein", "Rotamase", "Tacrolimus Binding Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]" ; :definition "A family of immunophilin proteins that bind to the immunosuppressive drugs TACROLIMUS (also known as FK506) and SIROLIMUS. EC 5.2.1.-" ; :prefLabel "Tacrolimus Binding Proteins" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hanks" ; :definition "Patrick Hanks (born 24 March 1940) is an English lexicographer, corpus linguist, and onomastician. He has edited dictionaries of general language, as well as dictionaries of personal names." ; :prefLabel "Patrick Hanks" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nearest neighbor cluster", "Nearest neighbor clustering", "Nearest neighbour cluster", "Nearest neighbour clustering", "Single linkage clustering", "Singlelinkage clustering" ; :definition "In statistics, single-linkage clustering is one of several methods of hierarchical clustering. It is based on grouping clusters in bottom-up fashion (agglomerative clustering), at each step combining two clusters that contain the closest pair of elements not yet belonging to the same cluster as each other." ; :prefLabel "Single-linkage clustering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Earth Metals", "Earths", "Metals", "Rare", "Rare Earth [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Rare earth metal compounds", "Rare earth metals", "rare earth", "rare earth element", "rare earth elements", "rare earths" ; :definition "A group of elements that include SCANDIUM; YTTRIUM; and the LANTHANOID SERIES ELEMENTS. Historically, the rare earth metals got their name from the fact that they were never found in their pure elemental form, but as an oxide. In addition they were very difficult to purify. They are not truly rare and comprise about 25% of the metals in the earth's crust." ; :prefLabel "Metals, Rare Earth" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "A subjective answer of very strong agreement regarding the helpfulness of something." ; :prefLabel "Very Helpful" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Behavioral", "Behavioral Science", "Science", "Sciences" ; :definition "The scientific disciplines concerned with the analysis and investigation of human and animal behavior through observation and scientific experimentation." ; :prefLabel "Behavioral Sciences" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) develops and curates the Global Change Information System (GCIS) to establish "data interfaces and interoperable repositories of climate and global change data which can be easily and efficiently accessed, integrated with other data sets, maintained and expanded over time." The initial focus of GCIS is to support the United States Third National Climate Assessment (NCA3), which is to publish reports that enhance the transparency and ability of decision-makers to understand the conclusions and use of the underlying data for their own purposes." ; :prefLabel "Global Change Information System" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Benign uterine leiomyomas", "Body of Uterus Fibroid", "Body of Uterus Leiomyoma", "Corpus Uteri Fibroid", "Corpus Uteri Leiomyoma", "FIBROIDS", "FIBROMYOMA", "Fibroid", "Fibroid Uterus", "Fibroid of Body of Uterus", "Fibroid of Corpus Uteri", "Fibroid of Uterine Body", "Fibroid of Uterine Corpus", "Fibroid of the Body of Uterus", "Fibroid of the Corpus Uteri", "Fibroid of the Uterine Body", "Fibroid of the Uterine Corpus", "Fibroids", "Fibroma", "Fibromas", "LEIOMYOMA", "Leiomyoma of Body of Uterus", "Leiomyoma of Corpus Uteri", "Leiomyoma of Uterine Body", "Leiomyoma of Uterine Corpus", "Leiomyoma of the Body of Uterus", "Leiomyoma of the Corpus Uteri", "Leiomyoma of the Uterine Body", "Leiomyoma of the Uterine Corpus", "Leiomyoma of uterus", "MYOMA", "UL", "UTERINE", "UTERINE FIBROID", "UTERINE FIBROMA", "UTERINE FIBROMYOMA", "UTERUS", "UTERUS FIBROMA", "Uterine", "Uterine Body Fibroid", "Uterine Body Leiomyoma", "Uterine Corpus Fibroid", "Uterine Corpus Leiomyoma", "Uterine Corpus Leiomyomata", "Uterine Fibromas", "Uterine Myoma", "Uterine leiomyoma", "Uterine leiomyomas", "Uterine leiomyomata", "Uterus", "benign", "fibroleiomyoma", "fibromyoma", "leiomyofibroma", "leiomyoma", "leiomyoma of uterus", "leiomyomas", "myofibroma", "tumor of uterine muscle", "unspecified", "uterine leiomyoma nos", "uterus fibroid", "uterus fibroids", "uterus leiomyoma", "uterus myoma" ; :definition "A benign smooth muscle neoplasm arising from the body of the uterus. It is characterized by the presence of spindle cells with cigar-shaped nuclei, interlacing fascicles, and a whorled pattern." ; :prefLabel "Uterine Fibroids" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Synecdoche" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The Stanford bunny is a computer graphics 3D test model developed by Greg Turk and Marc Levoy in 1994 at Stanford University. The bunny consists of data describing 69,451 triangles determined by 3D scanning a ceramic figurine of a rabbit. This model and others were scanned to test methods of range scanning physical objects. The model was originally available in .ply (polygons) file format with 4 different resolutions, 69,451 polygons being the highest." ; :prefLabel "Stanford bunny" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PIE", "Paclitaxel Injectable Emulsion" ; :definition "A cremophor-free, P-glycoprotein-inhibiting, vitamin E-based emulsion particle formulation of paclitaxel with antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules, thereby resulting in the inhibition of cell division. This agent also induces apoptosis by binding to and blocking the function of the apoptosis inhibitor protein B-cell Leukemia 2 (Bcl-2). The vitamin-E based emulsion allows bolus infusion without steroid premedication and may diminish hypersensitivity reactions. The tumor tissue may be passively targeted due to preferential deposition of emulsion particles while an emulsion formulation component inhibits the P-glycoprotein drug efflux pump." ; :prefLabel "Paclitaxel Vitamin E-Based Emulsion" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Encode", "Encoded", "Encoding" ; :definition "To assign a code to represent data." ; :prefLabel "Encode (action)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Flooding", "Flooding Therapies", "Flooding Therapy", "Floodings", "Imaginal", "Imaginal Flooding", "Imaginal Floodings", "Implosive", "Implosive Therapies", "Therapies", "Therapy", "flooding" ; :definition "A method for extinguishing anxiety by a saturation exposure to the feared stimulus situation or its substitute." ; :prefLabel "Implosive Therapy" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ANLS", "N-acetylneuramin lactose sulfate", "N-acetylneuraminlactose sulfate", "anl" ; :prefLabel "N-acetylneuraminoyllactose sulfate ester" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "A model of computation consisting of a set of states, a set of input events, a set of output events, and a state transition function." ; :prefLabel "State Machine" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(11beta)-", "11-beta,17,21-trihydroxy-,21-(4-(p-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)butyrate)", "11beta,17,21-trihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione 21-[4-[p-[bis(3-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]butyrate]", "11beta-21-[4-[4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl]-1-oxobutoxy]-11,17-dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione", "21-(4-(4-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)-1-oxobutoxy)-11,17-dihydroxy-", "Chlorambucil Prednisolone Ester", "PM", "Prednimustine [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione" ; :definition "The prednisolone ester of chlorambucil and nitrogen mustard alkylating agent with antineoplastic activity. Prednimustine itself is not cytotoxic, however, it becomes cytotoxic upon hydrolysis by serum esterases to chlorambucil. Therefore, the increased potency of prednimustine is linked to the prolonged availability of free chlorambucil." ; :prefLabel "Prednimustine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Doctor Web", "Dr. Web Anti-virus", "Dr. Web Antivirus", "Dr. Web CureIt", "Dr.Web" ; :definition "Dr.Web is a Russian anti-malware company and the name of its flagship software suite. First released in 1992, it became the first anti-virus service in Russia. The company also offers anti-spam solutions and is used by Yandex, Russia's biggest search provider, to scan e-mail attachments. There is also an add-on for all major browsers which checks links with the online version of Dr Web. Dr.Web has withdrawn from AV tests such as Virus Bulletin VB100% around 2008 stating that they no longer represent the ability to counteract contemporary malware threats." ; :prefLabel "Dr. Web" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "passport" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SIG" ; :definition "A group with the purpose to identify what cancer surveillance research is most needed and how best to advance our knowledge of cancer based on the opportunities available. The SIG was charged with providing advice and recommendations for expanding and enhancing NCI's Cancer Surveillance Research Program." ; :prefLabel "Surveillance Implementation Group" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CHV" ; :prefLabel "Consumer Health Vocabulary" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Muse (disambiguation)" ; :definition "MusE is computer software, a sequencer for Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) and audio, with recording and editing abilities. It was originally written by Werner Schweer and now is developed by the Muse development team. It is free software released under the GNU General Public License. MusE aims to be a complete multitrack virtual studio for Linux. As of 2016, it has no support under other platforms as it relies on Linux-only technologies, such as Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA). It also supports the Linux Audio Session Handler (LASH)." ; :prefLabel "MusE" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Relax", "Relaxations", "Relaxed", "relaxation (leisure)" ; :definition "Activity which reduces the feelings of tension and the effects of STRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL." ; :prefLabel "Relaxation" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "cutter" ; :prefLabel "Cutter (Division of Bayer)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A reading path is a term used by Gunther Kress in Literacy in the New Media Age (2003). According to Kress, a professor of English Education at the University of London, a reading path is the way that the text, or text plus other features, can determine or order the way that we read it. In a linear, written text, the reader makes sense of the text according to the arrangement of the words, both grammatically and syntactically. In such a reading path, there is a sequential time to the text. In contrast, with non-linear text, such as the text found when reading a computer screen, where text is often combined with visual elements, the reading path is non-linear and non-sequential. Kress suggests that reading paths that contain visual images are more open to interpretation and the reader's con" ; :prefLabel "Reading path" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "??", "Chinese", "Chinese Salvias", "Chinese salvia", "Dan Shen", "Dan-Shen", "Danshen", "Salvia", "Salvia miltiorhiza", "Salvia miltiorrhizae", "Salvias", "Tan Seng", "redroot sage" ; :definition "A plant species which is known as an Oriental traditional medicinal plant." ; :prefLabel "Salvia miltiorrhiza" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SWI", "SWI Prolog", "Sociaal-Wetenschappelijke Informatica Prolog", "Swipl", "XPCE" ; :definition "SWI-Prolog is a free implementation of the programming language Prolog, commonly used for teaching and semantic web applications.It has a rich set of features, libraries forconstraint logic programming,multithreading,unit testing,GUI,interfacing to Java, ODBC and others,literate programming,a web server,SGML, RDF, RDFS,developer tools (including an IDE with a GUI debugger and GUI profiler), and extensive documentation. SWI-Prolog runs on Unix, Windows, Macintosh and Linux platforms. SWI-Prolog has been under continuous development since 1987. Its main author is Jan Wielemaker." ; :prefLabel "SWI-Prolog" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CCT Mark", "CCTM", "CSIA Claims Tested Mark" ; :definition "The CESG Claims Tested Mark (abbreviated as CCT Mark or CCTM), formerly CSIA Claims Tested Mark, is a UK Government Standard for computer security. The CCT Mark is based upon framework where vendors can make claims about the security attributes of their products and/or services, and independent testing laboratories can evaluate the products/services to determine if they actually meet the claims. In other words, the CCT Mark provides quality assurance approach to validate whether the implementation of a computer security product or services has been performed in an appropriate manner." ; :prefLabel "CESG Claims Tested Mark" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "APAC", "Australian Partnership in Advanced Computing" ; :definition "The Australian Partnership for Advanced Computing was an Australian organisation established in 1998 to provide advanced computing and grid infrastructure for Australian research communities. In 2007 APAC was replaced with the National Computational Infrastructure." ; :prefLabel "Australian Partnership for Advanced Computing" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conductance fluctuations", "Fluctuation", "UCF (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Universal conductance fluctuations (UCF) in quantum physics is a phenomenon encountered in electrical transport experiments in mesoscopic species. The measured electrical conductance will vary from sample to sample, mainly due to inhomogeneous scattering sites. Fluctuations originate from coherence effects for electronic wavefunctions and thus the phase-coherence length needs be larger than the momentum relaxation length . UCF is more profound when electrical transport is in weak localization regime. where , is the number of conduction channels and regardless of the number of channels." ; :prefLabel "Universal conductance fluctuations" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Registered", "Registering" ; :definition "The act of listing or recording officially; officially qualified or enrolled." ; :prefLabel "Registration" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Overlay" ; :definition "A device designed to be applied over an object, typically for protection or identification." ; :prefLabel "Overlay Device Component" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HFACS", "HRA", "Human performance", "Human reliability analysis", "Reliability" ; :definition "Human reliability (also known as human performance or HU) is related to the field of human factors and ergonomics, and refers to the reliability of humans in fields including manufacturing, medicine and nuclear power. Human performance can be affected by many factors such as age, state of mind, physical health, attitude, emotions, propensity for certain common mistakes, errors and cognitive biases, etc." ; :prefLabel "Human reliability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Morgan is a 2016 British-American science fiction horror film directed by Luke Scott (in his directorial debut) and written by Seth Owen. The film features an ensemble cast, including Kate Mara, Anya Taylor-Joy, Toby Jones, Rose Leslie, Boyd Holbrook, Michelle Yeoh, Jennifer Jason Leigh and Paul Giamatti. Filming began on May 26, 2015 in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. The film was released on September 2, 2016 by 20th Century Fox." ; :prefLabel "Morgan" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ITSE" ; :prefLabel "isobutyraldehyde trimethylsilyl enol ether" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PCC" ; :definition "The Portable C Compiler (also known as pcc or sometimes pccm - portable C compiler machine) is an early compiler for the C programming language written by Stephen C. Johnson of Bell Labs in the mid-1970s, based in part on ideas proposed by Alan Snyder in 1973,and "distributed as the C compiler by Bell Labs... with the blessing of Dennis Ritchie."" ; :prefLabel "Portable C Compiler" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Crowding is a perceptual phenomenon where the recognition of objects (or graphemes) presented away from the fovea is impaired by the presence of other neighbouring objects (sometimes called "flankers"). It has been suggested that crowding occurs due to mandatory integration of the crowded objects by a texture-processing neural mechanism. Crowding deficits have been specifically found in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism and may have profound clinical implications in these disorders." ; :prefLabel "Crowding" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Decoder" ; :definition "A device designed to convert a coded signal or message to an uncoded version." ; :prefLabel "Decoder Device Component" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CAGA", "CFAG", "CGLA", "CP-10", "Calgranulin A", "Calprotectin L1L Subunit", "Cystic Fibrosis Antigen", "L1Ag", "Leukocyte L1 Complex Light Chain", "MIF", "MRP8", "Migration Inhibitory Factor-Related Protein 8", "Myeloid-Related Protein 8", "NIF", "S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A8", "S100 calcium binding protein A8", "S100A8", "Urinary Stone Protein Band A", "p8" ; :definition "A protein that is made by many different types of cells and is involved in processes that take place both inside and outside of the cell. It is made in larger amounts in inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and in some types of cancer. It is being studied as a biomarker for breast cancer." ; :prefLabel "Protein S100-A8" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "59", "Fifty-Nine" ; :definition "A natural number greater than fifty-eight and less than sixty and the quantity that it denotes." ; :prefLabel "Fifty Nine" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Drosophila", "Eld protein", "OSA", "eyelid protein" ; :definition "The Drosophila gene osa encodes a putative DNA binding protein that contains an AT-rich interaction domain (ARID). It interacts genetically with Antp, ro, brm, Pc, Scr, and several other genes. Similar sequences have been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (from FlyBase 0003013 and NCI)" ; :prefLabel "OSA protein, Drosophila" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cybernetics and Informatics", "SCI", "WMSCI", "World Multi-Conference on Systemics" ; :definition "WMSCI, the World Multi-conference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, is a conference that has occurred annually since 1995, which emphasizes on the systemic relationships that exist or might exist among different disciplines in the fields of Systemics, Cybernetics, and Informatics. Inter-disciplinary communication is stressed in WMSCI conferences." ; :prefLabel "World Multiconference on Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Emergent government", "Emerging democracy" ; :definition "Emergent democracy refers to the rise of political structures and behaviors without central planning and by the action of many individual participants, especially when mediated by the Internet. More recently, Clay Shirky has referred to this as "the power of organizing without organizations." The term was coined to stand in contrast to more traditional forms of democracy, such as representational democracy and direct democracy. The phrase draws upon emergence theory for the idea that the simple actions of individuals can collectively create complex and unpredictable results, as when the behavior of termites results in large, efficient nests beyond the comprehension of any individual participant." ; :prefLabel "Emergent democracy" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ethernet PHY", "PHY", "PHY (disambiguation)", "PHYceiver" ; :definition "PHY is an abbreviation for the physical layer of the OSI model and refers to the circuitry required to implement physical layer functions. A PHY connects a link layer device (often called MAC as an abbreviation for media access control) to a physical medium such as an optical fiber or copper cable. A PHY device typically includes a Physical Coding Sublayer (PCS) and a Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) layer. The PCS encodes and decodes the data that is transmitted and received. The purpose of the encoding is to make it easier for the receiver to recover the signal." ; :prefLabel "PHY (chip)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Reg Subm", "Submission" ; :definition "An assembly of one or more regulatory submission units supporting a specific regulatory purpose or decision. In most cases, the compilation of the submission units is utilized in the assessment of a regulated medical product quality, safety and/or effectiveness." ; :prefLabel "Regulatory Submission" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "100", "One Hundred" ; :definition "A natural number greater than ninety-nine and less than one hundred-one and the quantity that it denotes." ; :prefLabel "Arabic numeral 100" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "tween" ; :prefLabel "Tweens" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cell phone unlocking", "Cellphone lock", "Cellphone unlocking", "GSM unlocking", "Lock", "Master Subsidy Lock", "Mobile phone unlocking", "Phone unlocking", "Remote unlocking", "SIM unlocking", "SIM-free", "SIM-lock", "SIMLOCKS", "Simlock", "Simlocked", "Subsidy lock", "Subsidy lock (cellular)", "Unlock", "Unlock cell phone", "Unlock mobile phone", "Unlock phone", "Unlocked gsm phone" ; :definition "A SIM lock, simlock, network lock or (master) subsidy lock is a technical restriction built into GSM and CDMA mobile phones by mobile phone manufacturers for use by services providers to restrict the use of these phones to specific countries and/or networks. This is contrary to a phone (retrospectively called SIM-free or unlocked) that does not impose any SIM restrictions. Generally, phones can be locked to accept only SIM cards with certain International Mobile Subscriber Identities (IMSIs); IMSIs may be restricted by:" ; :prefLabel "SIM lock" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Argumentation fremework" ; :definition "An argumentation framework, or argumentation system, is a way to deal with contentious information and draw conclusions from it. In an abstract argumentation framework, entry-level information is a set of abstract arguments that, for instance, represent data or a proposition. Conflicts between arguments are represented by a binary relation on the set of arguments. In concrete terms, you represent an argumentation framework with a directed graph such that the nodes are the arguments, and the arrows represent the attack relation.There exist some extensions of the Dung's framework, like the logic-based argumentation frameworks or the value-based argumentation frameworks." ; :prefLabel "Argumentation framework" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "General", "General Practice", "General medicine", "Practice", "general medicine (field)", "general practices", "medicine general" ; :definition "Patient-based medical care provided across age and gender or specialty boundaries." ; :prefLabel "general practice (field)" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Service", "Services", "Social", "Social Services", "Social service", "Social work", "Work", "social work (field)" ; :definition "A community resource that helps people in need. Services may include help getting to and from medical appointments, home delivery of medication and meals, in-home nursing care, help paying medical costs not covered by insurance, loaning medical equipment, and housekeeping help." ; :prefLabel "Social Work (discipline)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The orthology predictions of OMA are available in several forms: * OMA Pairs: for a given gene, a list of predicted orthologs in other species is provided. * OMA Groups: a set of genes across different species which are all orthologous. * OMA Hierarchical Groups: the set of all genes that have evolved from a single ancestral gene in a given taxonomic range. * OMA Genome Pair view: the list of all predicted orthologs between two species." ; :prefLabel "OMA" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Read", "Reading", "Readings", "reads" ; :definition "The act of interpreting something that is written or printed." ; :prefLabel "Reading (activity)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decaprenylbenzoquinone", "Bio-Quinone Q10", "Co-Q10", "CoQ 10", "CoQ10", "Q10", "Ubidecarenone", "co-enzyme Q10", "coenzyme Q10 [Chemical/Ingredient]", "coenzyme-Q10", "coenzymes q10", "q10 coenzyme", "q10 ubiquinone", "ubiquinone 50", "ubiquinone Q10", "vitamin Q10" ; :definition "A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Coenzyme Q10 helps mitochondria (small structures in the cell) make energy. It is an antioxidant that helps prevent cell damage caused by free radicals (highly reactive chemicals). Coenzyme Q10 is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils) and is found in fatty fish, beef, soybeans, peanuts, and spinach. It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer and heart disease and in the relief of side effects caused by some cancer treatments." ; :prefLabel "coenzyme Q10" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enjoyed", "Enjoyment", "Feeling of Joy", "Happinesses", "Happy", "Joy", "Joyful", "festive", "good mood", "joy", "joys" ; :definition "Highly pleasant emotion characterized by outward manifestations of gratification; joy." ; :prefLabel "Happiness" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "payments" ; :definition "A sum of money paid." ; :prefLabel "payment" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "fangchinoline" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ODNB", "dithio-octyl-nitrobenzoic acid" ; :prefLabel "n-octyl-5-dithio-2-nitrobenzoic acid" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Foreign central office", "Foreign exchange", "Foreign exchange line", "Foreign exchange office", "Foreign exchange service", "Foreign exchange station", "Foreign zone", "Fxo" ; :definition "Foreign exchange service (FX) is a telecommunications network service in which a telephone in a given exchange area is connected, via a private line (as opposed to a trunk line), to a telephone exchange or central office in another foreign exchange, rather than the local exchange area where the device is located. To call originators, it appears that the called party having the FX service is located in the foreign exchange area." ; :prefLabel "Foreign exchange service (telecommunications)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Toy (disambiguation)", "Toys (1992 film)", "Toys (movie)" ; :definition "Toys is a 1992 fantasy comedy film directed by Barry Levinson and starring Robin Williams, Michael Gambon, Joan Cusack, Robin Wright, LL Cool J, and Jamie Foxx in his feature film debut. It was released in December 1992 in the US, and March and April 1993 in the UK and Australia, respectively. It was produced by Baltimore Pictures and released by 20th Century Fox." ; :prefLabel "Toys" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Disease", "Diseases", "Rare", "Rare Disease", "Rare Diseases [Disease/Finding]", "Rare disorder", "disease rare", "diseases rare" ; :definition "A large group of diseases which are characterized by a low prevalence in the population. They frequently are associated with problems in diagnosis and treatment." ; :prefLabel "Rare Diseases" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MSH", "MeSH", "MeSH Headings", "Medical", "Medical Subject Heading", "Subject Heading", "Subject Headings", "medical subject heading (MeSH)" ; :definition "The National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus. It consists of sets of terms naming descriptors in a hierarchical structure that permits searching at various levels of specificity.(Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Fact Sheet)" ; :prefLabel "Medical Subject Headings" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LUN", "Logical Unit", "SCSI LUN" ; :definition "In computer storage, a logical unit number, or LUN, is a number used to identify a logical unit, which is a device addressed by the SCSI protocol or Storage Area Network protocols which encapsulate SCSI, such as Fibre Channel or iSCSI. A LUN may be used with any device which supports read/write operations, such as a tape drive, but is most often used to refer to a logical disk as created on a SAN. Though not technically correct, the term "LUN" is often also used to refer to the logical disk itself." ; :prefLabel "Logical unit number" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Coalescence", "Coalescence (computer science)" ; :definition "In computer science, coalescing is the act of merging two adjacent free blocks of memory. When an application frees memory, gaps can fall in the memory segment that the application uses. Among other techniques, coalescing is used to reduce external fragmentation, but is not totally effective. Coalescing can be done as soon as blocks are freed, or it can be deferred until some time later (known as deferred coalescing), or it might not be done at all. Coalescence and related techniques like heap compaction, can be used in garbage collection." ; :prefLabel "Coalescing (computer science)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bia", "Bia ", "bia butterfly" ; :prefLabel "Bia (butterflies)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "-- Diabetes Type 1", "1", "Brittle", "Brittle Diabetes Mellitus", "DIABETES MELLITUS", "DIABETES MELLITUS (JUVENILE ONSET)", "DIABETES MELLITUS INSULIN DEPENDENT", "Diabetes", "Diabetes Mellitus", "Diabetes Type 1", "Diabetes mellitus Type I", "IDD", "IDDM", "IDDM1", "INSULIN DEPENDENT", "INSULIN-DEPENDENT", "Insulin Dependent Diabetes", "Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus", "Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 1", "Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus", "Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 1", "Insulin-dependent diabetes", "Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type I)", "JOD", "JUVENILE ONSET DIABETES MELLITUS", "Juvenile Onset", "Juvenile Onset Diabetes", "Juvenile diabetes", "Juvenile diabetes mellitus", "Juvenile-Onset", "Juvenile-Onset Diabetes", "Juvenile-Onset Diabetes Mellitus", "KETOSIS-PRONE", "KPD", "Ketosis Prone", "Ketosis-Prone Diabetes Mellitus", "Mellitus", "Sudden Onset", "Sudden-Onset", "Sudden-Onset Diabetes", "Sudden-Onset Diabetes Mellitus", "TYPE I", "Type 1", "Type 1 Diabetes", "Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus", "Type 1 [Disease/Finding]", "Type I Diabetes", "Type I diabetes mellitus", "diabetes mellitus type 1", "diabetes type i", "ketosis prone diabetes" ; :definition "A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence." ; :prefLabel "Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin-Dependent" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information and Control" ; :definition "Information and Computation is a computer science journal published by Elsevier (formerly Academic Press). The journal was founded in 1957 under its former name Information and Control. The editor-in-chief is Albert R. Meyer (Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT). The journal publishes 12 issues a year. The 2012 Impact Factor for this journal is 0.699 and the 5-Year Impact Factor is 0.890." ; :prefLabel "Information and Computation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sampling", "sampled", "sampling [surgical action]" ; :definition "The selection and obtaining of small representative quantities of biological material for the purpose of analysis; also, in biomedical statistics, sampling is the selection and implementation of statistical observations in order to estimate properties of an underlying population; also, in environmental science, the collection of representative specimens analyzed to characterize site conditions." ; :prefLabel "Sampling - Surgical action" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Read Clinical Classification", "Snomed" ; :definition "The Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) is a systematic, computer-processable collection of medical terms, in human and veterinary medicine, to provide codes, terms, synonyms and definitions which cover anatomy, diseases, findings, procedures, microorganisms, substances, etc. It allows a consistent way to index, store, retrieve, and aggregate medical data across specialties and sites of care. Although now international, SNOMED was started in the U.S. by the College of American Pathologists (CAP) in 1973 and revised into the 1990s. In 2002 CAP's SNOMED Reference Terminology (SNOMED RT) was merged with, and expanded by, the National Health Service's Clinical Terms Version 3 (previously known as the Read codes) to produce SNOMED CT." ; :prefLabel "Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "sociology (field)" ; :definition "A social science dealing with group relationships, patterns of collective behavior, and social organization." ; :prefLabel "Sociology" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Advanced Parking Guidance System", "EZ-Park", "Intelligent Park Assist", "Intelligent Parking Assist", "Ipas" ; :definition "Intelligent Parking Assist System (IPAS), also known as the Advanced Parking Guidance System (APGS) for Lexus models in the United States, is the first production automatic parking system developed by Toyota Motor Corporation in 1999 initially for the Japanese market hybrid Prius models and Lexus models. The technology assists drivers in parking their vehicle. On vehicles equipped with the IPAS, via an in-dash screen and button controls, the car can steer itself into a parking space with little input from the user. The first version of the system was deployed on the Prius Hybrid sold in Japan in 2003. In 2006, an upgraded version debuted for the first time outside Japan on the Lexus LS luxury sedan, which featured the automatic parking technology among other brand new inventions from Toyot" ; :prefLabel "Intelligent Parking Assist System" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MEX", "MEX-file" ; :definition "A MEX file is a type of computer file that provides an interface between MATLAB or Octave and functions written in C, C++ or Fortran. It stands for "MATLAB executable". When compiled, MEX files are dynamically loaded and allow external functions to be invoked from within MATLAB or Octave as if they were built-in functions. To support the development of MEX files, both MATLAB and Octave offer external interface functions that facilitate the transfer of data between MEX files and the workspace. In addition to MEX files, Octave has its own format using its own native API, with better performance." ; :prefLabel "MEX file" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Voronoi" ; :definition "In mathematics, a weighted Voronoi diagram in n dimensions is a special case of a Voronoi diagram. The Voronoi cells in a weighted Voronoi diagram are defined in terms of a distance function. The distance function may specify the usual Euclidean distance, or may be some other, special distance function. Usually, the distance function is a function of the generator points' weights. The power diagram is defined when weights are added to the squared Euclidean distance. It can also be defined using the power distance defined from a set of circles." ; :prefLabel "Weighted Voronoi diagram" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Execute", "Executed" ; :definition "The act of carrying out some order or instruction to accomplish an aim." ; :prefLabel "Execution" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CONTAINER" ; :definition "An object that can be used to hold things." ; :prefLabel "Containers" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Agents", "Events", "Rea", "Resources", "Resources Events Agents" ; :definition "Resources, events, agents (REA) is a model of how an accounting system can be re-engineered for the computer age. REA was originally proposed in 1982 by William E. McCarthy as a generalized accounting model, and contained the concepts of resources, events and agents (McCarthy 1982)." ; :prefLabel "Resources, events, agents (accounting model)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "grades" ; :definition "A position on a scale of intensity or amount or quality." ; :prefLabel "Grade" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Innovation", "Innovations", "Technological", "Technological Innovation" ; :definition "Novel technology." ; :prefLabel "Technological Innovations" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IPN" ; :definition "InterPlaNet (IPN), not to be confused with InterPlanetary Network, is a computer networking protocol designed to operate at interplanetary distances, where traditional protocols such as the Internet Protocol break down. It is the base for Interplanetary Internet. It has been under development by Vint Cerf and NASA since 1998 and a permanent network link to Mars was planned by 2008 until the Mars Telecommunications Orbiter was canceled in 2005. The protocol was expected to be space-qualified and ready for use by around 2010." ; :prefLabel "InterPlaNet" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1 bit memory cell", "Binary cell", "DRAM cell", "Memory cell", "Memory cell (computers)", "SRAM cell" ; :definition "The memory cell is the fundamental building block of computer memory. The memory cell is an electronic circuit that stores one bit of binary information and it must be set to store a logic 1 (high voltage level) and reset to store a logic 0 (low voltage level). Its value is maintained/stored until it is changed by the set/reset process. The value in the memory cell can be accessed by reading it. Over the history of computing many different memory cell architectures have been used including core memory and bubble memory, but the most common ones used are flip-flops and capacitors." ; :prefLabel "Memory cell (binary)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pooled", "Pooled Specimen" ; :definition "A mix of specimens from multiple individuals representing multiple sex groups." ; :prefLabel "Pooled Sample" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MCL" ; :definition "Macintosh Common Lisp (MCL) is an implementation and IDE for the Common Lisp programming language. Various versions of MCL run under the classic Mac OS (m68k and PPC) and Mac OS X. Versions of MCL up to and including 5.1 are proprietary. Version 5.2 has been open sourced. In 2009 a new different version of MCL has been open sourced: RMCL. RMCL is based on MCL 5.1 and does run under Rosetta on Intel-based Macs." ; :prefLabel "Macintosh Common Lisp" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lutz" ; :definition "Jack Lutz is a theoretical computer scientist and computational theorist best known for developing the concepts of resource bounded measure and effective dimension. He is currently a professor at Iowa State University." ; :prefLabel "Jack Lutz" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IBM", "INCLUSION BODY MYOSITIS", "Inclusion Body", "Inclusion Body Myositides", "Inclusion Body [Disease/Finding]", "Myositides", "Myositis", "bodies inclusion myositis", "body inclusion myositis", "myositis inclusion body" ; :definition "Progressive myopathies characterized by the presence of inclusion bodies on muscle biopsy. Sporadic and hereditary forms have been described. The sporadic form is an acquired, adult-onset inflammatory vacuolar myopathy affecting proximal and distal muscles. Familial forms usually begin in childhood and lack inflammatory changes. Both forms feature intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusions in muscle tissue. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1409-10)" ; :prefLabel "Inclusion Body Myositis (disorder)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ADRENAL HYPOPLASIA", "AHC", "CONGENITAL", "CYTOMEGALIC ADRENOCORTICAL HYPOPLASIA", "Congenital Adrenal Gland Hypoplasia", "Congenital Adrenal Hypoplasia" ; :definition "A rare genetic disorder that affects the adrenal gland. It usually presents in infancy with signs and symptoms of adrenal insufficiency. If it is not recognized and treated promptly, it may be lethal." ; :prefLabel "Congenital hypoplasia of adrenal gland" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Becker", "Don Becker" ; :definition "Donald Becker is a developer, who wrote Ethernet drivers for the Linux operating system. Becker, in collaboration with Thomas Sterling, created the Beowulf clustering software while at NASA, to connect many inexpensive PCs to solve complex math problems typically reserved for classic supercomputers. For this work, Becker received the Gordon Bell Prize in 1997. Becker became the Chief Technology Officer (CTO) of Scyld Computer Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Penguin Computing, a developer and supplier of Beowulf Clusters." ; :prefLabel "Donald Becker" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer Assisted", "Computer Assisted Protocol Directed", "Computer Assisted Protocol Directed Therapy", "Computer Assisted Therapy", "Computer-Assisted", "Computer-Assisted Protocol-Directed", "Computer-Assisted Protocol-Directed Therapies", "Computer-Assisted Protocol-Directed Therapy", "Computer-Assisted Therapies", "Computer-Assisted Therapy", "Protocol Directed Therapy", "Protocol-Directed Therapies", "Protocol-Directed Therapy", "Therapies", "Therapy" ; :definition "Computer systems utilized as adjuncts in the treatment of disease." ; :prefLabel "Therapy, Computer-Assisted" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CRM", "CRM [brand name]" ; :definition "brand name of chromium picolinate" ; :prefLabel "CRM chromium picolinate" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Behavior Disorder", "Behavior Disorders", "REM", "REM Behavior Disorder", "REM Behavior Disorders", "REM Sleep Behavior Disorder [Disease/Finding]", "Rapid Eye Movement Sleep", "Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder", "behavior disorders rem sleep", "rem behavior sleep disorder" ; :definition "A disorder characterized by episodes of vigorous and often violent motor activity during REM sleep (SLEEP, REM). The affected individual may inflict self injury or harm others, and is difficult to awaken from this condition. Episodes are usually followed by a vivid recollection of a dream that is consistent with the aggressive behavior. This condition primarily affects adult males. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p393)" ; :prefLabel "REM Sleep Behavior Disorder" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Betweenness is an algorithmic problem in order theory about ordering a collection of items subject to constraints that some items must be placed between others. It has applications in bioinformatics, but was shown to be NP-complete by ." ; :prefLabel "Betweenness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dark Side (computer game)" ; :definition "Dark Side is a 1988 computer game for the Amiga, Atari ST, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, PC, ZX Spectrum, and Sharp MZ-800 computers. The game is a sequel to Driller, set in the Evath system but this time on Evath's second moon Tricuspid. It can also be considered an early example of a first-person shooter." ; :prefLabel "Dark Side" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ver", "visual evoked responses" ; :prefLabel "Test of Visual Evoked Responses in Children" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Protein-Protein Interaction", "Protein-protein interactions", "interaction protein", "interactions protein", "protein interaction" ; :definition "Temporary, non-covalent binding between protein molecules. Protein-protein interactions occur as a result of intermolecular physical forces and spatial complementation between domains or motifs. This interaction can be either homotypic or heterotypic and effect protein structure, conformation, and function." ; :prefLabel "protein protein interaction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Earthquake Network is a research project which aims at developing and maintaining a crowdsourced smartphone-based earthquake warning system at a global level. Smartphones made available by the population are used to detect the earthquake waves using the on-board accelerometers. When an earthquake is detected, an earthquake warning is issued in order to alert the population not yet reached by the damaging waves of the earthquake." ; :prefLabel "Earthquake Network" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Albrecht", "Katherine" ; :definition "Katherine Albrecht is the founder of Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering (CASPIAN), a national consumer organization created in 1999 to educate consumer-citizens about shopper surveillance. She is a consumer privacy advocate and spokesperson against radio-frequency identification (RFID). Albrecht devised the term "spy chips" to describe RFID tags such as those embedded in passport cards and certain enhanced United States driver's licenses. Katherine Albrecht holds a Doctor of Education degree from Harvard University. She is a resident of Nashua, New Hampshire." ; :prefLabel "Katherine Albrecht" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A digital environment is a simulated "place" made through the use of one or more computers. Records or evidence of an individual's interaction with a digital environment constitute their digital footprint." ; :prefLabel "Digital environment" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CDL", "CDL2" ; :definition "Compiler Description Language, or CDL, is a programming language based on affix grammars. It is very similar to Backus–Naur form(BNF) notation. It was designed for the development of compilers. It is very limited in its capabilities and control flow; and intentionally so. The benefits of these limitations are twofold. On the one hand they make possible the sophisticated data and control flow analysis used by the CDL2 optimizers resulting in extremely efficient code. The other benefit is that they foster a highly verbose naming convention. This in turn leads to programs that are to a great extent self-documenting." ; :prefLabel "Compiler Description Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "TOWeb is a WYSIWYG website creation software for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X that makes web publishing easy. The latest version 5 creates HTML5/CSS3 responsive websites compatible with any device. It has some limitations such as one can not open an external web site for editing." ; :prefLabel "TOWeb" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Financial", "Financial Statement", "Statement", "Statements" ; :definition "Formal and structured record of financial activities of a business, person, or other entity." ; :prefLabel "Financial Statements" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abnormality of the basal ganglia", "Anomaly of the basal ganglia", "Basal Ganglia Diseases [Disease/Finding]", "Basal Ganglia Disorder", "Basal Ganglia Disorders", "Basal ganglia disease", "Basal ganglia--Diseases", "basal disorder ganglia" ; :definition "Diseases of the BASAL GANGLIA including the PUTAMEN; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; claustrum; AMYGDALA; and CAUDATE NUCLEUS. DYSKINESIAS (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA." ; :prefLabel "Basal Ganglia Diseases" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Gene", "Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Viral Oncogene Homolog Gene", "C-Rel", "I-Rel", "Oncogene REL", "REL", "v-REL Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Viral Oncogene Homolog wt Allele" ; :definition "Human REL wild-type allele is located within 2p13-p12 and is approximately 41 kb in length. This allele, which encodes proto-oncogene c-Rel protein, is involved in the activation of transcription, differentiation and lymphopoiesis." ; :prefLabel "REL wt Allele" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EFG" ; :definition "The European Film Gateway (EFG) is a single access point to the digitized holdings of historical European film documents from numerous film archives and cinematheques, including over 600,000 individual objects from over 60 collections. The European Film Gateway gives access to images, textual materials, and moving images. The vast contents include film stills, set photos, posters, set drawings, portrait photographs, scripts, correspondences, film censorship and visa rulings, out-of-print books, film programs and reviews, as well as newsreels, documentaries, commercials, and feature films. The portal facilitates access to the archives which hold the original materials." ; :prefLabel "European Film Gateway" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Affiliate fraud", "Click spam", "Click spamming", "Clickfraud", "Clickspam", "Hit inflation attack", "Invalid click", "Invalid clicks" ; :definition "Click fraud is a type of fraud that occurs on the Internet in pay-per-click (PPC) online advertising. In this type of advertising, the owners of websites that post the ads are paid an amount of money determined by how many visitors to the sites click on the ads. Fraud occurs when a person, automated script or computer program imitates a legitimate user of a web browser, clicking on such an ad without having actual interest in the target of the ad's link. Click fraud is the subject of some controversy and increasing litigation due to the advertising networks being a key beneficiary of the fraud." ; :prefLabel "Click fraud" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "An issue tree, also called a logic tree, is a graphical breakdown of a question that dissects it into its different components vertically and that progresses into details as it reads to the right. Issue trees are useful in problem solving to identify the root causes of a problem as well as to identify its potential solutions. They also provide a reference point to see how each piece fits into the whole picture of a problem. There are two types of issue trees: diagnostic ones and solution ones. To be effective, an issue tree needs to obey four basic rules:" ; :prefLabel "Issue trees" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GBP4", "GUANYLATE-BINDING PROTEIN 3", "GUANYLATE-BINDING PROTEIN 4", "HOMOLOG OF", "MOUSE", "Mpa2", "guanylate binding protein 4" ; :prefLabel "GBP4 gene" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CHRONIC MULTIFOCAL", "CMO", "CRMO", "Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis", "Multifocal osteomyelitis", "NBO", "Non-bacterial Osteomyelitis", "OSTEOMYELITIS", "chronic" ; :definition "An autoinflammatory disease characterized by sterile bone lesions which are multifocal and/or recurrent." ; :prefLabel "Chronic multifocal osteomyelitis" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Prince's Pine", "San Xing Xi Dong Cao" ; :prefLabel "Chimaphila umbellata" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tower Of Babel (computer game)", "Tower of Babel (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Tower of Babel is a computer game for the Amiga, Atari ST and Acorn Archimedes systems programmed by Pete Cooke, developed by Rainbird Software and released by Microprose Software in 1989. It is a puzzle video game played on a three-dimensional tower-like grid viewed in vector graphics with filled polygons." ; :prefLabel "Tower of Babel" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DENDRITIC CELL-DERIVED PROTEIN KINASE", "DPK", "JIK", "JNK/SAPK-INHIBITORY KINASE", "MAP3K18", "TAO Kinase 3 Gene", "TAO kinase 3", "TAOK3" ; :definition "This gene is involved in both protein phosphorylation and signal transduction." ; :prefLabel "TAOK3 gene" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tile chart", "Tree map", "Tree mapping", "Treemap", "Treemaps" ; :definition "In information visualization and computing, treemapping is a method for displaying hierarchical data by using nested rectangles." ; :prefLabel "Treemapping" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KSOffice", "Kingsoft Office", "Kingsoft Office Suite", "Kingsoft Office Suite Free", "Kingsoft Presentation", "Kingsoft Spreadsheets", "Kingsoft Writer", "Super-WPS", "WPS", "WPS (Kingsoft)", "WPS Office Presentation", "WPS Office Spreadsheet", "WPS Office Storm", "WPS Office Writer", "WPS Presentation", "WPS Spreadsheet", "WPS Writer" ; :definition "WPS Office (an acronym for Writer, Presentation and Spreadsheets, previously known as Kingsoft Office) is an office suite for Microsoft Windows, Linux, iOS and Android OS, developed by Zhuhai-based Chinese software developer Kingsoft. WPS Office is a suite of software which is made up of three primary components: WPS Writer, WPS Presentation, and WPS Spreadsheet." ; :prefLabel "WPS Office" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Span" ; :definition "The distance or interval between two points." ; :prefLabel "Span Distance" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FDH I", "FDH II", "N-FDH", "NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase", "NAD-formate dehydrogenase", "NAD-linked formate dehydrogenase", "formate benzyl-viologen oxidoreductase", "formate dehydrogenase (NAD)", "formate hydrogenlyase", "formate-NAD oxidoreductase", "formate:NAD+ oxidoreductase", "formic acid dehydrogenase", "formic hydrogen-lyase" ; :definition "Catalysis of the reaction: formate + NAD(+) = CO(2) + NADH. [EC:1.2.1.2, RHEA:15988]" ; :prefLabel "formate dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Coded mask", "HURA", "URA", "Uniformly Redundant Array" ; :definition "Coded Apertures or Coded-Aperture Masks are grids, gratings, or other patterns of materials opaque to various wavelengths of light. The wavelengths are usually high-energy radiation such as X-rays and gamma rays. By blocking and unblocking light in a known pattern, a coded "shadow" is cast upon a plane of detectors. Using computer algorithms, the properties of the original light source can be deduced from the shadow on the detectors. Coded apertures are used in X- and gamma ray imaging systems because their high energies pass through normal lenses and mirrors." ; :prefLabel "Coded aperture" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "API4", "Apoptosis Inhibitor 4", "Apoptosis Inhibitor Survivin", "BIRC5", "Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 5 (Survivin)", "Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing Protein 5", "EPR-1", "IAP4", "SRV" ; :definition "Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5 (142 aa, ~16 kDa) is encoded by the human BIRC5 gene. This protein plays a role in the regulation of both apoptosis and the cell cycle." ; :prefLabel "survivin" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "B Cell Positive", "B Cell-Positive", "CIDX", "Combined Immunodeficiency", "IMD4", "IMD6", "IMMUNODEFICIENCY 4", "IMMUNODEFICIENCY 6", "Immunodeficiency", "Immunodeficiency Disease", "Immunodeficiency Diseases", "Immunodeficiency Syndrome", "Immunodeficiency Syndromes", "NK Cell Negative", "NK Cell-Negative", "SCID", "SCIDX", "SCIDX1", "SCIDs", "Severe Combined Immunodeficiency", "Syndromes", "T Cell Negative", "T Cell-Negative", "X Linked", "X Linked Combined", "X Linked Combined Immunodeficiency", "X Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases", "X Linked Immunodeficiency Disease", "X Linked Immunodeficiency Syndrome", "X Linked SCID", "X Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency", "X-LINKED", "X-Linked", "X-Linked Combined", "X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiencies", "X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency", "X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases [Disease/Finding]", "X-Linked Immunodeficiency", "X-Linked Immunodeficiency Disease", "X-Linked Immunodeficiency Diseases", "X-Linked Immunodeficiency Syndrome", "X-Linked Immunodeficiency Syndromes", "X-Linked SCID", "X-Linked SCIDs", "X-Linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency", "X-SCID", "XCID", "XSCID" ; :definition "Forms of combined immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the gene for INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA SUBUNIT. Both severe and non-severe subtypes of the disease have been identified." ; :prefLabel "X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "combines" ; :prefLabel "combine" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abnormality of neural tube closure", "Defect", "Defects", "Developmental Defects", "Developmental Neural Tube Defects", "Incomplete closure of the vertebral arch", "NTD", "NTDS", "Neural Tube", "Neural Tube Defects [Disease/Finding]", "Neural Tube Developmental Defects", "Neural tube defect", "Spinal dysraphism", "defect neural tube", "defects neural tube", "tube neural defects" ; :definition "Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)" ; :prefLabel "Neural Tube Defects" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In cryptanalysis, gardening was a term used at the British Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, England, during World War II; for schemes to entice the Germans to include known plaintext, which the British called "cribs", in their encrypted messages. This term presumably came from RAF minelaying missions, or "gardening" sorties. "Gardening" was standard RAF slang for sowing mines in rivers, ports and oceans from low heights, possibly because each sea area around the European coasts was given a code-name of flowers or vegetables." ; :prefLabel "Gardening (cryptanalysis)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Diving", "Divings", "dive" ; :definition "An activity in which the organism plunges into water. It includes scuba and bell diving. Diving as natural behavior of animals goes here, as well as diving in decompression experiments with humans or animals." ; :prefLabel "Diving (activity)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "disclaimer" . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "App Social", "Comparison of Lumia devices", "Comparison of Lumia tablets", "Comparison of Microsoft Lumia tablets", "Comparison of Nokia Lumia tablets", "Glance Background", "Lumi", "Lumia", "Lumia 1525", "Lumia 430", "Lumia 540", "Lumia 540 Dual SIM", "Lumia 730", "Lumia Amber", "Lumia App Social", "Lumia Black", "Lumia Camera Classic", "Lumia Car App", "Lumia Cyan", "Lumia Denim", "Lumia Gestures", "Lumia Help+Tips", "Lumia Storage Check", "Lumia VIP", "Lumia X", "Lumia range", "Lumia series", "Microsoft Device Hub", "Microsoft Lumia 530", "Microsoft Lumia 540 Dual SIM", "Microsoft Lumia series", "My Lumia", "My Nokia", "Nokia Car App", "Nokia Device Hub", "Nokia Glance", "Nokia Lumia", "Nokia Lumia 1525", "Nokia Lumia 435", "Nokia Lumia 636", "Nokia Lumia Rock", "Nokia Lumia Series", "Nokia Lumia X", "Nokia NFC Writer", "Nokia Rise", "Nokia Rock", "Nokia TV", "Nokia Trailers", "Play To", "Storage Check", "Try Lumia" ; :definition "Microsoft Lumia (previously the Nokia Lumia Series) is a range of mobile devices designed and marketed by Microsoft Mobile and previously by Nokia. Introduced in November 2011, the line was the result of a long-term partnership between Nokia and Microsoft—as such, all Lumia smartphones run the Windows Phone operating system. The Lumia name is derived from the partitive plural form of the Finnish word lumi, meaning "snow"." ; :prefLabel "Microsoft Lumia" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sara" ; :definition "SARA (SAABs räkneautomat, SAAB's calculating machine) was developed by SAAB when the capacity of BESK was insufficient for their needs. The project was started the fall of 1955 and became operational in 1956. SARA was built using the drawings of BESK that SAAB had bought for a symbolic sum and with the help of people who had worked with BESK, but didn't stay when Matematikmaskinnämnden decided that there would be no second generation. SARA wasn't used much, but it became the start of DataSAAB and the development of CK37 and D2." ; :prefLabel "SARA (computer)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Award", "awarded" ; :definition "A prize given for achievement in a specific area, including monies given on the basis of merit." ; :prefLabel "Awards" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OScar (open source car)", "Open Source Green Vehicle" ; :definition "OScar is the first attempt to design an entire automobile using open-source principles. The aim of the project is mainly to produce blueprints, using essentially open-source CAD. The project commenced in 1999, founded by Markus Merz with Tiago do Vale as design director, and launched its 0.2 release in 2006, but no further progress has been made. In 2007, Merz admitted the project was a hobby." ; :prefLabel "OScar" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LCH", "LCSH" ; :prefLabel "Library of Congress Subject Headings" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DLP", "Dim2", "FLJ20511", "TXNL4B", "thioredoxin like 4B" ; :prefLabel "TXNL4B gene" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chinese Medicine Sheng-Yu-Tang", "Sagacious Cure Decoction" ; :definition "A Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) containing Radix Rehmanniae Praeparata, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Radix Astragali, Radix Ginseng, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, and Rhizoma Chuanxiong, with potential immunomodulating activity. Although the exact mechanism of action through which Sheng-Yu-Tang exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon oral administration, this TCM may have a beneficial effect on the immune system." ; :prefLabel "Sheng-Yu-Tang" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Vectra" ; :definition "The HP Vectra was a line of business-oriented personal computers manufactured by Hewlett-Packard. It was introduced in October 1985 as HP's first IBM compatible PC. Hewlett-Packard, which originally made its name through selling test equipment, made its move into the computing field in 1967 with the HP 1000/2100 minicomputers. Further minicomputer and terminal products followed in the coming years, and in 1983, the company finally released a microcomputer, the HP 150 series. It only lasted two years before HP embraced the IBM PC standard with the Vectra line. Mainly targeted at business, scientific, engineering, and other professional markets, the Vectra was HP's bread-and-butter computer range for over 15 years." ; :prefLabel "HP Vectra" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2-Morpholinoethyl (e)-6-(4-hydroxy-6-methoxy-7-methyl-3-oxo-5-phthalanyl)-4-methyl-4-hexenoate", "MMF", "Mofetil", "Mycophenolate", "Mycophenolate Mofetil [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Mycophenolic Acid Morpholinoethyl Ester", "mofetil mycophenolate" ; :definition "The morpholinoethyl ester of mycophenolic acid (MPA) with potent immunosuppressive properties. Mycophenolate stops T-cell and B-cell proliferation through selective inhibition of the de novo pathway of purine biosynthesis. In vivo, the active metabolite, MPA, reversibly inhibits inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. MPA displays high lymphocyte specificity and cytotoxicity due to the higher dependence of activated lymphocytes on both salvage and de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides relative to other cell types. (NCI04)" ; :prefLabel "mycophenolate mofetil" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CRC", "Cancer of Large Bowel", "Cancer of Large Intestine", "Cancer of the Large Bowel", "Cancer of the Large Intestine", "Carcinoma", "Carcinoma of Large Bowel", "Carcinoma of Large Intestine", "Carcinoma of the Large Bowel", "Carcinoma of the Large Intestine", "Carcinomas", "Colorectal", "Colorectal Cancer", "Colorectal Carcinomas", "Colorectal cancer", "Large Bowel Cancer", "Large Bowel Carcinoma", "Large Intestine Cancer", "Large Intestine Carcinoma", "NOS", "carcinoma colorectal" ; :definition "A malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from the colon or rectum and invades through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa. The vast majority are adenocarcinomas." ; :prefLabel "Colorectal Carcinoma" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Depart", "Departed", "Departure", "Leave", "Leaving" ; :definition "The act of leaving a destination." ; :prefLabel "Departure - action" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Genetic", "Linkage", "Linkage (Genetics)", "linkage" ; :definition "The tendency for genes or segments of DNA closely positioned along a chromosome to segregate together at meiosis, and therefore be inherited together." ; :prefLabel "genetic linkage" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AORTIC VALVE", "AORTIC VALVE REGURGITATION", "AR", "Aortic", "Aortic Incompetence", "Aortic Valve", "Aortic Valve Incompetence", "Aortic Valve Insufficiency [Disease/Finding]", "Aortic insufficiency", "Aortic regurgitation", "INCOMPETENCE", "INSUFFICIENCY", "Incompetence", "Insufficiency", "REGURGITATION", "Regurgitation", "ai" ; :definition "Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root)." ; :prefLabel "Aortic Valve Insufficiency" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lifting" ; :definition "The lifting scheme is a technique for both designing wavelets and performing the discrete wavelet transform.Actually it is worthwhile to merge these steps and design the wavelet filters while performing the wavelet transform.This is then called the second generation wavelet transform.The technique was introduced by Wim Sweldens. The discrete wavelet transform applies several filters separately to the same signal.In contrast to that, for the lifting scheme the signal is divided like a zipper.Then a series of convolution-accumulate operations across the divided signals is applied." ; :prefLabel "Lifting scheme" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "society", "society [ organization]" ; :definition "Organizations composed of members with common interests and whose professions may be similar." ; :prefLabel "Societies" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "35-KD", "COLEC4", "COLLECTIN 4", "PSAP", "PSPA", "PULMONARY 1", "PULMONARY SURFACTANT APOPROTEIN PSP-A", "PULMONARY SURFACTANT-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN", "PULMONARY-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN A1", "SFTP1", "SFTPA1", "SP-A", "SP-A1", "SPA", "SPA1", "SURFACTANT", "SURFACTANT-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN", "pulmonary-associated protein A1A", "surfactant", "surfactant protein A1" ; :prefLabel "SFTPA1 gene" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "9iFS", "Oid" ; :definition "Oracle Internet Directory (OID) is a directory service produced by Oracle Corporation, which functions compatible with LDAP version 3." ; :prefLabel "Oracle Internet Directory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PTE", "Pressure tolerant electronics" ; :definition "Pressure-tolerant electronics (PTE) are electronic components or assemblies that can operate satisfactorily under high pressure (hyperbaric or hydrostatic, such as oil baths), without the need of a high pressure enclosure. Typical uses include submarines and oil wells." ; :prefLabel "Pressure-tolerant electronics" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KGS", "Kiseido Go Server" ; :definition "The KGS Go Server, known until 2006 as the Kiseido Go Server, is a game server first developed in 1999 and established in 2000 for people to play Go. The system was developed by William M. Shubert and its code is now written entirely in Java. A list of the top 100 players, sorted by KGS calculated rank, is regularly updated and maintained. International tournament games and national championship games are relayed on this server. Monthly Computer Go tournaments are held in the Computer Go room on KGS. In addition, non-ranked games may be marked private." ; :prefLabel "KGS Go Server" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deuterium [Chemical/Ingredient]", "H2 isotope", "h 2" ; :definition "Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus." ; :prefLabel "Deuterium" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "4", "BDPLT4", "BLEEDING DISORDER", "GPS", "Gray Platelet", "Gray Platelet Syndrome [Disease/Finding]", "Gray Platelet Syndromes", "Grey", "Grey Platelet", "Grey Platelet Syndrome", "Grey Platelet Syndromes", "PLATELET ALPHA-GRANULE DEFICIENCY", "PLATELET-TYPE", "Platelet Syndromes", "Syndrome", "Syndromes" ; :definition "A rare, inherited platelet disorder characterized by a selective deficiency in the number and contents of platelet alpha-granules. It is associated with THROMBOCYTOPENIA, enlarged platelets, and prolonged bleeding time." ; :prefLabel "Gray Platelet Syndrome" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "boxes" ; :definition "A square or rectangular vessel, usually made of cardboard or plastic." ; :prefLabel "Box" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "C1x" ; :definition "C11 (formerly C1X) is an informal name for ISO/IEC 9899:2011, the current standard for the C programming language. It replaces the previous C standard, informally known as C99. This new version mainly standardizes features that have already been supported by common contemporary compilers, and includes a detailed memory model to better support multiple threads of execution. Due to delayed availability of conforming C99 implementations, C11 makes certain features optional, to make it easier to comply with the core language standard." ; :prefLabel "C11 (C standard revision)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Manuscript" ; :definition "Works prepared by hand including handwritten or typescript drafts of pre-publication papers or works not otherwise reproduced in multiple copies." ; :prefLabel "Manuscripts" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Canavalia virosa", "xiao dao dou" ; :prefLabel "Canavalia cathartica" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OPS" ; :definition "Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging is a method for imaging small blood vessels in tissue like the nail bed or lip. It uses a light source of linearly polarized light with a wavelength of 550 nanometers, an isosbestic point for hemoglobin, thus imaging the erythrocytes as they are flowing through the small blood vessels. The reflected light orthogonal (at a 90° angle) to the emitted light is recorded, thus eliminating direct reflections. The depolarized light forms an image of the microcirculation on a CCD, which can be captured through single frames or on videotape. The image produced is as if the light source is actually placed behind the desired target or transilluminated." ; :prefLabel "Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "One of the most severe limitations of the Semantic Web is its inability to deal with uncertain knowledge. Probabilistic Semantics extends the current semantic technology to overcome that limitation. However, due to their probabilistic approach, Probabilistic Semantics are able to describe only those uncertainties that can be quantified, namely they cannot model conceptual uncertainty." ; :prefLabel "Probabilistic semantics" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DNS prefetching", "Prefetching" ; :definition "Link prefetching is a method for web pages to declare hints allowing web browsers to pre-load various external resources to speed up loading and rendering of the page. The resources can include JavaScript, CSS, image, audio, video or web font files as well as DNS names and TCP connections." ; :prefLabel "Link prefetching" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???:????:????:??:??", "????:????:???:??:???:???????", "?????????? ?????????:???????:??????:??:?????:??????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????", "B--Sauerstoffsättigung (nach pO2)", "O2 Satn from pO2 MFr Sg", "Oksijen satürasyonu:KütlFr:Zml?:Kan:Kant:Hesaplanm?? oksijen parsiyal bas?nc?ndan", "Oxygen saturation Calculated from oxygen partial pressure in Blood", "Oxygen saturation.calculated from oxygen partial pressure in Blood", "Oxygen saturation:Mass Fraction:Point in time:Whole blood:Quantitative:Calculated from oxygen partial pressure", "Oxygène saturation [Fraction massique] Sang ; Numérique ; Calculée à partir de la pression partielle en oxygène", "Oxygène saturation:Fraction massique:Ponctuel:Sang:Numérique:Calculée à partir de la pression partielle en oxygène", "SaO2 % Bld from pO2", "Saturación de Oxígeno:Fracción de masa:Punto temporal:Sangre:Qn:Cálculo para la presióm parcial de oxígeno", "Saturation en oxygène:Fraction de masse:Temps ponctuel:Sang:Quantitatif:Calculé à partir de la ppO2", "Saturation en oxygène:Fraction de masse:Temps ponctuel:Sang:Quantitatif:Calculée à partir de la pO2", "Saturazione dell'ossigeno:MFr:Pt:Sangue:Qn:Calcolato da pressione parziale ossigeno", "Saturação de Oxigênio.cálculo da pressão parcial de oxigênio:MFr:Pt:SgTotal:Qn", "Sauerstoffsättigung.berechnet aus dem Sauerstoffpartialdruck:MFr:Pkt:Blut:Qn", "Sg--ossigeno", "Sg--oxigeno", "Sg--oxygène", "Zuurstofverzadiging:Massa fractie:Moment:Bloed:Kwantitatief:Berkend van de partiele zuurstof druk", "saturación (según pO2)", "saturación de oxígeno.cálculo a partir de la presión parcial de oxígeno:fracción de sustancia:punto en el tiempo:sangre:cuantitativo", "saturación de oxígeno.cálculo a partir de la presión parcial de oxígeno:fracción de sustancia:punto en el tiempo:sangre:cuantitativo:", "saturation (d'après pO2)", "saturazione (secondo la pO2)" ; :prefLabel "Oxygen saturation:MFr:Pt:Bld:Qn:Calculated from oxygen partial pressure" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Strychnidin-10-one", "Strychnine [Chemical/Ingredient]" ; :definition "An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison." ; :prefLabel "Strychnine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Eagles" ; :definition "Large members of the FALCONIFORMES order of birds, family Accipitridae, most especially the genera Aquila, Haliaeetus, Harpia, and Circaetus. They are characterized by their powerful talons, which carry long, curved, pointed claws and by their opposable hindtoe." ; :prefLabel "Eagle" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Airborne" ; :definition "Airborne Ranger is a video game developed and released by MicroProse in 1987. The game is a relatively (for its era) realistic action game in which a sole U.S. Army Ranger is sent to infiltrate the enemy territory to complete various objectives. Note that The AMIGA and Atari ST versions were released few years later and were a wholly independent development and absolutely different from gameplay standpoint. This article and the praise is about the original PC/C64-version." ; :prefLabel "Airborne Ranger" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "5400", "5400 series", "74 series", "74 series chip", "74 series logic", "74**", "74-series chips", "7400", "7400 series logic", "7402", "7404", "7486", "74F TTL", "74LS", "74xx" ; :definition "The 7400 series of transistor–transistor logic (TTL) integrated circuits are the most popular family of TTL integrated circuit logic. Quickly replacing diode–transistor logic, it was used to build the mini and mainframe computers of the 1960s and 1970s. Several generations of pin-compatible descendants of the original family have since become de facto standard electronic components." ; :prefLabel "7400 series" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HLA", "High Level Architecture", "High Level Architecture (simulation)", "High level", "High-level architecture (simulation)", "High-level-architecture", "IEEE 1516", "STANAG 4603" ; :definition "The high-level architecture (HLA) is a general purpose architecture for distributed computer simulation systems. Using HLA, computer simulations can interact (that is, to communicate data, and to synchronize actions) with other computer simulations regardless of the computing platforms. The interaction between simulations is managed by a run-time infrastructure (RTI).HLA is an interoperability standard for distributed simulation used to support analysis, engineering and training in a number of different domains in both military and civilian applications and is the standard technical architecture for all US Department of Defense simulations." ; :prefLabel "High-level architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Google Baraza", "Google Otvety", "Google Q&A", "Questions and answers" ; :definition "Google Questions and Answers (Google Otvety, Google Ответы) was a free knowledge market offered by Google that allowed users to collaboratively find good answers, through the web, to their questions (also referred as Google Knowledge Search). It was launched on June 28, 2007 and replaces the fee-based Google Answers service, discontinued on December 1, 2006. Google had chosen Russia as the first country to launch this new service. On August 20, 2007, Google and Tianya Club, a Chinese community website, launched a free Q&A service entitled "Tianya Answers"." ; :prefLabel "Google Questions and Answers" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tucker", "Tucker3" ; :definition "In mathematics, Tucker decomposition decomposes a tensor into a set of matrices and one small core tensor. It is named after Ledyard R. Tuckeralthough it goes back to Hitchcock in 1927.Initially described as a three-mode extension of factor analysis and principal component analysis it may actually be generalized to higher mode analysis. It may be regarded as a more flexible PARAFAC (parallel factor analysis) model. In PARAFAC the core tensor is restricted to be "diagonal"." ; :prefLabel "Tucker decomposition" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "recruitment" ; :prefLabel "Auditory recruitment" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NPA", "Network Printing Alliance", "PWG" ; :definition "The Printer Working Group charter is to develop standards that make printers, operating systems and applications work better. In 1991 a consortium of printer and network manufacturers (Insight Development, Intel, LAN Systems, Lexmark and Texas Instruments) formed the Network Printing Alliance (NPA). Later members included QMS, Kyocera, GENICOM, Okidata, Unisys, Canon, IBM, Kodak, Adaptec, Tektronix, Digital Products, Pennant Systems, Extended Systems and NEC. The PWG has supported the development of:" ; :prefLabel "Printer Working Group" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(+-)-Cyclophosphamide", "(-)-Cyclophosphamide", "(RS)-Cyclophosphamide", "2-[Bis(2-chloroethylamino)]-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-2-oxide", "2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-amine", "Bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramide cyclic propanolamide ester", "CPM", "CTX", "Ciclofosfamida", "Ciclofosfamide", "Claphene", "Cyclophospham", "Cyclophosphamid", "Cyclophosphamide [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Cyclophosphamidum", "Cyclophosphan", "Cyclophosphane", "Cyclophosphanum", "Cytophosphane", "Mitoxan", "N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-amine 2-oxide", "N,N-is(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-,2-oxide", "Syklofosfamid", "Zytoxan", "cyt", "cyts" ; :definition "Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the LIVER to form the active aldophosphamide. It has been used in the treatment of LYMPHOMA and LEUKEMIA. Its side effect, ALOPECIA, has been used for defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer." ; :prefLabel "Cyclophosphamide" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Eve (UK TV series)" ; :definition "Eve is a science fiction series starring Poppy Lee Friar that follows the adventures of a gynoid named Eve (also known as Project Eternity) living with a family in suburbia, trying to make sense of human life as a teenage girl. Eve launched on CBBC on 5 January 2015 with its 13-part first series occupying a Monday afternoon slot in the channel's schedule.This was later followed by a Christmas special later in the year. Series 2 aired in 2016 and saw the series lasting 12 episodes. Series 3 has been confirmed by a post on Poppy Lee Friar's Instagram account." ; :prefLabel "Eve" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DSO", "Dyld", "Dynamic Library", "Dynamic Shared Object", "Dynamic libraries", "Dynamic linking", "LD LIBRARY PATH", "LD PRELOAD", "Late linking", "Ld-linux.so", "Ld.so", "Linker" ; :definition "In computing, a dynamic linker is the part of an operating system that loads and links the shared libraries needed by an executable when it is executed (at "run time"), by copying the content of libraries from persistent storage to RAM, and filling jump tables and relocating pointers. The specific operating system and executable format determine how the dynamic linker functions and how it is implemented." ; :prefLabel "Dynamic linker" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MDTech XploRe" ; :definition "XploRe was a commercial statistics software package, developed by the German software company MD*Tech around Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Härdle. XploRe has been discontinued in 2008, the last version, 4.8, is available for download at no cost. The user interacted with the software via the XploRe programming language, which is derived from the C programming language. Individual XploRe programs were called Quantlets." ; :prefLabel "XploRe" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "4H-Imidazo(1,5-a)(1,4)benzodiazepine-3-carboxylic Acid", "8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-", "Ethyl Ester", "Flumazenil [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Flumazenilo", "Flumazenilum", "Flumazepil" ; :definition "An imidazo-benzodiazepine derivative, effective in reversing benzodiazepine-induced activities. Flumazenil antagonizes the benzodiazepine binding site of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/benzodiazepine receptor complex in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby preventing the chloride channel opening events and inhibiting neuronal hyperpolarization. As a result, flumazenil reverses benzodiazepine-induced effects including sedation, psychomotor deficits, amnesia, and hypoventilation in a dose-dependent manner." ; :prefLabel "Flumazenil" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Activate", "Activated", "Activation", "activates", "activating", "activation [action]" ; :definition "In biology, to stimulate a cell in a resting state to become active. This causes biochemical and functional changes in the activated cell." ; :prefLabel "Activation action" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SEF" ; :definition "A well-circumscribed rare morphologic variant of fibrosarcoma, that arises from the soft tissue. It is characterized by the presence of nests of malignant epithelioid fibroblasts and sclerotic collagen stroma formation." ; :prefLabel "Sclerosing Epithelioid Fibrosarcoma" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cross Linked", "crosslink", "crosslinked", "crosslinking", "crosslinks" ; :definition "Any covalent linkage between two polymers or between two different regions of the same polymer." ; :prefLabel "Cross link" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IBA metabolic process", "IBA metabolism" ; :definition "The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolebutyric acid, a compound that serves as an active or storage form of the hormone indole-3-acetic acid (an auxin) in many plants. [PMID:18725356]" ; :prefLabel "indolebutyric acid metabolic process" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EntityClassHolder", "holders" ; :prefLabel "holder" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Redirect", "Redirection (Unix)", "Redirection operator" ; :definition "In computing, redirection is a function common to most command-line interpreters, including the various Unix shells that can redirect standard streams to user-specified locations. In Unix-like operating systems, programs do redirection with the dup2(2) system call, or its less-flexible but higher-level stdio analogues, freopen(3) and popen(3)." ; :prefLabel "Redirection (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "4i" ; :prefLabel "Maxillary right second premolar implant" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Thrust (computer game)", "Thrust (disambiguation)", "Thrust (game)" ; :definition "Thrust is a 1986 computer game programmed by Jeremy Smith (co-author of Exile) for the BBC Micro and published by Superior Software. The player's aim is to manoeuvre a spaceship by rotating and thrusting, as it flies over a two-dimensional landscape and through caverns. The gameplay of Thrust was heavily inspired by Atari's Gravitar." ; :prefLabel "Thrust" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Amish taxi", "Gypsy cab", "Hacking (taxicab)", "Illegal cab", "Illegal taxi", "Illegal taxi operation", "Illegal taxicab", "Illegal taxis", "Jitney cab", "Pirate cab", "Pirate taxi", "Pirate taxis", "Speedy cab", "Speedy cabs", "Taxi tout" ; :definition "Illegal taxicabs, sometimes known as gypsy cabs, are taxicabs and other for-hire vehicles that are not duly licensed or permitted by the jurisdiction in which they operate. Most major cities of the United States and worldwide require taxicabs to be licensed, safety-inspected, insured as for-hire vehicles and use taxi meters and there may also be requirements that the taxi driver be registered or accredited. However, many unlicensed cabs are in operation. Illegal cabs may be marked taxi vehicles (sometimes referred to as "speedy cabs"), and others are personal vehicles used by an individual to offer unauthorized taxi-like services. Illegal cabs are prevalent in cities with medallion systems, which restrict the number of legal cabs in operation. Since their introduction in 2009, Uber taxis," ; :prefLabel "Illegal taxicab operation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DQL", "Doctrine Project", "PhpDoctrine" ; :definition "The Doctrine Project (or Doctrine) is a set of PHP libraries primarily focused on providing persistence services and related functionality. Its prize projects are an object-relational mapper (ORM) and the database abstraction layer it is built on top of. One of Doctrine's key features is the option to write database queries in Doctrine Query Language (DQL), an object-oriented dialect of SQL." ; :prefLabel "Doctrine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AOST activity", "AST activity", "AstA", "arginine and ornithine N(2)-succinyltransferase activity", "arginine and ornithine N2-succinyltransferase activity", "arginine succinyltransferase activity", "succinyl-CoA:L-arginine 2-N-succinyltransferase activity", "succinyl-CoA:L-arginine N2-succinyltransferase activity" ; :definition "Catalysis of the reaction: succinyl-CoA + L-arginine = CoA + N2-succinyl-L-arginine. [EC:2.3.1.109]" ; :prefLabel "arginine N-succinyltransferase activity" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "handbook" ; :definition "Works consisting of concise reference works in which facts and information pertaining to a certain subject or field are arranged for ready reference and consultation rather than for continuous reading and study." ; :prefLabel "Handbooks" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IOC (disambiguation)", "Open class" ; :definition "IBM Open Class (IOC) is an IBM C++ product originally developed by Kevin Leong and originally known under several names in the C++ industry, including ICL (IBM Class Library), UICL (User Interface Class Library), and OCL (Open Class Library). IOC was an extensive set of C++ classes used to build CLI and GUI applications which could then be easily cross-compiled to OS/2, Microsoft Windows, and AIX. IOC also formed the basis for IBM's VisualAge for C++ graphical application builder. The non-GUI portions of IOC were available for z/OS and OS/400." ; :prefLabel "IBM Open Class" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alpha", "C-X-C Motif Chemokine 1", "CXC Chemokine Ligand 1", "CXCL1", "Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 1", "Fibroblast Secretory Protein", "GRO", "GRO Protein", "GRO protein", "GRO-1 protein", "GRO-Alpha(1-73)", "GRO1 Protein", "GROA Protein", "GROA protein", "Gro-alpha protein", "Growth-Regulated Alpha Protein", "Growth-regulated protein alpha", "MGSA", "MGSA Alpha", "MGSA protein", "Melanoma Growth Stimulating Activity", "Melanoma Growth Stimulatory Activity", "Melanoma Growth Stimulatory Activity Alpha", "NAP-3", "NAP-3 protein", "Neutrophil Activating Protein 3", "Neutrophil-Activating Protein 3", "SCYB1 protein", "alpha protein", "alpha)", "chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity", "growth regulated protein", "human", "melanoma growth stimulatory activity", "neutrophil-activating protein 3" ; :definition "Growth-regulated alpha protein (107 aa, ~11 kDa) is encoded by the human CXCL1 gene. This protein plays a role in neutrophil chemotaxis." ; :prefLabel "CXCL1 protein, human" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "UNO (Xbox Live Arcade)", "Uno (XBLA)", "Uno (Xbox Live Arcade game)" ; :definition "Uno is the video game adaptation of the card game of the same name. It has been released for a number of platforms. The Xbox 360 version by Carbonated Games and Microsoft Game Studios released on May 9, 2006 as a digital download via Xbox Live Arcade. A version for iOS devices was released in 2008 by Gameloft. Gameloft released the PlayStation 3 version on October 1, 2009 and also released on WiiWare, DSiWare, and PlayStation Portable. An updated version developed and published by Ubisoft was released for Xbox One and PlayStation 4 in August 2016, with a Microsoft Windows version to follow later in the year." ; :prefLabel "Uno" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Montgomery", "Montgomery modular reduction", "Montgomery multiplication", "Montgomery reduction" ; :definition "In modular arithmetic computation, Montgomery modular multiplication, more commonly referred to as Montgomery multiplication, is a method for performing fast modular multiplication. It was introduced in 1985 by the American mathematician Peter L. Montgomery." ; :prefLabel "Montgomery modular multiplication" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Te", "Te element", "Tellurium Metallicum", "Tellurium [Chemical/Ingredient]", "tellurium (Te)" ; :definition "Tellurium. An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression." ; :prefLabel "Tellurium" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "play role", "play roles", "playing role", "plays role", "role playing" ; :prefLabel "Role Playing DIsorder" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Morphological rules", "Orthographic rules" ; :definition "Morphological parsing, in natural language processing, is the process of determining the morphemes from which a given word is constructed. It must be able to distinguish between orthographic rules and morphological rules. For example, the word 'foxes' can be decomposed into 'fox' (the stem), and 'es' (a suffix indicating plurality). Another approach is through the use of an indexed lookup method, which uses a constructed radix tree. This is not an often-taken route because it breaks down for morphologically complex languages." ; :prefLabel "Morphological parsing" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Distance Metric" ; :definition "A mathematical method for calculating a relatedness score for genes." ; :prefLabel "Gene Distance Metric" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FLU", "FLU SYNDROME", "Flu", "GRIP", "Grippe", "Human", "Human Flu", "Human Influenza", "Human Influenzas", "Human [Disease/Finding]", "Influenza", "Influenza NOS", "Influenza in Human", "Influenza in Humans", "Influenzae", "Influenzas", "SYNDROME FLU", "flus" ; :definition "An acute viral infection of the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics; it is caused by serologically different strains of viruses (influenzaviruses) designated A, B, and C, has a 3-day incubation period, and usually lasts for 3 to 10 days. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, and conjunctiva; headache; myalgia; often fever, chills, and prostration; and occasionally involvement of the myocardium or central nervous system.(from Dorland)" ; :prefLabel "Influenza" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ADL", "Activities", "Activities of Daily Living", "Activity", "Activity of Daily Living", "Daily", "Daily Activity", "Daily Living", "Daily Living Activities", "Daily Living Activity", "Household Activity", "Living Activities", "Living Activity", "activities of daily living (ADL)", "adls", "functional ability" ; :definition "The tasks of everyday life. These activities include eating, dressing, getting into or out of a bed or chair, taking a bath or shower, and using the toilet. Instrumental activities of daily living are activities related to independent living and include preparing meals, managing money, shopping, doing housework, and using a telephone." ; :prefLabel "Activities of Daily Living (activity)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dispenser" ; :definition "A container designed to give out the contents in convenient or/and prescribed amounts." ; :prefLabel "dispensers" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "M-OR-1", "MOP", "MOR-1", "MOR-1 protein", "Mu Opiate Receptor", "Mu Opioid Receptor", "Mu Opioid Receptor hMOR-1a", "Mu-Type Opioid Receptor", "OPRM protein", "hMOP", "human", "mu 1 protein", "opioid receptor" ; :definition "Mu-type opioid receptor (400 aa, ~45 kDa) is encoded by the human OPRM1 gene. This protein plays a role in G protein-coupled receptor signaling." ; :prefLabel "OPRM1 protein, human" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1964 ACM Computing Reviews Classification System", "1964 Computing Reviews Classification System", "1982 ACM Computing Classification System", "1982 Computing Classification System", "1983 ACM Computing Classification System", "1983 Computing Classification System", "1987 ACM Computing Classification System", "1987 Computing Classification System", "1991 ACM CCS", "1991 ACM Computing Classification System", "1991 CCS", "1991 Computing Classification System", "1998 ACM CCS", "1998 ACM Computing Classification System", "1998 CCS", "1998 Computing Classification System", "2012 ACM CCS", "2012 ACM Computing Classification System", "2012 CCS", "2012 Computing Classification System", "ACM CCS", "ACM CCS 1982", "ACM CCS 1983", "ACM CCS 1987", "ACM CCS 1991", "ACM CCS 1998", "ACM CCS 2012", "ACM CRCS", "ACM CRCS 1964", "ACM Classification Scheme", "ACM Computing Classification Scheme", "ACM Computing Classification System 1982", "ACM Computing Classification System 1983", "ACM Computing Classification System 1987", "ACM Computing Classification System 1991", "ACM Computing Classification System 1998", "ACM Computing Classification System 2012", "ACM Computing Reviews Classification System", "ACM Computing Reviews Classification System 1964", "Association for Computing Machinery CCS", "Association for Computing Machinery Computing Classification System", "CCS 1982", "CCS 1983", "CCS 1987", "CCS 1991", "CCS 1998", "CCS 2012", "CR Classification", "CRCS", "CRCS 1964", "Computing Classification System", "Computing Classification System 1982", "Computing Classification System 1983", "Computing Classification System 1987", "Computing Classification System 1991", "Computing Classification System 1998", "Computing Classification System 2012", "Computing Reviews Classification System", "Computing Reviews Classification System 1964", "Cr category" ; :definition "The ACM Computing Classification System (CCS) is a subject classification system for computing devised by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). The system is comparable to the Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) in scope, aims, and structure, being used by the various ACM journals to organise subjects by area." ; :prefLabel "ACM Computing Classification System" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Weld" ; :definition "Any joining connection that is the result of welding 2 or more parts." ; :prefLabel "Weld Device Component" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Statistic", "data statistical", "statistical data" ; :definition "A datum that can be represented numerically." ; :prefLabel "Statistic (data)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "??? ??.IgE:?????:???:??:???", "Ab.IgE:ACnc:Pt:Siero:Qn", "Beta vulgaris", "Beta vulgaris ???? ??.IgE:??????????:??????:???:?????", "Beta vulgaris Samen Ak.IgE:AKnz:Pkt:Ser:Qn", "Beta vulgaris seed Ab.IgE:SçKons:Zml?:Ser:Kant", "Beta vulgaris seed Antibody.immunoglobulin E:Arbitrary Concentration:Point in time:Serum:Quantitative", "Beta vulgaris seed As.IgE:Arbitraire concentratie:Moment:Serum:Kwantitatief", "Beta vulgaris semente AcIgE:ACnc:Pt:Soro:Qn", "Betterave sucrière (graine) Ac IgE [Arbitraire/Volume] Sérum ; Numérique", "Betterave sucrière (graine) Ac IgE:Arbitraire/Volume:Ponctuel:Sérum:Numérique", "Bóvidos IgE:Concentración arbitraria:Punto temporal:Suero:Qn", "Graine de Beta vulgaris", "Graine de Beta vulgaris Anticorps.IgE:Concentration arbitraire:Temps ponctuel:Sérum:Quantitatif", "IgE", "IgE:Concentration arbitraire:Temps ponctuel:Sérum:Quantitatif", "S--Zuckerrübe-Samen", "S--barbabietola da zucchero", "S--betterave sucrière", "S--remolacha azucarera", "Sugar Beet Seed (Beta vulgaris seed) IgE Ab [Units/volume] in Serum", "Sugar Beet Seed (Beta vulgaris seed) IgE Ac [Units/volume] in Serum", "Sugar Beet Seed IgE Qn", "Suhkrupeedi seeme antikehad.IgE:Acnc:Pt:S:Qn", "graine", "seme", "semente", "semilla", "semilla de Beta vulgaris:concentración arbitraria:punto en el tiempo:suero:cuantitativo", "semilla de Beta vulgaris:concentración arbitraria:punto en el tiempo:suero:cuantitativo:" ; :prefLabel "Beta vulgaris seed Ab.IgE:ACnc:Pt:Ser:Qn" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deletion", "Deletion Abnormality", "Deletion Mutations", "Mutation", "Mutations" ; :definition "Any rearrangement to the genomic content that results in the loss of one or more nucleotides of DNA. Deletions are generally irreversible rearrangements. They may alter the reading frame of a gene, or may result in loss of large chromosomal regions." ; :prefLabel "Deletion Mutation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "N-Hydroxy-N'-phenyl octanediamide", "N-hydroxy-N'-phenyloctanediamide", "N1-hydroxy-N8-phenyloctanediamide", "NHNPODA", "Octanedioic acid hydroxyamide phenylamide", "SAHA", "SHH", "Suberanilohydroxamic acid", "Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid", "Vorinostatum", "acid hydroxamic suberoylanilide", "vorinostat [Chemical/Ingredient]" ; :definition "A synthetic hydroxamic acid derivative with antineoplastic activity. Vorinostat, a second generation polar-planar compound, binds to the catalytic domain of the histone deacetylases (HDACs). This allows the hydroxamic moiety to chelate zinc ion located in the catalytic pockets of HDAC, thereby inhibiting deacetylation and leading to an accumulation of both hyperacetylated histones and transcription factors. Hyperacetylation of histone proteins results in the upregulation of the cyclin-dependant kinase p21, followed by G1 arrest. Hyperacetylation of non-histone proteins such as tumor suppressor p53, alpha tubulin, and heat-shock protein 90 produces additional anti-proliferative effects. This agent also induces apoptosis and sensitizes tumor cells to cell death processes. Vorinostat crosses the blood-brain barrier." ; :prefLabel "Vorinostat" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BFGFR", "CD331", "CEK", "FGFBR", "FGFR-1", "FGFR1", "FLG", "FLT-2", "FLT2", "FMS-Like Gene", "FMS-Like Tyrosine Kinase 2 Gene", "Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 (FMS-Related Tyrosine Kinase 2", "Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1 Gene", "HBGFR", "HH2", "HRTFDS", "KAL2", "N-SAM", "OGD", "Pfeiffer Syndrome Gene", "Pfeiffer Syndrome) wt Allele", "bFGF-R-1" ; :definition "Human FGFR1 wild-type allele is located within 8p11.2-p11.1 and is approximately 56 kb in length. This allele, which encodes basic fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 protein, is involved in the mediation of binding between both acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors and is involved in limb induction. Mutations in this gene are associated with several diseases, including Pfeiffer syndrome, Jackson-Weiss syndrome, Antley-Bixler syndrome, osteoglophonic dysplasia, and autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome 2. Further, chromosomal aberrations involving the gene are associated with stem cell myeloproliferative disorder and stem cell leukemia lymphoma syndrome." ; :prefLabel "FGFR1 wt Allele" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BuyersEdge.com", "CSE", "Comparison", "Comparison Shopping Engine", "Comparison shopping", "Comparison shopping agent", "Comparison-shopping agent", "Online shopping directories", "Online shopping directory", "Price Comparison Websites", "Price comparison", "Price comparison service", "Price comparison services", "Price comparison website", "Price engine", "Price-comparison website", "Retail search engine", "Shop bot", "Shopbot", "Shopping bot", "Shopping comparison", "Shopping comparison engine", "Shopping search engine" ; :definition "A comparison shopping website, sometimes called a price comparison website, Price Analysis tool, comparison shopping agent, shopbot or comparison shopping engine, is a vertical search engine that shoppers use to filter and compare products based on price, features, and other criteria. Most comparison shopping sites aggregate product listings from many different retailers but do not directly sell products themselves. In the United Kingdom, these services made between £780m and £950m in revenue in 2005. Hence, E-commerce accounted for an 18.2 percent share of total business turnover in the United Kingdom in 2012. Online sales already account for 13% of the total UK economy, and its expected to increase to 15% by 2017. There is a huge contribution of comparison shopping websites in the expans" ; :prefLabel "Comparison shopping website" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "111-148", "Act", "Acts", "Affordable", "Affordable (ACA)", "Affordable Care", "Affordable Care (ACA)", "Affordable Care Act", "Affordable Care Act (ACA)", "Affordable Care Acts", "Care Act", "Care Acts", "Health Care Reform Act", "Obamacare", "PL", "PL 111 148", "PL 111-148", "PL111 148", "PL111-148", "Public Law 111 148", "Public Law 111-148" ; :definition "An Act prohibiting a health plan from establishing lifetime limits or annual limits on the dollar value of benefits for any participant or beneficiary after January 1, 2014. It permits a restricted annual limit for plan years beginning prior to January 1, 2014. It provides that a health plan shall not be prevented from placing annual or lifetime per-beneficiary limits on covered benefits. The Act sets up a competitive health insurance market." ; :prefLabel "Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Repudiability (cryptography)", "Repudiation (cryptography)" ; :definition "In cryptography, deniable authentication refers to message authentication between a set of participants where the participants themselves can be confident in the authenticity of the messages, but it cannot be proved to a third party after the event." ; :prefLabel "Deniable authentication" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "dependence on" ; :definition "The psychological or physiological need to take a substance in oder to experience its effects or to avoid the effects of its absence." ; :prefLabel "Dependence" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Toggle" ; :definition "A feature toggle, (also feature switch, feature flag, feature flipper, conditional feature, etc.) is a technique in software development that attempts to provide an alternative to maintaining multiple source-code branches (known as feature branches), such that the feature can be tested, even before it is completed and ready for release. Feature toggle is used to hide, enable or disable the features, during run time. For example, during the development process, the developer can enable the feature for testing and disable it for remaining users." ; :prefLabel "Feature toggle" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Detection Limit", "Detection Limits", "LOD", "Limits of Detection", "Lower Limit of Detection" ; :definition "Concentration or quantity that is derived from the smallest measure that can be detected with reasonable certainty for a given analytical procedure." ; :prefLabel "Limit of Detection" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bite", "Bites", "bite wound", "biting" ; :definition "A wound inflicted by the teeth or fangs of an individual or animal." ; :prefLabel "bite injury" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ordinal", "Ordinal Number", "Ordinal Position Number" ; :definition "A number designating a place in an ordered sequence." ; :prefLabel "Ordinal Position" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Feeling of Sadness", "Feeling sad", "Sad", "Sadness" ; :definition "Feelings of grief or unhappiness." ; :prefLabel "Sad mood" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Essence (disambiguation)", "Essence and Existence", "Essence preceds existence", "Essences", "Essense", "Essential properties", "Essential property", "Väsen (filosofi)" ; :definition "In philosophy, essence is the attribute or set of attributes that make an entity or substance what it fundamentally is, and which it has by necessity, and which without it loses its identity. Essence is contrasted with accident: a property that the entity or substance has contingency, without which the substance can still retain its identity. The concept originates with Aristotle, who used the Greek expression to ti ên einai (τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι, literally meaning "the what it was to be" and corresponding to the scholastic term quiddity) or sometimes the shorter phrase to ti esti (τὸ τί ἐστι, literally meaning "the what it is" and corresponding to the scholastic term haecceity) for the same idea. This phrase presented such difficulties for its Latin translators that they coined the word essenti" ; :prefLabel "Essence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ACOUSTIC", "ACOUSTIC NEUROMA", "Acoustic", "Acoustic Neurilemmomas", "Acoustic Neurilemoma", "Acoustic Neurilemomas", "Acoustic Neurinomas", "Acoustic Neuromas", "Acoustic Schwannoma", "Acoustic Schwannomas", "Acoustic Tumor", "Acoustic Tumors", "Acoustic [Disease/Finding]", "Acoustic neurilemmoma", "Acoustic neurinoma", "BRAIN TUMOR", "INTRACRANIAL NEOPLASM", "NEUROFIBROMA", "NEUROMA", "Neurilemmoma", "Neurilemmomas", "Neurilemoma", "Neurilemomas", "Neurinoma", "Neurinoma of the Acoustic Nerve", "Neurinomas", "Neuroma", "Neuromas", "Schwannoma", "Schwannomas", "Tumor", "Tumors", "Vestibular", "Vestibular Schwann cell tumor", "Vestibular Schwannomas", "Vestibular neurilemmoma", "Vestibular neurinoma", "Vestibular neurolemmoma", "Vestibular schwannoma", "acoustic neuroma -", "acoustic neuroma brain tumor", "schwannoma vestibular" ; :definition "A benign SCHWANNOMA of the eighth cranial nerve (VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE), mostly arising from the vestibular branch (VESTIBULAR NERVE) during the fifth or sixth decade of life. Clinical manifestations include HEARING LOSS; HEADACHE; VERTIGO; TINNITUS; and FACIAL PAIN. Bilateral acoustic neuromas are associated with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 2. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p673)" ; :prefLabel "Acoustic Neuroma" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D XPoint memory", "3DXPoint", "Optane", "QuantX", "XPoint memory", "Xpoint" ; :definition "3D XPoint (pronounced three dee cross point) is a non-volatile memory technology announced by Intel and Micron in July 2015. Intel refers to future storage devices using the technology under the name Optane while Micron uses the name QuantX. Details of the materials and physics of operation were not disclosed. Bit storage is based on a change of bulk resistance, in conjunction with a stackable cross-gridded data access array. Compared to NAND memory Intel claims 10x lower latency, 3x write endurance, 4x writes per second performance improvement, 3x reads per second, and 30% power usage." ; :prefLabel "3D XPoint" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cebeci", "Cebeci-Smith model" ; :definition "The Cebeci–Smith model is a 0-equation eddy viscosity model used in computational fluid dynamics analysis of turbulent boundary layer flows. The model gives eddy viscosity, , as a function of the local boundary layer velocity profile. The model is suitable for high-speed flows with thin attached boundary-layers, typically present in aerospace applications. Like the Baldwin-Lomax model, this model is not suitable for cases with large separated regions and significant curvature/rotation effects. Unlike the Baldwin-Lomax model, this model requires the determination of a boundary layer edge." ; :prefLabel "Cebeci–Smith model" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hierarchical network", "Hierarchical networks", "Hierarchical topologies", "Hierarchical topology", "Star-bus network", "Tiered-star", "Tree and hypertree networks", "Tree toplology", "Tree topology", "Tree topology network" ; :definition "A tree network, or star-bus network, is a hybrid network topology in which star networks are interconnected via bus networks. Tree networks are hierarchical, and each node can have an arbitrary number of child nodes." ; :prefLabel "Tree network" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ling-gui-zhu-gan" ; :prefLabel "ling-gui-zhu-gan decoction" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GT", "MT", "More Than" ; :definition "A statement about the relative size or order of two objects specifying that an object of interest exceeds another object in quantity or measure or value or status." ; :prefLabel "Greater Than" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CALCULUS URINARY (NOS)", "Calcolo urin di ogni tipo/sede", "Calculi", "Calculo urinario todos tipos/local", "Calculos urin todos tipos/loc", "Calculs urinaires tous types/sites", "Calculus", "Calculus of urinary tract", "EDOZEIN MOTA ETA LEKUTAKO GERNU HARRIA", "KAIKKI TYYPIT JA ALUEET", "STEN I URINVEIENE ALLE FORMER/LOK", "STENAR I URINVAGARNA ALLA LOKALISATIONER", "Sten i urinveje alle form/lokal", "Stone", "Stones", "URINARY CALCULUS", "Urinary", "Urinary Calculi [Disease/Finding]", "Urinary Stone", "Urinary Stones", "Urinary Tract", "Urinary Tract Stone", "Urinary Tract Stones", "Urinary calculus", "Urinary calculus all types/sites", "Urolith", "Urolithiasis alle Formen/Lokalisat", "Urolithiasis alle vormen/lok", "VIRTSAKIVET", "avanim bedarxe hasheten kolel klayot", "calculi urinary", "minden tipusu/helyu urolithiasis", "stone urinary", "stones tract urinary", "stones urinary", "stones urinary tract", "unspecified", "uroliths" ; :definition "Low-density crystals or stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT. Their chemical compositions often include CALCIUM OXALATE, magnesium ammonium phosphate (struvite), CYSTINE, or URIC ACID." ; :prefLabel "Urinary Calculi" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Weitao Yang (born in Chaozhou, Guangdong, China, March 31, 1961) is a Philip Handler Professor of Chemistry in Duke University. Yang's main contributions to chemistry include density functional theory development, and its applications to chemistry." ; :prefLabel "Weitao Yang" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NSC" ; :definition "The National Supercomputer Centre in Sweden (NSC) is located in Linköping and operates the Triolith supercomputer which achieved 407.2 Teraflops on the LINPACK benchmark which rendered it place 79 on the November 2013 issue of the Top500 list of the fastest supercomputers in the world." ; :prefLabel "National Supercomputer Centre in Sweden" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Restoration" ; :definition "In telecommunication, circuit restoration is the process by which a communications circuit is established between two users after disruption or loss of the original circuit. The loss may be widespread due to a natural disaster like an ice storm or hurricane, or local by being cut underground in construction or damaged in a thunderstorm or car accident. Circuit restoration is usually performed in accordance with planned procedures and priorities. Restoration may be effected automatically, such as by switching to a hot standby, or manually, such as by manual patching." ; :prefLabel "Circuit restoration" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????:???????:??????:^???????:???", "??????????????:??:???:^??:???", "Motivo applicato dalla logica previsionale per progettare questo vaccino:Osservazione:Pt:^Paziente:Nom", "REASON APPLIED BY FORCAST LOGIC TO PROJECT THIS VACCINE:hallazgo:punto en el tiempo:^paciente:Nominal", "REASON APPLIED BY FORCAST LOGIC TO PROJECT THIS VACCINE:hallazgo:punto en el tiempo:^paciente:Nominal:", "Razão aplicada ao forcast logicno projeto desta vacina:Achado:Pt:^Paciente:Nom", "Reason applied by forcast logic to proje", "Reason applied by forcast logic to project this vaccine", "Reason applied by forcast logic to project this vaccine:Find:Pt:^Patient:Nom", "Reason applied to project this vaccine" ; :prefLabel "Reason applied by forcast logic to project this vaccine:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Nominal" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chi-Square Target Models", "Chi-squared", "Swerling Target Models" ; :definition "Swerling models were introduced by Peter Swerling and are used to describe the statistical properties of the radar cross-section of complex objects." ; :prefLabel "Chi-squared target models" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Reflection" ; :definition "Reflection in computer graphics is used to emulate reflective objects like mirrors and shiny surfaces. Reflection is accomplished in a ray trace renderer by following a ray from the eye to the mirror and then calculating where it bounces from, and continuing the process until no surface is found, or a non-reflective surface is found. Reflection on a shiny surface like wood or tile can add to the photorealistic effects of a 3D rendering." ; :prefLabel "Reflection (computer graphics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Nikos Lorentzos is a Greek professor of Informatics. He is a specialist on the Relational Model of Database Management, having made contributions in the field of temporal databases, where he has co-authored a book with Hugh Darwen and Christopher J Date." ; :prefLabel "Nikos Lorentzos" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Baumgartner", "Thomas Martin", "Thomas Martin Baumgartner" ; :definition "Thomas Martin (Tom) Baumgartner (born ca. 1945) is a Swiss economist, known for his pioneering work in social systems theory with Walter F. Buckley, Tom R. Burns and others." ; :prefLabel "Thomas Baumgartner" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Unclick is a term, increasingly applied in the context of computing, in which a computer user un-chooses or de-selects a specific preference, typically by moving a cursor over a selection, and pressing the left mouse button. As a result, the check mark image or dark circle inside a Checkbox or a Radio button is removed. While in January 2012 the term unclick is generally not formally defined in dictionaries, the term has been used in popular parlance in countries such as the United States, Britain, and Canada." ; :prefLabel "Unclick" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hénon", "Michel Henon" ; :definition "Michel Hénon (French: [enɔ̃]; 1931, Paris – 7 April 2013, Nice) was a French mathematician and astronomer. He worked for a long time at the Nice Observatory. In astronomy, Hénon is well known for his contributions to stellar dynamics. In the late 1960s and early 1970s he made important contributions on the dynamical evolution of star clusters, in particular globular clusters. He developed a numerical technique using Monte Carlo methods to follow the dynamical evolution of a spherical star cluster much faster than the so-called n-body methods." ; :prefLabel "Michel Hénon" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Literatures" ; :definition "Writings having excellence of form or expression and expressing ideas of permanent or universal interest. The body of written works produced in a particular language, country, or age. (Webster, 3d ed)" ; :prefLabel "Literature" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Robert (P2P Software)", "Robert (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Robert is a file sharing application that relies upon the security and encryption of peers and tunnels inside of I2P. The software uses torrents or a distribution method similar but not compatible to magnet: links, labeled maggot: links (this is intended as a pun on magnet links). Robert is free and open source and is published by Sponge, an active programmer associated with I2P. Robert features a minimalist web browser known as seaweed, intended to allow the safe browsing of eepsites, with any insecure content removed. All connections in Robert are run natively through I2P, so there is no chance of user misconfiguration revealing anything about the user." ; :prefLabel "Robert" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MSAS", "Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System" ; :definition "MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS) is a Japanese SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation System), i.e. a satellite navigation system which supports differential GPS (DGPS) designed to supplement the GPS system by reporting (then improving) on the reliability and accuracy of those signals. Tests have been accomplished successfully, MSAS for aviation use was commissioned on September 27, 2007. A similar service is provided in North America by Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), and in Europe by European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS)." ; :prefLabel "MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ALL", "Adult Non-T Non-B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia", "acute adult", "acute lymphoblastic leukemia", "acute lymphocytic leukemia", "adult", "adult ALL", "adult ALL non-T", "adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia", "adult acute lymphocytic leukemia", "adult acute lymphocytic non-T", "adult non T", "adult non-T", "leukemia", "non B", "non B ALL", "non B acute lymphocytic leukemia", "non B adult ALL", "non B adult acute lymphocytic leukemia", "non B lymphocytic leukemia", "non T", "non T adult acute lymphocytic leukemia", "non-B", "non-B ALL", "non-B acute lymphocytic leukemia", "non-B adult ALL", "non-B adult acute lymphocytic leukemia", "non-B lymphoblastic leukemia", "non-B lymphocytic leukemia", "non-T", "non-T adult acute lymphocytic leukemia" ; :definition "Non-T non-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia that occurs during adulthood." ; :prefLabel "non-T, non-B adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "& electricity", "3 cottage problem", "3 cottages problem", "3 utilities problem", "3 utility problem", "Electricity", "Electricity gas and water", "Electricity gas water", "Electricity water and gas", "Electricity water gas", "Gas", "Gas electricity and water", "Gas electricity water", "Gas water and electricity", "Gas water electricity", "Impossible House puzzle", "Supuzzle", "Thomsen graph", "Three cottage problem", "Three cottages problem", "Three utility problem", "Three-cottage problem", "UG", "Utilities problem", "Utility graph", "Water", "Water electricity and gas", "Water electricity gas", "Water gas and electricity", "Water gas electricity", "and electricity", "and gas", "and water", "electricity", "gas", "water" ; :definition "The classical mathematical puzzle known as the three utilities problem; the three cottages problem or sometimes water, gas and electricity can be stated as follows: Suppose there are three cottages on a plane (or sphere) and each needs to be connected to the gas, water, and electricity companies. Without using a third dimension or sending any of the connections through another company or cottage, is there a way to make all nine connections without any of the lines crossing each other?" ; :prefLabel "Three utilities problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "traits" ; :definition "Any genetically determined characteristic." ; :prefLabel "Trait" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1000000", "10E6", "10^6", "One Million" ; :definition "A natural number following 999999 and preceding 1000001 and the quantity that it denotes: one thousand thousands." ; :prefLabel "Million" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Verification", "verifications" ; :prefLabel "Verification of Theories" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASIS", "ISO 15291", "ISO/IEC 15291" ; :definition "The Ada Semantic Interface Specification (ASIS) is a layered, open architecture providing vendor-independent access to the Ada Library Environment. It allows for the static analysis of Ada programs and libraries." ; :prefLabel "Ada Semantic Interface Specification" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lo que tu Quieras Oir" ; :definition "Lo que tú quieras oír (Whatever You Want To Hear) is a Spanish language short drama by Guillermo Zapata added to YouTube on March 26, 2006. The video is notable for being the most-watched non-English video on YouTube, the third most-viewed video excluding music videos, and the twelfth most viewed of all time, with over 100 million viewings." ; :prefLabel "Lo que tú Quieras Oír" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "???? A ? Hong Kong ?? ??:?????:???:??:???", "????? ????? A Hong Kong ??:??????????:??????:???:?????", "?nfluenza virüsü A Hong Kong Ab:SçKons:Zml?:Ser:Kant", "A-gripi viirus Hong Kong antikehad:Acnc:Pt:S:Qn", "A? ????? ???? ?? ??:????:????:??:??", "Ab:ACnc:Pt:Siero:Qn", "Ac:Concentration arbitraire:Temps ponctuel:Sérum:Quantitatif", "FLUAV HK Ab Ser-aCnc", "FLUAV HK Ac Ser-aCnc", "Influenza virus A Hong Kong", "Influenza virus A Hong Kong Ab [Units/volume] in Serum", "Influenza virus A Hong Kong Ac [Arbitraire/Volume] Sérum ; Numérique", "Influenza virus A Hong Kong Ac [Units/volume] in Serum", "Influenza virus A Hong Kong Ac:Arbitraire/Volume:Ponctuel:Sérum:Numérique", "Influenza virus A Hong Kong Antibody:Arbitrary Concentration:Point in time:Serum:Quantitative", "Influenza virus A Hong Kong As:Arbitraire concentratie:Moment:Serum:Kwantitatief", "Influenza vírus A Hong Kong Ac:ACnc:Pt:Soro:Qn", "Virus Influenza A Hong Kong Acs:Concentración arbitraria:Punto temporal:Suero:Qn", "Virus influenza A Hong Kong", "Virus influenza A Hong Kong Ac:Concentration arbitraire:Temps ponctuel:Sérum:Quantitatif", "[anticuerpo anti - ] virus influenza A Hong Kong [Ac]:concentración arbitraria:punto en el tiempo:suero:cuantitativo", "[anticuerpo anti - ] virus influenza A Hong Kong [Ac]:concentración arbitraria:punto en el tiempo:suero:cuantitativo:" ; :prefLabel "Influenza virus A Hong Kong Ab:ACnc:Pt:Ser:Qn" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apple Kid", "Apple of Enlightenment", "Bubble Monkey", "Buzz Buzz", "Dad (EarthBound)", "Dr. Andonuts", "Dr. Saturn", "Dusty Dunes Desert", "Earth Bound: The War Against Giygas!", "Earth bound", "EarthBound IPM", "Earthbound (video game)", "Earthbound characters", "Everdred", "Evil Mani Mani", "Fourside", "Frankystein Mark II", "Happy happyism", "Heavily Armored Pokey", "Jeff (EarthBound)", "Jeff Andonuts", "List of Earthbound characters", "Magnet Hill", "Mani Mani Statue", "Master Barf", "Master Belch", "Maza 2: Gigu no gyakushu", "Mazâ 2: Gîgu no gyakushû", "Mini barf", "Mother 2", "Mother 2 (soundtrack)", "Mother 2 (video game)", "Mother 2: Gyiyg Strikes Back!", "Mother II", "Mr. Carpainter", "Mr. Everdred", "Ness", "Ness (Earthbound)", "Ness (Nintendo character)", "Ness (Nintendo)", "Ness (character)", "Nesu", "Onett", "Orange Kid", "Paula (EarthBound)", "Paula Polestar", "Peaceful Rest Valley", "Phase Distorter", "Picky Minch", "Pokey (Earthbound)", "Poo (Earthbound)", "Runaway Five", "Saturn Valley", "Sound Stone", "Threed", "Tonzura Brothers", "Twoson", "Wad of bills", "Your Sactuary", "Your Sanctuary", "Zombie paper" ; :definition "EarthBound, known as Mother 2 in Japan, is a 1994 Japanese role-playing video game co-developed by Ape Inc. and HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System video game console. As Ness and his party of four, the player travels the world to collect melodies en route to defeating the evil alien force Giygas. It is the second game of the Mother series, and the only one to be released in the English language until its predecessor was released under the name EarthBound Beginnings in 2015 as part of Wii U's Virtual Console. EarthBound released in Japan in August 1994, and in North America the next June." ; :prefLabel "EarthBound" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "?? ??:????:????:???????:????:????", "?????:???????:???:??????:???:??????", "??????? ?????:PrThr:??????:???:???:????", "Clot Lysis PPP Ql", "Clot Lysis [Presence] in Platelet poor plasma by Coagulation assay", "Coagulum lysis:Presence or Threshold:Point in time:Platelet poor plasma:Ordinal:Coagulation Assay", "Lise de coágulo:ACnc:Pt:PPPQ:Ord:Coagulação", "Lisis del coágulo:Propiedad utilizada para términos LOINC cuyos resultados estan en escala categórica ordenada.:Punto temporal:Plasma pobre en plaquetas:Ord:Coagulativo", "Lyse du caillot:PrThr:Temps ponctuel:Plasma pauvre en plaquettes:Ordinal:Test de coagulation", "Lyse du caillot:Présence-Seuil:Temps ponctuel:Plasma pauvre en plaquettes:Ordinal:Test de coagulation", "Lyse eines Koagels:AKnz:Pkt:PPP:Ord:Koag", "P?ht? lizisi:MevcE?ik:Zml?:TFkP:Srl:Koag", "Stolsellysis:PrThr:Moment:Plaatjesarm plasma:Ordinaal:Stollingsmethode", "Tempo di lisi del coagulo:PrThr:Pt:PPP:Ord:Coag", "Temps de lyse des euglobulines [Arbitraire/Volume] Plasma pauvre en plaquettes ; Qualitatif ; Coagulation", "Temps de lyse des euglobulines:Arbitraire/Volume:Ponctuel:Plasma pauvre en plaquettes:Qualitatif:Coagulation" ; :prefLabel "Coagulum lysis:PrThr:Pt:PPP:Ord:Coag" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SEQUENCING" ; :definition "A process to identify and determine the primary structure of, and the order of constituents in a biopolymer." ; :prefLabel "Biopolymer Sequencing" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Product engineering refers to the process of designing and developing a device, assembly, or system such that it be produced as an item for sale through some production manufacturing process. Product engineering usually entails activity dealing with issues of cost, producibility, quality, performance, reliability, serviceability, intended lifespan and user features. These product characteristics are generally all sought in the attempt to make the resulting product attractive to its intended market and a successful contributor to the business of the organization that intends to offer the product to that market. It includes design, development and transitioning to manufacturing of the product. The term encompasses developing the concept of the product and the design and development of its me" ; :prefLabel "Product engineering" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "?? ????? ?????:????:????:??:????", "??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????:PrThr:??????:??:???", "???????????:???????:???:??:???", "Gemiddelde peroxidase activiteit index:PrThr:Moment:Bloed:Ordinaal", "Index activité peroxydasique [Arbitraire/Volume] Sang ; Qualitatif", "Index activité peroxydasique:Arbitraire/Volume:Ponctuel:Sang:Qualitatif", "Indice de actividad peroxidásica media:Propiedad utilizada para términos LOINC cuyos resultados estan en escala categórica ordenada.:Punto temporal:Sangre:Ord", "Indice di attività media della perossidasi:PrThr:Pt:Sangue:Ord", "Indice moyen d'activité de la peroxydase:PrThr:Temps ponctuel:Sang:Ordinal", "Indice moyen d'activité de la peroxydase:Présence-Seuil:Temps ponctuel:Sang:Ordinal", "MPXI Bld Ql", "MPXI Sg Ql", "Mean peroxidase activity index [Presence] in Blood", "Mean peroxidase activity index:Presence or Threshold:Point in time:Whole blood:Ordinal", "Média do índice de atividade de peroxidase:ACnc:Pt:SgTotal:Ord", "Ortalama peroksidaz aktivite indeksi:MevcE?ik:Zml?:Kan:Srl", "índice de actividad media de peroxidasa:concentración arbitraria:punto en el tiempo:sangre:ordinal", "índice de actividad media de peroxidasa:concentración arbitraria:punto en el tiempo:sangre:ordinal:" ; :prefLabel "Mean peroxidase activity index:PrThr:Pt:Bld:Ord" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "down regulation of skeletal muscle AChR clustering", "down regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering", "down regulation of skeletal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor clustering", "down-regulation of skeletal muscle AChR clustering", "down-regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering", "down-regulation of skeletal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor clustering", "downregulation of skeletal muscle AChR clustering", "downregulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering", "downregulation of skeletal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor clustering", "negative regulation of skeletal muscle AChR clustering", "negative regulation of skeletal muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor clustering" ; :definition "Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering. [GO_REF:0000058, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:7722643]" ; :prefLabel "negative regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Amelioration", "Amelioration patterns" ; :definition "In software engineering, an amelioration pattern is an anti-pattern formed when an existing software design pattern was edited (i.e. rearranged, added or deleted) to better suit a particular problem so as to achieve some further effect or behavior. In this sense, an amelioration pattern is transformational in character." ; :prefLabel "Amelioration pattern" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "App", "Application", "Applications", "Apps", "Mobile", "Mobile App", "Mobile Application", "Mobile Apps" ; :definition "Computer programs or software installed on mobile electronic devices which support a wide range of functions and uses which include television, telephone, video, music, word processing, and Internet service." ; :prefLabel "Mobile Applications" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alpha 1 wt Allele", "Alpha-1 Gene", "COL18A1", "Collagen", "Collagen XVIII (Alpha 1) Gene", "Endostatin Gene", "KNO", "KNO1", "KS", "Knobloch Syndrome", "Type 1 Gene", "Type XVIII" ; :definition "Human COL18A1 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 21q22.3 and is approximately 109 kb in length. This allele, which encodes collagen alpha-1 (XVIII) chain protein, plays a role in the development of both the neural tube and the retina. Mutations in the gene are associated with Knobloch syndrome.(SwissProt)" ; :prefLabel "COL18A1 wt Allele" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Familial Spastic Paraparesis", "HAM", "HTLV I Associated", "HTLV I Associated Myelopathies", "HTLV I Associated Myelopathy", "HTLV I Associated Myelopathy Tropical Spastic Paraparesis", "HTLV-I-Associated", "HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathies", "HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy", "HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy-Tropical Spastic Paraparesis", "Htlv 1 Associated", "Htlv-1-Associated", "Htlv-1-Associated Myelopathies", "Htlv-1-Associated Myelopathy", "Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Associated", "Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Associated Myelopathy", "Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Associated", "Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Associated Myelopathy", "Myelopathies", "Myelopathy", "Parapareses", "Paraparesis", "Paraplegia", "Paraplegias", "Spastic Parapareses", "Spastic Paraparesis", "Spastic Paraplegia", "Spastic Paraplegias", "Tropical", "Tropical Spastic", "Tropical Spastic Parapareses", "Tropical Spastic Paraplegia", "Tropical Spastic Paraplegias", "Tropical Spastic [Disease/Finding]", "jamaican neuropathy", "jamaican syndrome", "tropical spastic paralysis", "tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)" ; :definition "A subacute paralytic myeloneuropathy occurring endemically in tropical areas such as the Caribbean, Colombia, India, and Africa, as well as in the southwestern region of Japan; associated with infection by HUMAN T-CELL LEUKEMIA VIRUS I. Clinical manifestations include a slowly progressive spastic weakness of the legs, increased reflexes, Babinski signs, incontinence, and loss of vibratory and position sensation. On pathologic examination inflammatory, demyelination, and necrotic lesions may be found in the spinal cord. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1239)" ; :prefLabel "Tropical Spastic Paraparesis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bio" ; :definition "The British Informatics Olympiad (BIO) is an annual computer-programming competition for secondary and sixth-form students. Any student under 19 who is in full-time pre-university education and resident in mainland Britain is eligible to compete. The competition is composed of two rounds - a preliminary 3-question, 3-hour exam paper sat at the participant's school and a final round. The top-15 performing students each year are invited to the finals (currently hosted by Trinity College, Cambridge) where they attempt to solve several more difficult problems, some written, some involving programming. Typically a score of 70 to 80 out of 100 is required on the first round of the competition to reach the final." ; :prefLabel "British Informatics Olympiad" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Piecewise linear" ; :definition "Simplicial continuation, or piecewise linear continuation (Allgower and Georg), is a one-parameter continuation method which is well suited to small to medium embedding spaces. The algorithm has been generalized to compute higher-dimensional manifolds by (Allgower and Gnutzman) and (Allgower and Schmidt). The algorithm for drawing contours is a simplicial continuation algorithm, and since it is easy to visualize, it serves as a good introduction to the algorithm." ; :prefLabel "Piecewise linear continuation" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ATR" ; :definition "An Answer To Reset (ATR) is a message output by a contact Smart Card conforming to ISO/IEC 7816 standards, following electrical reset of the card's chip by a card reader. The ATR conveys information about the communication parameters proposed by the card, and the card's nature and state. By extension, ATR often refers to a message obtained from a Smart Card in an early communication stage; or from the card reader used to access that card, which may transform the card's message into an ATR-like format (this occurs e.g. for some PC/SC card readers when accessing an ISO/IEC 14443 Smart Card)." ; :prefLabel "Answer to reset" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Class hierarchies", "Type hierarchy" ; :definition "This article is about the computer science concept. For the sociology concept, see social class. As in taxonomy, the classifications of species, a class hierarchy in computer science is a classification of object types, denoting objects as the instantiations of classes (class is like a blueprint, the object is what is built from that blueprint) inter-relating the various classes by relationships such as "inherits", "extends", "is an abstraction of", "an interface definition"." ; :prefLabel "Class hierarchy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "co-ment is an online word processor allowing collaborative writing and commenting. It was inspired by the software package stet, which was created to handle the GNU GPL version 3 online revision. It is free software, available under Affero GPL." ; :prefLabel "Co-ment" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MPV", "Multi-purpose" ; :definition "The Multi-Purpose Viewer (MPV) is an open-source software, cross-platform image generator (IG) that implements the Common Image Generator Interface, the standard way for a host device to communicate with an image generator in the simulation industry." ; :prefLabel "Multi-Purpose Viewer" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "COLITIS PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS", "Colite pseudomembraneuse", "Colite pseudomembraneuse comme motif de realisation d'une coloscopie", "Colite pseudomembranosa", "Colite pseudomembranosa come motivo di endoscopia del tratto digestivo inferiore", "Colitis", "Pseudomembranous" ; :prefLabel "pseudomembranous colitis" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Keneth A. Simons", "Simons" ; :definition "Keneth Alden Simons (March 10, 1913 – June 11, 2004) was an American electrical engineer best known for his pioneering contributions to the technical development of cable television in the United States, for the most part as chief engineer for the Jerrold Electronics Corporation. Jerrold was one of the first manufacturers of cable television equipment and also constructed entire cable systems. Simons designed one of the first converters and the two most important pieces of the early test equipment, the Model 704 Field Strength Meter and Model 900 Sweep Frequency Generator. He also authored a seminal technical handbook on cable television systems, and served on national and international engineering standards committees. Fellow cable engineer Archer Taylor stated that Simons was seen as the" ; :prefLabel "Keneth Alden Simons" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "4000", "Weather STAR 4000", "Weather Star", "Weather Star 3000", "Weather Star H", "Weather Star HD", "Weather Star III", "WeatherStar 3000", "WeatherStar HD", "WeatherStar III", "Weatherstar 4000" ; :definition "WeatherStar (sometimes rendered Weather Star or WeatherSTAR; "STAR" being an acronym for Satellite Transponder Addressable Receiver) refers to the technology used by American cable and satellite television network The Weather Channel (TWC) to generate its local forecast segments (currently known under the brand Local on the 8s) on cable and IPTV systems nationwide. The hardware takes the form of a computerized unit installed at a cable system's headend. It receives, generates, and inserts local forecast and other weather information, including weather advisories and warnings, into TWC's national programming." ; :prefLabel "WeatherStar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Imputation" ; :definition "In data analysis involving geographical locations, geo-imputation or geographical imputation methods are steps taken to replace missing values for exact locations with approximate locations derived from associated data. They assign a reasonable location or geographic based attribute (e.g., census tract) to a person by using both the demographic characteristics of the personand the population characteristics from a larger geographic aggregate area in which the person was geocoded (e.g., postal delivery area or county). For example if a person's census tract was known and no other address information was available then geo-imputation methods could be used to probabilistically assign that person to a smaller geographic area, such as a census block group." ; :prefLabel "Geo-imputation" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DMM", "Digital molecular matter" ; :definition "Digital Molecular Matter, better known as simply DMM, is a proprietary middleware physics engine developed by Pixelux for generating realistic destruction and deformation effects.The offline version can support high-resolution simulations for use in movie special effects.The real-time version is designed for computer, video games, and other simulation needs by attempting to simulate physical real-world systems. Unlike traditional realtime simulation engines, which tend to be based on rigid body kinematics, the use of finite element analysis (FEA) allows DMM to simulate a large set of physical properties. Developers can assign physical properties to a given object or portion of an object, which allow the object to behave as it would in the real world (ice, gummy bear, etc.). In addition, th" ; :prefLabel "Digital Molecular Matter (DMM)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bargain", "BargainBuddy.", "CashBackBuddy" ; :definition "Bargain Buddy is an Adware program developed by Exact Advertising. Bargain Buddy software monitors Internet usage and displays advertisements based on the websites a user views. The software may also display ads for Exact Advertising programs such as FunGameDownloads and PhotoGizmo." ; :prefLabel "Bargain Buddy" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Items in Ratchet and Clank Future: Tools of Destruction", "R&CF:ToD", "RCF", "RaC7", "RaCFToD", "Ratchet & Clank (PS3)", "Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destructionn", "Ratchet & Clank: Future", "Ratchet & clank future", "Ratchet & clank: tools of destruction", "Ratchet and Clank Future", "Ratchet and Clank: future", "Ratchet and clank 6", "Ratchet and clank future: tools of destruction", "Ratchet and clank tools of destruction", "Rcf:tod" ; :definition "Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction (known as Ratchet & Clank: Tools of Destruction in most PAL countries) is a 2007 platformer video game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 3. The game was released on October 23, 2007 in North America and on November 9, 2007 in Europe. It is the first PlayStation 3 installment in the Ratchet & Clank franchise, as well as the first installment for the Future saga. It was also one of the first PlayStation 3 games to support DualShock 3 rumble without any accessories." ; :prefLabel "Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Altretamine/Doxorubicin/Melphalan", "DOX/HMM/L-PAM", "HAM" ; :prefLabel "altretamine/doxorubicin/melphalan protocol" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In telecommunication, continuous operation is an operation in which certain components, such as nodes, facilities, circuits, or equipment, are in an operational state at all times. Continuous operation usually requires that there be fully redundant configuration, or at least a sufficient X out of Y degree of redundancy for compatible equipment, where X is the number of spare components and Y is the number of operational components. This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188)." ; :prefLabel "Continuous operation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gargoylism", "Hunter", "Hunter Syndrome", "Hunter Syndrome Gargoylism", "Hunter's", "Hunter's syndrome", "Hunters Syndrome", "IDS DEFICIENCY", "IDURONATE 2-SULFATASE DEFICIENCY", "MPS II", "MPS2", "MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS", "Mucopolysaccharidosis 2", "Mucopolysaccharidosis II [Disease/Finding]", "Mucopolysaccharidosis Type 2", "Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II", "SIDS DEFICIENCY", "SULFOIDURONATE SULFATASE DEFICIENCY", "Syndrome", "TYPE II", "disease hunters", "diseases hunters", "hunter disease" ; :definition "An X-linked, inherited lysosomal storage disease caused by the deficiency of the enzyme iduronate sulfatase that is responsible for the degradation of mucopolysaccharides. It nearly always affects males and is characterized by the accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in various organs, resulting in mental dysfunction, enlarged abdomen, hearing loss, obstructive airway disease, heart disease, and hepatosplenomegaly." ; :prefLabel "Mucopolysaccharidosis II" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "%22making televsion%22", "Making televsion", "Production", "Scalable Video Production", "Teleproduction", "Tv production", "Video Producer" ; :definition "Video production is the process of creating video by capturing moving images (videography), and creating combinations and reductions of parts of this video in live production and post-production (video editing). In most cases the captured video will be recorded on the most current electronic media such as SD cards. In the past footage was captured on video tape, hard disk, or solid state storage. Video tape capture is now obsolete and solid state storage is reserved for just that, storage. It is now distributed digitally in formats such as the Moving Picture Experts Group format (.mpeg, .mpg, .m4p), QuickTime (.mov), Audio Video Interleave (.avi), Windows Media Video (.wmv), and DivX (.avi, .divx). It is the equivalent of filmmaking, but with images recorded digitally instead of on film st" ; :prefLabel "Video production" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gram per Hour", "g h", "gram/h", "h g" ; :definition "Grams per hour." ; :prefLabel "g/h" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HBGA g.342G>C", "Hb F-Xin-Su", "hemoglobin F-Xin-Su" ; :prefLabel "hemoglobin F Xin-Su" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Display density", "HDPI", "HiDPI", "Pixel densities", "Pixels per inch", "XHDPI" ; :definition "Pixels per inch (PPI) or pixels per centimeter (PPCM) is a measurement of the pixel density (resolution) of an electronic image device, such as a computer monitor or television display, or image digitizing device such as a camera or image scanner. Horizontal and vertical density are usually the same, as most devices have square pixels, but differ on devices that have non-square pixels." ; :prefLabel "Pixel density" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RO 7-0582", "Ro 07 0582", "Ro 070582", "Ro 7 0582", "Ro 70582", "Ro-07-0582", "Ro-7-0582" ; :prefLabel "Ro 07-0582" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Granule" ; :definition "In computing, a granule is a unit of contiguous (adjacent/bordering) virtual memory allocated to a process. In the Oracle DBMS, the Oracle server allocates the system global area (SGA) in granule units at the time of instance startup. During the startup, each component acquires as many granules as it requires. The SGA can be said to consist of linked granules. It is possible to retrieve information about the current granule size at any time by querying the dynamic view V$SGAINFO." ; :prefLabel "Granule (Oracle DBMS)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Boxing (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Boxing is an Atari 2600 video game interpretation of the sport of boxing developed by Activision programmer Bob Whitehead. The game is based on Boxer, an unreleased 1978 arcade game from Whitehead's previous employer, Atari. Boxer was written by Mike Albaugh who also wrote Drag Race for Atari, a game cloned by Activision as Dragster." ; :prefLabel "Boxing" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sesame", "Sesames" ; :prefLabel "Sesame - dietary" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fama" ; :definition "Fama IM is a free software instant messaging client for Linux and Unix that supports the use of multiple instant messaging protocols. It uses the Telepathy software framework for server communications and ncurses to provide a console-bound user interface. Currently no graphical interface is planned." ; :prefLabel "Fama IM" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "????????:?????????:???:??.??:???", "?????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????:????:??????:??.???.????:???", "Distúrbio metabólico que está sendo monitorado:Ident:Pt:SgPapel:Nom", "Metabole afwijking die onder controle is:Aanwezigheid of identiteit:Moment:Gedroogde bloedspot:Nominaal", "Metabolic disorder being monitored [Identifier] in Dried blood spot", "Metabolic disorder being monitored:Presence or Identity:Point in time:Blood filter paper:Nominal", "Metabolic disorder monitored DBS", "Metabolik bozukluk izlenmekte:MevcKimlik:Zml?:Kan.nokta:Snf", "Monitoraggio di distrubi metabolici:Prid:Pt:Sangue.su carta da filtro:Nom", "Trastorno matabólico monitorizado:Presencia o identidad:Punto temporal:Punto de sangre (papel de filtro):Nom", "Trouble métabolique sous surveillance [Identification] Sang buvard ; Résultat textuel", "Trouble métabolique sous surveillance:Identification:Ponctuel:Sang buvard:Résultat textuel" ; :prefLabel "Metabolic disorder being monitored:Prid:Pt:Bld.dot:Nom" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brendan P. Kehoe", "Brendan Patrick Kehoe", "Kehoe", "Zen and the Art of the Internet", "Zen and the Art of the Internet: A Beginner's Guide" ; :definition "Brendan Patrick Kehoe (3 December 1970 – 19 July 2011) was an Irish-born software developer and author. Born in Dublin, he was raised in China, Maine in the United States. In his early teens, he was first exposed to computing when he was given a Commodore 64 computer, which he used to teach himself about computing and computer networks. On leaving high-school, he moved to Widener University where he continued his computer studies, leaving in 1992." ; :prefLabel "Brendan Kehoe" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digestion", "Digestion Treatment", "Protein Digestion" ; :definition "A technique for proteolysis of proteins into peptides by treatment with any of various enzymes." ; :prefLabel "Protein Digestion (research activity)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attachment", "Attachments (TV Series)" ; :definition "Attachments is a BBC TV series that ran for two seasons from 2000 to 2002, a total of 26 episodes. It focuses on a group of young professionals in London that work for an Internet startup company called "seethru" during the dot com boom. The fictional company ran an internet portal website at seethru.co.uk which was updated as the show progressed, and which remained on-line for some time after the end of the second series. The show was criticised by the Broadcasting Standards Commission for including excessive sexual content immediately after the watershed. The show was released on VHS, but has not been released on DVD." ; :prefLabel "Attachments" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Laffer", "Larry" ; :definition "Larry Laffer is a player character and the protagonist in the Leisure Suit Larry series of adventure video games, created by Al Lowe in 1987." ; :prefLabel "Larry Laffer" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bod kyi deb ther dpyid kyi rgyal mo'i glu dbyangs" ; :definition "A History of Tibet by the Fifth Dalai Lama of Tibet (Tibetan: བོད་ཀྱི་དེབ་ཐེར་དཔྱིད་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་མོའི་གླུ་དབྱངས་, Wylie: bod kyi deb ther dpyid kyi rgyal mo'i glu dbyangs) was a pseudo-historical work written by Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso, the 5th Dalai Lama who ruled Tibet from 1617 to 1682. The 5th Dalai Lama wrote this book at the request of Güshi Khan in 1643." ; :prefLabel "A History of Tibet by the Fifth Dalai Lama of Tibet" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Rattle" ; :definition "Rattle GUI is a free and open source software (GNU GPL v2) package providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for data mining using the R statistical programming language. Rattle is used in a variety of situations. Currently there are 15 different government departments in Australia, in addition to various other organisations around the world, which use Rattle in their data mining activities and as a statistical package." ; :prefLabel "Rattle GUI" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Titan (Game Engine)", "Titan 2.0", "Titan Engine" ; :definition "Titan is a game engine developed by Stainless Steel Studios used in the real-time strategy genre. It was mainly used as a PC game engine in the early 2000s. The engine was used in Stainless Steel Studio's early games, such as Empire Earth and Empires: Dawn of the Modern World." ; :prefLabel "Titan" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Michiel", "Michiels" ; :definition "Stani Michiels is a visual artist and architect, who was born in 1973 in Geel (Belgium). He lives and works in the Netherlands (Amsterdam). Stani got a master's degree in architecture at the Catholic University of Leuven (1991–1996). Afterwards he studied art at the Gerrit Rietveld Academie (1998–2001) and Rijksakademie (2002–2003) in Amsterdam. In his work architecture is often present as an eye witness of our human history. Most of his work is created digitally with self made software. The final result is always a drawing, photo or video, in which the digital origin is not obvious anymore." ; :prefLabel "Stani Michiels" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apomorphic", "Apomorphies", "Apomorphy", "Derive", "Derived (phylogenetics)", "Derived character", "Derived feature", "Derived features", "Derived trait", "Derived traits", "Secondary loss", "Shared derived character", "Synapomorph", "Synapomorphic", "Synapomorphic character state", "Synapomorphies", "Synapomorphous" ; :definition "In phylogenetics, a synapomorphy is a shared derived character or trait state that distinguishes a clade from other organisms. In other words, it is an apomorphy shared by members of a monophyletic group, and thus assumed to be present in their most recent common ancestor. The word synapomorphy, coined by German entomologist Willi Hennig, is derived from the Greek words σύν, syn = shared; ἀπό, apo = away from; and μορφή, morphe = shape." ; :prefLabel "Synapomorphy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CCF", "Customer Care Framework", "Microsoft CCF" ; :definition "Microsoft Customer Care Framework (CCF) was a desktop-based framework which was used to address issues faced by service providers caused by multiple line of business (LOB) systems while interacting with their customers. It was discontinued though many of its core functions were moved to an add-in for the Microsoft Dynamics CRM product. CCF is targeted at medium to large enterprises. CCF was originally developed for the large call center requirements of the telecommunication industry." ; :prefLabel "Microsoft Customer Care Framework" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CUTIS HYPERELASTICA", "Cutis Elastica", "Danlos Disease", "Disease", "EDS", "Ehler Danlos Syndrome", "Ehlers", "Ehlers Danlos", "Ehlers Danlos Disease", "Ehlers Danlos Syndrome", "Ehlers-Danlos", "Ehlers-Danlos Disease", "Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome [Disease/Finding]", "Syndrome", "danlos disease", "danlos ehlers syndrome", "eds ehlers danlos syndrome", "ehlers danlos syndromes", "elastic skin", "skin elastic" ; :definition "A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability." ; :prefLabel "Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "bullied", "bullies", "bullis", "bully" ; :definition "Aggressive behavior intended to cause harm or distress. The behavior may be physical or verbal. There is typically an imbalance of power, strength, or status between the target and the aggressor." ; :prefLabel "Bullying" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Antibody", "GLOBULIN,IMMUNE", "Globulins", "IG", "Immune", "Immune Globulin", "Immune Globulins", "Immunoglobulin", "Immunoglobulins / Antibodies", "Immunoglobulins [Chemical/Ingredient]", "NOS", "[IM500] IMMUNOGLOBULINS", "immune globulin", "immunoglobulin structure", "unspecified formulation" ; :definition "Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses." ; :prefLabel "Immunoglobulins" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "A quantifier used to characterize a statistical distribution. It describes the probability of a variable having a value within a small unit band of values around this value.(Dr. Joseph A. Thie)" ; :prefLabel "Probability Density" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(11alpha,13E,15S)-", "(11alpha,13E,15S)-11,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic Acid", "(13e)-(15S)-11alpha,15-Dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-enoate", "11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxo-", "11alpha,15alpha-Dihydroxy-9-oxo-13-trans-prostenoic acid", "Alprostadil [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Alprostadilum", "Lipo PGE1", "Lipo-PGE1", "PGE-1", "PGE1", "PGE1 ?-CD", "PGE1alpha", "PGE?", "Prost-13-en-1-oic acid", "Prostaglandin E1", "Prostaglandin E1alpha", "e1 prostaglandin", "erectile dysfunction alprostadil", "prostaglandin e1 pge1" ; :definition "The naturally occurring prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) which displays a variety of pharmacologic actions. Alprostadil is a potent vasodilator agent that increases peripheral blood flow, inhibits platelet aggregation, and induces bronchodilation. Used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction, this agent produces corporal smooth muscle relaxation by binding to PGE receptors, resulting in the activation of adenylate cyclase and the subsequent accumulation of 3'5'-cAMP." ; :prefLabel "Alprostadil" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Agora (disambiguation)", "Agora (marketplace)" ; :definition "Agora is a darknet market operating in the Tor network. It launched in 2013. All transactions on Agora are conducted in bitcoin. Agora was unaffected by Operation Onymous, the November 2014 seizure of several darknet websites (most notably Silk Road 2.0). After Evolution closed in an exit scam in March 2015, Agora replaced it as the largest darknet market. In August 2015 Agora's admins released a PGP signed message announcing a pause of operations to protect the site against potential attacks that they believe might be used to deanonymize server locations:" ; :prefLabel "Agora" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data File", "Data Files", "Files", "Machine Readable Data Files", "Machine-Readable", "Machine-Readable Data", "Machine-Readable Data File" ; :prefLabel "Machine-Readable Data Files" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ses i 6 allergen", "Sesamum indicum", "allergen Ses i 6", "sesame" ; :prefLabel "Ses i 6 allergen, Sesamum inducum" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Isotonic", "Monotonic regression" ; :definition "In statistics, isotonic regression or monotonic regression is the technique of fitting a free-form line to a sequence of observations under the following constraints: the fitted free-form line has to be non-decreasing everywhere, and it has to lie as close to the observations as possible." ; :prefLabel "Isotonic regression" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ECS", "Enhanced Chip Set", "Extended chip set" ; :definition "The Enhanced Chip Set (ECS) is the second generation of the Amiga computer's chipset, offering minor improvements over the original chipset (OCS) design. ECS was introduced in 1990 with the launch of the Amiga 3000. Amigas produced from 1990 onwards featured a mix of OCS and ECS chips, such as later versions of the Amiga 500 and the Commodore CDTV. Other ECS models were the Amiga 500+ in 1991 and lastly the Amiga 600 in 1992." ; :prefLabel "Amiga Enhanced Chip Set" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SSN" ; :definition "A nine digit identification number resembling "123-45-6789" which is issued to an individual by the Social Security Administration of the United States federal government." ; :prefLabel "Social security number" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ANDRE SYKD MUSK-SKJ-SYST/BINDEVEV", "Altre mal sistema muscoloscheletro", "An sgd i mus/skel syst/bindev sgd", "Andere ziekten bewegingsapparaat", "Autres mal acquises osteo-artic", "BESTE ERITASUN OSTEOMUSKULAR BAT/TEJIDO KONJUNTIBOA", "MUUT TUKI- JA LIIKUNTAELINTEN SAIRAUDET", "OVRIGA MUSKULOSKELETALA SJUKDOMAR", "Other disease musculoskeletal system", "Otras enf ap locomotor", "Outras doencas musculoesqueleticas", "egyeb mozgasszervi betegseg", "sonst Erkrankung Bewegungsapparat" ; :prefLabel "Other musculoskeletal disorder" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Benzalkonium Chloride 1.0 g in 1 L TOPICAL SOAP [Lite nFoamy E3 Hand Sanitizer]", "Benzalkonium Chloride 1.0 g in 1 L TOPICAL SOAP [Lite nFoamy Lemon Blossom Hand Sanitizer]", "Lite 'N Foamy 0.1 % Topical Foam" ; :prefLabel "Benzalkonium Chloride 1 MG/ML Topical Foam [Lite 'N Foamy]" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acacia", "Acacia Gum", "Arabic", "Gum", "Gum Acacia", "Gum Arabic [Chemical/Ingredient]" ; :definition "Powdered exudate from various Acacia species, especially A. senegal (Leguminosae). It forms mucilage or syrup in water. Gum arabic is used as a suspending agent, excipient, and emulsifier in foods and pharmaceuticals." ; :prefLabel "Gum Arabic" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "?? ??:????:????:???:??", "???:??????:???:????:???:?????", "????????? ???????:???????:??????:???:?????:???????????", "Aluste liig:SCnc:Pt:aB:Qn:Arvutuslik", "Bar--Base Überschuss", "Base excess BldA Calc-sCnc", "Base excess SgA-sCnc", "Base excess in Arterial blood", "Base excess in Arterial blood by calculation", "Base excess:Substance Concentration:Point in time:Blood arterial:Quantitative:Calculated", "Base excès [Moles/Volume] Sang artériel ; Numérique ; Résultat calculé", "Base excès:Moles/Volume:Ponctuel:Sang artériel:Numérique:Résultat calculé", "Base overschot:Stof concentratie:Moment:Arterieelbloed:Kwantitatief:Berekend", "Basenüberschuss:SKnz:Pkt:BlutA:Qn", "Basi", "Baz fazlal???:SubKons:Zml?:KanArt:Kant:Hesaplanm??", "Exceso de bases:Concentración de sustancia:Punto temporal:Sangre arterial:Qn:Calculado", "Excesso de base:SCnc:Pt:SgArt:Qn", "Excès de base:Concentration de substance:Temps ponctuel:Sang artériel:Quantitatif:Calculé", "Sga--eccesso de basi", "Sga--exceso de basa", "Sga--excès de base", "eccesso:SCnc:Pt:Sangue art:Qn:Calcolato", "exceso de bases:concentración de sustancia:punto en el tiempo:sangre arterial:cuantitativo", "exceso de bases:concentración de sustancia:punto en el tiempo:sangre arterial:cuantitativo:" ; :prefLabel "Base excess:SCnc:Pt:BldA:Qn:Calculated" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Meta" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Don't take it personally", "Don't take it personally babe", "Don't take it personally babe it just ain't your story", "babe" ; :definition "don't take it personally, babe, it just ain't your story is a 2011 indie video game by Christine Love. Intended as a spiritual sequel to Love's Digital: A Love Story, the game was developed over the course of a month and was released as a free download on April 4, 2011. Don't take it personally is a visual novel, with the majority of the plot taking place outside of the player's control except for key decisions. It follows a new high school literature teacher in 2027 over the course of a semester, with the ability to see private messages between students at any time without their knowledge. It deals with themes of privacy and relationships in the future. The game was received positively, with critics praising the interplay between the metafictional elements of the story and those of the ga" ; :prefLabel "don't take it personally, babe, it just ain't your story" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "*Coefficient" ; :definition "A constant number that serves as a measure of some property or characteristic." ; :prefLabel "Coefficient" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Franklin", "Franklin Computer", "Franklin Computer Corp.", "Franklin Computer Corporation", "Franklin ace 100" ; :definition "Franklin Electronic Publishers, Incorporated (formerly Franklin Computer Corporation) is an American consumer electronics manufacturer based in Burlington, New Jersey, founded in 1981. Since the mid-1980s it has primarily created and sold hand-held electronic references, such as spelling correctors, dictionaries, translation devices, medical references and Bibles. It was publicly traded on the American Stock Exchange under the symbol FEP until September 30, 2009 when it merged with Saunders Acquisition Corporation." ; :prefLabel "Franklin Electronic Publishers" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "A graph in which the edges are not ordered, and therefore, are symmetric." ; :prefLabel "Undirected Graph" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Disposal Technique", "Dispose" ; :definition "The act or means of getting rid of something." ; :prefLabel "Disposal" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Failed forceps or vacuum extractor", "antepartum", "unspecified" ; :prefLabel "Failed forceps or vacuum extractor, unspecified, antepartum condition or complication" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hot air", "Hot air reflow", "Infrared Soldering", "Paste in hole", "Pin and paste", "Reflow", "Reflow solder", "Reflowing", "Thr", "Through-hole reflow", "Through-hole reflow soldering" ; :definition "Reflow soldering is a process in which a solder paste (a sticky mixture of powdered solder and flux) is used to temporarily attach one or several electrical components to their contact pads, after which the entire assembly is subjected to controlled heat, which melts the solder, permanently connecting the joint. Heating may be accomplished by passing the assembly through a reflow oven or under an infrared lamp or by soldering individual joints with a hot air pencil." ; :prefLabel "Reflow soldering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bank", "banks" ; :definition "An officially chartered institution empowered to receive deposits, make loans, and provide checking and savings account services, all at a profit.(http://dictionary.law.com)" ; :prefLabel "Bank (environment)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mental Retardation", "Mental retardation", "SDSX", "STOCCO DOS SANTOS X-LINKED MENTAL RETARDATION SYNDROME", "Stocco Dos Santos Type", "Stocco dos Santos type", "X-Linked" ; :prefLabel "Stocco dos Santos syndrome" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cache effect", "Ideal speedup", "Linear speedup", "Parallel efficiency", "Parallel speedup", "Speed Up (disambiguation)", "Speed up" ; :definition "In computer architecture, speedup is a process for increasing the performance between two systems processing the same problem. More technically, it is the improvement in speed of execution of a task executed on two similar architectures with different resources. The notion of speedup was established by Amdahl's law, which was particularly focused on parallel processing. However, speedup can be used more generally to show the effect on performance after any resource enhancement." ; :prefLabel "Speedup" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TAL", "Tandem Application Language" ; :definition "Transaction Application Language or TAL (originally "Tandem Application Language") is a block-structured, procedural language optimized for use on Tandem hardware. TAL resembles a cross between C and Pascal. It was the original system programming language for the Tandem CISC machines, which had no assembler. Available datatypes include 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit and (introduced later) 64 bit integers. Microcode level support was available for null terminated character strings. However, this is not commonly used." ; :prefLabel "Transaction Application Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Formates [Chemical/Ingredient]", "formate" ; :definition "Derivatives of formic acids. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are formed with a single carbon carboxy group." ; :prefLabel "Formates" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Epidemiologic", "Epidemiologic Research", "Epidemiologic Study", "Epidemiologic Trial", "Epidemiological", "Epidemiological Studies", "Epidemiological Study", "Epidemiology Research", "Studies", "Study" ; :definition "Studies designed to examine associations, commonly, hypothesized causal relations. They are usually concerned with identifying or measuring the effects of risk factors or exposures. The common types of analytic study are CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; COHORT STUDIES; and CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES." ; :prefLabel "Epidemiologic Studies" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Culture Media", "Media", "Protein Free Media", "Protein-Free", "Protein-Free Media", "Serum Free", "Serum Free Media", "Serum-Free", "Serum-Free Culture", "Serum-Free Culture Media", "Serum-Free Media", "free media serum" ; :definition "CULTURE MEDIA free of serum proteins but including the minimal essential substances required for cell growth. This type of medium avoids the presence of extraneous substances that may affect cell proliferation or unwanted activation of cells." ; :prefLabel "Culture Media, Serum-Free" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Needle exchange programs", "Needle-Exchange", "Needle-Exchange Program", "Program", "Programs", "Syringe Exchange Programs", "Syringe-Exchange", "Syringe-Exchange Program", "Syringe-Exchange Programs", "needle exchange program" ; :definition "Organized services for exchange of sterile needles and syringes used for injections as a potential means of reducing the transmission of infectious diseases." ; :prefLabel "Needle-Exchange Programs" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "???? ????????:??????:?????:??????????????", "????:?????:????????:???????????:???", "?????????? ? ???????????? ???????:?????????", "Date range (from/through) of hospitalization leading to treatment Set", "Date range:Complex:Duration of an encounter:Hospitalization leading to occupational therapy treatment:Set", "Intervallo di date:Cmplx:Enctr:Ospedalizzazione che porta alla terapia occupazionale:Determinato", "Occupational therapy treatment plan", "hospitalización que conduce a terapia ocupacional:complejo:duración del encuentro:HOSPITALIZATION LEADING TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY TREATMENT:Conjunto", "hospitalización que conduce a terapia ocupacional:complejo:duración del encuentro:HOSPITALIZATION LEADING TO OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY TREATMENT:Conjunto:" ; :prefLabel "Date range:Cmplx:Enctr:Hospitalization leading to occupational therapy treatment:Set" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "??.????:?????:???:????:???", "????????.????????????? ????? ??????:????:??????:??????????? ???????:?????", "PEEP Respiratory", "PEEP Respiratory system", "Positive end expiratory pressure Respiratory system", "Pression positive fin d'expiration [Pression] Système respiratoire ; Numérique", "Pression positive fin d'expiration:Pression:Ponctuel:Système respiratoire:Numérique", "Pression.positive finale expiratoire:Pression:Temps ponctuel:Système respiratoire:Quantitatif", "Pressione.positiva e espiratoria:Pres:Pt:Apparato respiratorio:Qn", "Pressure.positive end expiratory:Pressure:Point in time:Respiratory system:Quantitative", "Pressão.expiratória final positiva:Pres:Pt:Sistema Respiratório:Qn", "presión.positiva al final de la espiración:presión:punto en el tiempo:aparato respiratorio:cuantitativo", "presión.positiva al final de la espiración:presión:punto en el tiempo:aparato respiratorio:cuantitativo:" ; :prefLabel "Pressure.positive end expiratory:Pres:Pt:Respiratory system:Qn" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Jet (computer game)" ; :definition "Jet is a combat flight simulator video game originally published in 1985 by subLOGIC." ; :prefLabel "Jet" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "4 Chloro 7 nitrobenzofurazan", "4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan [Chemical/Ingredient]", "4-chloro-7-nitro-", "7 Chloro 4 nitrobenzofurazan", "7-Chloro-4-nitrobenzofurazan", "Benzofurazan", "Chloride", "Chloronitrobenzoxadiazole", "NBD", "NBD Chloride", "NBF Cl", "NBF-Cl", "Nitrobenzoxadiazole", "Nitrobenzoxadiazole Chloride" ; :definition "A benzofuran derivative used as a protein reagent since the terminal N-NBD-protein conjugate possesses interesting fluorescence and spectral properties. It has also been used as a covalent inhibitor of both beef heart mitochondrial ATPase and bacterial ATPase." ; :prefLabel "4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Verifying" ; :prefLabel "Verifying specimen" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "McKeown" ; :definition "Nicholas (Nick) William McKeown FREng, is a professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science departments at Stanford University. He has also started technology companies in Silicon Valley." ; :prefLabel "Nick McKeown" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Feline Sarcoma Virus", "Hardy Zuckerman", "Hardy Zuckerman feline sarcoma virus", "Hardy-Zuckerman", "Hardy-Zuckerman feline sarcoma virus" ; :prefLabel "Sarcoma Virus, Feline, Hardy-Zuckerman" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Menthol 5 mg ORAL LOZENGE [NICE CHERRY]", "Menthol 5 mg ORAL LOZENGE [NICE CITRUS]", "Menthol 5 mg ORAL LOZENGE [NICE HONEY LEMON]", "Menthol 5 mg ORAL LOZENGE [NICE MENTHOL]", "N Ice 5 MG Oral Lozenge", "N'Ice 5 MG Oral Lozenge", "menthol 5 mg ORAL LOZENGE [Nice Assorted]" ; :prefLabel "Menthol 5 MG Oral Lozenge [N'ICE]" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "A bibliographic database that includes MEDLINE as its primary subset. It is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), part of the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE. PubMed, which is searchable through NLM's Web site, also includes access to additional citations to selected life sciences journals not in MEDLINE, and links to other resources such as the full-text of articles at participating publishers' Web sites, NCBI's molecular biology databases, and PubMed Central." ; :prefLabel "PubMed" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acute", "Acute Hepatic", "Acute Hepatic Failure", "Acute Liver", "Acute [Disease/Finding]", "Acute liver failure", "Failure", "Fulminant", "Fulminant Hepatic Failures", "Fulminant Liver Failure", "Fulminant Liver Failures", "Fulminant hepatic failure", "Fulminating", "Fulminating Hepatic Failure", "Fulminating Hepatic Failures", "Fulminating Liver Failure", "Fulminating Liver Failures", "Hepatic Failure", "Hepatic Failures", "Liver Failure", "Liver Failures", "acute failure hepatic", "acute failure liver", "failure hepatic acute", "fulminate liver failure", "hepatic fulminant failure", "liver acute failure alf" ; :definition "A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C." ; :prefLabel "Liver Failure, Acute" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Health", "Mobile", "mHealth" ; :definition "Health services supported by remote or mobile devices." ; :prefLabel "Mobile Health" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automotive" ; :definition "A class of professional or vocational positions of employment that involve work with automobiles." ; :prefLabel "Automotive Occupations" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Column echelon form", "Echelon", "Echelon form", "RCF", "REF", "RREF", "Reduced Echelon Form", "Reduced row echelon", "Reduced row echelon form", "Reduced row-echelon form", "Row canonical form", "Row echelon", "Row-echelon form", "Row-reduced echelon form", "Upper echelon form" ; :definition "In linear algebra, a matrix is in echelon form if it has the shape resulting from a Gaussian elimination. Row echelon form means that Gaussian elimination has operated on the rows andcolumn echelon form means that Gaussian elimination has operated on the columns. In other words, a matrix is in column echelon form if its transpose is in row echelon form. Therefore only row echelon forms are considered in the remainder of this article. The similar properties of column echelon form are easily deduced by transposing all the matrices. Specifically, a matrix is in row echelon form if" ; :prefLabel "Row echelon form" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Inadequate", "Inadequate Velopharyngeal Closure", "Incompetence", "Insufficiency", "PALATOPHARYNGEAL INCOMPETENCE", "Palatopharyngeal", "VELOPHARYNGEAL INCOMPETENCE", "VPI", "Velopharyngeal", "Velopharyngeal Closures", "Velopharyngeal Insufficiency [Disease/Finding]", "velopharyngeal inadequacy" ; :definition "Failure of the SOFT PALATE to reach the posterior pharyngeal wall to close the opening between the oral and nasal cavities. Incomplete velopharyngeal closure is primarily related to surgeries (ADENOIDECTOMY; CLEFT PALATE) or an incompetent PALATOPHARYNGEAL SPHINCTER. It is characterized by hypernasal speech." ; :prefLabel "Velopharyngeal Insufficiency" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Surrogate", "Surrogates (film)" ; :definition "Surrogates is a 2009 American science fiction action film, based on the 2005–2006 comic book series The Surrogates. Directed by Jonathan Mostow, it stars Bruce Willis as Tom Greer, an FBI agent who ventures out into the real world to investigate the murder of surrogates (humanoid remote controlled robots). It also stars Radha Mitchell, Rosamund Pike, Boris Kodjoe, Ving Rhames, and James Cromwell." ; :prefLabel "Surrogates" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aotidae", "Aotinae", "Douroucouli", "Monkey", "Monkeys", "Night", "Night Monkeys", "Owl", "Owl Monkey", "Owl Monkeys" ; :definition "A family of the New World monkeys inhabiting the forests of South and Central America. There is a single genus and several species occurring in this family, including AOTUS TRIVIRGATUS (Northern night monkeys)." ; :prefLabel "Night Monkey" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DMIPS", "Dhrystones", "Drhystone" ; :definition "Dhrystone is a computing benchmark program developed in 1984 by Reinhold P. Weicker intended to be representative of system (integer) programming. The Dhrystone grew to become representative of general processor (CPU) performance. The name "Dhrystone" is a pun on a different benchmark algorithm called Whetstone." ; :prefLabel "Dhrystone" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "?????????:??:???:^??:???", "?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????:???????:??????:^???????:???", "Desgaste anterior de prótese dentária:Achado:Pt:^Paciente:Ord", "Precedente protesi dentaria portata:Osservazione:Pt:^Paziente:Ord", "Previ dent prosthesis wear", "Previous dental prosthesis wear", "Previous dental prosthesis wear:Find:Pt:^Patient:Ord", "prótesis dental previa utilizada:hallazgo:punto en el tiempo:^paciente:ordinal", "prótesis dental previa utilizada:hallazgo:punto en el tiempo:^paciente:ordinal:" ; :prefLabel "Previous dental prosthesis wear:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Ordinal" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clause learning", "Relevance-bounded learning" ; :definition "In constraint satisfaction backtracking algorithms, constraint learning is a technique for improving efficiency. It works by recording new constraints whenever an inconsistency is found. This new constraint may reduce the search space, as future partial evaluations may be found inconsistent without further search. Clause learning is the name of this technique when applied to propositional satisfiability." ; :prefLabel "Constraint learning" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Scoring Engine" ; :definition "A software program that compares the mass of peptide fragments found by tandem mass spectrometry with the expected peptides based on the proteins listed in the fasta file (protein database) that the search is conducted against." ; :prefLabel "Tandem Mass Spectrometry Scoring Engine" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hearing Loss", "High Frequency", "High Frequency Deafness", "High Frequency Hearing Loss", "High-Frequency Hearing Loss", "High-Frequency [Disease/Finding]", "High-frequency deafness", "High-frequency hearing impairment", "Progressive high frequency hearing loss", "Progressive high-frequency hearing loss", "frequencies hearing high loss", "frequency hearing high loss" ; :definition "A condition in which a person loses the ability to hear high frequency sounds. It is typically associated with impairment of the inner ear." ; :prefLabel "Hearing Loss, High-Frequency" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Team" ; :definition "Two or more people working together." ; :prefLabel "teams" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Imaging", "Multimodal", "Multimodality" ; :definition "The use of combination of imaging techniques or platforms (e.g., MRI SCAN and PET SCAN) encompassing aspects of anatomical, functional, or molecular imaging methods." ; :prefLabel "Multimodal Imaging" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Philobota grammatica" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HLT instruction" ; :definition "In the x86 computer architecture, HLT (halt) is an assembly language instruction which halts the central processing unit (CPU) until the next external interrupt is fired. Interrupts are signals sent by hardware devices to the CPU alerting it that an event occurred to which it should react. For example, hardware timers send interrupts to the CPU at regular intervals." ; :prefLabel "HLT (x86 instruction)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ANR" ; :definition "Ambiguous Name Resolution (ANR) is a feature available in Microsoft's Active Directory which allows resolution of multiple objects on a computer network based on limited input. The user will be able to select the correct entry from these results. To allow this feature to operate, attributes need to be ANR enabled in the directory schema. This is an extension of the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. When using Microsoft's Outlook or Outlook Web App, partial information can be typed into the To: From: and CC: fields which will result in an ANR query to provide potential matches." ; :prefLabel "Ambiguous name resolution" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CRIO", "Rio" ; :definition "CompactRIO (or cRIO) is a real-time embedded industrial controller made by National Instruments for industrial control systems. The CompactRIO is a combination of a real-time controller, reconfigurable IO Modules (RIO), FPGA module and an Ethernet expansion chassis." ; :prefLabel "CompactRIO" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FIBROUS", "Fibrohistiocytic Tumor", "Fibrohistiocytic Tumors", "Fibrous Histiocytoma", "Fibrous Histiocytomas", "Fibroxanthosarcoma", "HISTIOCYTOMA", "Histiocytoma", "Histiocytomas", "MALIGNANT", "MFH", "Malignant", "Malignant Fibrohistiocytic", "Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumor", "Malignant Fibrohistiocytic Tumors", "Malignant Fibrous", "Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of Soft Tissue and Bone", "Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of the Soft Tissue and Bone", "Malignant Fibrous Histiocytomas", "Malignant Fibrous [Disease/Finding]", "Malignant Fibroxanthoma", "Storiform-Pleomorphic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma", "Tumor", "Tumors", "UPS", "Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma", "Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly \"MFH\")", "Unclassified Pleomorphic Sarcoma (Formerly \"Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma\")", "Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma", "Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Soft Tissue Sarcoma", "fibrous histiocytoma malignant", "malignant fibrous cytoma" ; :definition "The most commonly diagnosed soft tissue sarcoma. It is a neoplasm with a fibrohistiocytic appearance found chiefly in later adult life, with peak incidence in the 7th decade." ; :prefLabel "Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GARATXAK", "SYYLAT", "VARTOR", "Verruca", "Verrucae", "Verrucas", "Verruche", "Verrues", "Verruga", "Verrugas", "Vorter", "WART", "Warts [Disease/Finding]", "Warzen", "Wratten", "szemolcs", "yabalot" ; :definition "Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin." ; :prefLabel "Warts" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SPE A", "Strep exotoxin A", "Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A", "Streptococcus pyogenes", "spe", "spes", "streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A" ; :prefLabel "SpeA protein, Streptococcus pyogenes" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl-carbamic Acid", "1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamic Acid Methyl Ester", "1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamic acid", "1h-benzimidazole-2-carbamic acid", "2-(methoxycarbonylamino)benzimidazole", "2-Benzimidazolecarcamic Acid Methyl Ester", "2-Methyl benzimidazolecarbamate", "BCM", "BMC", "CARBENDAZIM", "Carbendazole", "MBC", "Methyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate", "Methyl Benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate", "Methyl Ester", "Methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl Carbamate", "Methyl-2-benzimidazole Carbamate", "Methyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate", "Methyl-alpha-benzimidazole Carbamate", "benzimidazolecarbamate methyl ester", "bmk", "carbendazin", "carbendazine", "carbendazyme", "medamine", "mekarzole", "methoxybenzimidazole-2-carbamic acid", "methyl 2-benzimidazil carbamate", "methyl ester", "methyl-N-(2-benzimidazolyl)carbamate", "methylbenzimidazole-2-ylcarbamate" ; :definition "A broad-spectrum benzimidazole antifungal with potential antimitotic and antineoplastic activities. Although the exact mechanism of action is unclear, carbendazim appears to binds to an unspecified site on tubulin and suppresses microtubule assembly dynamic. This results in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and an induction of apoptosis." ; :prefLabel "mecarzole" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pondering" ; :definition "In turn-based games, permanent brain (also called pondering) is the act of thinking during the opponent's turn. Turn-based games such as chess have a weakness: one of the players can spend too much time thinking. Time control solves this problem: each player receives a certain amount of time for thinking. If a player spends more than the allotted time, he or she loses." ; :prefLabel "Permanent brain" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Stability", "Unstable" ; :definition "In numerous fields of study, the component of instability within a system is generally characterized by some of the outputs or internal states growing without bounds. Not all systems that are not stable are unstable; systems can also be marginally stable or exhibit limit cycle behavior. In structural engineering, a structure can become unstable when excessive load is applied. Beyond a certain threshold, structural deflections magnify stresses, which in turn increases deflections. This can take the form of buckling or crippling. The general field of study is called structural stability." ; :prefLabel "Instability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LIN", "LN", "Lobular Intraepithelial Neoplasia" ; :definition "A spectrum of non-invasive neoplastic lesions that arise from the terminal ductal lobular units of the breast. There is atypical small epithelial cell proliferation. Pagetoid involvement of the terminal ducts may or may not be present. In the minority of cases, there is a risk for subsequent development of invasive ductal or invasive lobular carcinoma." ; :prefLabel "Lobular Neoplasia" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gramatica de la lengua castellana", "Grammar of the Castilian Language", "Grammatica Nebrissensis", "Grammatica de la lengua castellana", "Grammática de la lengua castellana", "Gramática Castellana" ; :definition "Gramática de la lengua castellana ("Grammar of the Castilian Language", originally titled in Latin: Grammatica Antonii Nebrissensis) is a book written by Antonio de Nebrija and published in 1492. It was the first work dedicated to the Spanish language and its rules, and the first grammar of a modern European language to be published. When it was presented to Isabella of Castile at Salamanca in the year of its publication, the queen questioned what the merit of such a work might be; Fray Hernando de Talavera, bishop of Avila, answered for the author in prophetic words, as Nebrija himself recalls in a letter addressed to the monarch:" ; :prefLabel "Gramática de la lengua castellana" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Corner cases" ; :definition "In engineering, a corner case (or pathological case) involves a problem or situation that occurs only outside of normal operating parameters—specifically one that manifests itself when multiple environmental variables or conditions are simultaneously at extreme levels, even though each parameter is within the specified range for that parameter. Contrast a corner case with an edge case, an issue that occurs only at a (single) maximum or minimum parameter. For example, a speaker may distort audio at maximum volume, even in the absence of other extreme settings or conditions." ; :prefLabel "Corner case" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NANDA International", "NANDA International Terminology", "NANDA-I", "NANDA-International", "NANDA-International Terminologies", "NANDA-Internationals", "Terminologies", "Terminology" ; :prefLabel "NANDA-International Terminology" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Medical", "Tourism" ; :definition "Travel to another country for the purpose of medical treatment." ; :prefLabel "Medical Tourism" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hurricane", "hurricane", "typhoon" ; :definition "Northern hemisphere CYCLONIC STORMS east of the International Dateline to the Greenwich Meridian, with winds over 74 mph." ; :prefLabel "Hurricanes" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dissemination of science", "Science communicator" ; :definition "Science communication generally refers to public communication presenting science-related topics to non-experts. This often involves professional scientists (called "outreach" or "popularization"), but has also evolved into a professional field in its own right. It includes science exhibitions, journalism, policy or media production. Science communicators can use entertainment and persuasion including humour, storytelling and metaphors. Scientists can be trained in some of the techniques used by actors to improve their communication." ; :prefLabel "Science communication" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "T3h", "Teh (disambiguation)", "Teh suck" ; :definition "Teh is an Internet slang neologism most frequently used as an English article, based on a common typographical error of "the". Teh has subsequently developed grammatical usages distinct from the. It is not common in spoken or written English outside technical or leetspeak circles, but when spoken, it is pronounced /tɛ/ or /tə/." ; :prefLabel "Teh" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TOTNUM" ; :definition "The determination of the amount of total number of entities." ; :prefLabel "Total Number" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Okapi", "Okapia johnstoni" ; :definition "Four-legged hoofed mammals that are closely related to giraffes, although they bear stripes similar to zebras." ; :prefLabel "Okapis" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bryohumbertia flavicoma", "Bryohumbertia flavicoma (Muell. Hal. ex Broth.) J.-P.Frahm", "Campylopus flavicomus Muell. Hal. ex Broth." ; :prefLabel "Campylopus flavicomus" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "exponential" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Unbalanced" ; :definition "In electrical engineering, an unbalanced circuit is one in which the transmission properties between the ports of the circuit are different for the two poles of each port. It is usually taken to mean that one pole of each port is bonded to a common potential (single-ended signalling) but more complex topologies are possible. This common point is commonly called ground or earth but it may well not actually be connected to electrical ground at all." ; :prefLabel "Unbalanced circuit" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LAD", "LAD-Type I", "LAD1", "LFA-I Deficiency", "LFA1 IMMUNODEFICIENCY", "LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN 1 IMMUNODEFICIENCY", "Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency", "Type I" ; :definition "A rare immunodeficiency with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. It is caused by mutation in the ITGB2 gene on chromosome 21 which codes for the beta subunit of beta-2 integrin (CD18). The mutation results in significantly reduced or absent expression of CD18 on the surface of leukocytes which impairs their ability to migrate and interact with antigens. Initial clinical signs include omphalitis and delayed separation of the umbilical cord. The clinical course is marked by recurrent bacterial and fungal infection without pus formation. In instances where there is < 1% expression of CD18, prognosis is dismal with a high likelihood for life-threatening infection within the first year of life." ; :prefLabel "Leukocyte adhesion deficiency type 1" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "I feel that I am swallowing a huge amount of food" ; :definition "A question about whether an individual feels or felt as though they are swallowing a huge amount of food." ; :prefLabel "Feel Like Swallowing Huge Amount of Food" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Baxter" ; :definition "Baxter is an industrial robot built by Rethink Robotics, a start-up company founded by Rodney Brooks. It was introduced in September 2012. Baxter is a 3-foot tall (without pedestal; 5'10" – 6'3" with pedestal), two-armed robot with an animated face. It weighs 165 lbs without the pedestal and 306 lbs with the pedestal. It is used for simple industrial jobs such as loading, unloading, sorting, and handling of materials. Brooks stated that Baxter was designed to perform the dull tasks on a production line. It is intended to be sold to small and medium-sized companies." ; :prefLabel "Baxter (robot)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Butyrylcholinesterase wt Allele", "CHE1", "E1" ; :definition "Human BCHE wild-type allele is located within 3q26.1-q26.2 and is approximately 65 kb in length. This allele, which encodes cholinesterase protein, plays a role in the hydrolysis of acylcholines. Certain allelic variants of the BCHE gene are responsible for hypocholinesterasemia, resulting in suxamethonium sensitivity and post-anesthetic apnea. Specific inherited defects in this gene are associated with Alzheimer's disease." ; :prefLabel "BCHE wt Allele" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "confirmation" ; :prefLabel "confirmation - ResponseLevel" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "List of OSI approved software licences", "List of OSI approved software licenses", "List of OSI-approved software licences", "Open Source License", "Open source licence", "Open source licenses", "Open source software license", "Open-source licence" ; :definition "An open-source license is a type of license for computer software and other products that allows the source code, blueprint or design to be used, modified and/or shared under defined terms and conditions. This allows end users and commercial companies to review and modify the source code, blueprint or design for their own customization, curiosity or troubleshooting needs. Open-source licensed software is mostly available free of charge, though this does not necessarily have to be the case. Licenses which only permit non-commercial redistribution or modification of the source code for personal use only are generally not considered as open-source licenses. However, open-source licenses may have some restrictions, particularly regarding the expression of respect to the origin of software, suc" ; :prefLabel "Open-source license" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Corneal Dellen", "Delle" ; :definition "Corneal thinning just anterior to the limbus secondary to abnormal and/or irregular bulbar conjunctival contour." ; :prefLabel "Corneal Delle" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Degradation" ; :definition "Elegant degradation is a term used in engineering to describe what occurs to machines which are subject to constant, repetitive stress. Externally, such a machine maintains the same appearance to the user, appearing to function properly. Internally, the machine slowly weakens over time. Eventually, unable to withstand the stress, it breaks down. Compared to graceful degradation, the operational quality does not decrease at all, but the breakdown may be just as sudden. This term's meaning varies depending on context and field, and may not be strictly considered exclusive to engineering." ; :prefLabel "Elegant degradation" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pierce" ; :definition "The Pierce oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator particularly well-suited for use in piezoelectric crystal oscillator circuits. Named for its inventor, George W. Pierce (1872-1956), the Pierce oscillator is a derivative of the Colpitts oscillator. Virtually all digital IC clock oscillators are of Pierce type, as the circuit can be implemented using a minimum of components: a single digital inverter, one resistor, two capacitors, and the quartz crystal, which acts as a highly selective filter element. The low manufacturing cost of this circuit, and the outstanding frequency stability of the quartz crystal, give it an advantage over other designs in many consumer electronics applications." ; :prefLabel "Pierce oscillator" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Recurrence", "Recurrence [Disease/Finding]", "Recurrences", "relapse/recurrence" ; :definition "The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission." ; :prefLabel "Recurrence (disease attribute)" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abigail Griffin", "Callie Cartwig", "Cartwig", "Clark Griffin", "Grounders", "Lincoln (The 100)", "List of The 100 (TV series) Characters", "The Hundred (TV series)" ; :definition "The 100 (pronounced The Hundred ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series that premiered on March 19, 2014, on The CW. The series, developed by Jason Rothenberg, is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name, the first in a trilogy by Kass Morgan. The 100 returned for a third season, which premiered on January 21, 2016. On March 11, 2016, the series was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes." ; :prefLabel "The 100" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dual simplex", "Dual-simplex", "Duplex", "Duplex (communications)", "Duplex channel", "Duplex communication", "Duplex conversation", "Duplex telecommunications", "Duplex transmission", "Duplexing", "FDD", "Frequency division duplex", "Frequency division duplexing", "Frequency duplex", "Frequency-division duplex", "Full Duplex", "Full-duplex", "Full-duplex conversation", "Full-duplexed", "Half Duplex", "Half duplex communication", "Half-duplex", "Half-duplex conversation", "Half-duplex operation", "TDD", "Time division duplex", "Time-division duplex" ; :definition "A duplex communication system is a point-to-point system composed of two connected parties or devices that can communicate with one another in both directions. "Duplex" comes from "duo" that means "double", and "plex" that means "structure" or "parts of"; thus, a duplex system has two clearly defined data transmissions, with each path carrying information in only one direction: A to B over one path, and B to A over the other. There are two types of duplex communication systems: full-Duplex and half-Duplex." ; :prefLabel "Duplex (telecommunications)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "??", "Chinese", "Chinese Ephedra", "Chinese Ephedras", "Ephedra", "Ephedras", "Ma huang", "Ma huangs", "cao ma-huang", "ephedra huang ma", "huang ma" ; :definition "A plant species of the family Ephedraceae, order Ephedrales, class Gnetopsida, division Gnetophyta. It is a source of EPHEDRINE and other alkaloids." ; :prefLabel "Ephedra sinica" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dive Bomber (computer game)", "Night Raider" ; :definition "Dive Bomber (known as Night Raider in Europe) is a computer game developed by Acme Animation in 1988 for the Atari ST, Amiga, Apple II, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum and IBM micro and compatible systems." ; :prefLabel "Dive Bomber" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "El", "El Nino Southern Oscillation", "El Nino-Southern", "El Nino-Southern Oscillations", "Nino-Southern Oscillations", "Oscillation", "Oscillations" ; :definition "El Nino-Southern Oscillation or ENSO is a cycle of extreme alternating warm El Niño and cold La Nina events which is the dominant year-to-year climate pattern on Earth. Both terms refer to large-scale changes in sea-surface temperature across the eastern tropical Pacific. ENSO is associated with a heightened risk of certain vector-borne diseases. (From http://www.elnino.noaa.gov/lanina_new_faq.html, accessed 5/12/2020)" ; :prefLabel "El Nino-Southern Oscillation" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Inducer of Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein", "PML", "Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein", "Protein PML", "RING Finger Protein 71", "TRIM19", "Transcription Factor PML", "Tripartite Motif Protein TRIM19", "Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 19" ; :definition "Protein PML (882 aa, ~98 kDa) is encoded by the human PML gene. This protein plays a role in both transcriptional regulation and PML body formation." ; :prefLabel "Probable Transcription Factor PML" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "The legal permission to use the work of an individual's original creation, such as trademarks, copyrights, patents, proprietary technologies and images." ; :prefLabel "Intellectual Property Rights" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tell Tale" ; :definition "A tell-tale or telltale is an indicator, signal, or sign that conveys the status of a situation, mechanism, or system." ; :prefLabel "Tell-tale" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Browser", "Browsers", "Web", "Web Browsers" ; :definition "Software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web." ; :prefLabel "Web Browser" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "xml:tm (XML-based Text Memory) is a standard for XML to allow ease of translation of XML documents. xml:tm forms part of the Open Architecture for XML Authoring and Localization reference architecture." ; :prefLabel "Xml:tm" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Identity", "Identity (Psychology)", "Personal Identity", "identities", "identity (personal)", "psychology identity" ; :definition "The set of characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known and that constitutes it's individuality or set inclusion." ; :prefLabel "Sense of identity (observable entity)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Health Service", "Indian", "Indian Health", "Indian Health Service (U.S.)", "Indian Health Services", "Indian health service", "Service", "United States Indian Health", "health indian service", "health indian service states united", "health indian services" ; :definition "An agency within the Department of Health and Human Services. It is responsible for providing comprehensive health services to American Indians and Alaska Natives through IHS and tribally contracted hospitals, health centers, school health centers, and health stations." ; :prefLabel "United States Indian Health Service" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Device Translator", "Translator", "Translator Device Component" ; :definition "A device designed to convert computer code or signals from one type to another." ; :prefLabel "Device Translator Device Component" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Palo is a memory resident multidimensional (online analytical processing (OLAP) or multidimensional online analytical processing (MOLAP)) database server and typically used as a business intelligence tool for controlling and budgeting purposes with spreadsheet software acting as the user interface. Beyond the multidimensional data concept, Palo enables multiple users to share one centralised data storage (single version of the truth)." ; :prefLabel "Palo" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Movie", "motion picture film" ; :definition "A sequence of images displayed in succession giving the illusion of continuous movement." ; :prefLabel "Movies" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DCISM", "MIC", "Microinvasive Breast Carcinoma" ; :definition "Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast with minimal stromal invasion. Lymph node involvement is uncommon and the prognosis is generally good." ; :prefLabel "Ductal Carcinoma In Situ with Microinvasion" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A ????? t ????? ????? a ??:PrThr:??????:???/????:???", "A kleine t super kleine a As:PrThr:Moment:Serum of plasma:Ordinaal", "A küçük t süper küçük a Ab:MevcE?ik:Zml?:Ser/Plaz:Srl", "A petit t exposant petit a", "A petit t exposant petit a Ac:PrThr:Temps ponctuel:Sérum/Plasma:Ordinal", "A t minuscola apice a", "A t minúscula super a minúscula Acs:Propiedad utilizada para términos LOINC cuyos resultados estan en escala categórica ordenada.:Punto temporal:Suero o Plasma:Ord", "Ab:PrThr:Pt:Siero/Plasma:Ord", "Ac:Présence-Seuil:Temps ponctuel:Sérum/Plasma:Ordinal", "At sup(a) Ab SerPl Ql", "At sup(a) Ab [Presence] in Serum or Plasma", "At^a ??:???????:???:??/??:???", "At^a Antibody:Presence or Threshold:Point in time:Serum/Plasma:Ordinal", "At^a antikehad:PrThr:Pt:S/P:Ord", "Ata anticorps [Présence] Sérum/Plasma ; Qualitatif", "Ata anticorps:Présence:Ponctuel:Sérum/Plasma:Qualitatif" ; :prefLabel "A little t super little a Ab:PrThr:Pt:Ser/Plas:Ord" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Scaling", "scales test", "test scale" ; :prefLabel "Test scaling" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CONCENTRATE", "PACLITAXEL 100 mg in 16.7 mL INTRAVENOUS INJECTION", "PACLITAXEL 100MG/17ML INJ,CONC", "PACLITAXEL 100MG/17ML INJ,CONC [VA Product]", "PACLITAXEL 100MG/17ML VIL INJ,CONC", "PACLITAXEL 30 mg in 5 mL INTRAVENOUS INJECTION", "PACLITAXEL 300 mg in 50 mL INTRAVENOUS INJECTION", "PACLITAXEL 300MG/50ML INJ VIL 50ML", "PACLITAXEL 300MG/50ML INJ,VIL,50ML", "PACLITAXEL 300MG/50ML INJ,VIL,50ML [VA Product]", "PACLITAXEL 30MG/5ML INJ,CONC", "PACLITAXEL 30MG/5ML INJ,CONC [VA Product]", "PACLITAXEL 30MG/5ML VIL INJ,CONC", "PACLITAXEL 6 mg in 1 mL INTRAVENOUS INJECTION", "PACLITAXEL 6MG/ML INJ,CONC,IV", "PACLITAXEL 6MG/ML INJ,CONC,IV [VA Product]", "PACLitaxel 100 MG per 16.7 ML Injectable Solution", "PACLitaxel 150 MG per 25 ML Injectable Solution", "PACLitaxel 30 MG per 5 ML Injectable Solution", "PACLitaxel 300 MG per 50 ML Injectable Solution", "SOLUTION", "SOLUTION [PACLITAXEL PACLITAXEL]", "SOLUTION [Paclitaxel]" ; :prefLabel "Paclitaxel 6 MG/ML Injectable Solution" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Monte Carlo (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Monte Carlo is a gambling simulation video game created for the Apple IIGS, created by PBI Software. It was programmed by Richard L. Seaborne and released in 1987." ; :prefLabel "Monte Carlo" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "REDUCE (computer algebra system)", "Reduce computer algebra system" ; :definition "Reduce is a general-purpose computer algebra system geared towards applications in physics. The development of the Reduce computer algebra system was started in the 1960s by Anthony C. Hearn. Since then, many scientists from all over the world have contributed to its development under his direction. Reduce is written entirely in its own LISP dialect called Portable Standard LISP, expressed in an Algol-like syntax called RLISP. The latter is used as a basis for Reduce's user-level language." ; :prefLabel "Reduce" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gram (disambiguation)", "Gram determinant", "Gram matrix", "Gramian", "Grammian" ; :definition "In linear algebra, the Gram matrix (Gramian matrix or Gramian) of a set of vectors in an inner product space is the Hermitian matrix of inner products, whose entries are given by . An important application is to compute linear independence: a set of vectors is linearly independent if and only if the (the determinant of the Gram matrix) is non-zero. It is named after Jørgen Pedersen Gram." ; :prefLabel "Gramian matrix" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NIR", "NIR Spectroscopies", "NIR Spectroscopy", "Near Infrared", "Near infrared spectroscopy", "Near-Infrared", "Near-Infrared Spectrometries", "Near-Infrared Spectrometry", "Near-Infrared Spectroscopies", "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy", "Spectrometries", "Spectrometry", "Spectroscopies", "Spectroscopy", "near infrared spectrometry" ; :definition "A noninvasive technique that uses the differential absorption properties of hemoglobin and myoglobin to evaluate tissue oxygenation and indirectly can measure regional hemodynamics and blood flow. Near-infrared light (NIR) can propagate through tissues and at particular wavelengths is differentially absorbed by oxygenated vs. deoxygenated forms of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Illumination of intact tissue with NIR allows qualitative assessment of changes in the tissue concentration of these molecules. The analysis is also used to determine body composition." ; :prefLabel "Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Intero colon esaminato", "Tout le colon examine" ; :prefLabel "Whole examined colon" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "Content of audio or video files that are available for listening or viewing on a local computer or downloadable to a portable media device or MP3 player. Podcasts are usually parts of a series and are distributed via individual episodes." ; :prefLabel "Podcasts" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Click", "Click (GUI)", "Point-and-click", "Single-click" ; :definition "Point and click are the actions of a computer user moving a pointer to a certain location on a screen (pointing) and then pressing a button on a mouse, usually the left button (click), or other pointing device. An example of point and click is in hypermedia, where users click on hyperlinks to navigate from document to document. Point and click can be used with any number of input devices varying from mouses, touch pads, trackpoint, joysticks, scroll buttons, and roller balls." ; :prefLabel "Point and click" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Wash", "washing" ; :definition "Cleanse with a cleaning agent, such as soap, and water." ; :prefLabel "Wash (cleansing action)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Develop Awards", "Develop Industry Excellence Awards", "Develop-online" ; :definition "Develop is a monthly trade magazine for the video games industry. Based in Hertford, Hertfordshire, UK, the magazine allows participation by anyone working in the video game industry. Develop is part of NewBay Media. It is the only European-based website and print magazine aimed exclusively at the development community. The current online portal, complete with a digital version of the print publication, has been active since July 2007." ; :prefLabel "Develop" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RY-767", "RY767 cpd" ; :prefLabel "RY 767" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "industrial democracy" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "INR", "International", "International Normalized", "International Normalized Ratios", "Normalized Ratio", "Normalized Ratios", "Prothrombin Intl. Normalized Ratio", "Ratio", "Ratios", "bcr", "international normalised ratio", "international normalising ratio", "international normalize ratio", "international normalized ratio (INR)", "international normalizing ratio", "internationalised ratio" ; :definition "A system, commonly called the INR, established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Committee on Thrombosis and Hemostasis for reporting the results of blood coagulation (clotting) tests. All results are standardized using the international sensitivity index (ISI) for the particular thromboplastin reagent and instrument combination utilized to perform the test; the ratio of a patient's clotting time to the lab's mean reference value is normalized against the ISI. (from medterms.com and medicine.ucsf.edu)" ; :prefLabel "International Normalized Ratio" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Engineered systems", "Engineering system", "Engineering systems" ; :definition "The MIT Engineering Systems Division is an interdisciplinary academic and research unit devoted to addressing large-scale, complex engineering challenges within their socio-political context. MIT defines Engineering Systems as the engineering study dealing with diverse, complex, physical design problems that may include components from several engineering disciplines, as well as economics, public policy, and other sciences." ; :prefLabel "MIT Engineering Systems Division" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Smoothed", "Smoothing" ; :definition "The process by which a data set is simplified to reduce irregularities." ; :prefLabel "Smoothing (statistical technique)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brucelloses", "Brucellosis", "Brucellosis [Disease/Finding]", "Cyprus", "Cyprus Fever", "Cyprus Fevers", "FEVER", "Fever", "Fevers", "Gibraltar", "Gibraltar Fever", "MALTA FEVER", "MEDITERRANEAN", "MELITOCOCCOSIS", "Malta", "Rock", "Rock Fever", "Rock Fevers", "UNDULANT", "Undulant", "Undulant Fever", "Undulant Fevers", "fever malta", "fever mediterranean", "mediterranean fever", "unspecified" ; :definition "A gram negative bacterial infection caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Humans are infected by ingesting unpasteurized milk or meat from infected animals. Signs and symptoms include fevers, sweating, weakness, headache, muscle pain, arthritis and anemia." ; :prefLabel "Brucellosis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Trinity (computer game)", "Trinity (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Trinity is an interactive fiction computer game written by Brian Moriarty and published in 1986 by Infocom. It is widely regarded as one of the company's best works. Trinity was included as one of the titles in the 2010 book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die." ; :prefLabel "Trinity" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nearest Neighbor", "Single Linkage", "Single Linkage Clustering" ; :definition "A clustering method in which the distance between two clusters is determined by the distance of the two closest objects (nearest neighbors) in the different clusters." ; :prefLabel "Single Linkage Cluster Analysis" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Goggle", "Gogle", "Protective goggles", "Safety goggles", "Ski goggles", "Swim glasses", "Swim goggles", "Swimming goggles", "Water goggles" ; :definition "Goggles or safety glasses are forms of protective eyewear that usually enclose or protect the area surrounding the eye in order to prevent particulates, water or chemicals from striking the eyes. They are used in chemistry laboratories and in woodworking. They are often used in snow sports as well, and in swimming. Goggles are often worn when using power tools such as drills or chainsaws to prevent flying particles from damaging the eyes. Many types of goggles are available as prescription goggles for those with vision problems." ; :prefLabel "Goggles" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Air Space Opacification", "Air-Space Shadowing", "Airspace Consolidation", "Airspace Opacification", "Consolidation", "Pulmonary Consolidation", "consolidation lung", "consolidation lungs" ; :definition "A chest X-ray finding indicating the presence of a radio-opaque area in the lung. The opacification is caused by fluid or solid material within the airways or lung parenchyma." ; :prefLabel "Lung consolidation" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Papyrus (disambiguation)", "Papyrus UML" ; :definition "Papyrus is an Open Source UML 2 tool based on Eclipse and licensed under the EPL. It can either be used as a standalone tool or as an Eclipse plugin. Papyrus provides support for Domain Specific Languages and SysML.Papyrus is designed to be easily extensible." ; :prefLabel "Papyrus" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ale", "ales" ; :prefLabel "ale beer" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Flood (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A flooding algorithm is an algorithm for distributing material to every part of a graph. The name derives from the concept of inundation by a flood. Flooding algorithms are used in computer networking and graphics. Flooding algorithms are also useful for solving many mathematical problems, including maze problems and many problems in graph theory." ; :prefLabel "Flooding algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RSS" ; :definition "Various XML file formats suitable for disseminating real-time information via subscription on the Internet." ; :prefLabel "Really Simple Syndication" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Integer", "Integer Number", "Integer Value" ; :definition "A number with no fractional part, including the negative and positive numbers as well as zero." ; :prefLabel "Integer (number)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hat function", "Tent function", "Tri", "Triangle function" ; :definition "The triangular function (also known as the triangle function, hat function, or tent function) is defined either as: or, equivalently, as the convolution of two identical unit rectangular functions: The triangular function can also be represented as the product of the rectangular and absolute value functions:" ; :prefLabel "Triangular function" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Carrot/Ji-Lin Ginseng/Licorice Root/Tangerine Peel/Soy Beverage" ; :definition "A soy-based powdered nutritional supplement drink containing carrot, Jilin ginseng, licorice root and tangerine peel with potential antioxidant, immunomodulating and protective activities. Besides vitamin C, E and other phytochemicals, carrot/Jilin ginseng/licorice root/tangerine peel/soy beverage contains a high amount of soy protein. This beverage may have a beneficial effect on overall nutrition and the immune system." ; :prefLabel "Carrot/Jilin Ginseng/Licorice Root/Tangerine Peel/Soy Beverage" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)" ; :prefLabel "Geography" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "????:??:???:^??:???", "???????? ??????? ????????:???????:??????:^???????:???", "Document summary", "Document summary:Find:Pt:^Patient:Doc", "Documento di sintesi:Osservazione:Pt:^Paziente:Doc" ; :prefLabel "Document summary:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Document" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "STAN" ; :definition "A method of fetal ECG surveillance during labor that monitors the ST segment, to indicate any fetal hypoxia." ; :prefLabel "ST Waveform Analysis" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Run to the Playoffs", "TNF (disambiguation)", "Thursday Night Football (NFL Network)", "Thursday Night Kickoff" ; :definition "Thursday Night Football is the branding used for broadcasts of National Football League (NFL) games that broadcast primarily on Thursday nights beginning on week 2 of the regular season, and occasionally on Saturdays in the later portion of the season. Most of the games kick off at 8:25 p.m. Eastern Time (previously 8:20 p.m. ET from 2006 to 2013). The games are broadcast on radio via Westwood One, which syndicates the broadcasts to its partner radio stations around the United States." ; :prefLabel "Thursday Night Football on CBS, NBC and NFL Network" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Francisco J. Varela", "Francisco Javier Varela García", "Varela" ; :definition "Francisco Javier Varela García (September 7, 1946 – May 28, 2001) was a Chilean biologist, philosopher, and neuroscientist who, together with his teacher Humberto Maturana, is best known for introducing the concept of autopoiesis to biology, and for co-founding the Mind and Life Institute to promote dialog between science and Buddhism." ; :prefLabel "Francisco Varela" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PC", "PROC", "PROTEIN C", "Protein C (Inactivator Of Coagulation Factors Va and VIIIa) Gene", "inactivator of coagulation factors Va and VIIIa", "prepro-protein C", "protein C" ; :definition "This gene is involved in the modulation of blood coagulation." ; :prefLabel "PROC gene" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Springer Spaniel (region not specified)" ; :definition "The Springer Spaniel is a compact, medium-sized dog with long pendant ears. The feet are compact. Its medium-length coat is flat or wavy and feathered and comes in liver and white, and black and white, blue or liver roan. Height: 18-21 inches (46-56 cm.) Weight: 40-55 pounds (18-25kg.)(dogbreedinfo.com)" ; :prefLabel "Springer spaniel" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "VER (DOS command)", "Ver", "Winver" ; :definition "In computing, ver is a command in various DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows command line interpreters (shells) such as COMMAND.COM, cmd.exe and 4DOS/4NT. It prints the name and version of the operating system or the command shell. C:\\WINDOWS\\system32>verMicrosoft Windows [Version 10.0.10586] Microsoft Windows also includes a GUI variant of the command called winver, which shows the Service Pack or Update installed (if any) as well as the version." ; :prefLabel "Ver (command)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hollywood (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Hollywood is a commercially distributed programming language developed by Andreas Falkenhahn (Airsoft Softwair) which mainly focuses on the creation of multimedia-oriented applications. Hollywood is available for AmigaOS (68k, PowerPC), MorphOS, WarpOS, AROS, Windows, Mac OS X (i386, PowerPC), Linux (i386, PowerPC, arm), and Android (player only). Hollywood has an inbuilt cross compiler that can automatically save executables for all platforms supported by the software. The generated executables are completely stand-alone and do not have any external dependencies, so they can also be started from a USB flash drive. An optional add-on also allows to compile projects into APK files." ; :prefLabel "Hollywood" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Demographic Factor", "Demographic Factors", "Demographics", "Population Studies / Demography", "demographic", "demography (field)" ; :definition "The statistical characterization of human populations or segments of human populations (e.g., characterization by age, sex, race, or income)." ; :prefLabel "Demography" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The Enron Corpus is a large database of over 600,000 emails generated by 158 employees of the Enron Corporation and acquired by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission during its investigation after the company's collapse." ; :prefLabel "Enron Corpus" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tab", "Tablet", "Tablet Dose Form", "Tablet [Dose Form]", "TabletDrugForm", "Tableting", "Tablets", "Tablets (Medicine)", "medicine tablets", "medicines tablet", "product tablet", "tablet (pharmacologic)" ; :definition "A solid composed of a mixture of that active and/or inert ingredient(s) are pressed or compacted together, usually in the form of a relatively flat and round, square or oval shape." ; :prefLabel "Tablet Dosage Form" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AVAR LS CLEANSER 10 % / 2 % Medicated Liquid Soap", "Avar LS (10 % / 2 % ) Medicated Liquid Soap", "Avar LS (10 % / 2 % ) Topical Cleanser", "Avar LS (sulfacetamide sodium 10 % / sulfur 2 % ) Medicated Liquid Soap", "SULFACETAMIDE SODIUM 100 mg in 1 g / SULFUR 20 mg in 1 g TOPICAL EMULSION [AVAR LS]" ; :prefLabel "Sulfacetamide Sodium 100 MG/ML / Sulfur 20 MG/ML Medicated Liquid Soap [Avar]" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Paradigm (computer game)" ; :definition "Paradigm is an upcoming point-and-click adventure video game for Microsoft Windows. The game is being developed and designed by Jacob Janerka." ; :prefLabel "Paradigm" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "decision support system", "support decision systems" ; :prefLabel "decision support systems" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "subsidiaries" ; :definition "A company for which a majority of the voting stock is owned by a holding company.(http://www.investorwords.com)" ; :prefLabel "subsidiary" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "??? ??.IgE:?????:???:??:???", "Ab.IgE:ACnc:Pt:Siero:Qn", "Harilik merikeel antikehad.IgE:Acnc:Pt:S:Qn", "IgE", "IgE:Concentration arbitraire:Temps ponctuel:Sérum:Quantitatif", "Lenguado (Solea solea) IgE:Concentración arbitraria:Punto temporal:Suero:Qn", "S--Seezunge", "S--lenguado", "S--sogliola", "S--sole", "Sole Ac IgE [Arbitraire/Volume] Sérum ; Numérique", "Sole Ac IgE:Arbitraire/Volume:Ponctuel:Sérum:Numérique", "Sole IgE Ab [Units/volume] in Serum", "Sole IgE Ac [Units/volume] in Serum", "Sole IgE Qn", "Solea solea", "Solea solea ??.IgE:??????????:??????:???:?????", "Solea solea Ab.IgE:SçKons:Zml?:Ser:Kant", "Solea solea Ac.IgE:ACnc:Pt:Soro:Qn", "Solea solea Ak.IgE:AKnz:Pkt:Ser:Qn", "Solea solea Antibody.immunoglobulin E:Arbitrary Concentration:Point in time:Serum:Quantitative", "Solea solea Anticorps.IgE:Concentration arbitraire:Temps ponctuel:Sérum:Quantitatif", "Solea solea As.IgE:Arbitraire concentratie:Moment:Serum:Kwantitatief", "anticuerpo contra Solea solea.inmunoglobulina E:concentración arbitraria:punto en el tiempo:suero:cuantitativo", "anticuerpo contra Solea solea.inmunoglobulina E:concentración arbitraria:punto en el tiempo:suero:cuantitativo:" ; :prefLabel "Solea solea Ab.IgE:ACnc:Pt:Ser:Qn" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biblioteca Nacional del Uruguay", "National Library of Uruguay" ; :definition "The Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay is the National Library of Uruguay, located in Montevideo. It was created in 1815 and is the legal deposit and copyright library for Uruguay. It has been located in its current building since 1955. In 2006, it had more than 900,000 books, and 20,000 periodicals, audiovisual materials, maps, scores, engravings, watercolors, photographs and manuscripts." ; :prefLabel "Biblioteca Nacional de Uruguay" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Genesis of Life", "Life Geneses", "Life Genesis", "Life Origin", "Life Origins", "Life--Origin", "biogeneses", "biogenesis" ; :definition "The process by which life began." ; :prefLabel "Origin of Life" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "charisma" ; :prefLabel "Charismatic Personality Trait" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Priming" ; :definition "High-intensity exercise performed to enhance performance during subsequent high-intensity exercise by accelerating oxygen uptake." ; :prefLabel "Priming Exercise" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Diagonal dominance", "Diagonally dominant", "Diagonally dominant matrices", "Levy-Desplanques theorem", "Levy–Desplanques theorem", "Strictly diagonally dominant" ; :definition "In mathematics, a square matrix is said to be diagonally dominant if for every row of the matrix, the magnitude of the diagonal entry in a row is larger than or equal to the sum of the magnitudes of all the other (non-diagonal) entries in that row. More precisely, the matrix A is diagonally dominant if where aij denotes the entry in the ith row and jth column." ; :prefLabel "Diagonally dominant matrix" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Breve (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Breve (sometimes written with lowercase b) is a free, GPL software package that enables users to build 3D simulations of decentralized systems and artificial life. Users can define the behaviors of multi-agent systems in a 3D world and observe how they interact. Breve includes 3D articulated body physical simulation with collision detection and response and an OpenGL display engine, so one can simulate and visualize semi-realistic creatures and worlds. Plugins have been written in Breve to generate MIDI music, download web pages and interact with a Lisp environment. * *" ; :prefLabel "breve" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NCBI", "national center for biotechnology information (NCBI) taxonomy", "root (of NCBI Taxonomy)" ; :prefLabel "NCBI Taxonomy" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "None", "Null" ; :definition "A special value that may be stored in some database columns to represent an unknown, missing, not applicable, or undefined value.(from Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing)" ; :prefLabel "Null Value" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Au", "Au element", "Gold [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Golds" ; :definition "A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts." ; :prefLabel "Gold" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "UN", "united nations (UN)" ; :definition "An international organization whose members include most of the sovereign nations of the world with headquarters in New York City. The primary objectives of the organization are to maintain peace and security and to achieve international cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian problems." ; :prefLabel "United Nations" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cascade" ; :definition "A collection of interconnected devices designed to act together to repeat and enhance a signal." ; :prefLabel "Cascade Device Component" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "CNS or Crystallography and NMR system, is a software library for computational structural biology. It is an offshoot of X-PLOR and uses much of the same syntax. It is used in the fields of X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy of biological macromolecules." ; :prefLabel "CNS" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sievert (Sv)", "Sv", "svs" ; :definition "The international system (SI) unit for radiation dose equivalent equal to 1 Joule/kilogram. 1 sievert = 100 rem." ; :prefLabel "sievert" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute", "OSUCCC", "The Comprehensive Cancer Center Arthur G James Cancer Hospital and Richard J Solove Research Institute at Ohio State University" ; :definition "The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center strives to eradicate cancer from individuals' lives by creating knowledge and integrating groundbreaking research with excellence in education and patient-centered care. It was designated as an NCI comprehensive cancer center in 1976. Patient care is performed at the Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute." ; :prefLabel "The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Web3D was initially the idea to fully display and navigate Web sites using 3D. By extension, the term now refers to all interactive 3D content which are embedded into web pages html, and that we can see through a web browser. Web3D Technologies usually require to install a Web 3D viewer (plugin) to see this kind of content. Nowadays many formats and tools are available, including: They are mainly distinguished by five criteria:" ; :prefLabel "Web3D" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "sari", "saris" ; :prefLabel "Sari - garment" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IRF" ; :definition "The Information Retrieval Facility (IRF), founded 2006 and located in Vienna, Austria, was a research platform for networking and collaboration for professionals in the field of information retrieval. It ceased operations in 2012. The IRF had members in the following categories: * Researchers in information retrieval (IR) or related scientific areas * Industrial/corporate information management professionals * Patent authorities and governmental institutions * Students of one of the above" ; :prefLabel "Information Retrieval Facility" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Care", "Comfort Care", "Palliative", "Palliative Therapy", "Palliative Treatments", "Palliative treatment", "Symptom Management", "Symptoms Management", "Therapy", "Treatment", "Treatments", "care palliative", "care palliatives", "cares palliative", "palliation", "therapy palliative" ; :definition "The patient- and family-centered active holistic care of patients with advanced, progressive disease. Essential components of palliative care are: pain and symptom control, communication regarding treatment and alternatives, prognosis, and available services, rehabilitation services, care that addresses treatment and palliative concerns, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual needs, terminal care, support in bereavement. The goal of palliative care is an achievement of the best quality of life for patients and their families." ; :prefLabel "Palliative Care" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In quantum information science, the concurrence is a state invariant involving qubits." ; :prefLabel "Concurrence (quantum computing)" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "55KD", "CDC25", "GNRP", "GRF1", "GRF1 Protein", "GRF55", "Guanine Nucleotide-Releasing Factor", "H GRF55 Protein", "H-GRF55", "H-GRF55 Protein", "Protein", "RASGRF1", "Ras-Specific Nucleotide Exchange Factor CDC25", "cdc25 Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor", "cdc25Mm", "cdc25p", "ras GRF", "ras GRF1", "ras Guanine Nucleotide Releasing Factor", "ras Guanine Nucleotide Releasing Factor 1", "ras-GRF", "ras-GRF1", "ras-GRF1 [Chemical/Ingredient]" ; :definition "The protein is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) similar to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDC25 gene product. Functional analysis has demonstrated that this protein stimulates the dissociation of GDP from RAS protein. The studies of the similar gene in mouse suggested, that the Ras-GEF activity of this protein in brain, can be activated by Ca2+ influx, muscarinic receptors, and G protein beta-gamma subunit. Mouse studies also indicated that the Ras-GEF signaling pathway mediated by this protein may be important for long-term memory. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.(from Gene)" ; :prefLabel "Ras Protein Specific Guanine Nucleotide Releasing Factor 1" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Admission", "Admit", "admission hospital", "admission to hospital", "admissions", "admissions hospital", "admits", "admitted", "admitted hospital", "admitting", "hospital admissions" ; :prefLabel "Hospital admission" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Accident", "Accidents", "Traffic", "Traffic Accident", "automobile accident", "automobile accidents", "motor vehicle accident", "motor vehicle accidents", "motor vehicle collision", "traffic crash" ; :definition "Accidents on streets, roads, and highways involving drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or vehicles. Traffic accidents refer to AUTOMOBILES (passenger cars, buses, and trucks), BICYCLING, and MOTORCYCLES but not OFF-ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES; RAILROADS nor snowmobiles." ; :prefLabel "Traffic accidents" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BEN And BTB (POZ) Domain Containing wt Allele", "BEND9", "BTB (POZ) Domain Containing 14A", "BTBD14", "BTBD14A", "BTBD31", "MGC23427", "NACC Family Member 2", "RBB" ; :definition "Human NACC2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 9q34.3 and is approximately 89 kb in length. This allele, which encodes nucleus accumbens-associated protein 2, is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation. A fusion of this gene and the NTRK2 gene may be associated with non-cerebellar pilocytic astrocytoma." ; :prefLabel "NACC2 wt Allele" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Environmental transport", "Gospel tract", "Gospel tracts", "Missionary tract", "Religious tract", "Religious tracts", "Tract", "Tract (publication)", "Tract societies", "Tract society", "Treatise project" ; :definition "A tract is a literary work, and in current usage, usually religious in nature. The notion of what constitutes a tract has changed over time. By the early part of the 21st century, these meant small pamphlets used for religious and political purposes, though far more often the former. They are often either left for someone to find or handed out. However, there have been times in history when the term implied tome-like works." ; :prefLabel "Tract (literature)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "External cause codes: Poisoning", "Poisoning [Disease/Finding]", "Poisonings", "by poisoning", "poisoning by" ; :definition "Injury to the body or interference of normal body functions by a substance that is swallowed, inhaled, injected, or absorbed." ; :prefLabel "Poisoning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Miranda language", "Miranda programming language" ; :definition "Miranda is a lazy, purely functional programming language designed by David Turner as a successor to his earlier programming languages SASL and KRC, using some concepts from ML and Hope. It was produced by Research Software Ltd. of England (which holds a trademark on the name Miranda) and was the first purely functional language to be commercially supported. Miranda was first released in 1985, as a fast interpreter in C for Unix-flavour operating systems, with subsequent releases in 1987 and 1989. The later Haskell programming language is similar in many ways to Miranda." ; :prefLabel "Miranda" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cloud-based simulation", "On-line simulation", "Online simulation", "Web based Simulation", "Web-based emulation" ; :definition "Web-based simulation (WBS) is the invocation of computer simulation services over the World Wide Web, specifically through a web browser. Increasingly, the web is being looked upon as an environment for providing modeling and simulation applications, and as such, is an emerging area of investigation within the simulation community." ; :prefLabel "Web-based simulation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DORA", "DOWNREGULATED BY ACTIVATION GENE", "IGSF6", "IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY", "MEMBER 6", "immunoglobulin superfamily member 6" ; :prefLabel "IGSF6 gene" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fee" ; :prefLabel "Fees" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In Database Management System, a transitive dependency is a functional dependency which holds by virtue of transitivity. A transitive dependency can occur only in a relation that has three or more attributes. Let A, B, and C designate three distinct attributes (or distinct collections of attributes) in the relation. Suppose all three of the following conditions hold: 1. * A → B 2. * It is not the case that B → A 3. * B → C Then the functional dependency A → C (which follows from 1 and 3 by the axiom of transitivity) is a transitive dependency." ; :prefLabel "Transitive dependency" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Earthquake" ; :definition "Sudden slips on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slips, or by volcanic or magmatic activity, or other sudden stress changes in the earth. Faults are fractures along which the blocks of EARTH crust on either side have moved relative to one another parallel to the fracture." ; :prefLabel "Earthquakes" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "WAM", "Warren" ; :definition "In 1983, David H. D. Warren designed an abstract machine for the execution of Prolog consisting of a memory architecture and an instruction set. This design became known as the Warren Abstract Machine (WAM) and has become the de facto standard target for Prolog compilers." ; :prefLabel "Warren Abstract Machine" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CHAMAECYPARIS LAWSONIANA WHOLE", "Chamaecyparis", "Chamaecyparis lawsonianas", "Cypress", "Cypresses", "False Cypress", "False Cypresses", "Lawson False", "Lawson False Cypress", "Lawson's", "Lawson's False", "Lawson's False Cypress", "Lawson's False Cypresses", "Lawsons False", "Lawsons False Cypress", "Oregon cedar", "Port Orford Cedar", "lawsonianas" ; :prefLabel "Chamaecyparis lawsoniana" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Onyx (disambiguation)" ; :definition "The SGI Onyx, code named Eveready (deskside models) and Terminator (rackmount models), is a series of visualization systems designed and manufactured by SGI, introduced in 1993 and offered in two models, deskside and rackmount. The Onyx's basic system architecture is based on the SGI Challenge servers, but with the notable inclusion of graphics hardware. The Onyx was succeeded by the Onyx2 in 1996 and was discontinued on March 31, 1999." ; :prefLabel "SGI Onyx" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "all categories" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D Virtual Tourism", "3dvt" ; :definition "3DVT (or 3D virtual tourism) refers to the releastic 3D navigation of virtual reality environments for purposes of exploring physical places in space and time without physically traveling there. 3DVT invokes a virtual tour that employs usage of 3D models in addition to 2D panoramic images, a sequence of hyperlinked still or video images, and/or image-based models of the real location and multimedia support elements such as sound effects, music, narration, and text. As opposed to actual tourism, 3DVT is accessed on a computer (typically over the Internet). It does not require travel, but ideally, 3DVT viewing evokes an experience of moving through the represented 3D space." ; :prefLabel "Three-dimensional virtual tourism" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Phantom reachable", "Softly reachable", "Unreachable", "Unreachable object", "Weakly reachable" ; :definition "("Unreachable" redirects here. For the John Frusciante song, see Unreachable (song).) In computer science, unreachable memory is a block of memory allocated dynamically where the program that allocated the memory no longer has any reachable pointer that refers to it. Similarly, an unreachable object is a dynamically allocated object that has no reachable reference to it. Informally, unreachable memory is dynamic memory that the program can not reach directly, nor get to by starting at an object it can reach directly, and then following a chain of pointer references." ; :prefLabel "Unreachable memory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CD62 ANTIGEN LIGAND", "CD62L", "L-SELECTIN", "LAM-1", "LAM1", "LEU8", "LSEL", "LYAM1", "LYMPHOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1", "Leu-8", "Lyam-1", "PLNHR", "SELECTIN L", "SELL", "Selectin L Gene", "hLHRc" ; :definition "This gene plays a role in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions." ; :prefLabel "SELL gene" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EVAL", "Evaluator", "SDTM-EVAL" ; :definition "Terminology associated with the evaluator codelist of the Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium (CDISC) Study Data Tabulation Model (SDTM)." ; :prefLabel "CDISC SDTM Evaluator Terminology" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MCS", "inter-organelle junction", "interorganelle junction" ; :definition "A zone of apposition between the membranes of two organelles, structured by bridging complexes. Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are specialized for communication, including the efficient traffic of small molecules such as Ca2+ ions and lipids, as well as enzyme-substrate interactions. [GOC:jl, PMID:16806880]" ; :prefLabel "organelle membrane contact site" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Klebsiella sp. D3S" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Discharge" ; :definition "A discharger in electronics is a device or circuit that releases stored energy or electric charge from a battery, capacitor or other source. Discharger types include: * metal probe with insulated handle & ground wire, and sometimes resistor (for capacitors) * resistor (for batteries) * parasitic discharge (for batteries arranged in parallel) * more complex electronic circuits (for batteries) See also Bleeder resistor" ; :prefLabel "Discharger" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ARTHRITIS", "ARTHROPATHY", "Arthritides", "Arthritis", "DEGENERATIVE", "DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE", "DJD", "Degenerative", "Degenerative Arthritides", "Degenerative Arthritis", "HYPERTROPHIC", "JOINT DISEASE", "OA", "OSTEOARTHRITIS", "Osteoarthritides", "Osteoarthritis [Disease/Finding]", "Osteoarthroses", "Osteoarthrosis", "SENESCENT", "a o", "arthritis degenerative", "arthritis osteoarthritis", "arthrosis", "degenerative arthropathy", "degenerative disease joint", "degenerative disease joints", "degenerative diseases joint", "degenerative osteoarthritis", "hypertrophic arthritis", "o a", "oa osteoarthritis", "oas", "osteoarthritis arthritis", "osteoarthritis degenerative", "primary OA", "unspecified whether generalized or localized" ; :definition "A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans." ; :prefLabel "Degenerative polyarthritis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bioinformatics (Oxford", "Bioinformatics (Oxford)", "England)" ; :definition "Bioinformatics is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research and software in computational biology. It is the official journal of the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB), together with PLOS Computational Biology. Authors can pay extra for open access and are allowed to self-archive after 1 year. The proceedings of the Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology conference and the European Conference on Computational Biology have been published in special issues of Bioinformatics since 2001 and 2002, respectively." ; :prefLabel "Bioinformatics" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tails", "tailed" ; :definition "The flexible prolongated structure of the posterior part of an animal's body." ; :prefLabel "Tail" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LD", "Left deltoid muscle" ; :definition "The muscle that creates the rounded contour of the shoulder which originates from the lateral third of the clavicle, the superior surface of the acromion process, and the posterior border of the spine of the scapula and inserts on the lateral side of the shaft of the humerus. The deltoid muscle is innervated by the brachial plexus arising from the fifth and sixth cervical nerves and controls abduction, extension, flexion, and rotation of the arm. This is the deltoid on the left side of the body." ; :prefLabel "Left deltoid" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2-(Acetyloxy)-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium", "2-(acetyloxy)-N,N,N-trimethyl-", "Acetylcholine [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Ethanaminium" ; :definition "A chemical made by some types of nerve cells. It is used to send messages to other cells, including other nerve cells, muscle cells, and gland cells. It is released from the nerve ending and carries signals to cells on the other side of a synapse (space between nerve cells and other cells). Acetylcholine helps control memory and the action of certain muscles. It is a type of neurotransmitter." ; :prefLabel "Acetylcholine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Client" ; :definition "A person who pays for goods or services." ; :prefLabel "Clients" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Academic", "Academic Medical", "Academic Medical Center", "Center", "Centers", "Medical Center", "Medical Centers", "University", "University Medical", "University Medical Center", "University Medical Centers", "academic center medical", "hospital teaching", "teaching hospital" ; :definition "Medical complexes consisting of medical school, hospitals, clinics, libraries, administrative facilities, etc." ; :prefLabel "Academic Medical Centers" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3000 Type Relay", "600 Type Relay", "Coaxial relay", "Control relay", "Electric relay", "Electrical relay", "Electromechanical relay", "Impulse relay", "Latch", "Latching relay", "Mercury-wetted relay", "Overload protection relay", "RY", "Relay (disambiguation)", "Relay switch", "Relays" ; :definition "A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits as amplifiers: they repeated the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitted it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations." ; :prefLabel "Relay" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "?? ? 3 ? ??:????:????:??:????", "?????? 3 ? ??:???????:???:??:???", "???????????? ??????? ??? 3 ??:PrThr:??????:???:???", "Ab:PrThr:Pt:Siero:Ord", "Ac:Présence-Seuil:Temps ponctuel:Sérum:Ordinal", "Hu3 Ab Ser Ql", "Hu3 Ac Ser Ql", "Neuronaal nucleair type 3 As:PrThr:Moment:Serum:Ordinaal", "Neuronal nuclear tipo 3 Ac:ACnc:Pt:Soro:Ord", "Neuronal nuclear tipo 3 Acs:Propiedad utilizada para términos LOINC cuyos resultados estan en escala categórica ordenada.:Punto temporal:Suero:Ord", "Neuronal nuclear type 3 Ab [Presence] in Serum", "Neuronal nuclear type 3 Ac [Presence] in Serum", "Neuronal nuclear type 3 Antibody:Presence or Threshold:Point in time:Serum:Ordinal", "Neurone noyau type 3 anticorps [Arbitraire/Volume] Sérum ; Qualitatif", "Neurone noyau type 3 anticorps:Arbitraire/Volume:Ponctuel:Sérum:Qualitatif", "Nucleare neuronale tipo 3", "Nöronal nükleer tip 3 Ab:MevcE?ik:Zml?:Ser:Srl", "Type 3 neuronal nucléaire", "Type 3 neuronal nucléaire Ac:PrThr:Temps ponctuel:Sérum:Ordinal" ; :prefLabel "Neuronal nuclear type 3 Ab:PrThr:Pt:Ser:Ord" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automated", "Automated Medical Record System", "Automated Medical Record Systems", "Automated Medical Records System", "Automated Medical Records Systems", "Computerized", "Computerized Medical Record System", "Computerized Medical Record Systems", "Computerized Medical Records System", "Computerized Medical Records Systems", "Computerized Patient Medical Records", "Medical Record System", "Medical Record Systems", "Medical Records System", "Medical Records Systems" ; :definition "Computer-based systems for input, storage, display, retrieval, and printing of information contained in a patient's medical record." ; :prefLabel "Medical Records Systems, Computerized" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Carrara (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Carrara is a full-featured 3D computer graphics application featuring figure posing and editing, as well as nature modeling, in addition to traditional modeling, animation, texturing and rendering. The software is also capable of dynamic hair and fur simulations, particle effects, soft body and rigid body dynamics. Carrara is now owned and developed by DAZ 3D. Carrara is compatible with Poser and DAZ format 3D figures and props. It is further supported by a number of 3rd party plug-ins and add-ons. Carrara is considered to be comparatively easy to learn and use." ; :prefLabel "Carrara" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Substrate", "Substrate (semiconductor)" ; :definition "Substrate (also called a wafer) is a solid (usually planar) substance onto which a layer of another substance is applied, and to which that second substance adheres. In solid-state electronics, this term refers to a thin slice of material such as silicon, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, sapphire, germanium, gallium arsenide (GaAs), an alloy of silicon and germanium, or indium phosphide (InP). These serve as the foundation upon which electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, and especially integrated circuits (ICs) are deposited." ; :prefLabel "Substrate (electronics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CWA" ; :definition "Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) is a framework that was developed to model complex sociotechnical work systems. The framework models different types of constraints, building a model of how work could proceed within a given work system. The focus on constraints separates the technique from other approaches to analysis that aim to describe how work is actually conducted, or prescribe how it should be conducted." ; :prefLabel "Cognitive work analysis" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bus Master", "Bus arbiter", "Bus arbitration", "First party DMA", "Mastering" ; :definition "In computing, bus mastering is a feature supported by many bus architectures that enables a device connected to the bus to initiate transactions. It is also referred to as "first-party DMA", in contrast with "third-party DMA" where a system DMA controller (also known as peripheral processor, I/O processor, or channel) actually does the transfer. While bus mastering theoretically allows one peripheral device to directly communicate with another, in practice almost all peripherals master the bus exclusively to perform DMA to main memory." ; :prefLabel "Bus mastering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AU", "[AU]" ; :definition "A biological potency unit assigned to several standardized allergenic extracts, following in-vitro comparison of the test extract to an FDA CBER reference standard. The FDA CBER reference standard may be assigned a specific AU unitage based on quantitative skin testing in allergic individuals, or based on specific allergen content.(CBER)" ; :prefLabel "Allergy Unit" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Compensated", "Compensated Glaucoma", "Compensated Glaucomas", "Compensative", "Compensative Glaucoma", "Compensative Glaucomas", "GLAUCOMA", "Glaucoma", "Glaucoma Simplex", "Glaucomas", "NONCONGESTIVE", "OPEN ANGLE", "Open Angle", "Open Angle Glaucoma", "Open Angle Glaucomas", "Open-Angle", "Open-Angle Glaucomas", "Open-Angle [Disease/Finding]", "Open-angle glaucoma", "Pigmentary", "Pigmentary Glaucoma", "Pigmentary Glaucomas", "Pigmentary open-angle glaucoma", "Simple", "Simple Glaucoma", "Simple Glaucomas", "Simplex", "Simplices", "Wide-angle glaucoma NOS", "angle glaucoma open", "glaucoma pigmentary", "glaucoma simple", "pigment dispersion syndrome", "simplex glaucoma", "unspecified", "wide-angle glaucoma" ; :definition "Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris." ; :prefLabel "Glaucoma, Open-Angle" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Teaching methods", "Teaching technique", "Training method" ; :definition "A teaching method comprises the principles and methods used for instruction to be implemented by teachers to achieve the desired learning or memorization by students. These strategies are determined partly on subject matter to be taught and partly by the nature of the learner. For a particular teaching method to be appropriate and efficient it has to be in relation with the characteristic of the learner and the type of learning it is supposed to bring about." ; :prefLabel "Teaching method" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Rhizopus arrhizus", "Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus", "Rhizopus chiuniang", "Rhizopus formosaensis", "Rhizopus formosaensis var. chlamydosporus", "Rhizopus hangchow", "Rhizopus javanicus Y. Takeda", "Rhizopus liquefaciens", "Rhizopus peka", "Rhizopus pseudochinensis", "Rhizopus suinus", "Rhizopus tamarii", "Rhizopus thermosus", "Rhizopus tritici" ; :definition "A species of filamentous fungi in the phylum Zygomycota characterized by sporangiophores that arise from nodes at the point where the rhizoids are formed. R. oryzae is a causative agent of mucormycosis in immunocompromised individuals. This species is used in the fermentation of tempeh." ; :prefLabel "Rhizopus oryzae" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(17beta)-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol", "17 beta Oestradiol", "17 beta estradiol", "17 beta-Estradiol", "17 beta-Oestradiol", "17-beta oestradiol", "17-beta-Estradiol", "17beta Oestradiol", "17beta estradiol", "17beta-Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol", "17beta-Oestradiol", "Benzhormovarine", "Dihydrofollicular hormone", "Dihydrofolliculin", "Dihydrotheelin", "Dihydroxyestrin", "ESDL", "ESTRADIOL 17-BETA", "Estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17-diol (17beta)-", "Estradiol 17 beta", "Estradiol 17beta", "Estradiol Anhydrous", "Estradiol [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Estradiol-17 beta", "Estradiol-17beta", "Estradiolum", "Estraldine", "Oestradiol", "Therapeutic Estradiol", "beta-Estradiol", "cis-Estradiol", "estradiols" ; :definition "The most potent form of the naturally occurring steroid sex hormone in humans, produced by ovary, placenta, testis, and in small amount by adrenal cortex. Estradiol binds to a specific intracellular estrogen receptor located in female organs, breasts, hypothalamus and pituitary. The receptor-ligand complex promotes gene expression necessary for the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females. In addition, estradiol exhibits mild anabolic and metabolic properties, and increases blood coagulability. Estradiol, the principal intracellular human estrogen, is substantially more active at the cellular level than its metabolites, estrone and estriol." ; :prefLabel "Estradiol" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(17alpha)-", "(17alpha)-19-Norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3,17-diol", "17 alpha-Ethinylestradiol", "17 alpha-Ethynylestradiol", "17 alpha-Ethynyloestradiol", "17-ethinyl-3,17-estradiol", "17-ethinyl-3,17-oestradiol", "17-ethinylestradiol", "17?-ethynylestradiol", "17alpha-Ethinyl estradiol", "19-Norpregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3,17-diol", "EE", "Estradiol", "Ethinyl", "Ethinyl Estradiol [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Ethinyl-Oestranol", "Ethinylestradiol", "Ethinylestradiolum", "Ethinylestriol", "Ethinyloestradiol", "Ethynyl", "Ethynyl estradiol", "Ethynylestradiol", "Ethynyloestradiol", "Etinilestradiol", "estradiol ethinyl" ; :definition "A semisynthetic estrogen. Ethinyl estradiol binds to the estrogen receptor complex and enters the nucleus, activating DNA transcription of genes involved in estrogenic cellular responses. This agent also inhibits 5-alpha reductase in epididymal tissue, which lowers testosterone levels and may delay progression of prostatic cancer. In addition to its antineoplastic effects, ethinyl estradiol protects against osteoporosis. In animal models, short-term therapy with this agent has been shown to provide long-term protection against breast cancer, mimicking the antitumor effects of pregnancy. (NCI04)" ; :prefLabel "Ethinyl Estradiol" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biohacking", "Body hacking", "Grinder", "Grinder (biohacking community)" ; :definition "Grinders are people who apply the hacker ethic to improve their own bodies with do-it-yourself cybernetic devices. Many grinders identify with the biopunk movement, open-source transhumanism, and techno-progressivism. The Grinder movement is strongly associated with the body modification movement and practices actual implantation of cybernetic devices in organic bodies as a method of working towards transhumanism, such as designing and installing do-it-yourself body-enhancements such as magnetic implants. Biohacking emerged in a growing trend of non-institutional science and technology development." ; :prefLabel "Grinder (biohacking)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Toxicology" ; :prefLabel "Diagnostic Service Section ID - Toxicology" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ODT", "On Die Termination" ; :definition "On-die termination (ODT) is the technology where the termination resistor for impedance matching in transmission lines is located inside a semiconductor chip instead of on a printed circuit board (PCB)." ; :prefLabel "On-die termination" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Apicomplexa sp. Zed" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EV", "EV Certificate", "EV SSL", "EV-SSL", "EVC", "EVSSL", "Extended Validation", "Extended Validation (High Assurance) SSL Certificates", "Extended Validation Certificates", "Extended Validation SSL", "Fancy Pants Certificate", "Fancy Pants Certificates" ; :definition "An Extended Validation Certificate (EV) is a public key certificate that proves the legal entity controlling a web site or software package. Obtaining an EV certificate requires verification of the requesting entity's identity by a certificate authority (CA). EV certificates are used when establishing HTTPS connections between web browsers and web servers. Web browsers show the verified legal identity prominently in their user interface, either before, or instead of, the domain name. EV certificates can also be used during software installation: the verified legal identity is displayed to the user by the operating system (e.g., Microsoft Windows) before proceeding with the installation." ; :prefLabel "Extended Validation Certificate" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Maekawa" ; :definition "Maekawa's algorithm is an algorithm for mutual exclusion on a distributed system. The basis of this algorithm is a quorum like approach where any one site needs only to seek permissions from a subset of other sites." ; :prefLabel "Maekawa's algorithm" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Angle defect", "Angular deficiency", "Angular deficit", "Defect", "Defect (geometry)", "Deficiency", "Descartes' theorem on total angular defect" ; :definition "In geometry, the (angular) defect (or deficit or deficiency) means the failure of some angles to add up to the expected amount of 360° or 180°, when such angles in the plane would. The opposite notion is the excess. Classically the defect arises in two ways: * the defect of a vertex of a polyhedron; * the defect of a hyperbolic triangle; and the excess also arises in two ways: * the excess of a toroidal polyhedron. * the excess of a spherical triangle;" ; :prefLabel "Angular defect" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nominal terms" ; :definition "Nominal terms are a metalanguage for embedding object languages with binding constructs into. Intuitively, they may be seen as an extension of first-order terms with support for name binding. Consequently, the native notion of equality between two nominal terms is alpha-equivalence (equivalence up to a permutative renaming of bound names). Nominal terms came out of a programme of research into nominal sets, and have a concrete semantics in those sets." ; :prefLabel "Nominal terms (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DI", "DNA Content", "DNA index", "DNA ploidy", "Ploidy", "chromosome complement", "deoxyribonucleic acid index", "deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy", "ploidy DNA index" ; :definition "The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell or an organism. For example, haploid means one set and diploid means two sets." ; :prefLabel "Ploidies" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "jiawei sini" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Soreness", "TENDERNESS (NOS)", "Tenderness", "painful", "sore" ; :definition "Discomfort elicited through touch or pressure." ; :prefLabel "Sore to touch" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blue Security", "BlueFrog", "BlueSecurity", "Complainterator" ; :definition "The Blue Frog tool, produced by Blue Security Inc., operated in 2006 as part of a community-based anti-spam system which tried to persuade spammers to remove community members' addresses from their mailing lists by automating the complaint process for each user as spam is received. Blue Security maintained these addresses in a hashed form in a Do Not Intrude Registry, and spammers could use free tools to clean their lists." ; :prefLabel "Blue Frog" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Bismarck is a turn-based strategy video game developed by Personal Software Services and published by Mirrorsoft. It was first released for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum in 1987 for the United Kingdom. It was ported to Amiga, Apple II, Atari ST and Atari 8-bit home computers in both the United Kingdom and the United States the following year. The game is the tenth instalment in the Strategic Wargames series. In the game, the player can choose to control either the German battleship Bismarck or command the pursuing fleet of Royal Navy ships." ; :prefLabel "Bismarck" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-mail marketing", "EDM", "Electronic direct marketing", "Email advertising", "Email blast", "Opt-in e-mail advertising" ; :definition "Email marketing is directly sending a commercial message, typically to a group of people, using email. In its broadest sense, every email sent to a potential or current customer could be considered email marketing. It usually involves using email to send ads, request business, or solicit sales or donations, and is meant to build loyalty, trust, or brand awareness. Email marketing can be done to either sold lists or a current customer database. Broadly, the term is usually used to refer to sending email messages with the purpose of enhancing the relationship of a merchant with its current or previous customers, to encourage customer loyalty and repeat business, acquiring new customers or convincing current customers to purchase something immediately, and adding advertisements to email messa" ; :prefLabel "Email marketing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "A brief description accompanying an illustration.(WordNet)" ; :prefLabel "Caption" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Squish by froglogic" ; :definition "Squish is a commercial cross-platform GUI and regression testing tool that can test applications based on a variety of GUI technologies (see below). It is developed and maintained by Froglogic." ; :prefLabel "Squish" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Database management" ; :definition "Database management involves the design and maintenance of electronic data storage systems to facilitate and optimize the categorization, selection, and retrieval of information." ; :prefLabel "Data Base Management" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Greenwood's Formula", "Kaplan", "Kaplan Meier", "Kaplan-Meier", "Kaplan-Meier Plot", "Kaplan-Meier curve", "Kaplan-Meier estimator", "Kaplan-Meier method", "Kaplan-Meier survival curve", "Kaplan–Meier method", "Meier Kaplan", "Meier-Kaplan", "Product-limit estimator" ; :definition "The Kaplan–Meier estimator, also known as the product limit estimator, is a non-parametric statistic used to estimate the survival function from lifetime data. In medical research, it is often used to measure the fraction of patients living for a certain amount of time after treatment. In other fields, Kaplan–Meier estimators may be used to measure the length of time people remain unemployed after a job loss, the time-to-failure of machine parts, or how long fleshy fruits remain on plants before they are removed by frugivores. The estimator is named after Edward L. Kaplan and Paul Meier, who each submitted similar manuscripts to the Journal of the American Statistical Association. The journal editor, John Tukey, convinced them to combine their work into one paper, which has been cited abou" ; :prefLabel "Kaplan–Meier estimator" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "????:??:???:^??:???", "?????? ????????:???????:??????:^???????:???", "Payment sources Doc", "Payment sources Document", "Payment sources:Finding:Point in time:^Patient:Document", "Risorse di pagamento:Osservazione:Pt:^Paziente:Doc" ; :prefLabel "Payment sources:Find:Pt:^Patient:Doc" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SHINE", "SHINE (software)" ; :definition "Spacecraft Health Inference Engine (SHINE) is a software-development tool for knowledge-based systems and has been created as a product for research and development by the Artificial Intelligence Group, Information Systems Technology Section at NASA/JPL to meet many of their demanding and rigorous AI goals for current and future needs. The system is now in regular use in basic and applied AI research at JPL. SHINE was developed as a system that was designed to be efficient enough to operate in a real-time environment and to be utilized by non-LISP applications written in conventional programming languages such as C and C++. These non-LISP applications can be running in a distributed computing environment on remote computers or on a computer that supports multiple programming languages. It" ; :prefLabel "SHINE Expert System" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fairchild Clipper", "Intergraph Clipper" ; :definition "The Clipper architecture is a 32-bit RISC-like instruction set architecture designed by Fairchild Semiconductor. The architecture never enjoyed much market success, and the only computer manufacturers to create major product lines using Clipper processors were Intergraph and High Level Hardware. The first processors using the Clipper architecture were designed and sold by Fairchild, but the division responsible for them was subsequently sold to Intergraph in 1987; Intergraph continued work on Clipper processors for use in its own systems." ; :prefLabel "Clipper architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MCL", "Medial collateral ligament complex" ; :prefLabel "Medial collateral ligament" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PROF", "WD Repeat and FYVE Domain Containing wt Allele", "WDF2", "ZFYVE22" ; :definition "Human WDFY2 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 13q14.3 and is approximately 178 kb in length. This allele, which encodes WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 2, may be involved in protein or phospholipid binding." ; :prefLabel "WDFY2 wt Allele" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Disulfide", "Disulfide Interchange", "Disulfide Interchange Enzyme", "Disulfide Isomerase", "Disulfide-Isomerase", "Disulfide-Isomerases", "EC 5.3.4.1", "Enzyme", "Glycosylation", "Glycosylation Site Binding Protein", "Glycosylation Site-Binding", "Glycosylation Site-Binding Protein", "Interchange Enzyme", "Isomerase", "PDI", "PDI Family", "Protein", "Protein Disulfide", "Protein Disulfide Isomerase Family", "Protein Disulfide Isomerases", "Protein Disulfide-Isomerase", "Protein Disulfide-Isomerase Family", "Protein Disulfide-Isomerases [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Protein disulfide isomerase", "S-S rearrangase", "Site-Binding Protein", "Sulfhydryl Disulfide Interchange Enzyme", "Sulfhydryl-Disulfide", "Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Interchange", "Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Interchange Enzyme", "Thiol Disulfide Transhydrogenase", "Thiol-Disulfide", "Thiol-Disulfide Transhydrogenase", "Thioltransferase", "Transhydrogenase", "Trypanothione Glutathione Thioltransferase", "Trypanothione-Glutathione", "Trypanothione-Glutathione Thioltransferase" ; :definition "A family of isomerase enzymes that reside in the endoplasmic reticulum and act as chaperones during protein folding. They catalyze the rearrangement of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues within proteins as they undergo the folding step of protein maturation." ; :prefLabel "Protein Disulfide-Isomerases" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AVOCADO OIL UNSAPONIFIABLES", "Avocado" ; :definition "The oil extracted from the fruits of Persea americana. Avocado oil is used is used as a food ingredient, as a cooking oil, and for lubrication and in cosmetics." ; :prefLabel "avocado oil" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OPL", "OPL programming language", "Open (programming language)", "Open programming language", "Organiser Programming Language", "Psion OPL" ; :definition "Open Programming Language (OPL) is an embedded programming language for portable devices that run the Symbian Operating System." ; :prefLabel "Open Programming Language (OPL)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DFS", "DFS (Microsoft)", "DFS Namespaces", "DFS Replication", "Distributed file system (disambiguation)", "Microsoft Distributed File System", "Microsoft Distributed File System (version 2)", "Microsoft Distributed File System XXX" ; :definition "Distributed file System (DFS) is a set of client and server services that allow an organization using Microsoft Windows servers to organize many distributed SMB file shares into a distributed file system. DFS provides location transparency and redundancy to improve data availability in the face of failure or heavy load by allowing shares in multiple different locations to be logically grouped under one folder, or DFS root. It is also called "MS-DFS" or "MSDFS" in some contexts, e.g. in the Samba user space project. There are two ways of implementing DFS on a server:" ; :prefLabel "Distributed File System (Microsoft)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(2-butyl-3-benzofuranyl)(4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl)-", "2-Butyl-3-(3,5-diiodo-4-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)benzoyl)benzofuran", "2-Butyl-3-benzofuranyl 4-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl ketone", "2-N-Butyl-3',5'-diiodo-4'-N-diethylaminoethoxy-3-benzoylbenzofuran", "Amiodarona", "Amiodarone [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Amiodaronum", "Methanone" ; :definition "An iodine-rich benzofuran derivative with antiarrhythmic and vasodilatory activities. As a class III antiarrhythmic agent, amiodarone blocks the myocardial calcium, potassium and sodium channels in cardiac tissue, resulting in prolongation of the cardiac action potential and refractory period. In addition, this agent inhibits alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors, resulting in a reduction in sympathetic stimulation of the heart, a negative chronotropic effect, and a decrease in myocardial oxygen demands. Amiodarone may cause vasodilation by stimulation of the release of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-dependent relaxing endothelial factors." ; :prefLabel "Amiodarone" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "M/R", "MEASLES/RUBELLA VIRUS VACCINE,LIVE", "m r", "measles and rubella virus vaccine", "mr vaccine", "r m" ; :prefLabel "Measles-rubella vaccine (live)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy", "a t", "adenoidectomy tonsillectomy", "t a", "tonsillectomy adenoidectomy" ; :definition "Surgical removal of the tonsils and adenoids." ; :prefLabel "adenotonsillectomy" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SAAS", "substance abuse attitude survey (SAAS)" ; :prefLabel "Substance Abuse Attitude Survey" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ECIR" ; :definition "The European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR) is the main European research conference for the presentation of new results in the field of information retrieval (IR).It is organized by the Information Retrieval Specialist Group of the British Computer Society (BCS-IRSG). Some of the topics dealt with include: * IR models, techniques, and algorithms * IR applications * IR system architectures * Test and evaluation methods for IR * Natural Language Processing for IR * Distributed IR * Multimedia and cross-media IR" ; :prefLabel "European Conference on Information Retrieval" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ascent" ; :definition "Times Ascent is a weekly supplement of The Times of India newspaper, that is focused on human resource development, employment and job opportunities. The editorial covers future and current trends, and news features, for job seekers and HR professionals. The features are about the changing paradigm of work, the personal fulfillment that the employee seeks, the emotional engagement the employer expects, and the empowerment for both. Times Ascent has 10 editions in the following Indian cities - Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Delhi and Nagpur." ; :prefLabel "Times Ascent" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Characteristic", "Characteristics", "Cultural", "Cultural Characteristic" ; :definition "Those aspects or characteristics which identify a culture." ; :prefLabel "Cultural Characteristics" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anatomical structure", "Anatomy", "Biological structure", "anatomic structure", "anatomical structures" ; :definition "Material anatomical entity which is generated by coordinated expression of the organism's own genes that guide its morphogenesis; has inherent 3D shape; its parts are connected and spatially related to one another in patterns determined by coordinated gene expression. Examples: embryo, mesoderm, heart, right ventricle, mitral valve, myocardium, endothelium, lymphocyte, fibroblast, thorax, cardiovascular system, hemoglobin, T cell receptor." ; :prefLabel "Anatomic structures" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JRuby language", "JRuby programming language" ; :definition "JRuby is an implementation of the Ruby programming language atop the Java Virtual Machine, written largely in Java. It is free software released under a three-way EPL/GPL/LGPL license. JRuby is tightly integrated with Java to allow the embedding of the interpreter into any Java application with full two-way access between the Java and the Ruby code (similar to Jython for the Python language). In July 2009, the JRuby developers left Sun to continue JRuby development at Engine Yard. In May 2012, Nutter and Enebo left Engine Yard to work on JRuby at Red Hat." ; :prefLabel "JRuby" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "??????:???:???:??????:???", "????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????:ID:??????:?????????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????:???", "PAP device Software vers", "Positive airway pressure device Vendor software version", "Vendor software version:Identifier:Point in time:Positive airway pressure device:Nominal", "Versione software venditore:ID:Pt:Pressione positiva nelle vie aeree", "dispositivo:Nom" ; :prefLabel "Vendor software version:ID:Pt:Positive airway pressure device:Nom" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Toona sp. Terrazas s.n." . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Insight (disambiguation)", "Norton File Insight" ; :definition "Norton Insight whitelists files based on reputation. Norton-branded antivirus software then leverages the data to skip known files during virus scans. Symantec claims quicker scans and more accurate detection with the use of the technology." ; :prefLabel "Norton Insight" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extreme Immaturity", "Extremely", "Extremely Premature", "Extremely Premature Infant", "Extremely Premature Infants", "Extremely Preterm", "Extremely Preterm Infant", "Extremely Preterm Infants", "Infant", "Infants", "Premature Infant", "Premature Infants", "Preterm Infant", "Preterm Infants" ; :definition "A newborn infant less than 28 weeks, 0 days gestational age." ; :prefLabel "Infant, Extremely Premature" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CNS tumor", "Recurrent Childhood Brainstem Glioma", "Recurrent Childhood Glioma of Brain Stem", "Recurrent Childhood Glioma of Brainstem", "Recurrent Childhood Glioma of the Brain Stem", "Recurrent Childhood Glioma of the Brainstem", "Recurrent Pediatric Brain Stem Glioma", "Recurrent Pediatric Brainstem Glioma", "Recurrent Pediatric Glioma of Brain Stem", "Recurrent Pediatric Glioma of Brainstem", "Recurrent Pediatric Glioma of the Brain Stem", "Recurrent Pediatric Glioma of the Brainstem", "Relapsed Childhood Brain Stem Glioma", "Relapsed Childhood Brainstem Glioma", "Relapsed Childhood Glioma of Brain Stem", "Relapsed Childhood Glioma of Brainstem", "Relapsed Childhood Glioma of the Brain Stem", "Relapsed Childhood Glioma of the Brainstem", "Relapsed Pediatric Brain Stem Glioma", "Relapsed Pediatric Brainstem Glioma", "Relapsed Pediatric Glioma of Brain Stem", "Relapsed Pediatric Glioma of Brainstem", "Relapsed Pediatric Glioma of the Brain Stem", "Relapsed Pediatric Glioma of the Brainstem", "brain stem glioma", "brain tumor", "brainstem glioma", "childhood", "childhood CNS tumor", "childhood brain stem glioma", "childhood brain stem gliosarcoma", "childhood brain stem mixed glioma", "childhood brainstem glioma", "childhood brainstem gliosarcoma", "childhood brainstem mixed glioma", "glioma", "gliosarcoma", "mixed glioma", "pediatric", "pediatric CNS tumor", "pediatric brain stem glioma", "pediatric brain stem gliosarcoma", "pediatric brain stem mixed glioma", "pediatric brainstem glioma", "pediatric brainstem gliosarcoma", "pediatric brainstem mixed glioma", "recurrent", "recurrent brain stem glioma", "recurrent brainstem glioma", "recurrent childhood brain stem", "recurrent childhood brain stem glioma", "recurrent childhood brainstem", "recurrent childhood brainstem glioma", "recurrent pediatric brain stem", "recurrent pediatric brain stem glioma", "recurrent pediatric brainstem", "recurrent pediatric brainstem glioma" ; :definition "The reemergence of brain stem glioma in childhood after a period of remission." ; :prefLabel "recurrent childhood brain stem glioma" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "0 Story", "O Story", "Ø Story", "Φ Story" ; :definition "Love Story (ラブストーリー, or Ø Story) is a Japan-exclusive adventure interactive movie video game developed by General Entertainment and published by Enix on April 27, 2000. It was the first Enix game published on the PlayStation 2, and was part of the campaign to promote the release of the console in Japan." ; :prefLabel "Love Story" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Rodney G. Downey", "Rodney Graham Downey" ; :definition "Rodney Graham Downey (born 20 September 1957) is an Australian and New Zealand mathematician and computer scientist, a professor in the School of Mathematics, Statistics and Operations Research at Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand. He is known for his work in mathematical logic and computational complexity theory, and in particular for founding the field of parameterised complexity together with Michael Fellows." ; :prefLabel "Rod Downey" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "INFECTION URINARY TRACT", "Infection", "Infection Of Urinary", "Infections", "Tract", "Tract Infection", "Tract Infections", "UTI", "Urinary", "Urinary Tract", "Urinary Tract Infections [Disease/Finding]", "Urinary Tract Infectious Disease", "Urinary tract infection", "Urinary tract infection; site not specified", "Urinary tract infections", "site not specified", "urinary infection", "urinary tract infection (UTI)", "utis" ; :definition "A bacterial infectious process affecting any part of the urinary tract, most commonly the bladder and the urethra. Symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, burning sensation during urination, lower abdominal discomfort, and cloudy urine." ; :prefLabel "Urinary tract infection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LDA", "Local density approximation" ; :definition "Local-density approximations (LDA) are a class of approximations to the exchange–correlation (XC) energy functional in density functional theory (DFT) that depend solely upon the value of the electronic density at each point in space (and not, for example, derivatives of the density or the Kohn–Sham orbitals). Many approaches can yield local approximations to the XC energy. However, overwhelmingly successful local approximations are those that have been derived from the homogeneous electron gas (HEG) model. In this regard, LDA is generally synonymous with functionals based on the HEG approximation, which are then applied to realistic systems (molecules and solids)." ; :prefLabel "Local-density approximation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Area 17 of Brodmann", "Area striata", "BA17", "BRAIN", "Brodmann area 17", "Cortex", "Cortex Primaries", "Cortex Primary", "Cortices", "Primaries", "Primary", "Primary Visual", "Primary Visual Cortex", "Primary Visual Cortices", "Striate", "Striate Cortex", "Striate area", "V1", "VISUAL CORTEX", "Visual", "Visual Cortex", "Visual Cortex Primaries", "Visual Cortex Primary", "Visual Cortices" ; :definition "A brain region in the occipital cortex that receives visual stimuli from the retina." ; :prefLabel "Area striata structure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "On board data handling", "On-board", "Onboard processing" ; :definition "The on-board data handling (OBDH) subsystem of a spacecraft is the subsystem which carries and stores data between the various electronics units and the ground segment, via the telemetry, tracking and command (TTC) subsystem. In the earlier decades of the space industry, the OBDH function was usually considered a part of the TTC, particularly before computers became common on board. In recent years, the OBDH function has expanded, so much that it is generally considered a separate subsystem to the TTC, which is these days concerned solely with the RF link between the ground and the spacecraft." ; :prefLabel "On-board data handling" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The Debian Med project is a Debian Pure Blend created to provide a co-ordinated operating system and collection of available free software packages that are well-suited for the requirements for medical practices and medical research. Debian Med does not create or program software, but integrates software available under a license conforming to the DFSG into Debian and also extends Debian to be a better platform for this field of interest. The Debian Software Repositories contain 36500 packages. Debian Med serves as a magnifying lens to categorize all those packages, that as suited for the field of medicine." ; :prefLabel "Debian-Med" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BP240", "BPA", "BPAG1", "BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID ANTIGEN 1", "CATX-15", "DMH", "DST", "DT", "DYSTONIA MUSCULORUM", "DYSTONIN", "Dystonin Gene", "FLJ13425", "FLJ21489", "FLJ30627", "FLJ32235", "HOMOLOG OF", "KIAA0728", "MACF2", "MOUSE" ; :definition "This gene plays a structural role in cytoskeleton networks." ; :prefLabel "DST gene" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BONE", "Chest>Ribs", "Costa", "Os costale (Costa)", "RIB", "Rib", "Ribs", "costal", "ribbed" ; :definition "Any one of the paired bones, 12 on either side, extending from the thoracic vertebrae toward the median line on the ventral aspect of the trunk. The long curved bones which form the rib cage. Generally, ribs 1 to 7 are connected to the sternum by their costal cartilages and are called true ribs, whereas ribs 8 to 12 are termed false ribs." ; :prefLabel "Bone structure of rib" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clusia minor JA 3588" ; :prefLabel "Clusia sp. JA 3588" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Copies", "Copy", "{Copies}" ; :definition "A secondary representation, reproduction, or replica." ; :prefLabel "Copy (object)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extraversion", "Extraversions (Psychology)", "Extroversion", "Extroversion (Psychology)", "Extroversions (Psychology)" ; :definition "A state in which attention is largely directed outward from the self." ; :prefLabel "Extraversion (Psychology)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "The Grinder (computer game)" ; :definition "The Grinder is a first person shooter video game for the Wii, and a top-down shooter for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows by High Voltage Software. It missed its scheduled release date and High Voltage Software have yet to make a statement regarding its status." ; :prefLabel "The Grinder" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "/usr/bin/env", "Env (Unix)", "Env (disambiguation)", "Env (shell)" ; :definition "env is a shell command for Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is used to either print a list of environment variables or run another utility in an altered environment without having to modify the currently existing environment. Using env, variables may be added or removed, and existing variables may be changed by assigning new values to them. In practice, env has another common use. It is often used by shell scripts to launch the correct interpreter. In this usage, the environment is typically not changed." ; :prefLabel "Env" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alarm", "Alarm Clock", "Alarm Clock Headaches", "Alarm clock headache", "Clock Headache", "Clock Headaches", "Headache", "Headache Syndrome", "Headache Syndromes", "Headaches", "Hypnic", "Hypnic Headache Syndrome", "Hypnic Headache Syndromes" ; :definition "A primary headache disorder which occurs exclusively during sleep and regularly awakes patients at a consistent time of night." ; :prefLabel "Hypnic Headache" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Caesar (computer game)", "Caesar (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Caesar is a city-building computer game where the player undertakes the role of a Roman governor, building ancient Roman cities. Released in 1992 on the Amiga, ported the next year to Atari ST, PC and Macintosh, the game was similar to SimCity. In addition to similar graphics and user interfaces, it also came with issues of micromanagement, including complicated city-planning requirements such as building the right number of schools, theaters, libraries, bathhouses, and other amenities, within suitable distances of residential areas." ; :prefLabel "Caesar" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Possibility" ; :definition "Possibility theory is a mathematical theory for dealing with certain types of uncertainty and is an alternative to probability theory. Professor Lotfi Zadeh first introduced possibility theory in 1978 as an extension of his theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic. Didier Dubois and Henri Prade further contributed to its development. Earlier in the 1950s, economist G. L. S. Shackle proposed the min/max algebra to describe degrees of potential surprise." ; :prefLabel "Possibility theory" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "General catalogue", "IC number", "IC object", "IC objects", "Ic", "Index Catalog", "Index Catalogue", "Index Catalogue of Nebulae", "Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars", "NGC", "NGC 2000.0", "NGC number", "NGC object", "NGC objects", "NGC/IC Project", "NGC2000.0", "New General Catalog", "New General Catalog of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars", "New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars", "RIC", "RNGC", "RNGC/IC", "Revised IC", "Revised Index Catalog", "Revised Index Catalogue", "Revised New General Catalog", "Revised New General Catalogue", "Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue", "The NGC/IC Project" ; :definition "The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (abbreviated as NGC) is a well-known catalogue of deep-sky objects compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888 as a new version of John Herschel's General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. The NGC contains 7,840 objects, known as the NGC objects. It is one of the largest comprehensive catalogues, as it includes all types of deep space objects and is not confined to, for example, galaxies. Dreyer also published two supplements to the NGC in 1895 and 1908, known as the Index Catalogues, describing a further 5,386 astronomical objects." ; :prefLabel "New General Catalogue" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "The deliberate attempt to influence attitudes and beliefs for furthering one's cause or damaging an opponent's cause." ; :prefLabel "Propaganda" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aptitude (program)", "Aptitude debian" ; :definition "aptitude is a front-end to the Advanced Packaging Tool (APT). It displays a list of software packages and allows the user to interactively pick packages to install or remove. It has an especially powerful search system utilizing flexible search patterns. It was initially created for Debian, but has appeared in RPM Package Manager (RPM) based distributions as well (such as Conectiva)." ; :prefLabel "aptitude" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ANS", "Autonomic", "Autonomic Nervous", "Autonomic Nervous Systems", "Nervous System", "Nervous Systems", "Nervous system", "System", "Systems", "Vegetative", "Vegetative Nervous", "Vegetative Nervous System", "Vegetative Nervous Systems", "Visceral", "Visceral Nervous", "Visceral Nervous Systems", "Visceral nervous system", "autonomic nervous system (ANS)", "involuntary nervous system" ; :definition "The ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; and SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, especially the HYPOTHALAMUS and the SOLITARY NUCLEUS, which receive information relayed from VISCERAL AFFERENTS." ; :prefLabel "Autonomic nervous system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Authorware", "Macromedia Authorware" ; :definition "Adobe Authorware (previously Macromedia Authorware) was an interpreted, flowchart-based, graphical programming language. Authorware is used for creating interactive programs that can integrate a range of multimedia content, particularly electronic educational technology ( also called e-learning) applications. The flowchart model differentiates Authorware from other authoring tools, such as Adobe Flash and Adobe Director, which rely on a visual stage, time-line and script structure." ; :prefLabel "Adobe Authorware" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Health Service", "Health Services", "Service", "Services", "Woman", "Woman Health", "Woman Health Services", "Woman's", "Woman's Health", "Woman's Health Service", "Woman's Health Services", "Womans", "Womans Health", "Women", "Women Health", "Women Health Services", "Women's", "Women's Health", "Women's Health Service", "Womens Health" ; :definition "Organized services to provide health care to women. It excludes maternal care services for which MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES is available." ; :prefLabel "Women's Health Services" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interviews (disambiguation)" ; :definition "InterViews is a native C++ toolkit for the X Window System developed by Mark Linton and his team at Stanford University and later Silicon Graphics. The last major release was InterViews 3.1 in 1993, and included the Unidraw drawing editor application framework which was the basis of John Vlissides' thesis work at Stanford. InterViews also has lightweight glyphs with switchable look-and-feel (Apple monochrome, Motif, OPEN LOOK, and SGI Motif). It has been ported to almost all Unixes which run X11. Other programmers known to have worked on InterViews include Paul Calder, John Interrante, Steven Tang, and Scott Stanton." ; :prefLabel "InterViews" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bio", "Bio engineering", "Bio engineerings", "Bio-Engineering", "Bioengineerings", "Biological", "Biological Engineering", "Engineering", "engineering", "engineerings" ; :definition "Bioengineering integrates physical, chemical, or mathematical sciences and engineering principles for treatment and for the study of biology, medicine, behavior, or health." ; :prefLabel "Bioengineering" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Information Discovery is a term used in the legal and corporate industry which refers to the steps involved in distilling a corporation’s data corpus down to the most pertinent evidence pertaining to a court-related matter or compliance directive. The major information discovery steps include: managing the entire data collection in a manner to identify all pertinent evidence associated with the matter, targeting that information for collection (forensically or otherwise), processing and identification (culling) of relevant data, and processing for document hosting and legal document/information review." ; :prefLabel "Information discovery" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "L-arginine carboxy-lyase (agmatine-forming)", "L-arginine carboxy-lyase activity", "SpeA" ; :definition "Catalysis of the reaction: L-arginine + H(+) = agmatine + CO(2). [EC:4.1.1.19, RHEA:17644]" ; :prefLabel "arginine decarboxylase activity" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "5-Methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine", "Acetamide", "MIH", "MLT", "Melatonin [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Melatonine", "N-(2-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-", "N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine", "N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide", "N-[2-(5-methoxyindol-3-yl)ethyl]acetamide", "melanocyte-inhibiting factor" ; :definition "A hormone involved in sleep regulatory activity, and a tryptophan-derived neurotransmitter, which inhibits the synthesis and secretion of other neurotransmitters such as dopamine and GABA. Melatonin is synthesized from serotonin intermediate in the pineal gland and the retina where the enzyme 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase, that catalyzes the last step of synthesis, is found. This hormone binds to and activates melatonin receptors and is involved in regulating the sleep and wake cycles. In addition, melatonin possesses antioxidative and immunoregulatory properties via regulating other neurotransmitters." ; :prefLabel "Melatonin" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "UES", "Universal Encryption Standard" ; :definition "In cryptography, UES (Universal Encryption Standard) is a block cipher designed in 1999 by Helena Handschuh and Serge Vaudenay. They proposed it as a transitional step, to prepare for the completion of the AES process. UES was designed with the same interface as AES: a block size of 128 bits and key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. It consists of two parallel Triple DES encryptions on the halves of the block, with key whitening and key-dependent swapping of bits between the halves. The key schedule is taken from DEAL." ; :prefLabel "UES (cipher)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) is a drug discovery software platform that integrates visualization, modeling and simulations, as well as methodology development, in one package. MOE scientific applications are used by biologists, medicinal chemists and computational chemists in pharmaceutical, biotechnology and academic research. MOE runs on Windows, Linux, Unix, and MAC OS X. Main application areas in MOE include structure-based design, fragment-based design, pharmacophore discovery, medicinal chemistry applications, biologics applications, protein and antibody modeling, molecular modeling and simulations, cheminformatics & QSAR. The Scientific Vector Language (SVL) is the built-in command, scripting and application development language of MOE." ; :prefLabel "MOE" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BLDBK", "Bank", "Banks", "Blood", "Blood Bank", "Suppliers; Blood Bank" ; :definition "An establishment that collects, tests, processes, and stores blood and its components intended for transfusion or for further manufacture into products used for biological therapies." ; :prefLabel "Blood Banks" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Promote", "Promoting", "Promotion", "promotions" ; :definition "Encouragement of the progress or growth or acceptance of something." ; :prefLabel "Promotion (action)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Kepler (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Kepler is a free software project written in Lua that provides a portable, extensible website development platform. Current stable release is Kepler 1.1.1, for Lua 5.1. Kepler works on Windows and most variants of Unix. The platform was designed to work with a number of web serving environments, called "launchers" in Kepler terminology. Kepler includes launchers for Apache (mod lua), FastCGI, CGI, ISAPI as well as a native web server written in pure Lua, called Xavante ." ; :prefLabel "Kepler" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "COLITIS", "Colite ulcerosa come diagnosi principale per il duodeno", "Colite ulcerosa come motivo di endoscopia del tratto digestivo inferiore", "Colitis", "Colitis Gravis", "Colitis Ulcerative", "Colitis ulcerosa", "INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE ULCERATIVE COLITIS", "Idiopathic Proctocolitis", "Inflammatory Bowel Disease", "Rectocolite ulcero-hemorragique comme diagnostic principal pour le colon", "Rectocolite ulcero-hemorragique comme motif de realisation d'une coloscopie", "ULCERATIVE", "Ulcerative Colitis Type", "Ulcerative [Disease/Finding]", "Ulcerative colitis", "Ulcerative colitis as main diagnosis for the colon", "Ulcerative colitis as reason for lower g.i. examination", "unspecified" ; :definition "An inflammatory bowel disease involving the mucosal surface of the large intestine and rectum. It may present with an acute or slow onset and follows an intermittent or continuous course. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, weight loss, and intestinal hemorrhage." ; :prefLabel "Ulcerative Colitis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cambridge Interactive Systems", "Cambridge Interactive Systems Ltd", "Medusa (disambiguation)", "Medusa cad" ; :definition "MEDUSA, (since 2004 MEDUSA4) is a CAD program used in the areas of mechanical and plant engineering by manufacturers and Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) companies. The system's history is closely tied to the beginnings of mainstream CAD and the research culture fostered by Cambridge University and the UK government as well as the resulting transformation of Cambridge into a world-class tech centre in the 1980s." ; :prefLabel "MEDUSA4" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2,5-Dimethanesulfonoxyhexane", "2,5-hexanediol dimethanesulfonate", "DMB", "DMM", "Dimethyl Myleran", "Dimethyl-Myleran", "Dimethylmyleran" ; :definition "An aliphatic analogue of busulfan with potential antineoplastic activity. As an alkylating agent, dimethylbusulfan induces neutropenia and has been shown to exhibit antitumor effects in some animal models. Alkylating agents exert cytotoxic and chemotherapeutic effects by transferring alkyl groups to DNA, thereby damaging DNA and interfering with DNA synthesis and cell division. (NCI04)" ; :prefLabel "dimethylbusulfan" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EXcellent Architecture", "Ex-kaa aXeleration Architecture", "Exa (disambiguation)", "Eyecandy Acceleration Architecture" ; :definition "In computing, EXA is a graphics acceleration architecture of the X.Org Server (see also X Window System) designed to replace XAA (the XFree86 Acceleration Architecture) and to make the XRender extension more usable, with only minor changes needed to adapt XFree86 video drivers written to use XAA; it was designed by Zack Rusin and announced at LinuxTag 2005 and first released with X.Org Server version 6.9/7.0." ; :prefLabel "EXA" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Impacted", "Impacted Teeth", "Impacted [Disease/Finding]", "Impaction", "Retained tooth", "TOOTH IMPACTION", "Teeth", "Tooth", "dental impaction", "impact tooth", "teeth impact" ; :definition "A tooth that is prevented from erupting by a physical barrier, usually other teeth. Impaction may also result from orientation of the tooth in an other than vertical position in the periodontal structures." ; :prefLabel "Impacted tooth" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Account number", "BBAN", "Basic Bank Account Number", "IBAN", "ISO 13616" ; :definition "The International Bank Account Number (IBAN) is an internationally agreed system of identifying bank accounts across national borders to facilitate the communication and processing of cross border transactions with a reduced risk of transcription errors. It was originally adopted by the European Committee for Banking Standards (ECBS), and later as an international standard under ISO 13616:1997. The current standard is ISO 13616:2007, which indicates SWIFT as the formal registrar. Initially developed to facilitate payments within the European Union, it has been implemented by most European countries and many countries in the other parts of the world, especially in the Middle East and in the Caribbean. As of February 2016, 69 countries were using the IBAN numbering system." ; :prefLabel "International Bank Account Number" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pseudo", "Pseudo [brand name]" ; :definition "a brand name of pseudoephedrine drug" ; :prefLabel "Pseudo brand of pseudoephedrine" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mandatory" ; :prefLabel "Mandatory - HL7DefinedRoseProperty" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Closing the Loop is a Dutch company and NGO based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, founded with the aim to reduce electronic waste (e-waste). It does this by collecting 'end-of-life' scrap phones in Africa and Asia, where it also gives used high quality mobile phones a second life. The scrap is recycled in Europe. In this way Closing the Loop turns scrap phones into valuable resources and an income for people in developing countries. Its goal is to prevent mobile phone from ending up in dump sites and create an more sustainable telecom industry at the same time." ; :prefLabel "Closing the loop" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Eu.int", "Europa (portal)", "Europa (web portal)", "Europa (website)", "Europa.eu" ; :definition "Europa (sometimes capitalised EUROPA) is the official Web portal of the European Union (EU). It gives basic information on how the EU works, the latest EU news and events, as well as links to websites of institutions, EU agencies, representations in EU member countries and diplomatic missions of the European Union around the World. Europa.eu is the common domain of the EU institutions." ; :prefLabel "Europa" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extrinsic camera parameters", "Extrinsic parameters", "Geometric camera calibration", "Intrinsic camera parameters", "Intrinsic parameters" ; :definition "Camera resectioning is the process of estimating the parameters of a pinhole camera model approximating the camera that produced a given photograph or video. Usually, the pinhole camera parameters are represented in a 3 × 4 matrix called the camera matrix. This process is often called camera calibration, but "camera calibration" can also mean photometric camera calibration." ; :prefLabel "Camera resectioning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Asta", "Asta Klotzsch ex O.E.Schulz" ; :prefLabel "Asta plant" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Elemental (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Elemental is an action-strategy video game developed and designed by Erick Dupuis in 1988. In this game, the player controls a green ball which freely evolves on the stage and which is pursued by two other balls. The first one is invincible and the player can only evade it using the environment to put some distance between them or by staying on one of the four "safe point" of the stage. The other follow the same rules but it can also be stuck in holes present in the stage while following the green ball. 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Ontologies and Semantic Web technologies are clear candidates for web-wide semantics. However, newspapers have made reat investments in their current news management systems and their wish is to undertake a smooth transition. Our proposal is to build an ntological framework based on existing journalism and multimedia standards. These standards are based on XML technologies. Therefore, we ave developed a generic XML Schema to OWL mapping, complemented with an XML to RDF one. Together, they allow reusing existing metadata hat, once in a semantic space, facilitates data integration, news management and retrieval. The resulting ontological framework is being applied n the Diari Segre Media Group1, which produces press, radio and television content. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." ; default4:contributor "Ferran Perdrix", "Marta Oliva", "Roberto Garcı́a", "Rosa Gil" ; default4:date "2008" ; default4:title "The semantic web as a newspaper media convergence facilitator" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Roberto" ; default5:fullName "Roberto Garcı́a" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Garcı́a" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ferran" ; default5:fullName "Ferran Perdrix" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Perdrix" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Rosa" ; default5:fullName "Rosa Gil" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Gil" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Marta" ; default5:fullName "Marta Oliva" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Oliva" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Garcı́a et al." ; default5:id "9a5e03b6880290d575f2886622d7a14b577a936c" ; default5:refCount 8 ; default2:abstract "Newspapers are evolving and this causes great changes in how newspapers reach their consumers, but also in how newspapers work internally. Advanced computerised support is needed in order to cope with the new needs, which require that machines are aware of a greater part of the underlying semantics. Ontologies and Semantic Web technologies are clear candidates for web-wide semantics. However, newspapers have made great investments in their current news management systems and their wish is to undertake a smooth transition. Our proposal is to build an ontological framework based on existing journalism and multimedia standards. These standards are based on XML technologies. Therefore, we have developed a generic XML Schema to OWL mapping, complemented with an XML to RDF one. Together, they allow reusing existing metadata that, once in a semantic space, facilitates data integration, news management and retrieval. The resulting ontological framework is being applied in the Diari Segre Media Group, which produces press, radio and television content." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "The semantic web as a newspaper media convergence facilitator" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2008.01.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "As today’s financial markets are sensitive to breaking news on economic events, accurate and timely automatic identification of events in news items is crucial. Unstructured news items originating from many heterogeneous sources have to be mined in order to extract knowledge useful for guiding decision making processes. Hence, we propose the Semantics-Based Pipeline for Economic Event Detection (SPEED), focusing on extracting financial events from news articles and annotating these with meta-data at a speed that enables real-time use. In our implementation, we use some components of an existing framework as well as new components, e.g., a high-performance Ontology Gazetteer, a Word Group Look-Up component, a Word Sense Disambiguator, and components for detecting economic events. Through their interaction with a domain-specific ontology, our novel, semantically enabled components constitute a feedback loop which fosters future reuse of acquired knowledge in the event detection process." ; default4:contributor "Alexander Hogenboom", "Flavius Frasincar", "Frederik Hogenboom", "Otto van der Meer" ; default4:date "2013" ; default4:title "Semantics-based information extraction for detecting economic events" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Alexander" ; default5:fullName "Alexander Hogenboom" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Hogenboom" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Frederik" ; default5:fullName "Frederik Hogenboom" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Hogenboom" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Flavius" ; default5:fullName "Flavius Frasincar" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Frasincar" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Otto van der" ; default5:fullName "Otto van der Meer" ; default5:initials "O.v.d." ; default5:lastName "Meer" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Hogenboom et al." ; default5:id "06c029dc12944f7c784fb4cd3d01da8f7d7fc925" ; default5:refCount 39 ; default2:abstract "As today’s financial markets are sensitive to breaking news on economic events, accurate and timely automatic identification of events in news items is crucial. Unstructured news items originating from many heterogeneous sources have to be mined in order to extract knowledge useful for guiding decision making processes. Hence, we propose the Semantics-Based Pipeline for Economic Event Detection (SPEED), focusing on extracting financial events from news articles and annotating these with meta-data at a speed that enables real-time use. In our implementation, we use some components of an existing framework as well as new components, e.g., a high-performance Ontology Gazetteer, a Word Group Look-Up component, a Word Sense Disambiguator, and components for detecting economic events. Through their interaction with a domain-specific ontology, our novel, semantically enabled components constitute a feedback loop which fosters future reuse of acquired knowledge in the event detection process." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Semantics-based information extraction for detecting economic events" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-012-1122-0" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1458082.1458150" ; default1:citationVelocity 66 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 227 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '08" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "OJSW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "In this paper we introduce the IdentityRank algorithm, developed as part of the EU-funded project NEWS to address the problem of named entity disambiguation in the context of semantic annotation of news items. The algorithm provides a ranking of the candidate instances within an ontology which can be associated to a certain entity. In order to do so, it uses as context the metadata available in a certain news item. The algorithm has been evaluated with promising results." ; default4:contributor "Ansgar Bernardi", "José M. Blázquez", "Luis Sánchez", "Norberto Fernández" ; default4:date "2007" ; default4:title "IdentityRank: Named Entity Disambiguation in the Context of the NEWS Project" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Norberto" ; default5:fullName "Norberto Fernández" ; default5:initials "N." ; default5:lastName "Fernández" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "José M." ; default5:fullName "José M. 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The algorithm has been evaluated with promising results." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "IdentityRank: Named Entity Disambiguation in the Context of the NEWS Project" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-72667-8_45" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 100 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 602 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW 2002" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-0-387-37022-4_32" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Ontologies" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. 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Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 25 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 38 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIGIR 1999" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "News retrieval systems facilitate the process of quickly learning about events or stories reported in various online news providers. The traditional approach involves clustering articles that report about the same event using bag-of-words or concept based similarity measures, and offering personalized recommendations using various user modeling approaches. Knowledge bases have been extensively used in the recent years for powering search engines on entity based searches. The success of this approach, demonstrated by a now de-facto way of searching and browsing offered by commercial search engines and mobile applications, has created the need to incorporate semantic capabilities to news retrieval systems. In this paper we present a proposal for creating a knowledge base of entities, events and facts reported in Albanian online news providers. We aim to provide a news stream processing pipeline based in generally available open source toolkits and state-of-the-art research works about event and fact oriented knowledge bases." ; default4:contributor "Angela Merkel", "Artur Baxhaku", "Ilia Ninka", "Klesti Hoxha" ; default4:date "2016" ; default4:title "Bootstrapping an Online News Knowledge Base" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Klesti" ; default5:fullName "Klesti Hoxha" ; default5:initials "K." ; default5:lastName "Hoxha" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Artur" ; default5:fullName "Artur Baxhaku" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Baxhaku" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ilia" ; default5:fullName "Ilia Ninka" ; default5:initials "I." ; default5:lastName "Ninka" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Angela" ; default5:fullName "Angela Merkel" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Merkel" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Hoxha et al." ; default5:id "242b772813e4d6ea1ec745f691972af9217f2ce7" ; default5:refCount 11 ; default2:abstract "News retrieval systems facilitate the process of quickly learning about events or stories reported in various online news providers. The traditional approach involves clustering articles that report about the same event using bag-of-words or concept based similarity measures, and offering personalized recommendations using various user modeling approaches. Knowledge bases have been extensively used in the recent years for powering search engines on entity based searches. The success of this approach, demonstrated by a now de-facto way of searching and browsing offered by commercial search engines and mobile applications, has created the need to incorporate semantic capabilities to news retrieval systems. In this paper we present a proposal for creating a knowledge base of entities, events and facts reported in Albanian online news providers. We aim to provide a news stream processing pipeline based in generally available open source toolkits and state-of-the-art research works about event and fact oriented knowledge bases." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:isReferencedBy , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Bootstrapping an Online News Knowledge Base" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-38791-8_37" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICWE" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s11042-012-1254-2" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Tools and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/INISTA.2011.5946097" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2011 International Symposium on Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.02.004" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. 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Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/D15-1173" ; default1:citationVelocity 21 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 22 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default3:doi "10.1145/3019612.3019916" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAC '17" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.3166/ria.32.287-312" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Revue d'Intelligence Artificielle" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2959100.2959190" ; default1:citationVelocity 149 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 67 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "RecSys '16" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract """We deal with the problem of ranking news events on a daily basis for large news corpora, an essential building block for news aggregation. News ranking has been addressed in the literature before but with individual news articles as the unit of ranking. However, estimating event importance accurately requires models to quantify current day event importance as well as its significance in the historical context. Consequently, in this paper we show that a cluster of news articles representing an event is a better unit of ranking as it provides an improved estimation of popularity, source diversity and authority cues. In addition, events facilitate quantifying their historical significance by linking them with long-running topics and recent chain of events. Our main contribution in this paper is to provide effective models for improved news event ranking. To this end, we propose novel event mining and feature generation approaches for improving estimates of event importance. Finally, we conduct extensive evaluation of our approaches on two large real-world news corpora each of which span for more than a year with a large volume of up to tens of thousands of daily news articles. Our evaluations are large-scale and based on a clean human curated ground-truth from Wikipedia Current Events Portal. Experimental comparison with a state-of-the-art news ranking technique based on language models demonstrates the effectiveness of our approach.""" ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "Modeling Event Importance for Ranking Daily News Events" ; default3:doi "10.1145/3018661.3018728" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WSDM '17" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-30284-8_21" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3991/ijet.v7iS2.2331" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2012 15th International Conference on Interactive Collaborative Learning (ICL)" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-13489-0_27" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Named event discovery using news headlines is an important problem with various applications in story telling, news event exploration, social media information fusion, etc. Named events are short phrases that represent the name of events like 2016 Rio Olympic Games, 2G Case, and Adarsh Society Scam. Existing work has largely focused on discovering events of named events using data mining and text mining techniques. However, the problem of discovering named event has not been addressed yet. In this paper, we present a system $$\\hbox {NE}^{2}$$NE2 that uses pattern- based method to discover named events using news headlines. Along with named event, we also discover its categories, popular durations, popularity, and type of named events. Named events are categorized into candidate-level and high-level categories using URL information, and popular durations of named events are extracted using temporal information of news headlines. Our system generates 75,689 number of named events by analyzing 6.5 million news headlines. Out of 75,689 named events, 62,950 (82%) are categorized and popular duration are extracted for 73,288 (96.8%) number of named events. Based on performed experiments, our proposed system $$\\hbox {NE}^{2}$$NE2 has 68% of accuracy for named events, 71.6% for named event’s category, and 78.4% for named event’s popular duration." ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "$$\\hbox {NE}^2$$NE2: named event extraction engine" ; default3:doi "10.1007/s10115-018-1208-8" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Knowledge and Information Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1996" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/992628.992709" ; default1:citationVelocity 53 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 98 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "COLING" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MMUL.2006.34" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Multimedia" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/FUZZY.2010.5584676" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Conference on Fuzzy Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1992" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/219717.219748" ; default1:citationVelocity 823 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2258 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CACM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1596409.1596416" ; default1:citationVelocity 16 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 31 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CoNLL Shared Task" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1998" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/980845.980859" ; default1:citationVelocity 23 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 80 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "COLING-ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-93417-4_18" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Article history: Received 16 October 2012 Received in revised form 29 May 2013 Accepted 30 July 2013 Available online 13 August 2013" ; default4:contributor "Allard Kleijn", "Arnout Verheij", "Damir Vandic", "Flavius Frasincar", "Frederik Hogenboom" ; default4:date "2014" ; default4:title "A query language and ranking algorithm for news items in the Hermes news processing framework" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Frederik" ; default5:fullName "Frederik Hogenboom" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Hogenboom" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Damir" ; default5:fullName "Damir Vandic" ; default5:initials "D." ; default5:lastName "Vandic" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Flavius" ; default5:fullName "Flavius Frasincar" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Frasincar" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Arnout" ; default5:fullName "Arnout Verheij" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Verheij" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Allard" ; default5:fullName "Allard Kleijn" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Kleijn" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Hogenboom et al." ; default5:id "23700bfe44ba218728a2db1a79eb92d70a5a2b76" ; default5:refCount 39 ; default2:abstract "Hermes is a Web-based framework that makes use of many Semantic Web technologies for building personalized news services. Ontologies are employed for knowledge representation, natural language processing techniques are used for semantic text analysis, and semantic query languages enable the specification of the desired information. To accommodate for the need for an intuitive way to create complex queries for news information, we present the Hermes Graphical Query Language (HGQL). The language enables users to create structured queries that use disjunctive, conjunctive, negation, and pattern operators. In addition, this paper presents a ranking algorithm based on the queries made using our graphical query language. Results show that our proposed ranking algorithm significantly outperforms three state-of-the-art ranking algorithms and that users prefer our graphical query language over a text-based alternative. We describe a graphical query language for news, HGQL.HGQL supports the conjunction, disjunction, and negation operators.We develop an extended Boolean model ranking algorithm with negation support.We show that our ranking algorithm outperforms three other ranking algorithms.We show that HGQL outperforms its text-based counterpart." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:isReferencedBy , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "A query language and ranking algorithm for news items in the Hermes news processing framework" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.scico.2013.07.018" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Sci. Comput. Program." . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Knowledge bases capture millions of entities such as people, companies or movies. However, their knowledge of named events like sports finals, political scandals, or natural disasters is fairly limited, as these are continuously emerging entities. This paper presents a method for extracting named events from news articles, reconciling them into canonicalized representation, and organizing them into finegrained semantic classes to populate a knowledge base. Our method captures similarity measures among news articles in a multi-view attributed graph, considering textual contents, entity occurrences, and temporal ordering. For distilling canonicalized events from this raw data, we present a novel graph coarsening algorithm based on the informationtheoretic principle of minimum description length. The quality of our method is experimentally demonstrated by extracting, organizing, and evaluating 25 000 events from a corpus of 300 000 heterogeneous news articles." ; default4:contributor "Erdal Kuzey", "Gerhard Weikum", "Jilles Vreeken" ; default4:date "2014" ; default4:title "A Fresh Look on Knowledge Bases: Distilling Named Events from News" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Erdal" ; default5:fullName "Erdal Kuzey" ; default5:initials "E." ; default5:lastName "Kuzey" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jilles" ; default5:fullName "Jilles Vreeken" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Vreeken" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Gerhard" ; default5:fullName "Gerhard Weikum" ; default5:initials "G." ; default5:lastName "Weikum" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Kuzey et al." ; default5:id "0358a8783eea3444ef64ad27be9bb2117ed1bd3b" ; default5:refCount 25 ; default2:abstract "Knowledge bases capture millions of entities such as people, companies or movies. However, their knowledge of named events like sports finals, political scandals, or natural disasters is fairly limited, as these are continuously emerging entities. This paper presents a method for extracting named events from news articles, reconciling them into canonicalized representation, and organizing them into fine-grained semantic classes to populate a knowledge base. Our method captures similarity measures among news articles in a multi-view attributed graph, considering textual contents, entity occurrences, and temporal ordering. For distilling canonicalized events from this raw data, we present a novel graph coarsening algorithm based on the information-theoretic principle of minimum description length. The quality of our method is experimentally demonstrated by extracting, organizing, and evaluating 25,000 events from a corpus of 300,000 heterogeneous news articles." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "A Fresh Look on Knowledge Bases: Distilling Named Events from News" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2661829.2661984" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '14" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-76361_2" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Advances in Semantic Media Adaptation and Personalization" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1242572.1242610" ; default1:citationVelocity 81 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 97 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/11431053_31" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/3-540-48005-6_39" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "The Rich News system, that can automatically annotate radio and television news with the aid of resources retrieved from the World Wide Web, is described. Automatic speech recognition gives a temporally precise but conceptually inaccurate annotation model. Information extraction from related web news sites gives the opposite: conceptual accuracy but no temporal data. Our approach combines the two for temporally accurate conceptual semantic annotation of broadcast news. First low quality transcripts of the broadcasts are produced using speech recognition, and these are then automatically divided into sections corresponding to individual news stories. A key phrases extraction component finds key phrases for each story and uses these to search for web pages reporting the same event. The text and meta-data of the web pages is then used to create index documents for the stories in the original broadcasts, which are semantically annotated using the KIM knowledge management platform. A web interface then allows conceptual search and browsing of news stories, and playing of the parts of the media files corresponding to each news story. The use of material from the World Wide Web allows much higher quality textual descriptions and semantic annotations to be produced than would have been possible using the ASR transcript directly. The semantic annotations can form a part of the Semantic Web, and an evaluation shows that the system operates with high precision, and with a moderate level of recall." ; default4:contributor "Borislav Popov", "Hamish Cunningham", "Mike Dowman", "Valentin Tablan" ; default4:date "2005" ; default4:title "Web-Assisted Annotation, Semantic Indexing and Search of Television and Radio News" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Mike" ; default5:fullName "Mike Dowman" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Dowman" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Valentin" ; default5:fullName "Valentin Tablan" ; default5:initials "V." ; default5:lastName "Tablan" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Hamish" ; default5:fullName "Hamish Cunningham" ; default5:initials "H." ; default5:lastName "Cunningham" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Borislav" ; default5:fullName "Borislav Popov" ; default5:initials "B." ; default5:lastName "Popov" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Dowman et al." ; default5:id "84ef9ebd61dc23f20786db8cfaa83467970209c5" ; default5:refCount 24 ; default2:abstract "The Rich News system, that can automatically annotate radio and television news with the aid of resources retrieved from the World Wide Web, is described. Automatic speech recognition gives a temporally precise but conceptually inaccurate annotation model. Information extraction from related web news sites gives the opposite: conceptual accuracy but no temporal data. Our approach combines the two for temporally accurate conceptual semantic annotation of broadcast news. First low quality transcripts of the broadcasts are produced using speech recognition, and these are then automatically divided into sections corresponding to individual news stories. A key phrases extraction component finds key phrases for each story and uses these to search for web pages reporting the same event. The text and meta-data of the web pages is then used to create index documents for the stories in the original broadcasts, which are semantically annotated using the KIM knowledge management platform. A web interface then allows conceptual search and browsing of news stories, and playing of the parts of the media files corresponding to each news story. The use of material from the World Wide Web allows much higher quality textual descriptions and semantic annotations to be produced than would have been possible using the ASR transcript directly. The semantic annotations can form a part of the Semantic Web, and an evaluation shows that the system operates with high precision, and with a moderate level of recall." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Web-assisted annotation, semantic indexing and search of television and radio news" ; default3:doi "10.1145/1060745.1060781" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '05" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1137/07070111X" ; default1:citationVelocity 571 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 775 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SIAM Review" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "1999" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1023/A:1007506220214" ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 51 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Machine Learning" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Newspaper archives are a fundamental working tool for editorial teams. Their exploitation in digital format through the web, and the provision of technology to make this possible, are also important businesses today. The volume of archive contents, and the complexity of human teams that create and maintain them, give rise to diverse management difficulties. We propose the introduction of the emergent semantic-based technologies to improve the processes of creation, maintenance, and exploitation of the digital archive of a newspaper. We describe a platform based on these technologies, that consists of a) a knowledge base associated to the newspaper archive, based on an ontology for the description of journalistic information, b) a semantic search module, and c) a module for content browsing and visualisation based on ontologies." ; default4:contributor "E. Pulido", "F. Perdrix", "Ferran Perdrix", "J. Contreras", "J. Lorés", "M. Rico", "P. Castells", "R. Benjamins" ; default4:date "2004" ; default4:title "Neptuno: Semantic Web Technologies for a Digital Newspaper Archive" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Ferran" ; default5:fullName "Ferran Perdrix" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Perdrix" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "P." ; default5:fullName "P. Castells" ; default5:initials "P." ; default5:lastName "Castells" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "F." ; default5:fullName "F. Perdrix" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Perdrix" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "E." ; default5:fullName "E. Pulido" ; default5:initials "E." ; default5:lastName "Pulido" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "M." ; default5:fullName "M. Rico" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Rico" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "R." ; default5:fullName "R. Benjamins" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Benjamins" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "J." ; default5:fullName "J. Contreras" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Contreras" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "J." ; default5:fullName "J. Lorés" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Lorés" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Perdrix et al." ; default5:id "c2cd98e66f3f7a4fd0fe65172272f0bc82729961" ; default5:refCount 7 ; default2:abstract "Newspaper archives are a fundamental working tool for editorial teams. Their exploitation in digital format through the web, and the provision of technology to make this possible, are also important businesses today. The volume of archive contents, and the complexity of human teams that create and maintain them, give rise to diverse management difficulties. We propose the introduction of the emergent semantic-based technologies to improve the processes of creation, maintenance, and exploitation of the digital archive of a newspaper. We describe a platform based on these technologies, that consists of a) a knowledge base associated to the newspaper archive, based on an ontology for the description of journalistic information, b) a semantic search module, and c) a module for content browsing and visualisation based on ontologies." ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Neptuno: Semantic Web Technologies for a Digital Newspaper Archive" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-25956-5_31" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1699510.1699530" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/CIFEr.2014.6924073" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2014 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence for Financial Engineering & Economics (CIFEr)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NIPS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/505168.505183" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "FOIS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2783258.2783307" ; default1:citationVelocity 73 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 86 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '15" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/dsmp.2018.8478609" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2018 IEEE Second International Conference on Data Stream Mining & Processing (DSMP)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2736277.2741667" ; default1:citationVelocity 58 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 22 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '15" . a , , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "The Semantic Web aims to extend the World Wide Web with a layer of semantic information, so that it is understandable not only by humans, but also by computers. At its core, the Semantic Web consists of ontologies that describe the meaning of concepts in a certain domain or across domains. The domain ontologies aremostly created andmaintained by domain experts usingmanual, time-intensive processes. In this paper, we propose a rule-based method for learning ontology instances from text that helps domain experts with the ontology population process. In thismethodwe define a lexico-semantic pattern language that, in addition to the lexical and syntactical information present in lexico-syntactic rules, also makes use of semantic information. We show that the lexico-semantic patterns are superior to lexicosyntactic patterns with respect to efficiency and effectivity. When applied to event relation recognition in text-based news items in the domains of finance and politics using Hermes, an ontology-driven news personalization service, our approach has a precision and recall of approximately 80% and 70%, respectively. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved." ; default4:contributor "Flavius Frasincar", "Frederik Hogenboom", "Jordy Sangers", "Wouter IJntema" ; default4:date "2012" ; default4:title "A lexico-semantic pattern language for learning ontology instances from text" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Wouter" ; default5:fullName "Wouter IJntema" ; default5:initials "W." ; default5:lastName "IJntema" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jordy" ; default5:fullName "Jordy Sangers" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Sangers" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Frederik" ; default5:fullName "Frederik Hogenboom" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Hogenboom" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Flavius" ; default5:fullName "Flavius Frasincar" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Frasincar" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "IJntema et al." ; default5:id "3fdd4d1aa6d853ba6d67a0c1bce975750409b841" ; default5:refCount 48 ; default2:abstract "The Semantic Web aims to extend the World Wide Web with a layer of semantic information, so that it is understandable not only by humans, but also by computers. At its core, the Semantic Web consists of ontologies that describe the meaning of concepts in a certain domain or across domains. The domain ontologies are mostly created and maintained by domain experts using manual, time-intensive processes. In this paper, we propose a rule-based method for learning ontology instances from text that helps domain experts with the ontology population process. In this method we define a lexico-semantic pattern language that, in addition to the lexical and syntactical information present in lexico-syntactic rules, also makes use of semantic information. We show that the lexico-semantic patterns are superior to lexico-syntactic patterns with respect to efficiency and effectivity. When applied to event relation recognition in text-based news items in the domains of finance and politics using Hermes, an ontology-driven news personalization service, our approach has a precision and recall of approximately 80% and 70%, respectively." ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "A lexico-semantic pattern language for learning ontology instances from text" ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.websem.2012.01.002" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Web Semant." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/775152.775250" ; default1:citationVelocity 14 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 32 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '03" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "1997" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/s0304-405x(96)00894-x" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 7 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2245276.2245405" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAC '12" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102142" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s00530-008-0138-9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Multimedia Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/W17-0810" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LAW@ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ISCIS.2009.5291836" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 24th International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.5591/978-1-57735-516-8/IJCAI11-455" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJCAI 2011" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1109/TKDE.2005.99" ; default1:citationVelocity 446 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 850 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1526709.1526802" ; default1:citationVelocity 12 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '09" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1996" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 15 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 50 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI/IAAI, Vol. 2" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-33999-8_43" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ER Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2063518.2063519" ; default1:citationVelocity 84 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 176 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "I-Semantics '11" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/P15-1016" ; default1:citationVelocity 29 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 10 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/INTECH.2016.7845085" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2016 Sixth International Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3109859.3109889" ; default1:citationVelocity 8 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "RecSys '17" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1719970.1719976" ; default1:citationVelocity 53 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 31 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IUI '10" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 40 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2956831" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Access" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.6092/polito/porto/2670692" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-319-93417-4" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.15448/1980-3729.2017.3.25666" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.14569/IJACSA.2015.060505" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WONTO" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Although the quantity of structured information on the Web and within organizations is increasing, the majority of information remains available only in unstructured form. While different in form, both unstructured and structured information sources provide information about entities in the world and their properties and relations; still, frameworks for their seamless integration have not been deeply investigated. In this paper the authors describe the KnowledgeStore, a scalable, fault-tolerant, and Semantic Web grounded open-source storage system for interlinking structured and unstructured data. They present the concept, design, function and implementation of the system, and report on its concrete usage in three application scenarios within the NewsReader EU project, where it stores and supports the querying of millions of news articles interlinked with millions of RDF triples extracted from text and imported from Linked Open Data sources. The authors report on data population and data retrieval performances of the system measured through a number of experiments, and they also discuss the practical issues and lessons learned from these experiences. The KnowledgeStore: A Storage Framework for Interlinking Unstructured and Structured Knowledge" ; default4:contributor "Francesco Corcoglioniti" ; default4:date "2015" ; default4:title "A Storage Framework for Interlinking Unstructured and Structured Knowledge" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Francesco" ; default5:fullName "Francesco Corcoglioniti" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Corcoglioniti" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Corcoglioniti" ; default5:id "1ad3226543b210fac049c4fe38166ea52cab163f" ; default5:refCount 25 ; default2:abstract "Although the quantity of structured information on the Web and within organizations is increasing, the majority of information remains available only in unstructured form. While different in form, both unstructured and structured information sources provide information about entities in the world and their properties and relations; still, frameworks for their seamless integration have not been deeply investigated. In this paper the authors describe the KnowledgeStore, a scalable, fault-tolerant, and Semantic Web grounded open-source storage system for interlinking structured and unstructured data. They present the concept, design, function and implementation of the system, and report on its concrete usage in three application scenarios within the NewsReader EU project, where it stores and supports the querying of millions of news articles interlinked with millions of RDF triples extracted from text and imported from Linked Open Data sources. The authors report on data population and data retrieval performances of the system measured through a number of experiments, and they also discuss the practical issues and lessons learned from these experiences." ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "The KnowledgeStore: A Storage Framework for Interlinking Unstructured and Structured Knowledge" ; default3:doi "10.4018/IJSWIS.2015040101" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-030-30793-6_12" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SEMWEB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/MSP.2006.1621450" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Signal Processing Magazine" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-11301-7_35" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "MMM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-1-4471-3737-5" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Springer London" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-04840-1_26" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ER" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SemSearch" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-76292-8_19" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ER Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1016/j.eswa.2009.05.060" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Expert Syst. Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ArXiv" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:abstract "Events are central in human history and thus also in Web queries, in particular if they relate to history or news. However, ambiguity issues arise as queries may refer to ambiguous events differing in time, geography, or participating entities. Thus, users would greatly benefit if search results were presented along different events. In this paper, we present EventMiner, an algorithm that mines events from top-k pseudo-relevant documents for a given query. It is a probabilistic framework that leverages semantic annotations in the form of temporal expressions, geographic locations, and named entities to analyze natural language text and determine important events. Using a large news corpus, we show that using semantic annotations, EventMiner detects important events and presents documents covering the identified events in the order of their importance." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2016" ; default2:subject , , , ; default2:title "EventMiner: Mining Events from Annotated Documents" ; default3:doi "10.1145/2970398.2970411" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICTIR '16" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/TCSVT.2007.890633" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/W17-0902" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "LSDSem@EACL" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WI.2005.38" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "The 2005 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI'05)" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1772690.1772758" ; default1:citationVelocity 192 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 212 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '10" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "The emergence of the Web has made more and more news items available, however only a small subset of these news items are relevant in a decision making process. Therefore decision makers need an information system that is capable of extracting a set of relevant news items automatically. This paper proposes a framework that provides decision makers with the ability to extract a set of news items related to specific concepts of interest. This is accomplished by creating a knowledge base and developing a system that classifies news with respect to the knowledge base." ; default4:contributor "Flavius Frasincar", "Jethro Borsje", "Leonard Levering" ; default4:date "2007" ; default4:title "Hermes: a Semantic Web-Based News Decision Support System" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jethro" ; default5:fullName "Jethro Borsje" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Borsje" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Leonard" ; default5:fullName "Leonard Levering" ; default5:initials "L." ; default5:lastName "Levering" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Flavius" ; default5:fullName "Flavius Frasincar" ; default5:initials "F." ; default5:lastName "Frasincar" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Borsje et al." ; default5:id "fd1a7aab11c88a51f69cc25750c7287d52495a63" ; default5:refCount 24 ; default2:abstract "The emergence of the Web has made more and more news items available, however only a small subset of these news items are relevant in a decision making process. Therefore decision makers need an information system that is capable of extracting a set of relevant news items automatically. This paper proposes a framework that provides decision makers with the ability to extract a set of news items related to specific concepts of interest. This is accomplished by creating a knowledge base and developing a system that classifies news with respect to the knowledge base." ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default2:title "Hermes: a semantic web-based news decision support system" ; default3:doi "10.1145/1363686.1364258" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAC '08" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 72 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 378 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2169095.2169101" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "TempWeb '12" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/D14-1167" ; default1:citationVelocity 40 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 25 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 1943 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5454 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "J. Mach. Learn. Res." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/978-1-61499-370-4-235" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web Enabled Software Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/HICSS.2001.927075" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/3097983.3098096" ; default1:citationVelocity 17 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '17" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "I. 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Appl." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1016/S1389-1286(03)00226-3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Computer Networks" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2661829.2661978" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM '14" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/TKDE.2007.22" ; default1:citationVelocity 15 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 33 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2005" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4304/jsw.9.11.2844-2850" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "JSW" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/5254.846282" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IEEE Intelligent Systems" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.18653/v1/D15-1203" ; default1:citationVelocity 92 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 101 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-662-44848-9_28" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ECML/PKDD" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2505515.2505665" ; default1:citationVelocity 159 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 145 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CIKM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-76298-0_3" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 17 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ISWC/ASWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "1992" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/1075527.1075553" ; default1:citationVelocity 32 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 123 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ANLP" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2623330.2623732" ; default1:citationVelocity 607 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 732 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '14" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A mode", "ISO 19005", "PDF/A mode", "PDFA", "Tagged pdf" ; :definition "PDF/A is an ISO-standardized version of the Portable Document Format (PDF) specialized for use in the archiving and long-term preservation of electronic documents. PDF/A differs from PDF by prohibiting features ill-suited to long-term archiving, such as font linking (as opposed to font embedding) and encryption. The ISO requirements for PDF/A file viewers include color management guidelines, support for embedded fonts, and a user interface for reading embedded annotations." ; :prefLabel "PDF/A" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BeiDou navigation system", "BeiDou satellite navigation network", "BeiDou-2", "Beidou", "Beidou satellite navigation system", "Beidou system", "Běidǒu dǎoháng xìtǒng", "Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng dìngwèi xìtǒng", "Compass (disambiguation)", "Compass navigation system", "Compass-G3", "Compass-G4", "Compass-G5", "Compass-IGSO2", "Compass-IGSO3", "Compass-IGSO4", "Compass-IGSO5", "The BeiDou Navigation System", "北斗卫星导航定位系统", "北斗导航系统", "北斗導航系統", "北斗衛星導航定位系統" ; :definition "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS, simplified Chinese: 北斗卫星导航系统; traditional Chinese: 北斗衛星導航系統; pinyin: Běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng) is a Chinese satellite navigation system. It consists of two separate satellite constellations – a limited test system that has been operating since 2000, and a full-scale global navigation system that is currently under construction." ; :prefLabel "BeiDou Navigation Satellite System" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bespoke (disambiguation)", "Bespoke suit", "Bespoke tailor", "Bespoke tailors", "Customizability" ; :definition "Bespoke is an adjective for anything commissioned to a particular specification. It may be altered or tailored to the customs, tastes, or usage of an individual purchaser." ; :prefLabel "Bespoke" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Architectural design document", "Design document", "Detailed design document", "HLDD - High Level Design Document", "IEEE 1016", "SDD", "Software design document" ; :definition "A software design description (aka software design document or SDD) is a written description of a software product, that a software designer writes in order to give a software development team overall guidance to the architecture of the software project. An SDD usually accompanies an architecture diagram with pointers to detailed feature specifications of smaller pieces of the design. Practically, the description is required to coordinate a large team under a single vision, needs to be a stable reference, and outline all parts of the software and how they will work." ; :prefLabel "Software design description" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BL", "Boolean Value" ; :definition "The type of an expression with two possible values, "true" and "false"." ; :prefLabel "Boolean" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HES" ; :definition "The Hypertext Editing System, or HES, was an early hypertext research project conducted at Brown University in 1967 by Andries van Dam, Ted Nelson, and several Brown students. It was the first hypertext system available on commercial equipment that novices could use." ; :prefLabel "Hypertext Editing System" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In predictive analytics and machine learning, the concept drift means that the statistical properties of the target variable, which the model is trying to predict, change over time in unforeseen ways. This causes problems because the predictions become less accurate as time passes. The term concept refers to the quantity to be predicted. More generally, it can also refer to other phenomena of interest besides the target concept, such as an input, but, in the context of concept drift, the term commonly refers to the target variable." ; :prefLabel "Concept drift" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arena (disambiguation)", "OA", "Open Arena" ; :definition "OpenArena is a free and open-source first-person shooter (FPS) computer game based heavily on the Quake III Arena-style deathmatch. The OpenArena project was established on August 19, 2005, the day after the id Tech 3 GPL source code was released. Current version is 0.8.8, and an assets "reboot" named "OA3" is planned, with the aim of steering the art style away from the classic space and gothic themes to "something more manga inspired", while also raising its quality and performances standards." ; :prefLabel "OpenArena" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acoustic" ; :definition "In cryptography, acoustic cryptanalysis is a type of side channel attack which exploits sounds emitted by computers or machines. Modern acoustic cryptanalysis mostly focuses on the sounds produced by computer keyboards and internal computer components, but historically it has also been applied to impact printers and electromechanical cipher machines." ; :prefLabel "Acoustic cryptanalysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Horner", "Horner algorithm", "Horner method", "Horner rule", "Horner scheme", "Horner's algorithm", "Horner's rule", "Horner’s Method", "Horner’s rule" ; :definition "In mathematics, Horner's method (also known as Horner scheme in the UK or Horner's rule in the U.S.) is either of two things: * an algorithm for calculating polynomials, which consists of transforming the monomial form into a computationally efficient form; or * a method for approximating the roots of a polynomial. The latter is also known as Ruffini–Horner's method. These methods are named after the British mathematician William George Horner, although they were known before him by Paolo Ruffini and, six hundred years earlier, by the Chinese mathematician Qin Jiushao." ; :prefLabel "Horner's method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data-centric architecture", "Database centric architecture", "Database-centric" ; :definition "Database-centric Architecture or data-centric architecture has several distinct meanings, generally relating to software architectures in which databases play a crucial role. Often this description is meant to contrast the design to an alternative approach. For example, the characterization of an architecture as "database-centric" may mean any combination of the following:" ; :prefLabel "Database-centric architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LDP" ; :definition "Linked Data Platform (LDP) is a Linked Data specification defining a set of integration patterns for building RESTful HTTP services that are capable of read-write of RDF data. It was developed by a W3C Working Group operating from June 2012 to July 2015. On 26 February 2015, the W3C Linked Data Platform 1.0 was approved as a W3C Recommendation" ; :prefLabel "Linked Data Platform" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comparison of OCR software", "Comparison of optical character recognition softwares", "List of OCR software", "List of free open source optical character recognition software", "List of optical character recognition software", "List of optical character recognition softwares", "OCR SDK", "OCR Software" ; :definition "This comparison of optical character recognition software includes: * OCR engines, that do the actual character identification * Layout analysis software, that divide scanned documents into zones suitable for OCR * Graphical interfaces to one or more OCR engines * Software development kits that are used to add OCR capabilities to other software (e.g. forms processing applications, document imaging management systems, e-discovery systems, records management solutions)" ; :prefLabel "Comparison of optical character recognition software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Semantic knowledge management is a set of practices that seeks to classify content so that the knowledge it contains may be immediately accessed and transformed for delivery to the desired audience, in the required format. This classification of content is semantic in its nature – identifying content by its type or meaning within the content itself and via external, descriptive metadata – and is achieved by employing XML technologies. The specific outcomes of these practices are:" ; :prefLabel "Semantic knowledge management" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2-Hydroxyethyl Starch Ether", "HAES", "HES", "HYDROXYETHYL STARCH", "Hetastarch [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Hydroxyethyl starch (HES)", "hydroxyethylstarch" ; :definition "A synthetic, nonionic hydroxyethyl derivative of starch used as a plasma expander when prepared in an isotonic solution. Upon intravenous administration, hydroxyethyl starch colloid increases blood volume and thus improves circulation. This agent is almost exclusively excreted by the kidneys and is potentially nephrotoxic." ; :prefLabel "Hetastarch" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Scenari is an open source software suite that introduce a new methodology to edit and publish multimedia documents. The author of a document on Scenari applications only have to fill and organize the content in the editor without thinking about its presentation for a particular output media. The document structure components, published layouts and styles are defined in a specific "document model" connected to the particular usage context." ; :prefLabel "Scenari" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NASA", "National Aeronautics and Space Administration" ; :definition "An independent Federal agency established in 1958. It conducts research for the solution of problems of flight within and outside the Earth's atmosphere and develops, constructs, tests, and operates aeronautical and space vehicles. (From U.S. Government Manual, 1993)" ; :prefLabel "United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Canned" ; :definition "Canned responses are predetermined responses to common questions. In fields such as technical support, canned responses to frequently asked questions may be quick and convenient for both the customer and the technical adviser. In text-based technical support systems, the operator may insert a canned response triggered by keystrokes or from a drop-down menu, rather than typing the same answer repeatedly or pasting from some other resource. For example, if a support representative at an ISP's technical support team is asked to explain how to add an attachment to an email, rather than typing in all the details, the support representative may choose the response from a drop down menu, and it gets inserted into the response. The representative is more productive this way, and the user receives" ; :prefLabel "Canned response" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fatigue [Disease/Finding]", "Lack of Energy", "Tiredness", "WEARINESS", "decreased energy", "energy loss", "extreme fatigue", "fatigue extreme", "fatigued", "fatigues", "fatiguing", "lacking energy", "loss of energy", "tatt", "time tired", "tired all the time", "tired time" ; :definition "The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli." ; :prefLabel "Fatigue" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Heuristic dendral" ; :definition "Dendral was an influential pioneer project in artificial intelligence (AI) of the 1960s, and the computer software expert system that it produced. Its primary aim was to study hypothesis formation and discovery in science. For that, a specific task in science was chosen: help organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecules, by analyzing their mass spectra and using knowledge of chemistry. It was done at Stanford University by Edward Feigenbaum, Bruce G. Buchanan, Joshua Lederberg, and Carl Djerassi, along with a team of highly creative research associates and students. It began in 1965 and spans approximately half the history of AI research." ; :prefLabel "Dendral" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Expr (Unix)" ; :definition "expr is a command line Unix utility which evaluates an expression and outputs the corresponding value. It first appeared in Unix v7. Syntax: expr (expression) expr evaluates integer or string expressions, including pattern matching regular expressions. Most of the challenge posed in writing expressions is preventing the invoking command line shell from acting on characters intended for expr to process. The operators available The following is an example involving boolean expressions: expr length "abcdef" "<" 5 "|" 15 - 4 ">" 8 echo "3*4+14/2" | bc" ; :prefLabel "Expr" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conflict detection", "Directory synchronization", "File sync", "File synchronisation", "Sync" ; :definition "File synchronization (or syncing) in computing is the process of ensuring that computer files in two or more locations are updated via certain rules. In one-way file synchronization, also called mirroring, updated files are copied from a 'source' location to one or more 'target' locations, but no files are copied back to the source location. In two-way file synchronization, updated files are copied in both directions, usually with the purpose of keeping the two locations identical to each other. In this article, the term synchronization refers exclusively to two-way file synchronization." ; :prefLabel "File synchronization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Video E-Mail", "Video mail" ; :definition "Video email is the term for the use of email to send videos such that the recipient feels the video is being watched inside the email. This is differentiated from a video file as an email attachment or a hyperlink to video elsewhere on the internet. In contrast to text emails, videos of people talking allows for nonverbal communication which is considered 55% of all communication." ; :prefLabel "Video email" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Epidemiologic", "Epidemiological", "epidemiology (field)" ; :definition "Field of medicine concerned with the determination of causes, incidence, and characteristic behavior of disease outbreaks affecting human populations. It includes the interrelationships of host, agent, and environment as related to the distribution and control of disease." ; :prefLabel "Epidemiology" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "%22Jenny%22 XJ-9 Wakeman", "Brad", "Brad Carbunkle", "Brad and Tuck", "Brad and Tuck Carbunkle", "Brit and Tiff Krust", "Don Prima", "Dr. Nora Wakeman", "Dr. Wakeman", "Jennifer Wakeman", "Jenny Wakeman", "List of characters from My Life as a Teenage Robot", "Minor Teenage Robot characters", "Misty (MLaaTR)", "Misty (My Life as a Teenage Robot)", "Mlaatr", "Mrs. Wakeman", "My Neighbor Has A Teenage Robot", "My Neighbor was a Teenage Robot", "Nora Wakeman", "Puppet Bride", "Queen Vexus", "Sheldon Lee", "Sheldon Lee (Teenage Robot)", "Sheldon Lee (cartoon character)", "Silver Shell", "The Silver Shell", "The XJ Line", "Tremerton", "Tremorton City", "Tuck Carbunkle", "XJ-9", "XJ-9 %22Jenny%22", "XJ-9 %22Jenny%22 Wakeman", "XJ9" ; :definition "My Life as a Teenage Robot is an American animated science fantasy television series created by Rob Renzetti for Nickelodeon. The series follows the adventures of XJ-9, better known as Jenny Wakeman, a robot girl who attempts to juggle her duties of protecting Earth while trying to live a normal teenage life. My Life as a Teenage Robot received critical acclaim, being nominated for numerous awards, most prominently one Primetime Emmy Award and eleven Annie Awards." ; :prefLabel "My Life as a Teenage Robot" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bi-linear filtering", "Bilinear", "Bilinear sampling", "Bilinear texture mapping" ; :definition "Bilinear filtering is a texture filtering method used to smooth textures when displayed larger or smaller than they actually are. Most of the time, when drawing a textured shape on the screen, the texture is not displayed exactly as it is stored, without any distortion. Because of this, most pixels will end up needing to use a point on the texture that is "between" texels, assuming the texels are points (as opposed to, say, squares) in the middle (or on the upper left corner, or anywhere else; it does not matter, as long as it is consistent) of their respective "cells". Bilinear filtering uses these points to perform bilinear interpolation between the four texels nearest to the point that the pixel represents (in the middle or upper left of the pixel, usually)." ; :prefLabel "Bilinear filtering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Keyword argument", "Keyword arguments", "Named arguments", "Named parameters" ; :definition "In computer programming, named parameters, pass-by-name, or keyword arguments refer to a computer language's support for function calls that clearly state the name of each parameter within the function call." ; :prefLabel "Named parameter" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biclique cover", "Biclique covering", "Biclique edge cover", "Bipartite clique cover", "Dimension (disambiguation)", "Set basis" ; :definition "In the mathematical fields of graph theory and combinatorial optimization, the bipartite dimension or biclique cover number of a graph G = (V, E) is the minimum number of bicliques (that is complete bipartite subgraphs), needed to cover all edges in E. A collection of bicliques covering all edges in G is called a biclique edge cover, or sometimes biclique cover. The bipartite dimension of G is often denoted by the symbol d(G)." ; :prefLabel "Bipartite dimension" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "M-health", "MHealth Ecosystem", "Mobile health" ; :definition "mHealth (also written as m-health) is an abbreviation for mobile health, a term used for the practice of medicine and public health supported by mobile devices.The term is most commonly used in reference to using mobile communication devices, such as mobile phones, tablet computers and PDAs, for health services and information, but also to affect emotional states. The mHealth field has emerged as a sub-segment of eHealth, the use of information and communication technology (ICT), such as computers, mobile phones, communications satellite, patient monitors, etc., for health services and information. mHealth applications include the use of mobile devices in collecting community and clinical health data, delivery of healthcare information to practitioners, researchers, and patients, real-time" ; :prefLabel "MHealth" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bias (disambiguation)", "Biased exponent" ; :definition "The floating point format of the IBM 704 introduced the use of a biased exponent in 1954. In IEEE 754 floating point numbers, the exponent is biased in the engineering sense of the word – the value stored is offset from the actual value by the exponent bias. Biasing is done because exponents have to be signed values in order to be able to represent both tiny and huge values, but two's complement, the usual representation for signed values, would make comparison harder. When interpreting the floating-point number, the bias is subtracted to retrieve the actual exponent." ; :prefLabel "Exponent bias" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Automatic speech recognition" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automated parking", "Basement garage", "Basement parking", "Cellar parking", "Deck parking", "Garage Parking", "Indoor parking", "MLCP", "MSCP", "Mechanical parking", "Multi level", "Multi level parking", "Multi story car garage", "Multi-level car park", "Multi-level carpark", "Multi-level parking garage", "Multi-level parking lot", "Multi-storey car parking", "Multi-storey garage", "Multi-storey parking garage", "Multi-storey parking garages", "Multi-story car park", "Parkade", "Parking (disambiguation)", "Parking Garage", "Parking deck", "Parking garages", "Parking ramp", "Parking structure", "Parking structures", "Public parking garage", "Structured parking", "U-ParkIt", "Underground parking", "Underground parking garage" ; :definition "A multi-story car park (also called a parking garage, parking structure, parking ramp, parkade, parking building, parking deck or indoor parking) is a building designed for car parking and where there are a number of floors or levels on which parking takes place. It is essentially a stacked car park." ; :prefLabel "Multi-storey car park" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "LogicalDOC is a free document management system that is designed to handle and share documents within an organization. LogicalDOC is a content repository, with Lucene indexing, Activiti workflow, and a set of automatic import procedures.The system was developed using Java technology." ; :prefLabel "LogicalDOC" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HSAM (computing)", "Hierarchical sequential access method", "IBM IMS", "IMS", "IMS DC", "IMS system", "IMS/DB", "IMS/DC", "IMS/TM", "Information management system" ; :definition "IBM Information Management System (IMS) is a joint hierarchical database and information management system with extensive transaction processing capabilities." ; :prefLabel "Information Management System (IMS)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Armin Bernd Cremers (born June 7, 1946 in Eisenach, Germany) is a German mathematician and computer scientist. He is a Prof. em. in the computer science institute at the University of Bonn, Germany. He is most notable for his contributions to several fields of discrete mathematics including formal languages and automata theory. In more recent years he has been recognized for his work in artificial intelligence, machine learning and robotics as well as in geoinformatics and deductive databases." ; :prefLabel "Armin B. Cremers" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Security awareness is the knowledge and attitude members of an organization possess regarding the protection of the physical, and especially informational, assets of that organization. Many organizations require formal security awareness training for all workers when they join the organization and periodically thereafter, usually annually. Topics covered in security awareness training include: According to the European Network and Information Security Agency, 'Awareness of the risks and available safeguards is the first line of defence for the security of information systems and networks.'" ; :prefLabel "Security awareness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NIL lisp", "Nil (programming language)", "Nil Programming Language" ; :definition "NIL was a 32-bit implementation of Lisp developed at MIT and intended to be the successor to Maclisp. NIL stood for "New Implementation of LISP", and was in part a response to DECs VAX computer. The project was headed by Jon L White, with a stated goal of maintaining compatibility with MacLisp whilst fixing many of the problems with the language." ; :prefLabel "Nil" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cell", "Cells", "LE", "LE Cell", "LE Cells", "Lupus erythematosus cells", "cell le", "cells erythematosus lupus", "cells le" ; :definition "The lupus erythematosus cell, which is likely a neutrophil with denatured nuclei. It may be found in blood, bone marrow, synovial fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, pericardial and pleural effusions of individuals with lupus erythematosus." ; :prefLabel "Lupus erythematosus cell" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Battle of reach", "HR", "Halo reach", "Halo: Reach Legendary Edition", "Halo: Reach Limited Edition", "Halo: Reach Multiplayer Beta", "Halo: Reach Original Soundtrack", "Halo:Reach", "HaloReach", "Noble 6", "Noble Six", "Reach", "Reach (Halo)", "Reach (Planet)", "Reach (video game)" ; :definition "Halo: Reach is a first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360 home video game console. The sixth installment in the Halo series, Reach was released worldwide in September 2010. The game takes place in the year 2552, where humanity is locked in a war with the alien Covenant. Players control Noble Six, a member of an elite supersoldier squad, when the human world known as Reach falls under Covenant attack." ; :prefLabel "Halo: Reach" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Heading", "Headings", "Subject", "Subject Heading" ; :definition "Terms or expressions which provide the major means of access by subject to the bibliographic unit." ; :prefLabel "Subject Headings" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The TOMLAB Optimization Environment is a modeling platform for solving applied optimization problems in MATLAB." ; :prefLabel "TOMLAB" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Power", "Powers (Psychology)", "power [a psychology concept]", "powered", "powers" ; :definition "The exertion of a strong influence or control over others in a variety of settings--administrative, social, academic, etc." ; :prefLabel "Power (Psychology)" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attitudes", "Outlook" ; :definition "An enduring, learned predisposition to behave in a consistent way toward a given class of objects, or a persistent mental and/or neural state of readiness to react to a certain class of objects, not as they are but as they are conceived to be." ; :prefLabel "Attitude" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Order by (SQL)" ; :definition "An ORDER BY clause in SQL specifies that a SQL SELECT statement returns a result set with the rows being sorted by the values of one or more columns. The sort criteria do not have to be included in the result set. The sort criteria can be expressions, including column names, user-defined functions, arithmetic operations, or CASE expressions. The expressions are evaluated and the results are used for the sorting, i.e., the values stored in the column or the results of the function call." ; :prefLabel "Order by" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Common data", "Global environment", "Global state (computing)", "Global variables", "Superglobals" ; :definition "In computer programming, a global variable is a variable with global scope, meaning that it is visible (hence accessible) throughout the program, unless shadowed. The set of all global variables is known as the global environment or global state. In compiled languages, global variables are generally static variables, whose extent (lifetime) is the entire runtime of the program, though in interpreted languages (including command-line interpreters), global variables are generally dynamically allocated when declared, since they are not known ahead of time." ; :prefLabel "Global variable" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Elitist (disambiguation)", "Elitist selection", "Selection" ; :definition "Selection is the stage of a genetic algorithm in which individual genomes are chosen from a population for later breeding (using the crossover operator). A generic selection procedure may be implemented as follows: For a large number of individuals the above algorithm might be computationally quite demanding. A simpler and faster alternative uses the so-called stochastic acceptance. Retaining the best individuals in a generation unchanged in the next generation, is called elitism or elitist selection. It is a successful (slight) variant of the general process of constructing a new population." ; :prefLabel "Selection (genetic algorithm)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Closed cycle", "Closed system (thermodynamics)", "Closed systems", "Closed-cycle", "Isolated physical system" ; :definition "A closed system is a physical system that does not allow certain types of transfers (such as transfer of mass) in or out of the system. The specification of what types of transfers are excluded varies in the closed systems of physics, chemistry or engineering." ; :prefLabel "Closed system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "UI", "UID" ; :definition "A set of characters used as a code that is unique in the context or the system for which it is created. It serves as a means of identification and reference (often instead of a name) for an entity, person, thing, function, procedure, activity, variable, or body of data." ; :prefLabel "Unique Identifier" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AS", "AS number", "ASN", "ASN32", "Autonomous System Numbers", "Autonomous system", "Autonomous system number" ; :definition "Within the Internet, an autonomous system (AS) is a collection of connected Internet Protocol (IP) routing prefixes under the control of one or more network operators on behalf of a single administrative entity or domain that presents a common, clearly defined routing policy to the Internet. A unique ASN is allocated to each AS for use in BGP routing. AS numbers are important because the ASN uniquely identifies each network on the Internet." ; :prefLabel "Autonomous system (Internet)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Diatheses", "Diathesis", "Disease", "Disease Susceptibilities", "Disease Susceptibility [Disease/Finding]", "Susceptibilities", "Susceptibility", "disease vulnerability", "disease/disorder proneness/risk", "liability to disease", "predisposition", "susceptibilities", "vulnerability to disease" ; :definition "A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases." ; :prefLabel "Disease susceptibility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Archive" ; :definition "A storage location for historical digital data." ; :prefLabel "Digital Archive" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apache Jakarta POI", "HSSF", "Jakarta Poi", "Poi", "Poor Obfuscation Implementation" ; :definition "Apache POI, a project run by the Apache Software Foundation, and previously a sub-project of the Jakarta Project, provides pure Java libraries for reading and writing files in Microsoft Office formats, such as Word, PowerPoint and Excel." ; :prefLabel "Apache POI" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASP disorder", "Antisocial", "Antisocial Personalities", "Antisocial Personality", "Antisocial Personality Disorder [Disease/Finding]", "Antisocial personality disorders", "Asocial personality", "Disorder", "Disorders", "Dyssocial personality", "Personalities", "Personality", "Personality Disorder", "Personality Disorders", "Psychopathic", "Psychopathic Personalities", "Psychopathic Personality", "Psychopathic personality disorder", "Psychopathy", "Sociopathic", "Sociopathic Personalities", "Sociopathic Personality", "Sociopathy", "dissocial personality disorder", "psychopath", "psychopathic constitution", "psychopaths", "sociopath", "sociopathic personality disorder", "sociopaths" ; :definition "A personality disorder whose essential feature is a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. The individual must be at least age 18 and must have a history of some symptoms of CONDUCT DISORDER before age 15. (From DSM-IV, 1994)" ; :prefLabel "Antisocial Personality Disorder" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AIM", "Apple-IBM alliance" ; :definition "The AIM alliance was an alliance formed on October 2, 1991, between Apple Inc. (then Apple Computer), IBM, and Motorola to create a new computing standard based on the PowerPC architecture. The stated goal of the alliance was to challenge the dominant Wintel computing platform with a new computer design and a next-generation operating system. It was thought that the CISC processors from Intel were an evolutionary dead-end in microprocessor design, and that since RISC was the future, the next few years were a period of great opportunity." ; :prefLabel "AIM alliance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Annals in the History of Computing", "Annals of the History of Computing", "IEEE Ann. Hist. Comput.", "IEEE Annals" ; :definition "The IEEE Annals of the History of Computing is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the IEEE Computer Society. It covers the history of computing, computer science, and computer hardware. It was founded in 1979 by the AFIPS, in particular by Saul Rosen, who was an editor until his death in 1991." ; :prefLabel "IEEE Annals of the History of Computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In complexity theory, the complexity class NP-easy is the set of function problems that are solvable in polynomial time by a deterministic Turing machine with an oracle for some decision problem in NP. In other words, a problem X is NP-easy if and only if there exists some problem Y in NP such that X is polynomial-time Turing reducible to Y. This means that given an oracle for Y, there exists an algorithm that solves X in polynomial time (possibly by repeatedly using that oracle). There are also more difficult problems that are NP-easy. See NP-equivalent for an example." ; :prefLabel "NP-easy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aitken's Double Star catalogue", "Catalog", "Catalogue astrographique", "GCTP", "General Catalogue of Trigonometric Parallaxes", "General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes", "General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes and Supplement", "Gliese-Jahreiss Catalogue", "Henry L. Giclas catalogue", "LFT", "LHS", "LTT", "Luyten Five-Tenths catalogue", "Luyten Four-Tenths catalogue", "Luyten Half-Second catalogue", "Luyten Proper Motion catalogue", "Luyten Proper-Motion catalogue", "Luyten Two-Tenths catalogue", "Luyten-Palomar proper motion catalogue", "NLTT", "New Luyten Two-Tenths Catalogue", "Ross catalogue", "Star catalog", "Star catalogues", "The General Catalogue of Trigonometric Stellar Parallaxes", "Uvby98", "Woolley Nearby Star Catalogue" ; :definition "A star catalogue (Commonwealth English) or star catalog (American English), is an astronomical catalogue that lists stars. In astronomy, many stars are referred to simply by catalogue numbers. There are a great many different star catalogues which have been produced for different purposes over the years, and this article covers only some of the more frequently quoted ones. Star catalogues were compiled by many different ancient peoples, including the Babylonians, Greeks, Chinese, Persians, and Arabs. Most modern catalogues are available in electronic format and can be freely downloaded from space agencies data center." ; :prefLabel "Star catalogue" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enclosure (disambiguation)", "RSS enclosures" ; :definition "RSS enclosures are a way of attaching multimedia content to RSS feeds by providing the URL of a file associated with an entry, such as an MP3 file to a music recommendation or a photo to a diary entry. Unlike e-mail attachments, enclosures are merely hyperlinks to files, the actual file data is not embedded into the feed (unless a data URL is used). Support and implementation among aggregators varies: if the software understands the specified file format, it may automatically download and display the content, otherwise provide a link to it or silently ignore it." ; :prefLabel "RSS enclosure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AIN", "Anal Canal and Anal Margin Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia", "Anal Canal and Perianal Squamous Intraepithelial Neoplasia", "Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia", "Dysplasia of anus", "Dysplasia of anus NOS", "Intraepithelial Neoplasia of Anus", "Intraepithelial Neoplasia of the Anus" ; :definition "A precancerous neoplastic intraepithelial process involving either the squamous and transitional zones of the anal canal or the perianal skin (anal margin)." ; :prefLabel "anal dysplasia" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EROS", "Eros (disambiguation)", "Eros (operating system)", "Eros operating system", "Extremely Reliable Operating System" ; :definition "EROS (The Extremely Reliable Operating System) is an operating system developed beginning in 1991 by The EROS Group, LLC., the Johns Hopkins University, and the University of Pennsylvania. Features include automatic data and process persistence, some preliminary real-time support, and capability-based security. EROS is purely a research operating system, and was never deployed in real world use. As of 2005, development has stopped in favor of two successor systems, CapROS and Coyotos." ; :prefLabel "EROS (microkernel)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clipping and Lighting", "Hardware Transform & Lighting", "Hardware Transform & Lightning", "Hardware Transform and Lightning", "Hardware t&l", "Hardware transform and lighting", "Hardware transform&lightning", "Hw t&l", "T & l", "T&l", "TCL", "TL", "Transform", "Transform & Lighting", "Transform & lightning", "Transform And Lighting", "Transform and Lightning", "Transform&lightning", "Video HW Transform & Lighting" ; :definition "Transform, clipping, and lighting (T&L or sometimes TCL) is a term used in computer graphics." ; :prefLabel "Transform, clipping, and lighting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Atomic energy level", "Electronic state", "Energy State", "Energy level (quantum mechanics)", "Energy levels", "Level", "Molecular energy state", "Quantized electronic structure", "Quantized energy levels of atoms", "Quantum Energy", "Quantum energy level", "Quantum levels" ; :definition "A quantum mechanical system or particle that is bound—that is, confined spatially—can only take on certain discrete values of energy. This contrasts with classical particles, which can have any energy. These discrete values are called energy levels. The term is commonly used for the energy levels of electrons in atoms, ions, or molecules, which are bound by the electric field of the nucleus, but can also refer to energy levels of nuclei or vibrational or rotational energy levels in molecules. The energy spectrum of a system with such discrete energy levels is said to be quantized." ; :prefLabel "Energy level" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Demarc", "Demarc extension", "Demarcation", "Demarcation point extension", "Demark", "Dmark", "MPOE", "Minimum point of entry" ; :definition "In telephony, the demarcation point is the point at which the public switched telephone network ends and connects with the customer's on-premises wiring. It is the dividing line which determines who is responsible for installation and maintenance of wiring and equipment—customer/subscriber, or telephone company/provider. The demarcation point varies between countries and has changed over time." ; :prefLabel "Demarcation point" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "An interest graph is an online representation of the specific things in which an individual is interested.Interest graphs have perceived utility and value because of the premise that people’s interests are a major aspect of who they are, forming part of their personal identity, and can be used as indicators of such things as what they might want to do or buy, where they might want to go, or who they might want to meet, follow or vote for." ; :prefLabel "Interest graph" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Fuzzy clustering (also referred to as soft clustering) is a form of clustering in which each data point can belong to more than one cluster or partition. Clustering or cluster analysis involves assigning data points to clusters (also called buckets, bins, or classes), or homogeneous classes, such that items in the same class or cluster are as similar as possible, while items belonging to different classes are as dissimilar as possible. Clusters are identified via similarity measures. These similarity measures include distance, connectivity, and intensity. Different similarity measures may be chosen based on the data or the application." ; :prefLabel "Fuzzy clustering" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3,5-dichloro-2,4-dimethoxy-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine", "3,5-dichloro-2,4-dimethoxy-6-(trichloromethyl)-", "3,5-dichloro-2,4-dimethoxy-6-trichloromethylpyridine", "PEN", "Pyridine" ; :definition "A synthetic derivative of pyrimidine with antineoplastic activity. Penclomedine alkylates and crosslinks DNA, resulting in DNA strand breaks and inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis. This agent is more active against tumor cells that are defective in p53 function. (NCI04)" ; :prefLabel "penclomedine" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Recurrent Childhood Optic Tract Glioma", "Recurrent Glioma of Childhood Visual Pathway", "Recurrent Glioma of Pediatric Visual Pathway", "Recurrent Glioma of the Childhood Visual Pathway", "Recurrent Glioma of the Pediatric Visual Pathway", "Recurrent Pediatric Optic Tract Glioma", "Recurrent Pediatric Visual Pathway Glioma", "Relapsed Childhood Visual Pathway Glioma", "Relapsed Glioma of Childhood Visual Pathway", "Relapsed Glioma of Pediatric Visual Pathway", "Relapsed Glioma of the Childhood Visual Pathway", "Relapsed Glioma of the Pediatric Visual Pathway", "Relapsed Pediatric Visual Pathway Glioma", "childhood", "childhood CNS tumor", "childhood brain tumor", "childhood optic tract", "childhood recurrent optic tract glioma", "childhood recurrent visual pathway glioma", "childhood visual pathway", "glioma", "optic tract glioma", "pediatric", "pediatric CNS tumor", "pediatric brain tumor", "pediatric optic tract", "pediatric recurrent optic tract glioma", "pediatric recurrent visual pathway glioma", "pediatric visual pathway", "recurrent", "recurrent childhood CNS tumor", "recurrent childhood brain tumor", "recurrent glioma", "recurrent optic nerve glioma", "recurrent optic tract glioma", "recurrent pediatric CNS tumor", "recurrent pediatric brain tumor", "recurrent visual pathway glioma", "visual pathway glioma" ; :definition "The reemergence of visual pathway glioma in childhood after a period of remission." ; :prefLabel "recurrent childhood visual pathway glioma" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A virtual enterprise (VE) is a temporary alliance of businesses that come together to share skills or core competencies and resources in order to better respond to business opportunities, and whose cooperation is supported by computer networks. It is a manifestation of distributed collaborative networks. A virtual enterprise is a particular case of virtual organization." ; :prefLabel "Virtual enterprise" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "IEEE Internet Computing is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IEEE Computer Society. It covers all aspects of emerging and maturing Internet technologies. The editor-in-chief is M. Brian Blake (University of Miami). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 2.000." ; :prefLabel "IEEE Internet Computing" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data Min Knowl Discov", "Data Min. Knowl. Discov." ; :definition "Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery is a triannual peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on data mining. It is published by Springer Science+Business Media. As of 2012, the editor-in-chief is Geoffrey I. Webb. It was started in 1996 and launched in 1997 by Usama Fayyad as founding Editor-in-Chief by Kluwer Academic Publishers (later becoming Springer). The first Editorial provides a summary of why it was started." ; :prefLabel "Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MOTS-c", "Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c" ; :definition "Mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c (16 aa, ~2 kDa) is encoded by the human MT-RNR1 gene. This protein may be involved in cellular homeostasis." ; :prefLabel "Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets" ; :definition "The Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets (VoID) is an RDF vocabulary, and a set of instructions, that enables the discovery and usage of linked data sets. A linked dataset is a collection of data, published and maintained by a single provider, available as RDF on the Web, where at least some of the resources in the dataset are identified by dereferencable URIs." ; :prefLabel "VoID" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MCC", "Mobile cloud" ; :definition "Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) is the combination of cloud computing, mobile computing and wireless networks to bring rich computational resources to mobile users, network operators, as well as cloud computing providers. The ultimate goal of MCC is to enable execution of rich mobile applications on a plethora of mobile devices, with a rich user experience. MCC provides business opportunities for mobile network operators as well as cloud providers. More comprehensively, MCC can be defined as "a rich mobile computing technology that leverages unified elastic resources of varied clouds and network technologies toward unrestricted functionality, storage, and mobility to serve a multitude of mobile devices anywhere, anytime through the channel of Ethernet or Internet regardless of heterogeneous en" ; :prefLabel "Mobile cloud computing" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ESDR", "ETSI SDR", "ETSI Satellite Digital Radio (SDR)", "SDR", "Satellite Digital Radio" ; :definition "ETSI Satellite Digital Radio (SDR or ETSI SDR) describes a standard of satellite digital radio. It is an activity of the European standardisation organisation ETSI. It addresses systems where a satellite broadcast directly to mobile and handheld receivers in L band or S band and is complemented by terrestrial transmitters. The broadcast content consists of multicast audio (digital radio), video (mobile TV) and data (program guide, text and graphical information, as well as off-line content). The satellite component allows geographical coverage at low cost, whereas the terrestrial component improves reception quality in built up areas. The specifications considers conditional access and Digital Rights Management." ; :prefLabel "ETSI Satellite Digital Radio" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CAP", "Cambridge CAP computer" ; :definition "The Cambridge CAP computer was the first successful experimental computer that demonstrated the use of security capabilities, both in hardware and software. It was developed at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory in the 1970s. Unlike most research machines of the time, it was also a useful service machine. The sign currently on the front of the machine reads:" ; :prefLabel "CAP computer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Panacea" ; :prefLabel "genus panacea" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DesktopStandard", "GPMC", "GPO", "Gpedit", "Gpedit.msc", "Group Policy Object", "Group policies", "Group policy objects" ; :definition "Group Policy is a feature of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems that controls the working environment of user accounts and computer accounts. Group Policy provides the centralized management and configuration of operating systems, applications, and users' settings in an Active Directory environment. A version of Group Policy called Local Group Policy ("LGPO" or "LocalGPO") also allows Group Policy Object management on standalone and non-domain computers." ; :prefLabel "Group Policy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MOST", "MOST Bridge", "Media Oriented Systems Transport", "Most Network" ; :definition "MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport) is a high-speed multimedia network technology optimized by the automotive industry. It can be used for applications inside or outside the car. The serial MOST bus uses a ring topology and synchronous data communication to transport audio, video, voice and data signals via plastic optical fiber (POF) (MOST25, MOST150) or electrical conductor (MOST50, MOST150) physical layers." ; :prefLabel "MOST Bus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Artificial Antigen Receptor", "CAR", "Non-Native Antigen Receptor" ; :definition "A cell-surface receptor that has been engineered to combine novel features and specificities from various sources in order to enhance its antigen specificity. Engineered T-cells or B-cells will produce the specialized receptor that will be capable of binding to an epitope on its target cell." ; :prefLabel "Chimeric antigen receptor" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hugo" ; :definition "The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is a committee of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) that sets the standards for human gene nomenclature. The HGNC approves a unique and meaningful name for every known human gene, based on a query of experts. In addition to the name, which is usually 1 to 10 words long, the HGNC also assigns a symbol (a short group of characters) to every gene. As with an SI symbol, a gene symbol is like an abbreviation but is more than that, being a second unique name that can stand on its own just as much as substitute for the longer name. It may not necessarily "stand for" the initials of the name, although many gene symbols do reflect that origin." ; :prefLabel "HGNC" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ANTS", "ANTS (conference)", "Ant (disambiguation)", "Selfridge prize" ; :definition "Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium (ANTS) is a biennial academic conference, first held in Cornell in 1994, constituting an international forum for the presentation of new research in computational number theory. They are devoted to algorithmic aspects of number theory, including elementary number theory, algebraic number theory, analytic number theory, geometry of numbers, algebraic geometry, finite fields, and cryptography." ; :prefLabel "Algorithmic Number Theory Symposium" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Psycholinguistic" ; :definition "A discipline concerned with relations between messages and the characteristics of individuals who select and interpret them; it deals directly with the processes of encoding (phonetics) and decoding (psychoacoustics) as they relate states of messages to states of communicators." ; :prefLabel "Psycholinguistics" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Discipline", "Disciplines", "Natural", "Natural Science", "Natural Science Discipline", "Natural Sciences", "Science", "Sciences" ; :definition "The sciences dealing with processes observable in nature." ; :prefLabel "Natural Science Disciplines" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brain tumor", "CNS tumor", "Childhood", "Childhood Optic Nerve Glioma", "Childhood Optic Tract Glioma", "Childhood Visual Pathway Glioma", "Glioma", "Glioma of Childhood Visual Pathway", "Glioma of Pediatric Visual Pathway", "Glioma of the Childhood Visual Pathway", "Glioma of the Pediatric Visual Pathway", "Optic Nerve", "Pediatric Optic Tract Glioma", "Pediatric Visual Pathway Glioma", "brain tumor", "central nervous system tumor", "child: Visual pathway glioma", "childhood", "childhood CNS tumor", "childhood brain tumor", "childhood optic nerve", "childhood optic nerve glioma", "childhood optic tract", "childhood optic tract glioma", "childhood optic tract gloma", "childhood visual pathway", "childhood visual pathway and hypothalamic glioma", "glioma", "glioma pediatric visual pathway", "optic nerve glioma", "optic tract glioma", "pediatric", "pediatric CNS tumor", "pediatric brain tumor", "pediatric optic nerve", "pediatric optic nerve glioma", "pediatric optic tract", "pediatric optic tract glioma", "pediatric visual pathway", "visual pathway glioma" ; :definition "A glioma affecting the optic tract and occurring in childhood." ; :prefLabel "Optic Nerve Glioma, Childhood" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Strigidae", "owl" ; :prefLabel "Family Strigidae" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Building", "Building Code", "Code", "Codes" ; :definition "Standards or regulations for construction which are designed to ensure safety against electrical hazards, fires, etc." ; :prefLabel "Building Codes" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Actionable insight", "Actionable knowledge", "Actionable knowledge discovery", "Combined mining", "Knowledge actionability" ; :definition "Domain driven data mining is a data mining methodology for discovering actionable knowledge and deliver actionable insights from complex data and behaviors in a complex environment. It studies the corresponding foundations, frameworks, algorithms, models, architectures, and evaluation systems for actionable knowledge discovery." ; :prefLabel "Domain driven data mining" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Morphological image processing", "Morphological operations", "Morphology" ; :definition "Mathematical morphology (MM) is a theory and technique for the analysis and processing of geometrical structures, based on set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. MM is most commonly applied to digital images, but it can be employed as well on graphs, surface meshes, solids, and many other spatial structures. The basic morphological operators are erosion, dilation, opening and closing." ; :prefLabel "Mathematical morphology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nested table" ; :definition "In relational databases, a nested table is a table that is embedded within another table. Individual elements can be inserted, updated, and deleted in a nested table. Since individual elements can be modified in a nested table, they are more flexible than an array because elements in an array can only be modified as a whole, not individually. A nested table doesn't have a maximum size, and an arbitrary number of elements can be stored in it. A nested table is not in first normal form." ; :prefLabel "Nested SQL" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer", "Computer System", "System", "Systems", "computers system" ; :definition "Systems composed of a computer or computers, peripheral equipment, such as disks, printers, and terminals, and telecommunications capabilities." ; :prefLabel "Computer Systems" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Move", "Moved", "Relocated", "Relocation" ; :definition "The act of changing your residence or place of business." ; :prefLabel "Relocation of home or business" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Desensitization" ; :definition "In telecommunications, desensitization is a form of electromagnetic interference where a radio receiver is unable to receive a weak radio signal that it might otherwise be able to receive when there is no interference. This is caused by a nearby transmitter with a strong signal on a close frequency, which overloads the receiver and makes it unable to fully receive the desired signal." ; :prefLabel "Desensitization (telecommunications)" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In signal processing of multidimensional signals, for example in computer vision, the intrinsic dimension of the signal describes how many variables are needed to represent the signal. For a signal of N variables, its intrinsic dimension M satisfies 0 ≤ M ≤ N. Usually the intrinsic dimension of a signal relates to variables defined in a Cartesian coordinate system. In general, however, it is also possible to describe the concept for non-Cartesian coordinates, for example, using polar coordinates." ; :prefLabel "Intrinsic dimension" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biomedical", "Western medicine", "allopathic medicine", "biomedical profession", "biomedical science (field)", "conventional medicine", "mainstream medicine", "orthodox medicine" ; :definition "A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery." ; :prefLabel "Biomedicine" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information seeking behaviour" ; :definition "Information seeking behavior refers to the way people search for and utilize information. The term was coined by Wilson in his 1981 paper, on the grounds that the then current 'information needs' was unhelpful as a basis for a research agenda, since 'need' could not be directly observed, while how people behaved in seeking information could be observed and investigated. However, there is increasing work in the information searching field that is relating behaviors to underlying needs." ; :prefLabel "Information seeking behavior" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Filled" ; :definition "Execute or satisfy a request or order; supply or furnish." ; :prefLabel "Fill" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Births", "Born", "Delivery", "Giving birth", "Parturition", "Parturitions", "childbirth" ; :definition "The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs. [ISBN:0198506732]" ; :prefLabel "Birth" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comparison" ; :definition "A comparison sort is a type of sorting algorithm that only reads the list elements through a single abstract comparison operation (often a "less than or equal to" operator or a three-way comparison) that determines which of two elements should occur first in the final sorted list. The only requirement is that the operator obey two of the properties of a total order: 1. * if a ≤ b and b ≤ c then a ≤ c (transitivity) 2. * for all a and b, either a ≤ b or b ≤ a (totalness or trichotomy)." ; :prefLabel "Comparison sort" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "biographies" ; :definition "Works consisting of an account of the events, works, and achievements, personal and professional, during a person's life. It includes articles on the activities and accomplishments of living persons as well as the presentation of an obituary." ; :prefLabel "Biography" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Guided", "Imageries (Psychotherapy)", "Imagery", "Imagery (Psychotherapy)", "Imagery Therapy" ; :definition "The use of mental images produced by the imagination as a form of psychotherapy. It can be classified by the modality of its content: visual, verbal, auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, or kinesthetic. Common themes derive from nature imagery (e.g., forests and mountains), water imagery (e.g., brooks and oceans), travel imagery, etc. Imagery is used in the treatment of mental disorders and in helping patients cope with other diseases. Imagery often forms a part of HYPNOSIS, of AUTOGENIC TRAINING, of RELAXATION TECHNIQUES, and of BEHAVIOR THERAPY. (From Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, vol. 4, pp29-30, 1994)" ; :prefLabel "Guided imagery" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Compliance", "GRC", "Governance", "risk management and compliance" ; :definition "Governance, risk management, and compliance or GRC is the umbrella term covering an organization's approach across these three areas: Governance, risk management, and compliance." ; :prefLabel "Governance, risk management, and compliance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blue sky thinking", "Nine dots puzzle", "Nine-dots problem", "Outside the box", "The Box", "Think out of the box", "Think outside of the box", "Think outside the box", "Thinking out of the box", "Thinking outside of the box" ; :definition "Thinking outside the box (also thinking out of the box or thinking beyond the box and, especially in Australia, thinking outside the square) is a metaphor that means to think differently, unconventionally, or from a new perspective. This phrase often refers to novel or creative thinking. The term is thought to derive from management consultants in the 1970s and 1980s challenging their clients to solve the "nine dots" puzzle, whose solution requires some lateral thinking. This phrase can also be found commonly in dance, as encouragement to move creatively, beyond simple, geometric box steps and their basic variations, to literally step outside the box into more complex patterns of expression." ; :prefLabel "Thinking outside the box" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "Individual or group aggressive behavior which is socially non-acceptable, turbulent, and often destructive. It is precipitated by frustrations, hostility, prejudices, etc." ; :prefLabel "Violence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chemical", "Chemical agent", "Chemically", "chemical compound", "chemical compounds", "chemical substance" ; :definition "A substance with a defined atomic or molecular structure that results from, or takes part in, reactions involving changes in its structure, composition, or properties." ; :prefLabel "Chemicals" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Egg", "Eggs", "Fertilized oocyte", "Human egg", "Mature ovum", "Oocytes", "Ova", "Unfertilized", "Unfertilized Egg", "Unfertilized Eggs", "X bearing ovum", "X chromosome-bearing ovum", "X-bearing ovum", "egg cell", "egg/ovum", "female gamete", "female gametes" ; :definition "A mature haploid female germ cell extruded from the OVARY at OVULATION." ; :prefLabel "Ovum" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ICF", "Internet Connection Firewall" ; :definition "Windows Firewall is a software component of Microsoft Windows that provides firewalling and packet filtering functions. It was first included in Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Prior to the release of Windows XP Service Pack 2 in 2004, it was known as Internet Connection Firewall." ; :prefLabel "Windows Firewall" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Parser 3" ; :definition "Parser is a free server-side CGI web scripting language developed by Art. Lebedev Studio and released under the GPL. Originally, Parser was merely a simple macro processing language. The latest 3rd revision (March 2006) introduced object-oriented programming features. The language supports technologies needed for common web design tasks: XML, Document Object Model (DOM), Perl Compatible Regular Expressions (PCRE) and others." ; :prefLabel "Parser" ; :related , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Instrumentation (disambiguation)", "Instrumenting" ; :definition "In the context of computer programming, instrumentation refers to an ability to monitor or measure the level of a product's performance, to diagnose errors and to write trace information. Programmers implement instrumentation in the form of code instructions that monitor specific components in a system (for example, instructions may output logging information to appear on screen). When an application contains instrumentation code, it can be managed using a management tool. Instrumentation is necessary to review the performance of the application. Instrumentation approaches can be of two types: Source instrumentation and binary instrumentation." ; :prefLabel "Instrumentation (computer programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cat my new instructions", "Katmai New Instructions", "MXCSR register", "SSE", "SSE instructions", "SSE1", "Screaming SIMD", "XMM0 register", "XMM1 register", "XMM10 register", "XMM11 register", "XMM12 register", "XMM13 register", "XMM14 register", "XMM15 register", "XMM2 register", "XMM3 register", "XMM4 register", "XMM5 register", "XMM6 register", "XMM7 register", "XMM8 register", "XMM9 register" ; :definition "In computing, Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) is an SIMD instruction set extension to the x86 architecture, designed by Intel and introduced in 1999 in their Pentium III series processors as a reply to AMD's 3DNow!. SSE contains 70 new instructions, most of which work on single precision floating point data. SIMD instructions can greatly increase performance when exactly the same operations are to be performed on multiple data objects. Typical applications are digital signal processing and graphics processing." ; :prefLabel "Streaming SIMD Extensions" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ferranti Mark I", "Ferranti Star", "Manchester Electronic Computer", "Manchester Ferranti" ; :definition "The Ferranti Mark 1, also known as the Manchester Electronic Computer in its sales literature, and thus sometimes called the Manchester Ferranti, was the world's first commercially available general-purpose electronic computer. It was "the tidiedup and commercialised version of the Manchester computer". The first machine was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951, ahead of the UNIVAC I, which was turned over to the United States Census Bureau on 31 March 1951 (but not delivered until late December the following year)." ; :prefLabel "Ferranti Mark 1" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Richardson" ; :definition "The Richardson number (Ri) is named after Lewis Fry Richardson (1881 – 1953). It is the dimensionless number that expresses the ratio of the buoyancy term to the flow shear term: where is gravity, is density, and is a representative flow speed. The Richardson number, or one of several variants, is of practical importance in weather forecasting and in investigating density and turbidity currents in oceans, lakes, and reservoirs. which is used frequently when considering atmospheric or oceanic flows." ; :prefLabel "Richardson number" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Portlets" ; :definition "Portlets are pluggable user interface software components that are managed and displayed in a web- or enterprise- portal. Portlets produce fragments of markup (HTML, XHTML, WML) code that are aggregated into a portal. Typically, following the desktop metaphor, a portal page is displayed as a collection of non-overlapping portlet windows, where each portlet window displays a portlet. Hence a portlet (or collection of portlets) resembles a web-based application that is hosted in a portal. Some examples of portlet applications are email, weather reports, discussion forums, and news." ; :prefLabel "Portlet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Shasha" ; :definition "Dennis Elliot Shasha is a professor of computer science at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, a division of New York University. His current areas of research include work done with biologists on pattern discovery for microarrays, combinatorial design, network inference, and protein docking; work done with physicists, musicians, and professionals in finance on algorithms for time series; and work on database applications in untrusted environments. Other areas of interest include database tuning as well as tree and graph matching." ; :prefLabel "Dennis Shasha" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NAF" ; :definition "The NATO Architecture Framework is an Enterprise Architecture framework by the NATO derived from the DoDAF Enterprise architecture. The current NATO C3 System Architecture Framework v2 (NAF v2), issued by NATO in September 2004 provides guidance on describing communication and information systems. Revision 3 of the NATO Architecture Framework (NAF), promulgated in November 2007, is identical to MODAF at its core, but extends the framework by adding views for Bandwidth Analysis, Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers (SOA) and standard configurations. The seven views are:" ; :prefLabel "NATO Architecture Framework" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IFM", "Incremental funding method", "MMF", "Minimum Marketable Feature" ; :definition "The Incremental Funding Methodology (IFM) is an ROI-informed approach to software development in which software is developed and delivered in carefully prioritized chunks of customer valued functionality. These chunks are known as Minimum Marketable Features or MMFs. In short, IFM equips developers and project managers with techniques and principles for increasing the financial returns of a software project and for identifying development schedules that make a project financially feasible." ; :prefLabel "Incremental funding methodology" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dynamics", "Science of social dynamics", "Situational Dynamics", "Sociodynamic" ; :definition "Social dynamics can refer to the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members as well to the study of the relationship between individual interactions and group level behaviors. The field of social dynamics brings together ideas from Economics, Sociology, Social Psychology, and other disciplines, and is a sub-field of complex adaptive systems or complexity science. The fundamental assumption of the field is that individuals are influenced by one another's behavior. The field is closely related to system dynamics. Like system dynamics, social dynamics is concerned with changes over time and emphasizes the role of feedbacks. However, in social dynamics individual choices and interactions are typically viewed as the source of aggregate level behavior, whil" ; :prefLabel "Social dynamics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In software engineering, syntactic methods are techniques for developing correct software programs. The techniques attempt to detect, and thus prevent, certain kinds of defects (bugs) by examining the structure of the code being produced at its syntactic rather than semantic level." ; :prefLabel "Syntactic methods" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DMZ (disambiguation)", "DMZ (network)", "DMZ host", "Demilitarized zone (computing)", "Perimeter Network", "SSN", "Secure Service Network" ; :definition "In computer security, a DMZ or demilitarized zone (sometimes referred to as a perimeter network) is a physical or logical subnetwork that contains and exposes an organization's external-facing services to a usually larger and untrusted network, usually the Internet. The purpose of a DMZ is to add an additional layer of security to an organization's local area network (LAN); an external network node only has direct access to equipment in the DMZ, rather than any other part of the network. The name is derived from the term "demilitarized zone", an area between nation states in which military operation is not permitted." ; :prefLabel "DMZ (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Drift" ; :definition "Clock drift refers to several related phenomena where a clock does not run at exactly the same rate as a reference clock. That is, after some time the clock "drifts apart" or gradually desynchronizes from the other clock. This phenomenon is used, for instance, in computers to build random number generators. On the negative side, clock drift can be exploited by timing attacks." ; :prefLabel "Clock drift" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASFA", "ASFA Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts", "Aquatic Sciences & Fisheries Abstracts" ; :definition "Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts is an abstracting and indexing service covering aquatic science and its subfields. It is maintained by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It replaced the previous Current Bibliography for Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries (FAO) and Aquatic Biology Abstracts." ; :prefLabel "Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Assignment", "Linear assignment problem" ; :definition "The assignment problem is one of the fundamental combinatorial optimization problems in the branch of optimization or operations research in mathematics. It consists of finding a maximum weight matching (or minimum weight perfect matching) in a weighted bipartite graph. In its most general form, the problem is as follows:" ; :prefLabel "Assignment problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Synthetic", "Synthetic datum" ; :definition "The creation of synthetic data is an involved process of data anonymization; that is to say that synthetic data is a subset of anonymized data. Synthetic data is used in a variety of fields as a filter for information that would otherwise compromise the confidentiality of particular aspects of the data. Many times the particular aspects come about in the form of human information (i.e. name, home address, IP address, telephone number, social security number, credit card number, etc.)." ; :prefLabel "Synthetic data" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Separator" ; :definition "A device for separating liquids of different specific gravities (as cream from milk) or liquids from solids." ; :prefLabel "Separators" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IUID", "Marking", "UID", "UID Compliance", "Uid-marking" ; :definition "Unique Identification Marking, UID marking, Item Unique Identification or IUID, is a part of the compliance process mandated by the United States Department of Defense. It is a permanent marking method used to give equipment a unique ID. Marking is essential for all equipment with an acquisition cost of over $5,000, equipment which is mission essential, controlled inventory, serially-controlled, or consumable. UID-marking is a set of data for assets that is globally unique and unambiguous. The technology used to mark an item is 2D Data Matrix ECC 200 Symbol. UID marking ensures data integrity and data quality throughout life; it also supports multi-faceted business applications. DoD is enabled by UID marking standard to reach established goals and objectives by enhanced total asset visibil" ; :prefLabel "Item Unique Identification" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OPAC", "Online Public Access Catalogue", "WPopac" ; :definition "An online public access catalog (often abbreviated as OPAC or simply library catalog) is an online database of materials held by a library or group of libraries. Users search a library catalog principally to locate books and other material available at a library. In simple language it is an electronic version of the card catalogue. OPAC is the gateway to library's collection." ; :prefLabel "Online public access catalog" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "colleges" ; :definition "An institution of higher education created to educate and grant degrees; often a part of a university." ; :prefLabel "college" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IEA" ; :definition "The International Ergonomics Association or IEA is a federation of forty-two individual ergonomics organizations from around the world. The mission of the IEA is to elaborate and advance ergonomics science and practice, and to improve the quality of life by expanding its scope of application and contribution to society. The IEA: The IEA is governed by a Council with representatives from the Federated societies. Day-to-day administration is performed by the Executive Committee that comprises the elected Officers and Chairs of the Standing Committees." ; :prefLabel "International Ergonomics Association" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Event Type", "Type of Event", "Type of Reportable Event" ; :definition "A particular category of events regarded as having particular characteristics, qualities, and/or defined similarities." ; :prefLabel "HL7 2.5 Event type" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Order", "Ordered" ; :definition "The act of requesting that a person, business, or organization supply something in return for payment." ; :prefLabel "Order (action)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HSE" ; :definition "A hybrid search engine (HSE) is a type of computer search engine that uses different types of data with or without ontologies to produce the algorithmically generated results based on web crawling. Previous types of search engines only use text to generate their results.Hybrid search engines use a combination of both crawler-based results and directory results. More and more search engines these days are moving to a hybrid-based model." ; :prefLabel "Hybrid search engine" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EET", "EET (library)", "EFL", "Edje", "Enlightenment", "Imlib2" ; :definition "The Enlightenment Foundation Libraries (EFL) are a set of graphics libraries that grew out of the development of Enlightenment, a window manager and Wayland compositor. The project's focus is to make the EFL a flexible yet powerful and easy to use set of tools to extend the capabilities of both the Enlightenment window manager and other software projects based on the EFL. The libraries are meant to be portable and optimized to be functional even on mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. The libraries were created for version 0.17 of the window manager." ; :prefLabel "Enlightenment Foundation Libraries" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-9-acridinamine", "1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroaminoacridine", "1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-", "1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-amine", "9-Acridinamine", "9-Amino-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroacridine", "THA", "Tacrin", "Tacrine [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Tacrinum", "Tetrahydroaminacrine", "Tetrahydroaminoacridine" ; :definition "A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders." ; :prefLabel "Tacrine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ITL", "Inferential" ; :definition "Inferential theory of learning (ITL) is an area of machine learning which describes inferential processes performed by learning agents. ITL has been developed by Ryszard S. Michalski in 1980s. In ITL learning process is viewed as a search (inference) through hypotheses space guided by a specific goal. Results of learning need to be stored, in order to be used in the future." ; :prefLabel "Inferential theory of learning" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cutaneous Paget's Disease", "Extra Mammary", "Extra Mammary Paget Disease", "Extra Mammary Paget's Disease", "Extra-Mammary", "Extra-Mammary Paget Disease", "Extra-Mammary Paget's Disease", "Extra-Mammary Pagets Disease", "Extramammary", "Extramammary Paget Disease", "Extramammary Paget's Disease", "Extramammary Pagets Disease", "Extramammary [Disease/Finding]", "Paget Disease", "Paget's Disease", "Paget's Disease of Skin", "Paget's Disease of the Skin", "Paget's Skin Disease", "Pagets Disease", "diseases paget's skin", "paget's disease extramammary" ; :definition "A rare cutaneous neoplasm that occurs in the elderly. It develops more frequently in women and predominantly involves apocrine gland-bearing areas, especially the vulva, scrotum, and perianal areas. The lesions develop as erythematous scaly patches that progress to crusted, pruritic, erythematous plaques. The clinical differential diagnosis includes squamous cell carcinoma in situ and superficial fungal infection. It is generally thought to be an adenocarcinoma of the epidermis, from which it extends into the contiguous epithelium of hair follicles and eccrine sweat ducts. (DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1478)" ; :prefLabel "Paget Disease Extramammary" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EF-TS", "EF-Tsmt", "EFTsMT", "MITOCHONDRIAL", "MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSLATION ELONGATION FACTOR Ts", "TSFM", "Ts TRANSLATION ELONGATION FACTOR" ; :prefLabel "TSFM gene" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Trader", "Traders (game)" ; :definition "Traders is a business simulation game with a science fiction setting. It was created by André Wüthrich and published by Merit software in 1991. Traders was inspired by M.U.L.E. and released for MS-DOS, Atari ST and Amiga home computers. Up to four players control characters, aliens known as Plubbers, to make the most money in a commercial competition. Players grow fields, sell products, and raid other players." ; :prefLabel "Traders" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DG", "DG method" ; :definition "In applied mathematics, discontinuous Galerkin methods (DG methods) form a class of numerical methods for solving differential equations. They combine features of the finite element and the finite volume framework and have been successfully applied to hyperbolic, elliptic, parabolic and mixed form problems arising from a wide range of applications. DG methods have in particular received considerable interest for problems with a dominant first-order part, e.g. in electrodynamics, fluid mechanics and plasma physics." ; :prefLabel "Discontinuous Galerkin method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Time alignment", "Time-alignment" ; :definition "Loudspeaker time-alignment usually simply referred to as "time-alignment or Time-Align" is a term applied to loudspeaker systems which use multiple drivers (like woofer, mid-range and tweeter) to cover the entire audio range. It is the technique of delaying the sound emanating from one or more drivers (greater than 2-way) to correct the transient response, improve accuracy and, in non-coaxial drivers, improve the directivity or lobe tilting at the crossover frequencies." ; :prefLabel "Loudspeaker time alignment" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extreme Events" ; :definition "Rare events are events that occur with low frequency, and the term is often used in particular reference to infrequent or hypothetical events that have potentially widespread impact and which might destabilize society. Rare events encompass natural phenomena (major earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, asteroid impacts, solar flares, etc.), anthropogenic hazards (warfare and related forms of violent conflict, acts of terrorism, industrial accidents, financial and commodity market crashes, etc.), as well as phenomena for which natural and anthropogenic factors interact in complex ways (epidemic disease spread, global warming-related changes in climate and weather, etc.)." ; :prefLabel "Rare events" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ascites Sialoglycoprotein", "MUC-4", "Mucin-4", "Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Mucin", "Testis Mucin", "Tracheobronchial Mucin", "cell surface associated protein", "human", "mucin 4", "tracheobronchial protein" ; :definition "Mucin-4 (2169 aa, ~232 kDa) is encoded by the human MUC4 gene. This protein is involved in receptor signaling, the modulation of cell-matrix adhesion, and in tumor progression." ; :prefLabel "MUC4 protein, human" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DI", "Diabetes Insipidus [Disease/Finding]", "diabete insipidus" ; :definition "A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst." ; :prefLabel "Diabetes Insipidus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GEOS", "GEOS (software library)", "JTS" ; :definition "The Java Topology Suite (JTS) is an open source Java software library that provides an object model for Euclidean planar linear geometry together with a set of fundamental geometric functions. JTS is primarily intended to be used as a core component of vector-based geomatics software such as geographical information systems. It can also be used as a general-purpose library providing algorithms in computational geometry. JTS implements the geometry model and API defined in the OpenGIS Consortium Simple Features Specification for SQL." ; :prefLabel "Java Topology Suite (JTS)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Estimation" ; :definition "A statistical procedure for assigning a plausable value to a parameter based on measured/empirical data." ; :prefLabel "Statistical Estimation" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bruno" ; :definition "PC Bruno was a Polish-French signals intelligence station near Paris during World War II, from October 1939 until June 1940. Its function was decryption of cipher messages, most notably German messages enciphered on the Enigma machine. PC Bruno worked in close cooperation with Britain's decryption center at Bletchley Park." ; :prefLabel "PC Bruno" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CC/PP" ; :definition "Composite Capability/Preference Profiles (CC/PP) is a specification for defining capabilities and preferences (also known as 'delivery context') of user agents. CC/PP is a vocabulary extension of the Resource Description Framework (RDF). Delivery context can be used to guide the process of tailoring content for a user agent. The CC/PP specification is maintained by the W3C's Ubiquitous Web Applications Working Group (UWAWG) Working Group." ; :prefLabel "Composite Capability/Preference Profiles" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IIT", "Integrated Information Theory (IIT)" ; :definition "Integrated information theory (IIT) attempts to explain what consciousness is and why it might be associated with certain physical systems. Given any such system, the theory predicts whether that system is conscious, to what degree it is conscious, and what particular experience it is having (see ). According to IIT, a system's consciousness is determined by its causal properties and is therefore an intrinsic, fundamental property of any physical system." ; :prefLabel "Integrated information theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Diffusions", "diffused", "diffusing" ; :definition "The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT." ; :prefLabel "Diffusion" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Trust management" ; :definition "In information system and information technology, trust management is an abstract system that processes symbolic representations of social trust, usually to aid automated decision-making process. Such representations, e.g. in a form of cryptographic credentials, can link the abstract system of trust management with results of trust assessment. Trust management is popular in implementing information security, specifically access control policies." ; :prefLabel "Trust management (information system)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Financial signal processing is a branch of signal processing technologies which applies to financial signals. They are often used by quantitative investors to make best estimation of the movement of equity prices, such as stock prices, options prices, or other types of derivatives." ; :prefLabel "Financial signal processing" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Woe", "Yahoo! GeoPlanet" ; :definition "GeoPlanet is a computer platform for coordinating world-wide geographic information, and providing both text and cartographic output, such as digital maps for any location in the world. It provides a location infrastructure for search engines, portals and both Web and WAP sites. It was developed by GDC, a London-based geographic information company, which was acquired by Whereonearth in 1998. When Whereonearth spun off GDC in 2002, it kept GeoPlanet. When Yahoo! purchased Whereonearth in 2005, it acquired GeoPlanet." ; :prefLabel "GeoPlanet" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "0-face", "Ear (disambiguation)", "Ear (mathematics)", "Geometric vertex", "Mouth (mathematics)", "Polyhedron vertex", "Polytope vertex", "Principal vertex", "Vertex" ; :definition "In geometry, a vertex (plural: vertices or vertexes) is a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet. As a consequence of this definition, the point where two lines meet to form an angle and the corners of polygons and polyhedra are vertices." ; :prefLabel "Vertex (geometry)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Knowledge iN" ; :definition "Knowledge Search (Korean:지식검색) service is an information-sharing tool first launched in 2002 for Naver users. The tool allows users to ask just about any question, such as how to cook ramen or how to subscribe to international magazines via the Internet, and receive answers from other users. In this way, Knowledge Search was an early example of harnessing user-generated content to expand the amount of information available in the web, particularly in the Korean language. Bradley Horowitz, Vice President of Product Strategy at Yahoo!, has cited the South Korean experience with knowledge search as the inspiration for Yahoo! Answers, which was launched three years after Naver introduced the original service. As of January 2008, the Knowledge Search database included more than 80 million pages" ; :prefLabel "Knowledge Search" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Targeted", "Targeting" ; :definition "The process of directing an agent to a specific anatomic location." ; :prefLabel "cellular targeting" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fresnel loss", "Loss", "ORL", "Optical return loss" ; :definition "In telecommunications, return loss is the loss of power in the signal returned/reflected by a discontinuity in a transmission line or optical fiber. This discontinuity can be a mismatch with the terminating load or with a device inserted in the line. It is usually expressed as a ratio in decibels (dB); where RL(dB) is the return loss in dB, Pi is the incident power and Pr is the reflected power. Return loss is used in modern practice in preference to SWR because it has better resolution for small values of reflected wave." ; :prefLabel "Return loss" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Governments" ; :definition "The complex of political institutions, laws, and customs through which the function of governing is carried out in a specific political unit." ; :prefLabel "Government" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A data item describes an atomic state of a particular object concerning a specific property at a certain time point. A collection of data items for the same object at the same time forms an object instance (or table row). Any type of complex information can be broken down to elementary data items (atomic state). Data items are identified by object (o), property (p) and time (t), while the value (v) is a function of o, p and t: v = F(o,p,t)." ; :prefLabel "Data item" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "GeoXACML stands for Geospatial eXtensible Access Control Markup Language. It defines a geo-specific extension to XACML Version 2.0, as it was ratified by OASIS standards organization on 1 February 2005. GeoXACML version 1.0.1 is standardized by the Open Geospatial Consoritum (OGC)." ; :prefLabel "GeoXACML" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concept definition", "Concept image" ; :definition "In mathematics education, concept image and concept definition are two ways of understanding a mathematical concept. The terms were introduced by . They define a concept image as such: "We shall use the term concept image to describe the total cognitive structure that is associated with the concept, which includes all the mental pictures and associated properties and processes. It is built up over the years through experiences of all kinds, changing as the individual meets new stimuli and matures."" ; :prefLabel "Concept image and concept definition" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JSE", "Java Service Endpoint", "Service Endpoint Interface", "Web service endpoint interface" ; :definition "A soap based web service can be implemented as a single java class.An endpoint interface, also known as a service endpoint interface (SEI), is a term used in Java Platform, Enterprise Edition when exposing Enterprise JavaBeans as a Web service (see also Service Implementation Bean (SIB)). It is annotated with @WebService and is a component interface, which declares all the abstract methods that are exposed to the client. As it extends the java.rmi.Remote interface, all methods must throw the RemoteException. A Web service client accesses a stateless session bean through the bean's Web service endpoint interface. Like a remote interface, a Web service endpoint interface defines the business methods of the bean." ; :prefLabel "Endpoint interface" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Enterprise interoperability is the ability of an enterprise—a company or other large organization—to functionally link activities, such as product design, supply chains, manufacturing, in an efficient and competitive way. The research in interoperability of enterprise practised in is various domains itself (Enterprise Modelling, Ontologies, Information systems, Architectures and Platforms) which it is a question of positioning." ; :prefLabel "Enterprise interoperability" ; :related , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Flaw" ; :definition "Flaw hypothesis methodology is a systems analysis and penetration prediction technique where a list of hypothesized flaws in a system are compiled through analysis of the specifications and documentation for the system. The list of hypothesized flaws is then prioritized on the basis of the estimated probability that a flaw actually exists, and on the ease of exploiting it to the extent of control or compromise. The prioritized list is used to direct the actual testing of the system." ; :prefLabel "Flaw hypothesis methodology" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Carroll", "Carroll Morgan (academic)" ; :definition "Charles Carroll Morgan (born 1952) is an American computer scientist who moved to Australia in his early teens. He completed his education there (high school, university, several years in industry), including a PhD degree from the University of Sydney, and then moved to the United Kingdom in the early 1980s. In 2000, he returned to Australia. Together with Annabelle McIver, Morgan later authored Abstraction, Refinement and Proof for Probabilistic Systems (Springer Monographs in Computer Science, ISBN 978-0-387-40115-7) in which the same themes were pursued for probabilistic programs." ; :prefLabel "Carroll Morgan (computer scientist)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Armadillo (disambiguation)", "Mario IV", "Super Mario IV" ; :definition "Armadillo (アルマジロ) is a NES/Famicom platform video game, published by IGS in 1991." ; :prefLabel "Armadillo" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Currency", "Monetary" ; :definition "The official currency issued by a government or national bank.(WordNet)" ; :prefLabel "Money" ; :related . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The Gerard Salton Award is presented by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval (SIGIR) every three years to an individual who has made "significant, sustained and continuing contributions to research in information retrieval". SIGIR also co-sponsors (with SIGWEB) the Vannevar Bush Award, for the best paper at the Joint Conference on Digital Libraries." ; :prefLabel "Gerard Salton Award" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Misc" ; :definition "Minimal Instruction Set Computer (MISC) is a processor architecture with a very small number of basic operations and corresponding opcodes. Such instruction sets are commonly stack-based rather than register-based to reduce the size of operand specifiers. Such a stack machine architecture is inherently simpler since all instructions operate on the top-most stack entries. As a result of the stack architecture is an overall smaller instruction set, a smaller and faster instruction decode unit with overall faster operation of individual instructions." ; :prefLabel "Minimal instruction set computer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".L", "Lex", "Lex programming language", "Lex programming tool" ; :definition "Lex is a computer program that generates lexical analyzers ("scanners" or "lexers"). Lex is commonly used with the yacc parser generator. Lex, originally written by Mike Lesk and Eric Schmidt and described in 1975, is the standard lexical analyzer generator on many Unix systems, and an equivalent tool is specified as part of the POSIX standard. Lex reads an input stream specifying the lexical analyzer and outputs source code implementing the lexer in the C programming language." ; :prefLabel "Lex (software)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abnormal uterus bleeding", "BLEEDING BREAKTHROUGH", "BLEEDING INTERMENSTRUAL", "BREAK-THROUGH BLEEDING", "Bleeding", "Bleeding Between Periods", "Bleeding unrelated to menstrual cycle", "Breakthrough", "Breakthrough Bleeding", "Dysfunctional", "Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding", "Dysfunctional Uterine Bleedings", "HILEROKOARTEKO ODOLJARIOA ETA ZIKLOKO BESTE ZENBAIT NAHASTE", "Hemorragia inter-menstrual", "Hemorragia intermenstrual", "INTERMENSTRUELL BLODNING", "INTERMENSTRUELL BLODNING - n92.3 + n93.R", "Intermenst blodn og an cyklusforst", "Intermenstrual bleeding", "Intermenstrueel bloedverlies", "Irregular intermenstrual bleeding", "Metrorrhagia [Disease/Finding]", "SPOTTING BETWEEN MENSES", "Saignement intermenstruel", "Sanguinamento intermestruale", "Spotting", "Uterine Bleeding", "VALIVUOTO", "bleed period", "bleeding dub dysfunctional uterine", "bleeding dysfunctional uterine", "bleeding period", "bleeding periods", "dysfunctional uterine bleed", "intermenstruelle Blutung", "kozti verzes", "period spotting", "periods bleeding", "periods spotting", "spotting between periods", "spotting periods", "uterine bleeding dysfunctional", "uterine dysfunctional bleeding", "veset - hafraot/i sdirut" ; :definition "Abnormal uterine bleeding that is not related to MENSTRUATION, usually in females without regular MENSTRUAL CYCLE. The irregular and unpredictable bleeding usually comes from a dysfunctional ENDOMETRIUM." ; :prefLabel "Metrorrhagia" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "ELOG is a Web application written by Stefan Ritt in C which can be used to create personal and common logbooks. It has been developed at the Paul Scherrer Institute originally for shift logbooks in the particle physics experiment MEG, but is now widely used in other fields. Besides the CERN experiments LHCb and CMS is it used on the US coastguard icebreaker USCGC Healy and part of the Debian distribution. ELOG is licensed under the GNU General Public License as free software. It is currently available in 13 languages." ; :prefLabel "ELOG" ; :related , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A Metadata Facility for the Java Programming Language", "JSR 175", "JSR-175" ; :definition "The Metadata Facility for Java is a specification for Java that defines an API for annotating fields, methods, and classes as having particular attributes that indicate they should be processed in specific ways by development tools, deployment tools, or run-time libraries. The specification was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 175, and was released as a part of J2SE 5.0 (Tiger)." ; :prefLabel "Metadata facility for Java" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SCEP" ; :definition "Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol is an Internet Draft in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This protocol is used by numerous manufacturers of network equipment and software who are developing simplified means of handling certificates for large-scale implementation to everyday users, as well as being referenced in other industry standards." ; :prefLabel "Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Turn A", "Upturned a", "Ɐ", "Ɒ" ; :definition "Turned A (capital: Ɐ, lowercase: ɐ, math symbol ∀) is a symbol based upon the letter A. Lowercase ɐ (in two story form) is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to identify the near-open central vowel. This is not to be confused with the turned alpha or turned script a, ɒ, which is used in the IPA for the open back rounded vowel." ; :prefLabel "Turned A" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Plant", "Plant Root", "Radix", "Root", "Roots", "plants root" ; :definition "The underground (typically) part of a seed plant body that usually originates from the hypocotyl, functions as an organ of absorption, aeration, and food storage as well as a means of anchor and support. It differs from a stem by lacking nodes, buds, and leaves." ; :prefLabel "Plant Roots" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cable impedance", "Impedance", "Natural loading", "SIL", "Surge impedance", "Surge impedance loading", "Transmission line model" ; :definition "The characteristic impedance or surge impedance (usually written Z0) of a uniform transmission line is the ratio of the amplitudes of voltage and current of a single wave propagating along the line; that is, a wave travelling in one direction in the absence of reflections in the other direction. Characteristic impedance is determined by the geometry and materials of the transmission line and, for a uniform line, is not dependent on its length. The SI unit of characteristic impedance is the ohm." ; :prefLabel "Characteristic impedance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aftermath", "Episode 1", "Episode One", "HL2 EP1", "HL2: Ep1", "HL2: Episode 1", "HL2:EP1", "HL2Ep1", "Half Life 2", "Half Life 2 Episode 1", "Half Life 2 Episode One", "Half Life 2: Aftermath", "Half Life 2: Episode 1", "Half Life 2: Episode One", "Half Life 2:Episode 1", "Half Life: Episode 1", "Half life 2 aftermath", "Half life aftermath", "Half-Life 2 Aftermath", "Half-Life 2 Episodes", "Half-Life 2: Episode 1", "Half-Life 2:Episode One", "Half-Life Episode 1", "Half-Life2: Episode One", "Half-life 2 episode 1", "Half-life 2 episode one", "Half-life 2: Aftermath", "Halflife2: Episoide 1", "Halflife2:Episoide 1", "Halflife2:Episoide1", "Hl2 aftermath", "Hl2e1" ; :definition "Half-Life 2: Episode One is a first-person shooter video game, the first in a series of episodes that serve as the sequel to the 2004 Half-Life 2. It was developed by Valve Corporation and released on June 1, 2006. Originally called Half-Life 2: Aftermath, the game was later renamed to Episode One after Valve became confident in using an episodic structure for the game. Similar to Half-Life 2, Episode One also uses the Source game engine. The game debuted new lighting and animation technologies, as well as AI sidekick enhancements." ; :prefLabel "Half-Life 2: Episode One" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TE", "Trial Elements" ; :definition "A subject domain utilized for the submission of information encompassing and representing data, vocabulary or records related to trial element." ; :prefLabel "Trial Elements Domain" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Augment", "Augment (Tymshare)", "FLT", "FLTS", "NLS", "NLT", "NLTS", "OFf-Line Text System", "On-Line Text System", "Online System" ; :definition "NLS, or the "oN-Line System", was a revolutionary computer collaboration system from the 1960s. Designed by Douglas Engelbart and implemented by researchers at the Augmentation Research Center (ARC) at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), the NLS system was the first to employ the practical use of hypertext links, the mouse, raster-scan video monitors, information organized by relevance, screen windowing, presentation programs, and other modern computing concepts. It was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, NASA, and the U.S. Air Force." ; :prefLabel "oN-Line System" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brain activity", "EEG (disambiguation)", "Eeg", "Electro-encephalogram", "Electro-encephalography", "Electroencefalography", "Electroencelphalogram", "Electroencephalagram", "Electroencephalogram", "Electroencephalograph", "Electroencephalographic", "Electroencephelography", "Electrography (disambiguation)", "Encephalogram", "Encephalography", "Graphoelement", "Kappa rhythm" ; :definition "Electroencephalography (EEG) is an electrophysiological monitoring method to record electrical activity of the brain. It is typically noninvasive, with the electrodes placed along the scalp, although invasive electrodes are sometimes used in specific applications. EEG measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current within the neurons of the brain. In clinical contexts, EEG refers to the recording of the brain's spontaneous electrical activity over a period of time, as recorded from multiple electrodes placed on the scalp. Diagnostic applications generally focus on the spectral content of EEG, that is, the type of neural oscillations (popularly called "brain waves") that can be observed in EEG signals." ; :prefLabel "Electroencephalography" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Black Ops (disambiguation)", "Black Ops 1", "Blops", "Bo", "COD BO", "COD Black Ops", "COD7", "COD: BO", "COD: Black Ops", "COD:BO", "Call Of Duty Black Ops %22Nazi Zombies%22", "Call of Duty 7 (Black Ops)", "Call of Duty 7 Black Ops", "Call of Duty BO", "Call of Duty Black Ops", "Call of Duty: Black Operations", "Call of Duty: Black Ops (Nintendo DS)", "Call of Duty: Black Ops DS", "Call of Duty: Black Ops Mobile", "Call of Duty: Black Ops Zombie (soundtrack)", "Call of Duty: Black Ops Zombie Soundtrack", "Call of Duty: Black Ops Zombies", "Call of Duty: Black Ops Zombies (soundtrack)", "Call of Duty:Black Ops", "Call of The Dead", "Call of duty 7", "Call of duty seven", "Call of duty vietnam", "CoD 7", "Codblop", "Codblops", "Codbo", "Dimitri Petrenko", "Nacht Der Untoten (Night of the Undead)", "Nacht der Untoten", "Night of the undead", "Nikita Dragovich", "Nikolai Belinsky", "Nova (disambiguation)", "Nova 6", "Pvt.Dimitri petrenko", "RC-XD" ; :definition "Call of Duty: Black Ops is a first-person shooter video game, developed by Treyarch and published by Activision. It was released worldwide on November 9, 2010 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii consoles, with a separate version for Nintendo DS developed by n-Space. Announced on April 30, 2010, the game is the seventh installment of the Call of Duty series. It is also the first to be set in the Cold War, the third in the series to be developed by Treyarch, and is the sequel to Call of Duty: World at War." ; :prefLabel "Call of Duty: Black Ops" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Social Support System", "social support", "support systems", "supports system" ; :definition "A network of family, friends, neighbors, and community members that is available in times of need to give psychological, physical, and financial help." ; :prefLabel "Support System" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Behavior", "Behaviors", "Coping", "Coping Behaviors", "cope", "coping behavior" ; :definition "The process of successfully managing difficult or challenging situations." ; :prefLabel "Coping Behavior" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mistrust" ; :definition "Distrust is a formal way of not trusting any one party too much in a situation of grave risk or deep doubt. It is commonly expressed in civics as a division or balance of powers, or in politics as means of validating treaty terms. Systems based on distrust simply divide the responsibility so that checks and balances can operate. The phrase "Trust, but verify" refers specifically to distrust." ; :prefLabel "Distrust" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Jing Project" ; :definition "Jing is a screencasting computer program launched in 2007 as Jing Project by the TechSmith Corporation. The software takes a picture or video of the user's computer screen and uploads it to the Web, FTP, computer or clipboard. If uploaded to the web, the program automatically creates a URL to the content so it can be shared with others. Jing is compatible with Macintosh and Microsoft Windows. Users must sign up for an account before using the software. Its simple format and the ability to quickly upload screencasts have made Jing useful for virtual reference in libraries." ; :prefLabel "Jing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ABC", "Abstract", "Abstract base class", "Abstract class", "Pure virtual class" ; :definition "In programming languages, an abstract type is a type in a nominative type system that cannot be instantiated directly. Abstract types are also known as existential types. An abstract type may provide no implementation, or an incomplete implementation. Often, abstract types will have one or more implementations provided separately, for example, in the form of concrete subclasses that can be instantiated. It may include abstract methods or abstract properties that are shared by its subtypes. A type that is not abstract is called a concrete type (or concrete class)." ; :prefLabel "Abstract type" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ose" ; :definition "The Operating System Embedded (known by the acronym Enea OSE) is a real-time embedded operating system created by the Swedish information technology company ENEA AB. Bengt Eliasson, who at the time was a consultant from ENEA with an assignment at Ericsson, wrote the basic parts of the kernel. The early version for the Zilog Z80 processor was named OS80." ; :prefLabel "Enea OSE" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Accoustic fingerprint", "Acoustic", "Acoustic fingerprinting", "Audio fingerprint", "Audio fingerprinting", "Audio signature", "Fingerprint (disambiguation)", "Music fingerprinting", "Music identification" ; :definition "An acoustic fingerprint is a condensed digital summary, deterministically generated from an audio signal, that can be used to identify an audio sample or quickly locate similar items in an audio database." ; :prefLabel "Acoustic fingerprint" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Renaissance (disambiguation)" ; :definition "GNUstep Renaissance is a development framework that reads XML descriptions of graphical user interfaces from an application bundle and converts them into native widgets and connections at runtime under either GNUstep or Mac OS X. As of January 2006, GNUstep Renaissance is beta software. A graphical frontend to Renaissance does not yet exist. A stable release has not been made since 2008, though the downloadable binary has not been rebuilt and is still the previous version." ; :prefLabel "Renaissance" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blerd", "Computer Geek", "Computer nerd", "Computer nerds", "Gnurd", "Math geek", "Neo geek", "Nerd (disambiguation)", "Nerd canon", "Nerd culture", "Nerd girl", "Nerd humor", "Nerd pride", "Nerd subculture", "Nerd wave", "Nerdiness", "Nerdy", "Science nerd", "🤓" ; :definition "Nerd (adjective: nerdy) is a descriptive term, often used pejoratively, indicating a person that is overly intellectual, obsessive, or lacking social skills. Such a person may spend inordinate amounts of time on unpopular, obscure, or non-mainstream activities, which are generally either highly technical, abstract, or relating to topics of fiction or fantasy, to the exclusion of more mainstream activities. Additionally, many nerds are described as being shy, quirky, pedantic, and unattractive, and may have difficulty participating in, or even following, sports. Though originally derogatory, "Nerd" is a stereotypical term, but as with other pejoratives, it has been reclaimed and redefined by some as a term of pride and group identity." ; :prefLabel "Nerd" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MLP", "Memory Level Parallelism" ; :definition "Memory-level parallelism (MLP) is a term in computer architecture referring to the ability to have pending multiple memory operations, in particular cache misses or translation lookaside buffer (TLB) misses, at the same time. It is possible to have a machine that is not superscalar but which nevertheless has high MLP." ; :prefLabel "Memory-level parallelism" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sense", "Sense of Touch", "Senses", "Tactile", "Tactile Sense", "Tactile Senses", "Taction", "Tactions", "Touch", "Touch Sense", "Touch Senses", "perception of touch", "sensation tactile", "sensation touch", "sensation touching", "sense touch", "senses touch", "sensory perception of touch", "tactile sensation", "tactition", "tactual discrimination", "tactual perception" ; :definition "The series of events required for an organism to receive a touch stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process. The perception of touch in animals is mediated by mechanoreceptors in the skin and mucous membranes and is the sense by which contact with objects gives evidence as to certain of their qualities. Different types of touch can be perceived (for example, light, coarse, pressure and tickling) and the stimulus may be external or internal (e.g. the feeling of a full stomach). [GOC:ai]" ; :prefLabel "Touch sensation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Filler", "fillers" ; :definition "An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently." ; :prefLabel "Filler (substance)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anonops", "Op Payback", "Operation Avenge Assange", "Operation: Payback", "Operation: Payback Is A Bitch", "Payback" ; :definition "Operation Payback was a coordinated, decentralized group of attacks on high-profile opponents of Internet piracy by Internet activists using the "Anonymous" moniker. Operation Payback started as retaliation to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks on torrent sites; piracy proponents then decided to launch DDoS attacks on piracy opponents. The initial reaction snowballed into a wave of attacks on major pro-copyright and anti-piracy organizations, law firms, and individuals." ; :prefLabel "Operation Payback" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Display diagonal", "Inch (display)", "Physical image size", "Screen diagonal", "Screen size", "Two-dimensional display size", "Viewable image size", "Vis" ; :definition "On 2D displays, such as computer monitors and TVs, the display size (or viewable image size or VIS) is the physical size of the area where pictures and videos are displayed. The size of a screen is usually described by the length of its diagonal, which is the distance between opposite corners, usually in inches. It is also sometimes called the physical image size to distinguish it from the "logical image size," which describes a screen's display resolution and is measured in pixels." ; :prefLabel "Display size" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "The source text in its original format used as the basis of coding." ; :prefLabel "Original Text" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information flow (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Information flow in an information theoretical context is the transfer of information from a variable to a variable in a given process. Not all flows may be desirable. For example, a system should not leak any secret (partially or not) to public observers." ; :prefLabel "Information flow (information theory)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Scan", "Scans", "diagnostic scan", "diagnostic scanning", "scanned" ; :definition "A picture of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body." ; :prefLabel "Scanning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "THA" ; :prefLabel "Woods Brand of Tacrine Hydrochloride" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Birthing Labor", "Labor", "Obstetric", "Obstetric Labor", "childbirth labor", "labour" ; :definition "The repetitive uterine contraction during childbirth which is associated with the progressive dilation of the uterine cervix (CERVIX UTERI). Successful labor results in the expulsion of the FETUS and PLACENTA. Obstetric labor can be spontaneous or induced (LABOR, INDUCED)." ; :prefLabel "Labor (Childbirth)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Post-editing", "Post-editor", "Posteditor", "SPE", "Statistical post-editing" ; :definition "Post-editing (or postediting) is the process whereby humans amend machine-generated translation to achieve an acceptable final product. A person who post-edits is called a post-editor. The concept of post-editing is linked to that of pre-editing. In the process of translating a text via machine translation, best results may be gained by pre-editing the source text – for example by applying the principles of controlled language – and then post-editing the machine output. It is distinct from editing, which refers to the process of improving human generated text (a process which is often known as revision in the field of translation). Post-edited text may afterwards be revised to ensure the quality of the language choices or proofread to correct simple mistakes." ; :prefLabel "Postediting" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EF-Ts", "eEF-Ts", "elongation factor eEF-Ts" ; :prefLabel "elongation factor Ts" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dogma (disambiguation)" ; :definition "DOGMA, short for Developing Ontology-Grounded Methods and Applications, is the name of research project in progress at Vrije Universiteit Brussel's STARLab, Semantics Technology and Applications Research Laboratory. It is an internally funded project, concerned with the more general aspects of extracting, storing, representing and browsing information." ; :prefLabel "DOGMA" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ecological equilibrium", "Extracellular fluid homeostasis", "Homeostasis (Biology)", "Homeostatic", "Homeostatic control system", "Homeostatic maintenance", "Homeostatic mechanism", "Homeostatic response", "Homoeostasis", "Homostasis", "Human homeostasis", "Inner balance", "Reactive homeostasis", "Regulatory biology", "Wisdom of the Body" ; :definition "Homeostasis or homoeostasis is the property of a system in which a variable (for example, the concentration of a substance in solution, or its temperature) is actively regulated to remain very nearly constant. This regulation occurs inside a defined environment (mostly within a living organism's body). Examples of homeostasis include the regulation of the body temperature of an animal, the pH of its extracellular fluids, or the concentrations of sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) ions or of glucose in the blood plasma, despite changes in the animal’s environment, or what it has eaten, or what it is doing (for example, resting or exercising). Each of these variables (for example, body temperature, the pH, or the Na+, Ca2+ and glucose concentrations) is controlled by a separate “homeostat” (or" ; :prefLabel "Homeostasis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Exploratory", "Exploratory test" ; :definition "Exploratory testing is an approach to software testing that is concisely described as simultaneous learning, test design and test execution. Cem Kaner, who coined the term in 1984, defines exploratory testing as "a style of software testing that emphasizes the personal freedom and responsibility of the individual tester to continually optimize the quality of his/her work by treating test-related learning, test design, test execution, and test result interpretation as mutually supportive activities that run in parallel throughout the project."" ; :prefLabel "Exploratory testing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extent", "Extent (computer graphics)" ; :definition "A map extent is the portion of area of a region show in a map. The limits of a map extent are defined in the coordinate system of the map. In Western culture, map extents usually have a rectangular shape, so they are defined with a minimum and maximum width and height." ; :prefLabel "Map extent" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Science", "Sciences", "Social", "Social Science", "Social Studies", "social sciences (field)" ; :definition "Comprises the scientific study of the human aspects of the world. They are also known as social studies. Psychology studies the human mind, sociology examines human society, political science studies the governing of groups and economics concerns itself with the allocation of wealth in society." ; :prefLabel "Social Sciences" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pedagogies" ; :definition "The art or science of TEACHING." ; :prefLabel "Pedagogy" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Insert", "Inserted", "Insertion", "insertion procedure", "insertions", "placement", "placements" ; :definition "The act of putting one thing into another." ; :prefLabel "Clinical act of insertion" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Community Acquired", "Community Acquired Infections", "Community-Acquired", "Community-Acquired Infection", "Community-Acquired Infections [Disease/Finding]", "Infection", "Infections" ; :definition "Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility." ; :prefLabel "Community-Acquired Infections" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Observed information matrix" ; :definition "In statistics, the observed information, or observed Fisher information, is the negative of the second derivative (the Hessian matrix) of the "log-likelihood" (the logarithm of the likelihood function). It is a sample-based version of the Fisher information." ; :prefLabel "Observed information" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Linked Data Service" ; :definition "A Linked Data page is a web page that explicitly describes one or more things (objects) via hyperdata links. Unlike traditional web page hypertext links, hyperdata links expose properties (attributes or relationships) and property values associated with the things in a page. Linked Data pages can be created by hand or generated dynamically (via a linked data server or user agent). You only need a single reference (a URI or IRI) to a thing to experience the power of serendipitous data discovery offered by a Linked Data page." ; :prefLabel "Linked data page" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NI-VISA", "VirtualInstrumentSoftwareArchitecture", "Visa" ; :definition "Virtual Instrument Software Architecture, commonly known as VISA, is a widely used I/O API in the test and measurement (T&M) industry for communicating with instruments from a PC. VISA is an industry standard implemented by several T&M companies, such as, Anritsu, Bustec, Keysight Technologies, Kikusui, National Instruments, Rohde & Schwarz, and Tektronix." ; :prefLabel "Virtual Instrument Software Architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Streamline" ; :definition "Adobe Streamline is a discontinued line tracing program developed and published by Adobe Systems. Its primary purpose is to convert scanned bitmaps into vector artwork. Streamline is similar in function to competitors, such as Corel Trace, but was advertised as a standalone rather than an additional utility within a full drawing suite. Streamline was discontinued after Adobe Illustrator CS2 introduced a new tracing tool entitled Live Trace, which provides fast tracing, fine control, as well as a "live link" to the bitmap being traced. A test of the native Illustrator 9 auto-trace function by Creative Pro in 2002 concluded: "The premier tracing utility is StreamLine, which is infinitely controllable and very accurate."" ; :prefLabel "Adobe Streamline" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "XG", "XG (midi)" ; :definition "Yamaha XG (EXtended General MIDI) is an extension to the General MIDI standard, created by Yamaha. It is similar in purpose to Roland's GS Standard." ; :prefLabel "Yamaha XG" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pharmaceutical", "Pharmaceutics", "Pharmacy", "field of pharmacy" ; :definition "The practice of compounding and dispensing medicinal preparations." ; :prefLabel "Pharmacy (field)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Consciousness Preserved", "Epilepsy", "Focal seizures without impairment of consciousness or awareness", "Partial Seizures", "Seizures", "Simple", "Simple Partial", "partial", "partial NOS", "partial seizures simple", "partial simple seizure", "simple partial seizure", "without impairment of consciousness" ; :definition "A partial seizure in which consciousness is maintained. [HPO:probinson]" ; :prefLabel "Simple Partial Seizures" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Visual model" ; :definition "Visual modeling is the graphic representation of objects and systems of interest using graphical languages. Visual modeling languages may be General-Purpose Modeling (GPM) languages (e.g., UML, Southbeach Notation, IDEF) or Domain-Specific Modeling (DSM) languages (e.g., SysML). They include industry open standards (e.g., UML, SysML, Modelica), as well as proprietary standards, such as the visual languages associated with VisSim, MATLAB and Simulink, OPNET, NetSim, NI Multisim, and Reactive Blocks. Both VisSim and Reactive Blocks provide a royalty-free, downloadable viewer that lets anyone open and interactively simulate their models. The community edition of Reactive Blocks also allows full editing of the models as well as compilation, as long as the work is published under the Eclipse Pu" ; :prefLabel "Visual modeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Auto-tuning", "Tuning" ; :definition "In control theory a self-tuning system is capable of optimizing its own internal running parameters in order to maximize or minimize the fulfilment of an objective function; typically the maximization of efficiency or error minimization. Self-tuning and auto-tuning often refer to the same concept. Many software research groups consider auto-tuning the proper nomenclature." ; :prefLabel "Self-tuning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Neon (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Neon is a light synthesizer developed by Jeff Minter ('Yak') and Ivan Zorzin ('Giles'). It was based on an enhanced version of the graphics engine originally to be included in Unity (video game), which became an independent project after Unity was cancelled in 2004. A version of Neon is used as the default visualiser for the Xbox 360. The authors have retained the rights to implement the software on other platforms and contexts (a PC version was due in 2006 but the release has been hampered by rights issues)." ; :prefLabel "Neon (light synthesizer)" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aleksey Garber", "Aleksey Vayner", "Alesksey Vayner", "Impossible Is Nothing (video résumé", "Impossible is Nothing (meme)", "Impossible is Nothing (video resume)", "Impossible is nothing", "Impossible is the Opposite of Possible" ; :definition "Impossible Is Nothing is a 2006 video résumé by Aleksey Vayner (formerly Aleksey Garber, died January 23, 2013) which became an Internet meme." ; :prefLabel "Impossible Is Nothing (video résumé)" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SV", "System verilog" ; :definition "In the semiconductor and electronic design industry, SystemVerilog is a combined hardware description language and hardware verification language based on extensions to Verilog." ; :prefLabel "SystemVerilog" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Back channel", "Back channels", "Back-channeling", "Backchannel (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Backchannel is the practice of using networked computers to maintain a real-time online conversation alongside the primary group activity or live spoken remarks. The term was coined in the field of linguistics to describe listeners' behaviours during verbal communication. The term "backchannel" generally refers to online conversation about the conference topic or speaker. Occasionally backchannel provides audience members a chance to fact-check the presentation." ; :prefLabel "Backchannel" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Naim (chat program)", "Naim (disambiguation)" ; :definition "naim is a messaging and chat program written by Daniel Reed in C; it supports the protocols AIM, ICQ, IRC, and RPI's Lily CMC protocols. Unlike most messaging clients, it is not graphical; it runs from the console using the ncurses library. naim is free software, licensed under the GNU GPL. naim is a multiplatform program. It is primarily aimed at Unix-like systems. naim uses the AOL instant messenger TOC protocol instead of the OSCAR protocol. This means naim lacks some features other instant messaging services have." ; :prefLabel "naim" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Centralazation", "Centralised", "Centralised state", "Centralised system", "Centralist", "Centralistic", "Centralization", "Centralize", "Centralized", "Centralized system", "Centralizing" ; :definition "Centralisation (British), or centralization (American), is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, become concentrated within a particular location or group, keeping all of the important decision-making powers within the head office or the center of the organization." ; :prefLabel "Centralisation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abnormalities", "Abnormality", "Abnormality of the nervous system", "Anomalies", "Anomaly", "Congenital", "Congenital Abnormalities", "Congenital Abnormality of the Nervous System", "Congenital Anomalies", "Congenital Malformations", "Congenital Nervous System Disorder", "Congenital deformity of nervous system", "Congenital disease of nervous system", "Congenital lesion of nervous system", "Malformation", "Malformations", "Nervous System", "Nervous System Abnormalities", "Nervous System Abnormality", "Nervous System Anomalies", "Nervous System Anomaly", "Nervous System Congenital Abnormalities", "Nervous System Congenital Malformations", "Nervous System Malformation", "Nervous System Malformations", "Nervous System Malformations [Disease/Finding]", "Nervous system congenital anomalies", "Nervous system--Abnormalities", "Neurologic abnormalities", "Neurological abnormality", "Unspecified congenital anomaly of brain", "and nervous system", "spinal cord" ; :definition "Structural abnormalities of the central or peripheral nervous system resulting primarily from defects of embryogenesis." ; :prefLabel "Congenital neurologic anomalies" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ATS language" ; :definition "ATS (Applied Type System) is a programming language designed to unify programming with formal specification. ATS has support for combining theorem proving with practical programming through the use of advanced type systems. The performance of ATS has been demonstrated to be comparable to that of the C and C++ programming languages. By using theorem proving and strict type checking, the compiler can detect and prove that its implemented functions are not susceptible to bugs such as division by zero, memory leaks, buffer overflow, and other forms of memory corruption by verifying pointer arithmetic and reference counting before the program compiles. Additionally, by using the integrated theorem-proving system of ATS (ATS/LF), the programmer may make use of static constructs that are intertwi" ; :prefLabel "ATS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Click to focus", "Click-to-focus", "Focus", "Focus follows mouse", "Focus-follows-mouse", "Lazy focus", "Mouse focus", "Raise on focus", "Raise-on-focus", "User focus" ; :definition "In computing, the focus indicates the component of the graphical user interface which is selected to receive input. Text entered at the keyboard or pasted from a clipboard is sent to the component which has the focus. Moving the focus away from a specific user interface element is known as a blur event in relation to this element. Typically, the focus is withdrawn from an element by giving another element the focus. This means that focus and blur events typically both occur virtually simultaneously, but in relation to different user interface elements, one that gets the focus and one that gets blurred." ; :prefLabel "Focus (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASCIIZ", "ASCIZ", "CString", "Iswupper", "NTS", "NUL terminated string", "Nul-terminated string", "Null", "Null terminated string", "Null terminated strings", "Strcat s", "Strcpy s", "Strcpy()", "Strerr", "Strncmp()" ; :definition "In computer programming, a null-terminated string is a character string stored as an array containing the characters and terminated with a null character ('\\0', called NUL in ASCII). Alternative names are C string, which refers to the C programming language and ASCIIZ (note that C strings do not imply the use of ASCII). The length of a C string is found by searching for the (first) NUL byte. This can be slow as it takes O(n) (linear time) with respect to the string length. It also means that a NUL cannot be inside the string, as the only NUL is the one marking the end." ; :prefLabel "Null-terminated string" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TE", "Test engineers" ; :definition "A test engineer is a professional who determines how to create a process that would best test a particular product in manufacturing, quality assurance or related areas, like the RMA department, in order to assure that the product meets applicable specifications. Test engineers are also responsible for determining the best way a test can be performed in order to achieve 100% test coverage of all components using different test processes. Often test engineers also serve as a liaison between manufacturing, design engineering, sales engineering and marketing communities as well." ; :prefLabel "Test engineer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bio Informatics", "Bio-Informatic", "Bioinformatic", "Bioinformatics" ; :definition "Bioinformatics derives knowledge from computer analysis of biological data. These can consist of the information stored in the genetic code, but also experimental results from various sources, patient statistics, and scientific literature. Research in bioinformatics includes method development for storage, retrieval, and analysis of the data. Bioinformatics is a rapidly developing branch of biology and is highly interdisciplinary, using techniques and concepts from informatics, statistics, mathematics, chemistry, biochemistry, physics, and linguistics. It has many practical applications in different areas of biology and medicine. (M. Nilges and Jens P. Linge, Unite de Bio-informatique Structurale, Institut Pasteur, Paris)" ; :prefLabel "Bio-Informatics" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SDF" ; :definition "Simple Data Format or SDF is a platform-independent, precision-preserving binary data I/O format capable of handling large, multi-dimensional arrays. It was written by George H. Fisher, a researcher at the Space Sciences Laboratory at UC Berkeley, and released under the GNU General Public License." ; :prefLabel "Simple Data Format" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Color progression", "Color ramp", "Colour gradient", "Gradient (disambiguation)", "Gradient fill", "Progression" ; :definition "In computer graphics, a color gradient (sometimes called a color ramp or color progression) specifies a range of position-dependent colors, usually used to fill a region. For example, many window managers allow the screen background to be specified as a gradient. The colors produced by a gradient vary continuously with position, producing smooth color transitions." ; :prefLabel "Color gradient" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Franz" ; :definition "In computer programming, Franz Lisp was a Lisp system written at UC Berkeley by the students of Professor Richard J. Fateman, based largely on Maclisp and distributed with the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) for the Digital Equipment Corp (DEC) VAX. Piggybacking on the popularity of the BSD package, Franz Lisp was probably the most widely distributed and used Lisp system of the 1970s and 1980s. The name is a pun on composer Franz Liszt." ; :prefLabel "Franz Lisp" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Feasible set", "Feasible set (optimization)", "Solution (disambiguation)", "Solution Space", "Space (disambiguation)" ; :definition "In mathematical optimization, a feasible region, feasible set, search space, or solution space is the set of all possible points (sets of values of the choice variables) of an optimization problem that satisfy the problem's constraints, potentially including inequalities, equalities, and integer constraints. This is the initial set of candidate solutions to the problem, before the set of candidates has been narrowed down. For example, consider the problem Minimize with respect to the variables and subject to and Constraint satisfaction is the process of finding a point in the feasible region." ; :prefLabel "Feasible region" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Foil", "Foil programming language" ; :definition "FOIL was the name for two different programming languages." ; :prefLabel "FOIL (programming language)" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Simic" ; :definition "Simics is a full-system simulator used to run unchanged production binaries of the target hardware at high-performance speeds. Simics was originally developed by the Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS), and then spun off to Virtutech for commercial development in 1998. Virtutech was acquired by Intel in 2010 and Simics is now marketed through Intel's subsidiary Wind River Systems. The current version of Simics is 5 and it is available for Microsoft Windows and Linux host platforms." ; :prefLabel "Simics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BREAST", "Breast", "Disease", "Mammary", "Mammary Paget", "Mammary Paget Disease", "Mammary Paget's", "Mammary Paget's Disease", "Mammary Pagets Disease", "Mammary [Disease/Finding]", "PAGET DISEASE", "Paget Disease", "Paget Disease of Breast", "Paget Disease of the Breast", "Paget's Disease", "Paget's Disease of the Breast", "Paget's Disease of the Nipple", "Paget's Disease of the Nipple and Areola", "Paget's disease (mammary)", "Paget's disease of breast", "Pagets Disease", "Pigmented Mammary Paget Disease", "breast disease paget", "breast disease paget's", "breast disease pagets", "breast diseases paget", "breast diseases pagets", "breast paget disease", "breast paget's disease", "breast pagets disease", "disease nipple paget", "disease nipple pagets", "disease nipples paget", "disease nipples paget's", "paget disease breast", "paget's breast disease", "paget's disease breast", "paget's disease mammary", "paget's disease of nipple", "pagets breast disease", "pagets disease breast" ; :definition "A malignant neoplasm in which there is infiltration of the skin overlying the breast by neoplastic large cells with abundant pale cytoplasm and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli (Paget cells). It is almost always associated with an intraductal or invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. The clinical features include focal skin reddening, and eczema. Retraction of the nipple may sometimes occur." ; :prefLabel "Paget's Disease, Mammary" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "13" ; :definition "A natural number greater than 12 and less than 14 and the quantity that it denotes." ; :prefLabel "Thirteen" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Atomic electronic transition", "Electron transition", "Quantum jumps", "Quantum leap" ; :definition "(For the TV series, see Quantum Leap (television series). For the sculpture, see The Quantum Leap.) Atomic electron transition is a change of an electron from one quantum state to another within an atom or artificial atom. It appears discontinuous as the electron "jumps" from one energy level to another in a few nanoseconds or less. It is also known as atomic transition, quantum jump, or quantum leap. Although changes of quantum state occur on the sub-microscopic level, in popular discourse, the term "quantum leap" refers to a large increase." ; :prefLabel "Atomic electron transition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Idiom (disambiguation)", "Programming idioms" ; :definition "A programming idiom is a means of expressing a recurring construct in one or more programming languages. Generally speaking, a programming idiom is an expression of a simple task, algorithm, or data structure that is not a built-in feature in the programming language being used, or, conversely, the use of an unusual or notable feature that is built into a programming language. The term can be used more broadly, however, to refer to complex algorithms or programming design patterns." ; :prefLabel "Programming idiom" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Government", "Government Regulation", "Regulation", "Regulations" ; :definition "Exercise of governmental authority to control conduct." ; :prefLabel "Government regulations" ; :related , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Backbone", "Column", "Columna vertebralis", "Columns", "Spinal", "Spinal Column", "Spinal Columns", "Spine", "Vertebral", "Vertebral Columns", "backbones", "spines" ; :definition "A series of bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues reaching from the base of the skull to the tailbone. The vertebral column forms the axis of the skeleton and encloses as well as protects the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord." ; :prefLabel "Vertebral column" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Neo Technology" ; :definition "Neo4j is a graph database management system developed by Neo Technology, Inc. Described by its developers as an ACID-compliant transactional database with native graph storage and processing, Neo4j is the most popular graph database according to db-engines.com. Neo4j is available in a GPL3-licensed open-source "community edition", with online backup and high availability extensions licensed under the terms of the Affero General Public License. Neo also licenses Neo4j with these extensions under closed-source commercial terms. Version 1.0 was released in February 2010." ; :prefLabel "Neo4j" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Infosphere (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Infosphere is a neologism composed of information and sphere. The word refers to an environment, like a biosphere, that is populated by informational entities called inforgs. While an example of the sphere of information is cyberspace, infospheres are not limited to purely online environments." ; :prefLabel "Infosphere" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Amount", "How Many", "How Much", "amounts", "quantities" ; :definition "How much there is of something that you can measure; the total amount or number." ; :prefLabel "Quantity" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Balance", "balancing" ; :definition "see:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html" ; :prefLabel "Equilibrium" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Folium", "Leaf", "Leave", "Leaves", "Plant", "Plant Leaf", "Plant Leave" ; :definition "A special organ of plant in the form of lateral outgrowth from the stem. Leaves usually consist of a blade, or lamina, supported upon a leafstalk or petriole. Leaves may appear as part of the foliage, or as a cotyledon, a scale, a bract, a spine, or a tendril." ; :prefLabel "Plant Leaves" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Line", "Line in", "Line out", "Line out (signal)", "Line-level" ; :definition "Line level is the specified strength of an audio signal used to transmit analog sound between audio components such as CD and DVD players, television sets, audio amplifiers, and mixing consoles. As opposed to line level, there are weaker audio signals, such as those from microphones and instrument pickups, and stronger signals, such as those used to drive headphones and loudspeakers. The "strength" of these various signals does not necessarily refer to the output voltage of the source device; it also depends on its output impedance and output power capability." ; :prefLabel "Line level" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GPP", "Graph bisection", "Graph bisection problem", "Graph partitioning", "Graph partitioning problem", "Partition of a graph" ; :definition "In mathematics, the graph partition problem is defined on data represented in the form of a graph G = (V,E), with V vertices and E edges, such that it is possible to partition G into smaller components with specific properties. For instance, a k-way partition divides the vertex set into k smaller components. A good partition is defined as one in which the number of edges running between separated components is small. Uniform graph partition is a type of graph partitioning problem that consists of dividing a graph into components, such that the components are of about the same size and there are few connections between the components. Important applications of graph partitioning include scientific computing, partitioning various stages of a VLSI design circuit and task scheduling in multi-p" ; :prefLabel "Graph partition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Intraepithelial Lesion", "Intraepithelial Lesions", "Lesion", "Lesions", "SIL", "SIN", "Squamous", "Squamous Cell Intraepithelial Neoplasia", "Squamous Intraepithelial", "Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions", "intraepithelial lesions squamous", "intraepithelial squamous lesion", "sils" ; :definition "A general term for the abnormal growth of squamous cells on the surface of the cervix. The changes in the cells are described as low grade or high grade, depending on how much of the cervix is affected and how abnormal the cells appear." ; :prefLabel "Squamous intraepithelial lesion" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Libvips", "VIPS" ; :definition "VIPS is an open source image processing software package. It is particularly good with large images, works with multi-core processors, working with colour, scientific analysis and general research & development. It was developed during and is the product of several European research projects (VASARI, MARC, ACOHIR, Viseum) which were primarily about Imaging art, but which demanded a new approach to image processing. VIPS is a standard package for many Linux distributions" ; :prefLabel "VIPS (software)" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CRM" ; :definition "The distance between the radial extent of the tumor and the surgical incision used to excise the tumor. This distance is measured microscopically." ; :prefLabel "Circumferential Resection Margin" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Flicker" ; :definition "Flicker is a visible fading between cycles displayed on video displays, especially the refresh interval on cathode ray tube (CRT) as well as Plasma based computer screens and/or TVs. Flicker occurs on CRTs when they are driven at a low refresh rate, allowing the brightness to drop for time intervals sufficiently long to be noticed by a human eye – see persistence of vision and flicker fusion threshold. For most devices, the screen's phosphors quickly lose their excitation between sweeps of the electron gun, and the afterglow is unable to fill such gaps – see phosphor persistence. A similar effect occurs in PDPs during their refresh cycles." ; :prefLabel "Flicker (screen)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "100 Hz", "Field rate", "Refresh", "Refresh frequency", "Scan rate", "Screen frequency", "Vertical refresh", "Vertical refresh rate", "Vertical scan rate" ; :definition "The refresh rate (most commonly the "vertical refresh rate", "vertical scan rate" for cathode ray tubes) is the number of times in a second that a display hardware updates its buffer. This is distinct from the measure of frame rate in that the refresh rate includes the repeated drawing of identical frames, while frame rate measures how often a video source can feed an entire frame of new data to a display." ; :prefLabel "Refresh rate" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automated welding", "Welding robot" ; :definition "Robot welding is the use of mechanized programmable tools (robots), which completely automate a welding process by both performing the weld and handling the part. Processes such as gas metal arc welding, while often automated, are not necessarily equivalent to robot welding, since a human operator sometimes prepares the materials to be welded. Robot welding is commonly used for resistance spot welding and arc welding in high production applications, such as the automotive industry." ; :prefLabel "Robot welding" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Token", "Tokenization" ; :definition "Tokenization, when applied to data security, is the process of substituting a sensitive data element with a non-sensitive equivalent, referred to as a token, that has no extrinsic or exploitable meaning or value. The token is a reference (i.e. identifier) that maps back to the sensitive data through a tokenization system. The mapping from original data to a token uses methods which render tokens infeasible to reverse in the absence of the tokenization system, for example using tokens created from random numbers. The tokenization system must be secured and validated using security best practices applicable to sensitive data protection, secure storage, audit, authentication and authorization. The tokenization system provides data processing applications with the authority and interfaces to r" ; :prefLabel "Tokenization (data security)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DIED", "DOD (EXKL PERINATAL)", "DOD/DODSFALL EKS A95", "Dead", "Death", "Death (excluding perinatal)", "Death NOS", "Death [Disease/Finding]", "Deceased", "Dod (ex perinatal)", "Dood/overlijden (ex perinataal)", "EXPIRED", "Expired/Death", "Fallecimiento (ex perinatal)", "HERIOTZA (ESKL.PERINATALA)", "KUOLEMA (EI PERINATAALINEN)", "Mort (SF perinatale)", "Morte (excl perinatal)", "Morte(escl perinatale)", "Tod (ex perinatal)", "biological death", "deaths", "exitus (kiv. perinatalis)", "has died", "mavet" ; :definition "OBSOLETE. A permanent cessation of all vital functions: the end of life; can be applied to a whole organism or to a part of an organism. [GOC:mah, GOC:mtg_apoptosis, ISBN:0877797099]" ; :prefLabel "Cessation of life" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Great", "bigger", "larger" ; :definition "Notable in size, number, measure, magnitude, degree, or effectiveness." ; :prefLabel "Greater" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CPP", "Consistent pricing system" ; :definition "A consistent pricing process (CPP) is any representation of (frictionless) "prices" of assets in a market. It is a stochastic process in a filtered probability space such that at time the component can be thought of as a price for the asset. Mathematically, a CPP in a market with d-assets is an adapted process in if Z is a martingale with respect to the physical probability measure , and if at all times such that is the solvency cone for the market at time . and the EMM ." ; :prefLabel "Consistent pricing process" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Commendo" ; :definition "The Netflix Prize was an open competition for the best collaborative filtering algorithm to predict user ratings for films, based on previous ratings without any other information about the users or films, i.e. without the users or the films being identified except by numbers assigned for the contest." ; :prefLabel "Netflix Prize" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In a connected graph, the closeness centrality (or closeness) of a node is a measure of centrality in a network, calculated as the sum of the length of the shortest paths between the node and all other nodes in the graph. Thus the more central a node is, the closer it is to all other nodes. Closeness was defined by Bavelas (1950) as the reciprocal of the farness, that is: When speaking of closeness centrality, people usually refer to its normalized form which represents the average length of the shortest paths instead of their sum. It is generally given by the previous formula divided by , where" ; :prefLabel "Closeness centrality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Disaster", "Disasters", "Natural", "Natural Disaster", "disaster natural" ; :definition "Sudden calamitous events producing great material damage, loss, and distress. They are the result of natural phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, etc." ; :prefLabel "Natural Disasters" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ICH10", "ICH6", "ICH6R", "ICH9", "Ich", "Intel 82801", "Intel ICH5", "Intel ICH7M" ; :definition "I/O Controller Hub (ICH) is a family of Intel southbridge microchips used to manage data communications between a CPU and a motherboard, specifically Intel chipsets based on the Intel Hub Architecture. It is designed to be paired with a second support chip known as a northbridge. As with any other southbridge, the ICH is used to connect and control peripheral devices." ; :prefLabel "I/O Controller Hub" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Baseband modulation", "Baseband transmission", "Coding", "Digital baseband modulation", "Encoding scheme", "Line coding", "Line encoding" ; :definition "In telecommunication, a line code is a code chosen for use within a communications system for transmitting a digital signal down a line. Line coding is often used for digital data transport. Some line codes are digital baseband modulation or digital baseband transmission methods, and these are baseband line codes that are used when the line can carry DC components." ; :prefLabel "Line code" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Li", "Li element", "Li+ element", "Lithium Metallicum", "Lithium [Chemical/Ingredient]" ; :definition "A soft metal. Lithium salts are used to treat certain mental disorders, especially bipolar (manic depressive) disorder. Lithium salts include lithium carbonate and lithium citrate." ; :prefLabel "Lithium" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Document Segmentation" ; :definition "In computer vision, document layout analysis is the process of identifying and categorizing the regions of interest in the scanned image of a text document. A reading system requires the segmentation of text zones from non-textual ones and the arrangement in their correct reading order. Detection and labeling of the different zones (or blocks) as text body, illustrations, math symbols, and tables embedded in a document is called geometric layout analysis. But text zones play different logical roles inside the document (titles, captions, footnotes, etc.) and this kind of semantic labeling is the scope of the logical layout analysis." ; :prefLabel "Document layout analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "spelling" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "360 (disambiguation)", "N360", "Norton Security Suite" ; :definition "Norton 360, developed by Symantec, was an “all-in-one” security suite that combined online protection with performance tuning. What distinguished this suite from Norton Internet Security is the inclusion of optimization and problem solving tools. Norton 360 was distributed as a boxed copy, download or was preinstalled on computers as OEM software. Norton 360 was discontinued after being cut from the overhauled Norton line in mid-2014, its features are carried over to its successor, Norton Security." ; :prefLabel "Chicken" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GG", "Gadu gadu", "GaduGadu" ; :definition "Gadu-Gadu (Polish for "chit-chat"; commonly known as GG or gg) is a Polish instant messaging client using a proprietary protocol. Gadu-Gadu is the most popular IM service in Poland, with over 15 million registered accounts and approximately 6.5 million users online daily. Gadu-Gadu’s casual gaming portal had some 500,000 active users at the end of March 2009. Users send up to 300 million messages per day. Gadu-Gadu is financed by the display of advertisements. The developer is based in Warsaw, Poland but the company is wholly owned by the South African media giant Naspers." ; :prefLabel "Gadu-Gadu" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SFEE", "SourceForge (disambiguation)" ; :definition "SourceForge Enterprise Edition is a collaborative revision control and software development management system. It provides a front-end to a range of software development lifecycle services and integrates with a number of free software / open source software applications (such as PostgreSQL and Subversion). SourceForge.net is owned and administrated by BizX." ; :prefLabel "SourceForge" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "24 hour", "24 hour clock", "24 hour clocks", "24 hour time", "24-hour", "24-hour clocks", "24-hour format", "24-hour notation", "24-hour time", "Army time", "Astronomical time", "Military time", "Twenty four hour clock", "Twenty-four hour clock", "Twenty-four-hour clock" ; :definition "The 24-hour clock is the convention of time keeping in which the day runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 hours, indicated by the hours passed since midnight, from 0 to 23. This system is the most commonly used time notation in the world today, and is used by international standard ISO 8601. In the practice of medicine, the 24-hour clock is generally used in documentation of care as it prevents any ambiguity as to when events occurred in a patient's medical history. It is popularly referred to as military time in the United States, and a handful of other countries where the 12-hour clock is still dominant." ; :prefLabel "24-hour clock" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Roth" ; :definition "Realms of the Haunting is a first-person adventure/shooter game developed by Gremlin Interactive. The 3D engine used in this game was borrowed from Gremlin's own Normality." ; :prefLabel "Realms of the Haunting" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Traction" ; :definition "Traction TeamPage is a proprietary enterprise 2.0 social software product developed by Traction Software Inc of Providence Rhode Island. TeamPage is one of the first products in the enterprise blog and wiki market, with Traction release 1.0 shipped in 1999. Traction TeamPage is a collaborative hypertext platform built to support working communication within and between groups and is modeled on Douglas Engelbart's On-Line System (the first hypertext journaling system) and influenced by the work of other hypertext pioneers including Andy van Dam's Hypertext Editing System and Ted Nelson's Xanadu." ; :prefLabel "Traction TeamPage" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aincrad", "Asada Shino", "SAO", "Sword Art Online (TV series)", "Sword Art Online (U.S. TV series)", "Sword Art Online (film)", "Sōdo Āto Onrain", "ソードアート・オンライン" ; :definition "Sword Art Online (Japanese: ソードアート・オンライン Hepburn: Sōdo Āto Onrain) (also known as SAO) is a 2009 Japanese light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec. The series takes place in the near-future and focuses on various virtual reality MMORPG worlds. The light novels began publication on ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Bunko imprint from April 10, 2009, with a spin-off series launching in October 2012. The series has spawned eight manga adaptations published by ASCII Media Works and Kadokawa. The novels and four of the manga adaptations have been licensed for release in North America by Yen Press. An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with an Extra Edition episode aired on December 31, 2013, and a second season, ti" ; :prefLabel "Sword Art Online: Progressive" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bible Concordances", "Biblical concordance", "Concordance", "Concordance of the Bible", "Concordances of the Bible" ; :definition "A Bible concordance is a concordance, or verbal index, to the Bible. A simple form lists Biblical words alphabetically, with indications to enable the inquirer to find the passages of the Bible where the words occur. Concordances may be for the original languages of the Biblical books, or (more commonly) they are compiled for translations." ; :prefLabel "Bible concordance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abbreviation", "Preferred Abbreviation" ; :definition "Works consisting of lists of shortened forms of written words or phrases used for brevity. Acronyms are included here." ; :prefLabel "Abbreviations" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JMLR" ; :definition "The Journal of Machine Learning Research (usually abbreviated JMLR), is a scientific journal focusing on machine learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence. It was founded in 2000. The journal was founded as an open-access alternative to the journal Machine Learning. In 2001, forty editors of Machine Learning resigned in order to support JMLR, saying that in the era of the internet, it was detrimental for researchers to continue publishing their papers in expensive journals with pay-access archives. Instead, they wrote, they supported the model of JMLR, in which authors retained copyright over their papers and archives were freely available on the internet." ; :prefLabel "Journal of Machine Learning Research" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "COA", "Care of", "Care of address", "Care-of addresses" ; :definition "Used in Internet routing, a care-of address (usually referred to as CoA) is a temporary IP address for a mobile device. This allows a home agent to forward messages to the mobile device. A separate address is required because the IP address of the device that is used as host identification is topologically incorrect - it does not match the network of attachment. The care-of address splits the dual nature of an IP address, that is, its use is to identify the host and the location within the global IP network." ; :prefLabel "Care-of address" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analytical key", "Analytical keys", "Bifurcating key", "Dichotomous key", "Dichotomous keys", "Key", "Pathway key", "Pathway keys", "Polytomous key", "Polytomous keys", "Sequential key", "Sequential keys", "Single access", "Single access key", "Single access keys", "Single-access", "Single-access keys", "Singleaccess", "Singleaccess key", "Singleaccess keys" ; :definition "In Phylogenetics, a single-access key (also called dichotomous key, sequential key, analytical key, or pathway key) is an identification key where the sequence and structure of identification steps is fixed by the author of the key. At each point in the decision process, multiple alternatives are offered, each leading to a result or a further choice. The alternatives are commonly called "leads", and the set of leads at a given point a "couplet"." ; :prefLabel "Single-access key" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "In The Beginning Was The Command Line", "In the Beginning", "In the Beginning...was the Command Line", "In the beginning was the commandline", "Neal Stephenson/In the Beginning" ; :definition "In the Beginning... Was the Command Line is an essay by Neal Stephenson which was originally published online in 1999 and later made available in book form (November 1999, ISBN 978-0380815937). The essay is a commentary on why the proprietary operating systems business is unlikely to remain profitable in the future because of competition from free software. It also analyzes the corporate/collective culture of the Microsoft, Apple, and free software communities." ; :prefLabel "In the Beginning... Was the Command Line" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "California potato power", "P4G", "Persona 4", "Persona 4 Golden", "Persona 4 Vol. 2", "Persona 4 the golden", "Persona 4: Golden", "Persona 4: The Golden", "Persona 4: The Magician", "Persona x Detective Naoto", "Perusona Fo", "Perusona Fo Za Goruden", "Perusona Fō", "Perusona Fō Za Gōruden", "Pursuing my true Self", "Shin Megami Tensei Persona 4", "ペルソナ4", "ペルソナ4 ザ・ゴールデン" ; :definition "Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4 (ペルソナ4 Perusona Fō) is a role-playing video game developed and published by Atlus for Sony's PlayStation 2, and chronologically the fifth installment in the Persona series, itself a part of the larger Megami Tensei franchise. Persona 4 was released in Japan in July 2008, North America in December 2008, and Europe in March 2009, and was later re-released on the PlayStation Network in April 2014. An enhanced remake for the PlayStation Vita, Persona 4 Golden, was released in Japan in June 2012, in North America in November 2012, and in Europe in February 2013." ; :prefLabel "Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acausal system", "Anticausal" ; :definition "An anticausal system is a hypothetical system with outputs and internal states that depend solely on future input values. Some textbooks and published research literature might define an anticausal system to be one that does not depend on past input values, allowing also for the dependence on present input values. Anticausal systems are also acausal, but the converse is not always true. An acausal system that has any dependence on past input values is not anticausal. Digital room correction in some sound reproduction systems rely on acausal filters." ; :prefLabel "Anticausal system" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "An internationalized domain name", "An internationalized domain name (IDN)", "IDN", "IDNA", "IDNs", "International Domain Name", "International Domain Names", "Internationalised domain name", "Internationalized domain", "Internationalized domain name (IDN)", "Internationalized domain names", "Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications", "Xn--" ; :definition "An internationalized domain name (IDN) is an Internet domain name that contains at least one label that is displayed in software applications, in whole or in part, in a language-specific script or alphabet, such as Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Tamil, Hebrew or the Latin alphabet-based characters with diacritics or ligatures, such as French. These writing systems are encoded by computers in multi-byte Unicode. Internationalized domain names are stored in the Domain Name System as ASCII strings using Punycode transcription." ; :prefLabel "Internationalized domain name" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In knowledge-based systems, agents choose actions based on the principle of rationality to move closer to a desired goal. The agent is able to make decisions based on knowledge it has about the world (see knowledge level). But for the agent to actually change its state, it must use whatever means it has available. This level of description for the agent's behavior is the symbol level." ; :prefLabel "Symbol level" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cognition", "Cognition Disorders [Disease/Finding]", "Cognitive Disorder", "Cognitive disorder NOS", "Disorder", "Disorders", "PROBLEMS WITH COGNITIVE/INTELLECTUAL FUNCTION", "attention disorder", "attention disorders", "cognition disorder", "cognitive and memory disorder", "cognitive deficit", "cognitive deficits", "cognitive disease", "cognitive diseases", "cognitive disorders", "disease cognitive", "disorder attention" ; :definition "Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment." ; :prefLabel "Cognition Disorders" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "editions" ; :definition "The form in which a text (especially a printed book) is published." ; :prefLabel "edition" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "N-ras c.182_183AA>GG", "NM_002524.4:c.182_183AA>GG", "NM_002524.4:c.182_183delAAinsGG", "NRAS c.182_183AA>GG", "NRAS c.182_183delAAinsGG", "NRAS1 c.182_183AA>GG", "Neuroblastoma RAS Viral (v-ras) Oncogene Homolog c.182_183AA>GG" ; :definition "A complex substitution where the nucleotide sequence at positions 182 through 183 of the coding sequence of the NRAS gene has changed from adenine-adenine to guanine-guanine." ; :prefLabel "NRAS NM_002524.4:c.182_183delAAinsGG" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Loopy" ; :definition "The Casio Loopy (ルーピー Rūpī), subtitled My Seal Computer SV-100, is a 32-bit home video game console sold exclusively in Japan. Released in October 1995, it was unique in that the marketing for it was completely targeted to female gamers. The Loopy included a built-in thermal color printer that could be used to create stickers from game screenshots. An optional accessory, called Magical Shop, allowed the machine to be used with outside devices (such as VCRs and DVD players) to obtain images from them, add text, and make stickers from those as well. Including Magical Shop, which contains its own built-in software, the Loopy game library contains 11 titles.The CPU is the same as Sega 32X CPU The Loopy features one controller port for use with a standard game controller or with a mouse (sold s" ; :prefLabel "Casio Loopy" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AIDS Associated", "AIDS Associated Lymphoma", "AIDS Lymphoma", "AIDS Related", "AIDS lymphomas related", "AIDS related lymphoma", "AIDS-Associated", "AIDS-Associated Lymphomas", "AIDS-Related", "AIDS-Related Lymphoma", "AIDS-Related Lymphomas", "AIDS-Related [Disease/Finding]", "AIDS-associated lymphoma", "HIV Associated Lymphoma", "HIV Related", "HIV Related Lymphoma", "HIV-Related", "HIV-Related Lymphoma", "HIV-Related Lymphomas", "Lymphoma", "Lymphoma AIDS Related", "Lymphomas" ; :definition "B-cell lymphoid tumors that occur in association with AIDS. Patients often present with an advanced stage of disease and highly malignant subtypes including BURKITT LYMPHOMA; IMMUNOBLASTIC LARGE-CELL LYMPHOMA; PRIMARY EFFUSION LYMPHOMA; and DIFFUSE, LARGE B-CELL, LYMPHOMA. The tumors are often disseminated in unusual extranodal sites and chromosomal abnormalities are frequently present. It is likely that polyclonal B-cell lymphoproliferation in AIDS is a complex result of EBV infection, HIV antigenic stimulation, and T-cell-dependent HIV activation." ; :prefLabel "Lymphoma, AIDS-Related" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Maynard" ; :definition "Maynard Electronics was an American company based in Lake Mary, Florida that produced magnetic tape data storage related products. The company was founded by Kim and Alison Knapp in 1982. It was acquired by Archive Corp. in 1989, but the brand was maintained. In order to make it easier to sell tape drives, the company created driver software that came to be called MaynStream. After Conner Peripherals acquired Archive, the software product was renamed Backup Exec." ; :prefLabel "Maynard Electronics" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "On Line Systems", "On-Line", "On-Line System", "On-Line Systems", "Online", "Online System", "System", "Systems", "online computer" ; :definition "Systems where the input data enter the computer directly from the point of origin (usually a terminal or workstation) and/or in which output data are transmitted directly to that terminal point of origin. (Sippl, Computer Dictionary, 4th ed)" ; :prefLabel "Online Systems" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CHRONIC", "CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE", "CRF", "CRF - Chronic Renal Failure", "Chronic", "Chronic Kidney Failure", "Chronic Renal Disease", "Chronic [Disease/Finding]", "Chronic renal failure NOS", "Disease", "ESRD", "ESRD (end stage renal disease)", "End Stage", "End Stage Kidney Disease", "End Stage Renal Disease", "End stage renal failure", "End-Stage", "End-Stage Kidney", "End-Stage Renal", "End-Stage Renal Disease", "End-Stage Renal Failure", "End-stage kidney disease", "FAILURE", "KIDNEY", "KIDNEY FAILURE CHRONIC", "Kidney Disease", "Kidney Failure", "RENAL FAILURE CHRONIC", "RENAL FAILURE CHRONIC ", "RENAL FAILURE CHRONIC UREMIA", "Renal Disease", "Renal Failure", "chronic renal failure (CRF)", "end stage renal disease (ESRD)" ; :definition "The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION." ; :prefLabel "Kidney Failure, Chronic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bon Echo Alpha 1", "Bon Echo Alpha 2", "Bon Echo Alpha 3", "BonEcho", "Firefox 2.0", "Firefox 2.0 Beta 1", "Firefox 2.0 Beta 2", "Firefox 2.0.0.1", "Firefox 2.x", "Firefox2", "Mozilla 2", "Mozilla Firefox 2", "Mozilla Firefox 2.0" ; :definition "Mozilla Firefox 2 is a version of Firefox, a web browser released on October 24, 2006 by the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox 2 uses version 1.8 of the Gecko layout engine for displaying web pages. The release contained many new features not found in Firefox 1.5, including improved support for Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) and JavaScript 1.7, as well as user interface changes. Mozilla ended support for Firefox 2 on December 18, 2008." ; :prefLabel "Firefox 2" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Shroud of the Avatar", "Sota" ; :definition "Shroud of the Avatar: Forsaken Virtues (abbreviated SotA) is an upcoming fantasy role-playing video game. Described as being a spiritual successor to the Ultima series, Shroud of the Avatar is primarily developed by Richard Garriott as creative director, Starr Long as executive producer, Chris Spears as lead technical designer, and Tracy Hickman as lead story designer." ; :prefLabel "Shroud of the Avatar:" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attributable", "attributions" ; :definition "To assign to a cause or source." ; :prefLabel "attribution" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Complement", "Complement class" ; :definition "In computational complexity theory, the complement of a decision problem is the decision problem resulting from reversing the yes and no answers. Equivalently, if we define decision problems as sets of finite strings, then the complement of this set over some fixed domain is its complement problem. For example, one important problem is whether a number is a prime number. Its complement is to determine whether a number is a composite number (a number which is not prime). Here the domain of the complement is the set of all integers exceeding one." ; :prefLabel "Complement (complexity)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aerial", "Aerial (television)", "Digital antenna", "Reception", "Rooftop TV antenna", "Rooftop antenna", "TV aerial", "Television aerial", "Television antennas", "Television reception", "Television reception antenna", "Tv antenna", "Tv reception" ; :definition "A television antenna, or TV aerial, is an antenna specifically designed for the reception of over-the-air broadcast television signals, which are transmitted at frequencies from about 41 to 250 MHz in the VHF band, and 470 to 960 MHz in the UHF band in different countries. Television antennas are manufactured in two different types: "indoor" antennas, to be located on top of or next to the television set, and "outdoor" antennas, mounted on a mast on top of the owner's house. The most common types of antennas used are the dipole ("rabbit ears") and loop antennas, and for outdoor antennas the yagi and log periodic, and UHF multi-bay "flat" (Reflective array antenna) antennae." ; :prefLabel "Television antenna" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NGA", "Next generation access" ; :definition "Next-generation access (NGA) describes a significant upgrade to the Broadband available by making a step change in speed and quality of the service. This is typically thought of as asymmetrical with a download speed of 24Mb plus and a fast upload speed.The Definition of UK Superfast Next Generation Broadband OFCOM have defined NGA as in "Ofcom's March 2010 'Review of the wholesale local access market" "Super-fast broadband is generally taken to mean broadband products that provide a maximum download speed that is greater than 24 Mbit/s. This threshold is commonly considered to be the maximum speed that can be supported on current generation (copper-based) networks."" ; :prefLabel "Next-generation access" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "TOM was an object-oriented programming language developed in the 1990s that built on the lessons learned from Objective-C. The main purpose of TOM was to allow for "unplanned reuse" of code via a well-developed extension mechanism. This concept was introduced seemingly by accident in Objective-C and later proved to be of wide use, and was applied aggressively in TOM. The book The Pragmatic Programmer lists TOM as an example for a new language to learn. Development of the TOM language has ceased." ; :prefLabel "TOM" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binge eating", "Binge-Eating", "Binge-Eating Disorder", "Binge-Eating Disorder [Disease/Finding]", "Binge-Eating Disorders", "Disorder", "Disorders", "bing", "binge", "binge disorder eating", "binge disorders eating", "bingeing", "binging" ; :definition "A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)" ; :prefLabel "Binge eating disorder" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information Resource" ; :definition "Sources of information such as libraries, databases, and websites." ; :prefLabel "Information Resources" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IJCAR", "International Joined Conference on Automated Reasoning" ; :definition "The International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning (IJCAR) is a series of conferences on the topics of automated reasoning, automated deduction, and related fields. It is organized semi-regularly as a merger of other meetings. IJCAR replaces those independent conferences in the years it takes place. The conference is organized by CADE Inc., and CADE has always been one of the conferences partaking in IJCAR." ; :prefLabel "International Joint Conference on Automated Reasoning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "As Easy As" ; :definition "As-Easy-As for DOS and As-Easy-As for Windows was a shareware 32-bit spreadsheet program developed in the mid-1980s for MS-DOS and later for MS Windows. The name is a play on the phrase "as easy as 1-2-3", a reference to the dominant MS-DOS spreadsheet at that time, Lotus 1-2-3 with which it competed with for a fraction of the contender's price. The program was sold by Trius, Inc. (Not to be confused with Tritus, the makers of the Tritus SPF clone of the mainframe ISPF interface and editor.)" ; :prefLabel "As-Easy-As" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Foremost (data recovery)" ; :definition "Foremost is a forensic data recovery program for Linux used to recover files using their headers, footers, and data structures through a process known as file carving. Although written for law enforcement use, it is freely available and can be used as a general data recovery tool." ; :prefLabel "Foremost" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MGI", "Mouse gene expression database", "Mouse genome database" ; :definition "Mouse Genome Informatics (MGI) is a free, online database and bioinformatics resource hosted by The Jackson Laboratory, with funding by The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). MGI provides access to data on the genetics, genomics and biology of the laboratory mouse to facilitate the study of human health and disease. The database integrates multiple projects with the two largest contributions from the Mouse Genome Database and Gene Expression Database (GXD)." ; :prefLabel "The mouse Gene Expression Database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Coherent information is an entropy measure used in quantum information theory. It is a property of a quantum state ρ and a quantum channel ; intuitively, it attempts to describe how much of the quantum information in the state will remain after the state goes through the channel. In this sense, it is intuitively similar to the mutual information of classical information theory. The coherent information is written ." ; :prefLabel "Coherent information" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Inventing the wheel", "Re-inventing the wheel", "Re-invention of the wheel", "Reinvent the wheel", "Reinventing the square wheel", "Reinvention of the wheel" ; :definition "To reinvent the wheel (reinvent the wheel) is to duplicate a basic method that has already previously been created or optimized by others. The inspiration for this idiomatic metaphor lies in the fact that the wheel is the archetype of human ingenuity, both by virtue of the added power and flexibility it affords its users, and also in the ancient origins which allow it to underlie much, if not all, of modern technology. As it has already been invented, and is not considered to have any operational flaws, an attempt to reinvent it would be pointless and add no value to the object, and would be a waste of time, diverting the investigator's resources from possibly more worthy goals which their skills could advance more substantially." ; :prefLabel "Reinventing the wheel" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(+-)-Isoprenaline", "(+-)-Isoproterenol", "(±)-isoprenaline", "(±)-isoproterenol", "1,2-Benzenediol", "1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(isopropylamino)ethanol", "1-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-isopropylaminoethanol", "3,4-Dihydroxy-alpha-[(isopropylamino)methyl]benzyl alcohol", "4-(1-Hydroxy-2-((1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)-1,2-benzenediol", "4-(1-hydroxy-2-((1-methylethyl)amino)ethyl)-", "?-(isopropylaminomethyl)protocatechuyl alcohol", "Isoprenalina", "Isoprenaline", "Isoprenalinum", "Isopropyl", "Isopropyl Noradrenaline", "Isopropylarterenol", "Isopropylnoradrenaline", "Isopropylnorepinephrine", "Isoproterenol [Chemical/Ingredient]", "N-Isopropyl-beta-dihydroxyphenyl-beta-hydroxyethylamine", "N-Isopropylnoradrenaline", "N-Isopropylnorepinephrine", "N-isopropyl-?-dihydroxyphenyl-?-hydroxyethylamine", "Noradrenaline", "alpha-(Isopropylaminomethyl)protocatechuyl alcohol", "isoproteronol" ; :definition "A synthetic catechol compound and potent beta adrenergic agonist with peripheral vasodilator, bronchodilator, and cardiac stimulating properties. Isoproterenol exerts its effect on the beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the myocardium, thereby increasing heart rate and cardiac output. In addition, isoproterenol acts on beta-2 adrenergic receptors in bronchiolar and vascular smooth muscle, thereby causing smooth muscle relaxation." ; :prefLabel "Isoproterenol" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A business domain in object-oriented programming is the set of classes that represent objects in the business model being implemented. The business domain is distinguishable from the business model in that the business model is an understanding and explanation of information and behaviors in the problem domain while the business domain is an implementation of that model in a specific programming language." ; :prefLabel "Business domain" ; :related , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attribute graph grammar", "Attributed graph" ; :definition "In computer science, an attributed graph grammar is a class of graph grammar that associates vertices with a set of attributes and rewrites with functions on attributes. In the algebraic approach to graph grammars, they are usually formulated using the double-pushout approach or the single-pushout approach." ; :prefLabel "Attributed graph grammar" ; :related , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Breeding", "Breeding collective", "Co-operative breeder", "Co-operative breeders", "Co-operative breeding", "Collective breeding", "Communal breeding", "Communally breeding", "Cooperative breeder", "Cooperative breeders" ; :definition "Cooperative breeding is a social system characterized by alloparental care: offspring receive care not only from their parents, but also from additional group members, often called helpers. Cooperative breeding encompasses a wide variety of group structures, from a breeding pair with helpers that are offspring from a previous season, to groups with multiple breeding males and females (polygynandry) and helpers that are the adult offspring of some but not all of the breeders in the group, to groups in which helpers sometimes achieve co-breeding status by producing their own offspring as part of the group's brood. Cooperative breeding occurs across taxonomic groups including birds, mammals, fish, and insects." ; :prefLabel "Cooperative breeding" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Leakage" ; :definition "The Fourier transform of a function of time, s(t), is a complex-valued function of frequency, S(f), often referred to as a frequency spectrum. Any linear time-invariant operation on s(t) produces a new spectrum of the form H(f)•S(f), which changes the relative magnitudes and/or angles (phase) of the non-zero values of S(f). Any other type of operation creates new frequency components that may be referred to as spectral leakage in the broadest sense. Sampling, for instance, produces leakage, which we call aliases of the original spectral component. For Fourier transform purposes, sampling is modeled as a product between s(t) and a Dirac comb function. The spectrum of a product is the convolution between S(f) and another function, which inevitably creates the new frequency components. But th" ; :prefLabel "Spectral leakage" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Experiment", "Experiments", "experimental research", "experimental studies", "experimental study", "experimenting", "research studies" ; :definition "A coordinated set of actions and observations designed to generate data, with the ultimate goal of discovery or hypothesis testing." ; :prefLabel "research study" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extractor" ; :definition "A device designed to remove or separate a material or object from some other material or object." ; :prefLabel "Extractor Device Component" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GOM", "Good Old Mad", "MAD programming language", "MAD/I", "Michigan Algorithm Decoder", "Michigan algorithmic decoder" ; :definition "MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) is a programming language and compiler for the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709, IBM 7090, IBM 7040, UNIVAC 1107, UNIVAC 1108, Philco 210-211, and eventually the IBM S/370 mainframe computers. Developed in 1959 at the University of Michigan by Bernard Galler, Bruce Arden and Robert M. Graham, MAD is a variant of the ALGOL language. It was widely used to teach programming at colleges and universities during the 1960s and played a minor role in the development of CTSS, Multics, and the Michigan Terminal System computer operating systems." ; :prefLabel "MAD" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Phase congruency is a measure of feature significance in computer images, a method of edge detection that is particularly robust against changes in illumination and contrast." ; :prefLabel "Phase congruency" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hirchman uncertainty", "Hirschman", "Hirschman uncertainty" ; :definition "In quantum mechanics, information theory, and Fourier analysis, the entropic uncertainty or Hirschman uncertainty is defined as the sum of the temporal and spectral Shannon entropies. It turns out that Heisenberg's uncertainty principle can be expressed as a lower bound on the sum of these entropies. This is stronger than the usual statement of the uncertainty principle in terms of the product of standard deviations. In 1957, Hirschman considered a function f and its Fourier transform g such that where the "≈" indicates convergence in L2, and normalized so that (by Plancherel's theorem)," ; :prefLabel "Entropic uncertainty" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biliary or Urinary Stones", "CALCULUS", "Calculi [Disease/Finding]", "Stone", "Stones", "body stone" ; :definition "Accumulated material from the secretions of an organ. It is solid and representative examples include gallbladder stones, kidney stones, and salivary gland stones." ; :prefLabel "Calculi" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cloud image", "Image (disambiguation)", "Process image" ; :definition "In computing, a system image is a serialized copy of the entire state of a computer system stored in some non-volatile form such as a file. A system is said to be capable of using system images if it can be shut down and later restored to exactly the same state. In such cases, system images can be used for backup. Hibernation is an example that uses an image of the entire machine's RAM." ; :prefLabel "System image" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer", "Computers", "Personal", "Personal Computer" ; :prefLabel "Personal Computers" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NIBIB", "National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering" ; :definition "An institute within the National Institutes of Health with the mission to improve health by leading the development and accelerating the application of biomedical technologies. The Institute is committed to integrating the physical and engineering sciences with the life sciences, to advance basic research and medical care." ; :prefLabel "National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (U.S.)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cement", "Cements", "Glass Ionomer", "Glass Ionomer Cement", "Glass Ionomer Cements [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Glass Polyalkenoate", "Glass Polyalkenoate Cements", "Glass-Ionomer", "Glass-Ionomer Cement", "Polyalkenoate", "Polyalkenoate Cements" ; :definition "A polymer obtained by reacting polyacrylic acid with a special anion-leachable glass (alumino-silicate). The resulting cement is more durable and tougher than others in that the materials comprising the polymer backbone do not leach out." ; :prefLabel "Glass Ionomer Cements" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Magic quotes gpc" ; :definition "Magic quotes was a controversial feature of the PHP scripting language, wherein strings are automatically escaped—special characters are prefixed with a backslash—before being passed on. It was introduced to help newcomers write functioning SQL commands without requiring manual escaping. It was later described and widely misinterpreted as intended to prevent inexperienced developers from writing code that was vulnerable to SQL injection attacks. This feature was officially deprecated as of PHP 5.3.0 and removed in PHP 5.4, due to security concerns." ; :prefLabel "Magic quotes" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aby", "Fir", "Fir Tree", "Fir Trees", "Tree", "Trees", "firs" ; :definition "A plant genus in the family PINACEAE, order Pinales, class Pinopsida, division Coniferophyta. Balm of Gilead is a common name more often referring to POPULUS and sometimes to COMMIPHORA." ; :prefLabel "Abies" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A national lidar dataset refers to a high-resolution lidar dataset comprising most—and ideally all—of a nation’s terrain. Datasets of this type typically meet specified quality standards and are publicly available for free (or at nominal cost) in one or more uniform formats from government or academic sources. National LiDAR datasets are used primarily in LIDAR Contour Mapping, and also for forestry, urban and rural planning, recreational, environmental, engineering, and geological studies and planning, among others." ; :prefLabel "National lidar dataset" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "NewSQL is a class of modern relational database management systems that seek to provide the same scalable performance of NoSQL systems for online transaction processing (OLTP) read-write workloads while still maintaining the ACID guarantees of a traditional database system." ; :prefLabel "NewSQL" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nvidia tesla", "Tesla", "Tesla (GPU)", "Tesla 10 Series", "Tesla 20 Series", "Tesla 8 Series", "Tesla GPU", "Tesla architecture", "Tesla microarchitecture", "Tesla-nvidia" ; :definition "Tesla is the codename for a GPU microarchitecture developed by Nvidia as the successor to their prior microarchitectures. Tesla is Nvidia's first microarchitecture to implement unified shaders. It was used with GeForce 8 Series, GeForce 9 Series, GeForce 100 Series, GeForce 200 Series, and GeForce 300 Series of GPUs manufactured in 90 nm, 80 nm, 65 nm, and 55 nm. It also found use in the GeForce 405, and in the workstation market in the Quadro FX, Quadro x000, Quadro NVS series, and Nvidia Tesla computing modules." ; :prefLabel "Tesla (microarchitecture)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Overlap", "Overlap add", "Overlap-add", "Overlap-add method" ; :definition "In signal processing, the overlap–add method (OA, OLA) is an efficient way to evaluate the discrete convolution of a very long signal with a finite impulse response (FIR) filter : where h[m] = 0 for m outside the region [1, M]. The concept is to divide the problem into multiple convolutions of h[n] with short segments of : where L is an arbitrary segment length. Then: and y[n] can be written as a sum of short convolutions: where is zero outside the region [1, L + M − 1]. And for any parameter it is equivalent to the -point circular convolution of with in the region [1, N]. discretepoints." ; :prefLabel "Overlap–add method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ANUS", "Anal", "Ano", "LARGE INTESTINE" ; :definition "The lower opening of the digestive tract, lying in the cleft between the buttocks, through which fecal matter is extruded." ; :prefLabel "Anus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NIH", "National Institutes of Health", "National Institutes of Health (U.S.)", "health institute national", "health institutes national", "health national institute", "national health institute", "national health institutes", "national institute health" ; :definition "A federal agency in the U.S. that conducts biomedical research in its own laboratories; supports the research of non-Federal scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research institutions throughout the country and abroad; helps in the training of research investigators; and fosters communication of medical information. Access the National Institutes of Health Web site at http://www.nih.gov." ; :prefLabel "United States National Institutes of Health" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Architecture", "Architecture as Topics", "Architectures", "Engineering / Architecture" ; :definition "The art and science of designing buildings and structures. More generally, it is the design of the total built environment, including town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture." ; :prefLabel "Architecture as Topic" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A Bad Turn", "A Bad Turn (Code Lyoko episode)", "A Fine Mess", "A Fine Mess (Code Lyoko episode)", "A Fine Mess (Code Lyoko)", "A Great Day (Code Lyoko episode)", "Aelita (Code Lyoko episode)", "Aelita (disambiguation)", "Amnesia (Code Lyoko episode)", "Amnesia (Code Lyoko)", "Attack of the Zombies", "Attack of the Zombies (Code Lyoko episode)", "Big Bug (Code Lyoko episode)", "Claustrophobia (Code Lyoko episode)", "Claustrophobia (disambiguation)", "Code Lyoko episodes", "Code Lyoko: Xana Awakens", "Code: Earth", "Code: Earth (Code Lyoko episode)", "Cold War (Code Lyoko episode)", "Cold War (disambiguation)", "Common Interest", "Common Interest (Code Lyoko episode)", "Contact (Code Lyoko episode)", "Cruel Dilemma", "Cruel Dilemma (Code Lyoko episode)", "Deja Vu (Code Lyoko episode)", "Double Take (Code Lyoko)", "Double Trouble", "Double Trouble (Code Lyoko episode)", "Double Trouble (Code Lyoko)", "Double take", "Déjà Vu (Code Lyoko episode)", "Déjà vu (disambiguation)", "End of Take", "End of Take (Code Lyoko episode)", "Exploration (Code Lyoko episode)", "False Lead", "False Lead (Code Lyoko episode)", "False Start (Code Lyoko episode)", "Final Mix (Code Lyoko episode)", "Final Round (Code Lyoko episode)", "Final Round (Code Lyoko)", "Franz Hopper (Code Lyoko episode)", "Frontier (Code Lyoko episode)", "Ghost Channel", "Ghost Channel (Code Lyoko episode)", "Holiday in the Fog", "Holiday in the Fog (Code Lyoko episode)", "Image Problem", "Image Problem (Code Lyoko episode)", "Is Anybody Out There%3F (Code Lyoko episode)", "Just in Time", "Just in Time (Code Lyoko episode)", "Just in Time (Code Lyoko)", "Killer Music", "Killer Music (Code Lyoko episode)", "Laughing Fit (Code Lyoko episode)", "List of Code Lyoko episodes (Season 1)", "List of Code Lyoko episodes (Season 2)", "List of Code Lyoko episodes (Season 3)", "List of Code Lyoko episodes (Season 4)", "Log Book (Code Lyoko episode)", "Lyoko Minus One", "Lyoko Minus One (Code Lyoko episode)", "Marabounta", "Marabounta (Code Lyoko 36)", "Marabounta (Code Lyoko episode)", "Missing Link", "Missing Link (Code Lyoko episode)", "Mister Puck", "Mister Puck (Code Lyoko episode)", "Mister Pueck", "Mister Pueck (Code Lyoko episode)", "Mister Pück", "Mister Pück (Code Lyoko episode)", "New Order (Code Lyoko episode)", "New Order (disambiguation)", "Nobody in Particular", "Nobody in Particular (Code Lyoko episode)", "Plagued", "Plagued (Code Lyoko episode)", "Pretender (disambiguation)", "Revelation (Code Lyoko episode)", "Robot (disambiguation)", "Rock Bottom", "Rock Bottom%3F", "Rock Bottom%3F (Code Lyoko episode)", "Routine (Code Lyoko episode)", "Sabotage (Code Lyoko episode)", "Saint Valentine's Day (Code Lyoko episode)", "Satellite (Code Lyoko episode)", "Seeing Is Believing", "Seeing Is Believing (Code Lyoko episode)", "Skidbladnir (Code Lyoko episode)", "Straight to Heart", "Straight to Heart (Code Lyoko episode)", "Swarming Attack", "Swarming Attack (Code Lyoko episode)", "Teddygodzilla", "Teddygozilla", "Teddygozilla (Code Lyoko episode)", "Temporary Insanity (Code Lyoko episode)", "Temptation (Code Lyoko episode)", "Temptation (Code Lyoko)", "The Chips Are Down (Code Lyoko episode)", "The Girl of the Dreams", "The Girl of the Dreams (Code Lyoko episode)", "The Key", "The Key (Code Lyoko episode)", "The Pretender (Code Lyoko episode)", "The Pretender (Code Lyoko)", "The Robots (Code Lyoko episode)", "The Robots (Code Lyoko)", "The Secret (Code Lyoko episode)", "The Trap", "The Trap (Code Lyoko episode)", "The Trap (Code Lyoko)", "Three is an Odd Number", "Three is an Odd Number (Code Lyoko episode)", "Tidal Wave (Code Lyoko episode)", "Tip-Top Shape", "Tip-Top Shape (Code Lyoko episode)", "Triple Trouble (Code Lyoko episode)", "Ultimatum (Code Lyoko episode)", "Unchartered Territory (Code Lyoko episode)", "Vertigo (Code Lyoko episode)", "William Returns", "XANA's Kiss (Code Lyoko episode)", "Xana Awakens", "Xana's Kiss", "Zero Gravity (disambiguation)", "Zero Gravity Zone", "Zero Gravity Zone (Code Lyoko episode)" ; :definition "This is a list of episodes for the French animated television series, Code Lyoko. The first season has no set viewing order save for the last two episodes, so it is listed by the order in which it aired. The following seasons have their episodes numbered, and are ordered by that number. So far, the series has a total of ninety-seven episodes: Twenty-six each for the first two seasons, thirteen for the third, thirty for the fourth, and the two-part prequel made alongside the third season." ; :prefLabel "List of Code Lyoko episodes" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AR", "Ar (file format)" ; :definition "The archiver, also known simply as ar, is a Unix utility that maintains groups of files as a single archive file. Today, ar is generally used only to create and update static library files that the link editor or linker uses and for generating .deb packages for the Debian family; it can be used to create archives for any purpose, but has been largely replaced by tar for purposes other than static libraries. An implementation of ar is included as one of the GNU Binutils." ; :prefLabel "Ar (Unix)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Parallel processing" ; :definition "In digital signal processing (DSP), parallel processing is a technique duplicating function units to operate different tasks (signals) simultaneously. Accordingly, we can perform the same processing for different signals on the corresponding duplicated function units. Further, due to the features of parallel processing, the parallel DSP design often contains multiple outputs, resulting in higher throughput than not parallel." ; :prefLabel "Parallel processing (DSP implementation)" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Label printer applicators", "Labeler", "Print and apply" ; :definition "Label printer applicators are basic robots that automatically print and apply pressure-sensitive labels to various products. Some types of labeling include shipping labeling, content labeling, graphic images, and labeling to comply with specific standards such as those of GS1 and Universal Product Code U.P.C. A pressure-sensitive label consists of a label substrate and adhesive. First developed in the late 1970s, today there are over 70 manufacturers of these types of machines worldwide." ; :prefLabel "Label printer applicator" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Long Term", "Long-Term", "Long-Term Memories", "Long-term memory", "Longterm", "Longterm Memories", "Longterm Memory", "Memories", "Memory", "long term memory" ; :definition "The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation. [http://hebb.mit.edu/courses/9.03/lecture4.html, ISBN:0582227089]" ; :prefLabel "Memory, Long-Term" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "documenting" ; :definition "Furnished with or supported by documents and documentation." ; :prefLabel "Documented" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASGP", "Cell Surface Associated wt Allele", "HSA276359", "MUC-4", "Mucin 4", "Tracheobronchial Gene" ; :definition "Human MUC4 wild-type allele is located in the vicinity of 3q29 and is approximately 66 kb in length. This allele, which encodes mucin-4 protein, plays a role in both cell adhesion and tumor progression." ; :prefLabel "MUC4 wt Allele" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Legal information retrieval is the science of information retrieval applied to legal text, including legislation, case law, and scholarly works. Accurate legal information retrieval is important to provide access to the law to laymen and legal professionals. Its importance has increased because of the vast and quickly increasing amount of legal documents available through electronic means. Legal information retrieval is a part of the growing field of legal informatics." ; :prefLabel "Legal information retrieval" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Power of graph", "Square (disambiguation)", "Square of a graph" ; :definition "In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the kth power Gk of an undirected graph G is another graph that has the same set of vertices, but in which two vertices are adjacent when their distance in G is at most k. Powers of graphs are referred to using terminology similar to that for exponentiation of numbers: G2 is called the square of G, G3 is called the cube of G, etc. Graph powers should be distinguished from the products of a graph with itself, which (unlike powers) generally have many more vertices than the original graph." ; :prefLabel "Graph power" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Boo interpreter", "Boo programming language" ; :definition "Boo is an object-oriented, statically typed, general-purpose programming language that seeks to make use of the Common Language Infrastructure's support for Unicode, internationalization, and web applications, while using a Python-inspired syntax and a special focus on language and compiler extensibility. Some features of note include type inference, generators, multimethods, optional duck typing, macros, true closures, currying, and first-class functions. Boo is free software released under the BSD 3-Clause license. It is compatible with both the Microsoft .NET and Mono frameworks." ; :prefLabel "Boo" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Disabilities", "Disability", "Disabled", "Disabled Person", "Disabled Population", "Handicapped", "People with", "People with Disability", "People with disabilities", "Person", "Persons", "Persons with", "Persons with Disabilities", "Persons with Disability", "person with disability" ; :definition "Groups with similar restrictions or lack or ability to perform physical or mental activities in a manner or within the range considered normal for a human being." ; :prefLabel "Disabled Persons" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Drugs", "Street", "drugs street", "street drug" ; :definition "Drugs obtained and often manufactured illegally for the subjective effects they are said to produce. They are often distributed in urban areas, but are also available in suburban and rural areas, and tend to be grossly impure and may cause unexpected toxicity." ; :prefLabel "Street Drugs" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LIN-bus", "LINbus", "Lin", "Lin bus" ; :definition "LIN (Local Interconnect Network) is a serial network protocol used for communication between components in vehicles. The need for a cheap serial network arose as the technologies and the facilities implemented in the car grew, while the CAN bus was too expensive to implement for every component in the car. European car manufacturers started using different serial communication topologies, which led to compatibility problems." ; :prefLabel "Local Interconnect Network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Arabic" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AUDITORY DISORDER", "AUDITORY DISORDER (NOS)", "Auditory alteration", "Hearing Disorder", "Hearing Disorders [Disease/Finding]", "Hearing disorders", "auditory defect", "auditory disorders", "auditory disturbance", "auditory disturbances", "auditory effects", "auditory system disorder", "disorders hearing", "hear problem", "hear problems", "of hearing disorder", "problem hearing" ; :definition "A disorder characterized by the partial or complete loss of the ability to detect sounds due to damage to the ear structures or inability of the brain to properly interpret or process the auditory signals it receives from the anatomic structures of the ear." ; :prefLabel "Hearing problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clumping", "Clumping (public transport)", "Clumping (transit)", "Transit vehicle clumping" ; :definition "In public transport, bus bunching, clumping, convoying, or platooning refers to a group of two or more transit vehicles (such as buses or trains), which were scheduled to be evenly spaced running along the same route, instead running in the same location at the same time. This occurs when at least one of the vehicles is unable to keep to its schedule and therefore ends up in the same location as one or more other vehicles of the same route at the same time." ; :prefLabel "Bus bunching" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Les Racines du mal (The Roots Of Evil) is a 1995 crime novel by the French writer Maurice G. Dantec. Set in the near future, it tells the story of a knowledge engineer who is brought in by the police to find a group of serial killers. He is assisted by the "neuromatrice", an artificial intelligence he helped develop, which can access any computer system and create psychological profiles based on scattered hints and facts about a person." ; :prefLabel "Les Racines du mal" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ANTERIOR DESCENDING", "Anterior Descending Coronary Artery", "Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery", "Anterior interventricular coronary artery", "CORONARY ARTERY", "LAD", "LDA", "Left anterior descending branch of left coronary artery", "Left anterior descending coronary artery", "Ramus interventricularis anterior (Arteria coronaria sinistra)", "left anterior descending artery" ; :definition "A left coronary artery branch that descends on the anterior portion of the heart through the anterior interventricular groove." ; :prefLabel "Anterior descending branch of left coronary artery" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MASH (hash)", "MASH-2", "Mash" ; :definition "MASH-1 (Modular Arithmetic Secure Hash) is a hash function based on modular arithmetic." ; :prefLabel "MASH-1" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BEHAVIOR ABNORMAL", "BEHAVIORAL PROBLEM", "Behavior", "Behavior problems", "Behavioral", "Behavioral Disturbance", "Behavioral abnormalities", "Behavioral abnormality", "Behavioral changes", "Behavioral disorders", "Behavioral disturbances", "Behavioral problems", "Behavioral/psychiatric abnormalities", "Behaviors", "Behavioural/Psychiatric abnormality", "Not Acting Normal", "Not Acting Self", "Problem", "Problem Behavior", "Problem Behaviors", "Problems", "Psychiatric disorders", "Psychiatric disturbances", "abnormal behaviour", "behavior problem", "behaviors problem", "behaviour problem", "behaviour problems", "behavioural problems", "behaviours problem", "problem behaviour", "problems behavior", "strange behavior", "strange behaviour" ; :definition "Troublesome or disruptive behavioral displays." ; :prefLabel "Abnormal behavior" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mass", "Media", "mass information media" ; :definition "Instruments or technological means of communication that reach large numbers of people with a common message: press, radio, television, etc." ; :prefLabel "Mass Media" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bloom", "Blooms", "Blossom", "Blossoms", "Flos", "Flower", "Plant", "Plant Bloom", "Plant Blooms" ; :definition "The reproductive structure of a tree or other plant, consisting of at least one pistil or stamen, and often including petals and sepals." ; :prefLabel "Flowers" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computational Communication" ; :definition "Computational social science refers to the academic sub-disciplines concerned with computational approaches to the social sciences. This means that computers are used to model, simulate, and analyze social phenomena. Fields include computational economics, computational sociology, and cliodynamics. It focuses on investigating social and behavioral relationships and interactions through social simulation, modeling, network analysis, and media analysis." ; :prefLabel "Computational social science" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LVCSR" ; :definition "Speech analytics is the process of analyzing recorded calls to gather customer information to improve communication and future interaction. The process is primarily used by customer contact centers to extract information buried in client interactions with an enterprise. Although speech analytics includes elements of automatic speech recognition, it is known for analyzing the topic being discussed, which is weighed against the emotional character of the speech and the amount and locations of speech versus non-speech during the interaction. Speech analytics in contact centers can be used to mine recorded customer interactions to surface the intelligence essential for building effective cost containment and customer service strategies. The technology can pinpoint cost drivers, trend analysis," ; :prefLabel "Speech analytics" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Intellectual", "Intellectual Product", "Intellectual Properties", "Properties", "Property" ; :definition "Property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyright, that results from creative effort. The Patent and Copyright Clause (Art. 1, Sec. 8, cl. 8) of the United States Constitution provides for promoting the progress of science and useful arts by securing for limited times to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. (From Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed, p1014)" ; :prefLabel "Intellectual Property" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IAD", "IPR", "Inosine", "Inosine Mono[4-(acetylamino)benzoate] Salt Compd with 1-(dimethylamino)-2-propanol(1:3)", "Inosine Pranobex [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Inosine acedobene dimepranol", "Inosine-2-hydroxypropyldimethylammonium 4-acetamidobenzoate (1:3)", "Inosine:Dimethylaminoisopropanol Acetamidobenzoate(1:3)", "Inosiplex", "Isoprinosine", "Methisoprinol", "Methysoprinol", "Metisoprinol", "Pranobex", "compd. with 1-(dimethylamino)-2-propanol 4-(acetylamino)benzoate (salt) (1:3)" ; :definition "An alkylamino-alcohol complex of inosine used in the treatment of a variety of viral infections. Unlike other antiviral agents, it acts by modifying or stimulating cell-mediated immune processes rather than acting on the virus directly." ; :prefLabel "Inosine Pranobex" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "prescription drug" ; :definition "Drugs that cannot be sold legally without a prescription." ; :prefLabel "Prescription Drugs" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Care", "Health", "Health Care Activity", "Healthcare", "Healthcare Activity" ; :definition "The actions of prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the preservation of mental and physical well-being through the services offered by the medical and allied health professions." ; :prefLabel "Health Care" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analyzer" ; :definition "Any device designed to perform an analysis." ; :prefLabel "Analyzer Device Component" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "WARC file" ; :definition "The Web ARChive (WARC) archive format specifies a method for combining multiple digital resources into an aggregate archive file together with related information. The WARC format is a revision of the Internet Archive's ARC File Format that has traditionally been used to store "web crawls" as sequences of content blocks harvested from the World Wide Web. The WARC format generalizes the older format to better support the harvesting, access, and exchange needs of archiving organizations. Besides the primary content currently recorded, the revision accommodates related secondary content, such as assigned metadata, abbreviated duplicate detection events, and later-date transformations." ; :prefLabel "Web ARChive" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Jess programming language", "Jess®" ; :definition "Jess is a rule engine for the Java platform that was developed by Ernest Friedman-Hill of Sandia National Labs. It is a superset of the CLIPS programming language. It was first written in late 1995. The language provides rule-based programming for the automation of an expert system, and is frequently termed as an expert system shell. In recent years, intelligent agent systems have also developed, which depend on a similar capability. The Jess rules engine utilizes the Rete algorithm, and can be utilized to create: * Java servlets * Enterprise JavaBeans * Applets" ; :prefLabel "Jess" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EMNLP" ; :definition "Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing or EMNLP is a leading conference in the area of Natural Language Processing. EMNLP is organized by the ACM special interest group on linguistic data (SIGDAT). EMNLP was started in 1996, based on an earlier conference series called Workshop on Very Large Corpora (WLVC). As of 2014, EMNLP has a field rating of 36 within computer science and a citation count of 6937, according to Microsoft Academic Search, both within the top-300 for the field of CS." ; :prefLabel "Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cell", "Cell Phone", "Cell phones", "Cell-phone", "Cellphone", "Cellular", "Cellular Phones", "Cellular Telephone", "Cellular Telephones", "Phone", "Phones", "Telephone", "Telephones" ; :definition "Analog or digital communications device in which the user has a wireless connection from a telephone to a nearby transmitter. It is termed cellular because the service area is divided into multiple "cells." As the user moves from one cell area to another, the call is transferred to the local transmitter." ; :prefLabel "Cellular Phone" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Achievement Attainment", "Achievements" ; :definition "Success in bringing an effort to the desired end; the degree or level of success attained in some specified area (esp. scholastic) or in general." ; :prefLabel "Achievement" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TOS", "TOU", "Terms Of Reprint", "Terms of service agreement", "Terms of use", "ToS violation" ; :definition "Terms of service (also known as terms of use and terms and conditions, commonly abbreviated as ToS or TOS and TOU) are rules, that one must agree to abide by in order to use a service. Terms of service can also be merely a disclaimer, especially regarding the use of websites." ; :prefLabel "Terms of service" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Wrapping" ; :definition "In computer graphics, wrapping is the process of limiting a position to an area. A good example of wrapping is wallpaper, a single pattern repeated indefinitely over a wall. Wrapping is used in 3D computer graphics to repeat a texture over a polygon, eliminating the need for large textures or multiple polygons. To wrap a position x to an area of width w, calculate the value ." ; :prefLabel "Wrapping (graphics)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "6150 LE", "6150 SE", "6200", "6200 LE", "6200 TurboCache", "6200A", "6200GT", "6600 GT", "6600 LE", "6600GT", "6800", "6800 GS", "6800 GT", "6800 GTO", "6800 LE", "6800 Ultra", "6800 Ultra Extreme", "6800 XT", "6800GT", "GF6", "GeForce 6", "GeForce 6000", "GeForce 6100", "GeForce 6150", "GeForce 6150 LE", "GeForce 6150 SE", "GeForce 6200", "GeForce 6200 LE", "GeForce 6200 TurboCache", "GeForce 6200A", "GeForce 6600", "GeForce 6600 GT", "GeForce 6600 LE", "GeForce 6600GT", "GeForce 6800", "GeForce 6800 GS", "GeForce 6800 GT", "GeForce 6800 GTO", "GeForce 6800 LE", "GeForce 6800 Ultra", "GeForce 6800 Ultra Extreme", "GeForce 6800 XT", "GeForce 6800GT", "NForce 410", "NForce 430", "NV40", "NVIDIA NV40", "Nvidia GeForce 6100", "Nvidia GeForce 6150", "Nvidia GeForce 6150 LE", "Nvidia GeForce 6150 SE", "Nvidia GeForce 6200", "Nvidia GeForce 6200 LE", "Nvidia GeForce 6200 TurboCache", "Nvidia GeForce 6200A", "Nvidia GeForce 6500", "Nvidia GeForce 6600", "Nvidia GeForce 6600 GT", "Nvidia GeForce 6600 LE", "Nvidia GeForce 6800", "Nvidia GeForce 6800 GS", "Nvidia GeForce 6800 GT", "Nvidia GeForce 6800 GTO", "Nvidia GeForce 6800 LE", "Nvidia GeForce 6800 Ultra", "Nvidia GeForce 6800 Ultra Extreme", "Nvidia GeForce 6800 XT", "Nvidia N40" ; :definition "The GeForce 6 Series (codename NV40) is Nvidia's sixth generation of GeForce graphic processing units. Launched on April 14, 2004, the GeForce 6 family introduced PureVideo post-processing for video, SLI technology, and Shader Model 3.0 support (compliant with Microsoft DirectX 9.0c specification and OpenGL 2.0)." ; :prefLabel "GeForce 6 series" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PDP++" ; :definition "Emergent (formerly PDP++) is neural simulation software that is primarily intended for creating models of the brain and cognitive processes. Development initially began in 1995 at Carnegie Mellon University, and as of 2014, continues at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The 3.x release of the software, which was known as PDP++, is featured in the textbook Computational Explorations in Cognitive Neuroscience." ; :prefLabel "Emergent" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GR", "GReader", "Google Reader Shared Items", "Reader", "Reader Play" ; :definition "Google Reader was an RSS/Atom feed aggregator operated by Google. It was created in early 2005 by Google engineer Chris Wetherell and launched on October 7, 2005, through Google Labs. Google Reader grew in popularity to support a number of programs which used it as a platform for serving news and information to people. Google closed Google Reader on July 1, 2013, citing declining use." ; :prefLabel "Google Reader" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "French for National Superior School of Information Science and Libraries", "National School of Information Science and Libraries", "École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques" ; :definition "The École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques (ENSSIB; French for National Superior School of Information Science and Libraries) is a French university-level educational institution based in Villeurbanne (a borough of Lyon). It provides education and training for library curators and librarians (already hired by the government) after a competitive examination. It also trains standards students, providing them a master's degree." ; :prefLabel "Ecole Nationale Superieure des Sciences de l'information et des Bibliotheques" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BFvsGF", "Chip Chocolate", "Cookie Dance", "Jeana Smith", "Jesse Wellens", "Jesse Wellens (vlogger)", "PVP", "Prank versus Prank", "Prank vs. prank" ; :definition "PrankvsPrank, also known as PvP, was a YouTube channel created by Jesse Michael Wellens and his girlfriend Jennifer "Jeana" Smith. In 2007, the two began to play pranks on each other and post videos of the pranks on websites, eventually forming a channel on YouTube. The channel has more than 1.7 billion video views and 10 million subscribers as of May 2016." ; :prefLabel "PrankvsPrank" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ocular", "Ocular Vision", "Sight", "Vision", "functions visual", "see", "seeing", "sees", "sense of sight", "sensory visual perception", "visions", "visual function", "visual perception" ; :definition "The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image. [GOC:ai]" ; :prefLabel "Vision" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Martin Kay (Computer Scientist)" ; :definition "Martin Kay is a computer scientist, born in 1935, known especially for his work in computational linguistics. Born and raised in the United Kingdom, he received his M.A. from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1961. In 1958 he started to work at the Cambridge Language Research Unit, one of the earliest centres for research in what is now known as Computational Linguistics. In 1961, he moved to the Rand Corporation in Santa Monica, California, US, where he eventually became head of research in linguistics and machine translation. He left Rand in 1972 to become Chair of the Department of Computer Science at the University of California, Irvine. In 1974, he moved to the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center as a Research Fellow. In 1985, while retaining his position at Xerox PARC, he joined the faculty" ; :prefLabel "Martin Kay" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Equilibrium" ; :prefLabel "Kind of quantity - Equilibrium" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Triage (Medicine)", "Triages" ; :definition "The sorting out and classification of patients or casualties to determine priority of need and proper place of treatment." ; :prefLabel "Triage" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Sofia's Diary is a drama that is shown online through the social networking site Bebo, which is the same site that hosts KateModern. A version of Sofia's Diary originally came out in 2003 in Portugal. This means it actually predates the first video of lonelygirl15 which came out in 2006. Sofia is played by 22-year-old Rachel Hyde-Harvey. Following an 8-month break, Sofia's Diary returned to Bebo to begin a 6-week third season, from 29 May 2009. This season differs to the first two, in that new episodes are only being shown on Tuesdays and Fridays, as opposed to every weekday." ; :prefLabel "Sofia's Diary" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Kate", "Kate (computing)", "Kate (editor)", "Kate (software)", "Kate editor", "Kate text editor" ; :definition "The KDE Advanced Text Editor (Kate) is a text editor developed by the KDE free software community. It has been a part of KDE Software Compilation since version 2.2, which was first released in 2001. Intended for software developers, it features syntax highlighting, code folding, customizable layouts, regular expression support, and extensibility." ; :prefLabel "KDE Applications" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ECAI" ; :definition "The biennial European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI) is the leading conference in the field of Artificial Intelligence in Europe, and is commonly listed together with IJCAI and AAAI as one of the three major general AI conferences worldwide. The conference series has been held without interruption since 1974, originally under the name AISB." ; :prefLabel "European Conference on Artificial Intelligence" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computational complexity theory, the potential method is a method used to analyze the amortized time and space complexity of a data structure, a measure of its performance over sequences of operations that smooths out the cost of infrequent but expensive operations." ; :prefLabel "Potential method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AGI-Plan (computer virus)", "AGI-Plan Virus", "Agiplan" ; :definition "AGI-Plan was a memory resident DOS file infector first isolated at the Agiplan software company in Germany. Because of CARO standards that dictate that viruses should not be named after companies, AGI-Plan's technical name is Month 4-6. This name also violates CARO standards, but a more minor rule involving syntax. AGI-Plan is related to the Zero Bug virus, as both it and AGI-Plan prepend 1,536 bytes to files they infect." ; :prefLabel "AGI-Plan" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anatomies", "Regional", "Regional Anatomies", "Regional Anatomy", "Topographic Anatomy", "Topology" ; :definition "The anatomical study of specific regions or parts of organisms, emphasizing the relationship between the various structures (e.g. muscles, nerves, skeletal, cardiovascular, etc.)." ; :prefLabel "Anatomy, Regional" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Elan (programming language)", "Elan programming language" ; :definition "ELAN is an educational programming language for learning and teaching systematic programming. It was developed in 1974 by C.H.A. Koster and a group at the Technical University of Berlin as an alternative to BASIC in teaching, and approved for use in secondary schools in Germany by the "Arbeitskreis Schulsprache". It is in use in a number of schools in Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Hungary for informatics teaching in secondary education, and used at the Radboud University Nijmegen in the Netherlands for teaching systematic programming to students from various disciplines and in teacher courses." ; :prefLabel "Elan" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biological", "Evolution", "organic evolution" ; :definition "The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics." ; :prefLabel "Biological Evolution" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Stanley" ; :definition "Stanley is an autonomous car created by Stanford University's Stanford Racing Team in cooperation with the Volkswagen Electronics Research Laboratory (ERL). It won the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge, earning the Stanford Racing Team the 2 million dollar prize." ; :prefLabel "Stanley (vehicle)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Stochastic modeling", "Stochastic modelling" ; :definition "This page is concerned with the stochastic modelling as applied to the insurance industry. For other stochastic modelling applications, please see Monte Carlo method and Stochastic asset models. For mathematical definition, please see Stochastic process." ; :prefLabel "Stochastic modelling (insurance)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A data architect is a practitioner of data architecture, an information technology discipline concerned with designing, creating, deploying and managing an organization's data architecture. Data architects define how the data will be stored, consumed, integrated and managed by different data entities and IT systems, as well as any applications using or processing that data in some way. It is closely allied with business architecture and is considered to be one of the four domains of enterprise architecture." ; :prefLabel "Data architect" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hard code", "Hard coded", "Hard coded value", "Hard coded values", "Hard-coded", "Hard-coded value", "Hard-coded values", "Hard-coding", "Hardcode", "Hardcoded", "Hardcoded value", "Hardcoded values", "Hardcoding" ; :definition "Hard coding (also hard-coding or hardcoding) refers to the software development practice of embedding what may, perhaps only in retrospect, be considered an input or configuration data directly into the source code of a program or other executable object, or fixed formatting of the data, instead of obtaining that data from external sources or generating data or formatting in the program itself with the given input." ; :prefLabel "Hard coding" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Textual Case Based Reasoning" ; :definition "Textual case-based reasoning is a subtopic of case-based reasoning, in short CBR, a popular area in artificial intelligence. CBR suggests the ways to use past experiences to solve future similar problems, requiring that past experiences be structured in a form similar to attribute - value pairs. This leads to the investigation of textual descriptions for knowledge exploration whose output will be, in turn, used to solve similar problems." ; :prefLabel "Textual case-based reasoning" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Semantic Pragmatic Disorder", "Semantic-Pragmatic Disorders" ; :prefLabel "Semantic-Pragmatic Disorder" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AQE" ; :definition "The Air Quality Egg (AQE) is an Open source hardware Internet of Things platform and hobbyist device for crowdsourced citizen monitoring of airborne pollutants. The device won widespread recognition when it was named a Best of Kickstarter 2012 project, and has been featured in newspaper, magazine, peer-reviewed scientific journal and prominent blog articles. Crowdsourced data from citizen owners of the devices is uploaded to Xively where it becomes publicly accessibly on the Air Quality Egg website. The device is supported by 3rd party mobile apps such as Acculation's AQCalc." ; :prefLabel "Air Quality Egg" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "J. A. Bergstra", "Jan A. Bergstra" ; :definition "Johannes Aldert "Jan" Bergstra (born 1951) is a Dutch computer scientist. His work has focussed on logic and the theoretical foundations of software engineering, especially on formal methods for system design. He is best known as an expert on algebraic methods for the specification of data and computational processes in general." ; :prefLabel "Jan Bergstra" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LES", "Large-eddy simulation" ; :definition "Large eddy simulation (LES) is a mathematical model for turbulence used in computational fluid dynamics. It was initially proposed in 1963 by Joseph Smagorinsky to simulate atmospheric air currents, and first explored by Deardorff (1970). LES is currently applied in a wide variety of engineering applications, including combustion, acoustics, and simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer." ; :prefLabel "Large eddy simulation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Calendar epoch", "Epoch", "Epoch (computer)", "Epoch (computing)", "Epoch (date)", "Epoch criteria", "Epoch date", "Epoch event", "Epoch of 1601-01-01", "Epoch of 1900-01-01", "Epoch of 1950-01-01", "Epoch of 1960-01-01", "Epoch of 1970-01-01", "Epoch of 1980-01-01", "Epoch of 2000-01-01", "Epochal criteria", "Epochal date", "Epochal event", "Reference date" ; :definition "In the fields of chronology and periodization, an epoch is an instant in time chosen as the origin of a particular era. The "epoch" then serves as a reference point from which time is measured. Time measurement units are counted from the epoch so that the date and time of events can be specified unambiguously." ; :prefLabel "Epoch (reference date)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sankey" ; :definition "Sankey diagrams are a specific type of flow diagram, in which the width of the arrows is shown proportionally to the flow quantity. Sankey diagrams are typically used to visualize energy or material or cost transfers between processes. They can also visualize the energy accounts, material flow accounts on a regional or national level, and also the breakdown of cost of item or services." ; :prefLabel "Sankey diagram" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computer science the notion of highly connected subgraphs appears frequently. This notion can be formalized as follows. Let be an undirected graph and let be a subgraph of . Then the density of is defined to be . The densest subgraph problem is that of finding a subgraph of maximum density. In 1984, Andrew V. Goldberg developed a polynomial time algorithm to find the maximum density subgraph using a max flow technique." ; :prefLabel "Dense subgraph" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Engine", "Search", "Search Program", "Search Tool", "Search engines" ; :definition "Software used to locate data or information stored in machine-readable form locally or at a distance such as an INTERNET site." ; :prefLabel "Search Engine" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Community networking" ; :definition "Community informatics (CI), also known as community networking, electronic community networking, community-based technologies, community technology or grassroots computing refers to an emerging field of investigation and practice concerned with information and communication technology (ICT) in relation to communities and their social, cultural, service development, economic and other dimensions. It is formally located as an academic discipline within a variety of academic faculties including Information Science, Information Systems, Computer Science, Planning, Development Studies, and Library Science among others and draws on insights on community development from a range of backgrounds and disciplines. It is an interdisciplinary approach interested in using ICTs for different forms of com" ; :prefLabel "Community informatics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Medial" ; :definition "In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, the medial graph of plane graph G is another graph M(G) that represents the adjacencies between edges in the faces of G. Medial graphs were introduced in 1922 by Ernst Steinitz to study combinatorial properties of convex polyhedra, although the inverse construction was already used by Peter Tait in 1877 in his foundational study of knots and links." ; :prefLabel "Medial graph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptive thresholding", "Local adaptive thresholding", "Threshold" ; :definition "Thresholding is the simplest method of image segmentation. From a grayscale image, thresholding can be used to create binary images ." ; :prefLabel "Thresholding (image processing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chow-Liu", "Chow-Liu tree" ; :definition "In probability theory and statistics Chow–Liu tree is an efficient method for constructing a second-order product approximation of a joint probability distribution, first described in a paper by . The goals of such a decomposition, as with such Bayesian networks in general, may be either data compression or inference." ; :prefLabel "Chow–Liu tree" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Future Search is the name for a 3-day planning meeting that enables people to cooperate in complex situations, including those of high conflict and uncertainty. The method typically involves groups of 40 to 80 people in one room and as many as 300 in parallel conferences. People from diverse backgrounds use Future Searches to make systemic improvements in their communities and organizations, working entirely from their own experience. It has been employed with most social, technological and economic issues in North and South America, Africa, Australia, Europe, India and South Asia. People achieve four outputs from one meeting--shared values, a plan for the future, concrete goals, and an implementation strategy." ; :prefLabel "Future Search" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".nlm", "NLM" ; :definition "A NetWare Loadable Module (NLM) is a loadable kernel module (a binary code module) that can be loaded into Novell's NetWare operating system. NLMs can implement hardware drivers, server functions (e.g. clustering), applications (e.g. GroupWise), system libraries or utilities. NLMs were supported beginning with the Intel 80386-based NetWare version 3.x. Prior versions of NetWare had a monolithic kernel, and significant hardware or functionality changes required re-linking the kernel from object modules." ; :prefLabel "NetWare Loadable Module" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hoare's algorithm", "Introspective selection", "Maximum algorithm", "Median algorithm", "Median search", "Minimum algorithm", "Select algorithm", "Select and partition", "Select kth element", "Selection", "Selection problem" ; :definition "In computer science, a selection algorithm is an algorithm for finding the kth smallest number in a list or array; such a number is called the kth order statistic. This includes the cases of finding the minimum, maximum, and median elements. There are O(n) (worst-case linear time) selection algorithms, and sublinear performance is possible for structured data; in the extreme, O(1) for an array of sorted data. Selection is a subproblem of more complex problems like the nearest neighbor and shortest path problems. Many selection algorithms are derived by generalizing a sorting algorithm, and conversely some sorting algorithms can be derived as repeated application of selection." ; :prefLabel "Selection algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A discovery system is an artificial intelligence system which attempts to discover new scientific concepts or laws. Notable discovery systems have included, * Autoclass * Automated Mathematician * DALTON * Eurisko * Glauber * Machine for Questions and Answers * Stahl" ; :prefLabel "Discovery system" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RTI", "Run-Time Infrastructure", "Runtime infrastructure" ; :definition "In simulation, run-time infrastructure (RTI) is a middleware that is required when implementing the High Level Architecture. RTIis the fundamental component of HLA. It provides a set of software services that are necessary to support federates to coordinate their operations and data exchange during a runtime execution. In other sense, it is the implementation of the HLA interface specification but is not itself part of specification. Modern RTI implementations conform to the IEEE 1516 and/or HLA 1.3 API specifications. These specifications do not include a network protocol for RTI. It is up to the implementors of an RTI to create a specification. Due to this, interoperability between RTI products and often, RTI versions, should not be assumed unless the vendor specifies interoperability wi" ; :prefLabel "Run-time infrastructure (simulation)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Amos Fiat (born December 1, 1956 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli computer scientist, a professor of computer science at Tel Aviv University. He is known for his work in cryptography, online algorithms, and algorithmic game theory." ; :prefLabel "Amos Fiat" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pitts", "W. H. Pitts", "Walter H. Pitts" ; :definition "Walter Harry Pitts, Jr. (23 April 1923 – 14 May 1969) was a logician who worked in the field of computational neuroscience. He is widely remembered to have spent three days in a library, at the age of 12, reading Principia Mathematica and sent a letter to Bertrand Russell pointing out what he considered serious problems with the first half of the first volume. Russell was appreciative and invited him to study in the United Kingdom." ; :prefLabel "Walter Pitts" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Trigrams" ; :definition "Trigrams are a special case of the n-gram, where n is 3. They are often used in natural language processing for doing statistical analysis of texts." ; :prefLabel "Trigram" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The term Trustworthy Computing (TwC) has been applied to computing systems that are inherently secure, available, and reliable. It is particularly associated with the Microsoft initiative of the same name, launched in 2002." ; :prefLabel "Trustworthy computing" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ku", "Ku-Band", "Ku-band in Indonesia" ; :definition "The Ku band (pronunciation: /ˌkeɪˈjuː/) is the 12–18 GHz portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the microwave range of frequencies. This symbol refers to "K-under" (originally German: Kurz-unter)—in other words, the band directly below the K band. In radar applications, it ranges from 12-18 GHz according to the formal definition of radar frequency band nomenclature in IEEE Standard 521-2002. Some frequencies in this radio band are used for vehicle speed detection by law enforcement, especially in Europe." ; :prefLabel "Ku band" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Additive", "Additive models" ; :definition "In statistics, an additive model (AM) is a nonparametric regression method. It was suggested by Jerome H. Friedman and Werner Stuetzle (1981) and is an essential part of the ACE algorithm. The AM uses a one-dimensional smoother to build a restricted class of nonparametric regression models. Because of this, it is less affected by the curse of dimensionality than e.g. a p-dimensional smoother. Furthermore, the AM is more flexible than a standard linear model, while being more interpretable than a general regression surface at the cost of approximation errors. Problems with AM include model selection, overfitting, and multicollinearity." ; :prefLabel "Additive model" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The Collective Knowledge project (or CK for short) is an open-source framework and repository to enable collaborative and reproducible experimentation (originally focusing on computer systems' research). CK is a small, portable and customizable infrastructure which allows researchers:" ; :prefLabel "Collective Knowledge (CK)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "distances" ; :definition "The space separating two objects or points." ; :prefLabel "Distance" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Registry" ; :definition "The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers." ; :prefLabel "Registries" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer networks" ; :prefLabel "computer network" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IXA", "IXF" ; :definition "Internet Exchange Architecture (acronym: IXA) is a chip set and framework produced by Intel Corporation used by manufacturers to design customised network processors. Introduced in 1999, the first model was based on the StrongARM processor." ; :prefLabel "Internet Exchange Architecture" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cleopatra (computer game)", "Cleopatra (video game)", "Cleopatra - Queen of the Nile", "Cleopatra – Queen of the Nile", "Cleopatra: Queen of the Nile", "Pharaoh (Game)", "Pharaoh (computer game)", "Pharaoh - Cleopatra", "Pharaoh and Cleopatra", "Pharaoh and Cleopatra (computer game)", "Pharaoh the game", "Pharaoh – Cleopatra", "Pharaoh: Cleopatra", "Queen of the Nile - Cleopatra", "Queen of the Nile – Cleopatra", "Queen of the Nile: Cleopatra" ; :definition "Pharaoh is an isometric city-building game that was released on October 31, 1999, created by Impressions Games and published by Sierra Entertainment, forMicrosoft Windows. Using the same game engine and principles of Caesar III (also by Sierra Entertainment), it is the first such game in Sierra's city Building series to focus on another civilisation of ancients times, with players overseeing construction and management of cities and settlements in Ancient Egypt, micro-managing every aspect of the city, while also ensuring its citizens are fed, employed, healthy and protected from diseases, disasters and wars." ; :prefLabel "Pharaoh" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Control system (disambiguation)", "DCS", "Decentralized control", "Distributed control", "Distributed control manufacturing system", "PCS", "Process Control System" ; :definition "A Distributed Control System (DCS) is a control system for a process or plant, wherein control elements (controllers) are distributed throughout the system. This is in contrast to non-distributed systems that use a single controller at a central location. In a DCS, a hierarchy of controllers is connected by communication networks for command and monitoring. Example scenarios where a DCS might be used include:" ; :prefLabel "Distributed control system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Vern Edward Paxson is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley. He also leads the Networking and Security Group at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California. His interests range from transport protocols to intrusion detection and worms. He is an active member of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) community and served as the chair of the IRTF from 2001 until 2005. From 1998 to 1999 he served on the IESG as Transport Area Director of the IETF." ; :prefLabel "Vern Paxson" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clinical Study Protocol", "Clinical Trial Protocol", "DOC.REF.CTP", "Full Protocol", "Prot", "Protocol", "Protocol Amendment", "Study Protocol", "StudyProtocol", "Trial Protocol" ; :definition "A discrete, structured plan (that persists over time) of a formal investigation to assess the utility, impact, pharmacological, physiological, and/or psychological effects of a particular treatment, procedure, drug, device, biologic, food product, cosmetic, care plan, or subject characteristic. NOTE(S): The term "protocol" is somewhat overloaded and must be qualified to provide semantic context. Therefore the term "study protocol" was chosen to disambiguate it from other protocols. In previous versions of BRIDG, there was one class for StudyProtocol. However this too represented multiple distinct aspects of the semantics of study protocol, each of which have now been split into separate classes:- The StudyProtocol class represents the content of the study protocol and can exist even before the information is put into document form. - The details of the structured plan for the study protocol are represented by the StudyProtocolVersion, so named because any aspect of the definition can change from version to version. These details include, but are not limited to, the characteristics, specifications, objective(s), background, the pre-study/study/post-study portions of the plan (including the design, methodology, statistical considerations, organization).- The protocol and its versions can each be represented in document form, respectively StudyProtocolDocument and StudyProtocolDocumentVersion. A StudyProtocolDocument groups the various document versions (StudyProtocolDocumentVersions).- The conduct of a study based on a study protocol definition is represented by the StudyExecution class." ; :prefLabel "Clinical trial protocol document" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bill presentment and payment", "Billing", "E-billing", "EBPP", "EBill", "EIPP", "EInvoice", "Ebilling", "Electronic Bill Payment & Presentment", "Electronic bill presentment and payment", "Electronic invoice presentment and payment", "Electronic presentment" ; :definition "Electronic billing or electronic bill payment and presentment, is when a company, organization, or group sends its bills over the internet, and customers pay the bills electronically." ; :prefLabel "Electronic billing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Escal Institute of Advanced Technologies", "SANS Technology Institute", "STI", "Sans", "The Escal Institute of Advanced Technologies" ; :definition "The SANS Institute (officially the Escal Institute of Advanced Technologies) is a private U.S. for-profit company founded in 1989 that specializes in information security and cybersecurity training. Topics available for training include cyber and network defenses, penetration testing, incident response, digital forensics, and audit. The information security courses are developed through a consensus process involving administrators, security managers, and information security professionals. The courses cover security fundamentals and technical aspects of information security. The Institute has been recognized for its training programs and certification programs. SANS stands for SysAdmin, Audit, Network and Security." ; :prefLabel "SANS Institute" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EVA", "EVA Conferences International", "EVA conference", "Electronic Information", "Electronic Visualisation and the Arts", "the Visual Arts & Beyond", "the Visual Arts and Beyond" ; :definition "The Electronic Visualisation and the Arts conferences (EVA Conferences for short, aka Electronic Information, the Visual Arts and Beyond) are a series of international interdisciplinary conferences mainly in Europe, but also elsewhere in the world, for people interested in the application of information technology to the cultural and especially the visual arts field, including art galleries and museums. Started in London (UK), there are now conferences in Berlin (Germany), Florence (Italy), Jerusalem (Israel), Moscow (Russia), and other major cities." ; :prefLabel "EVA Conferences" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Corpus" ; :definition "A speech corpus (or spoken corpus) is a database of speech audio files and text transcriptions.In Speech technology, speech corpora are used, among other things, to create acoustic models (which can then be used with a speech recognition engine). In Linguistics, spoken corpora are used to do research into Phonetic, Conversation analysis, Dialectology and other fields. A corpus is one such database. Corpora is the plural of corpus (i.e. it is many such databases). There are two types of Speech Corpora:" ; :prefLabel "Speech corpus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "slide", "slides" ; :definition "A flat rectangular piece of glass used to put specimens for microscopic study" ; :prefLabel "Slide (glass microscope)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computational complexity theory, NL-complete is a complexity class containing the languages that are complete for NL, the class of decision problems that can be solved by a nondeterministic Turing machine using a logarithmic amount of memory space. The NL-complete languages are the most "difficult" or "expressive" problems in NL. If a method exists for solving any one of the NL-complete problems in logarithmic memory space, then NL = L." ; :prefLabel "NL-complete" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Reliabilities", "Reliability", "Statistical Reliability", "Test Retest Reliability", "Test-Retest", "reliability (research methods)" ; :definition "The ability of the same instrument to produce consistent results when used additional times under conditions as nearly the same as possible." ; :prefLabel "Test-Retest Reliability" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AC transformer", "Air-core transformer", "Audio transformer", "Electric transformer", "Electrical transformer", "Electricity transformer", "Ideal transformer", "Line transformer", "Magnetizing current", "Power drums", "Power transformer", "Powerstat", "Primary", "Primary circuit", "Primary coil", "Primary winding", "Secondary Coil", "Secondary circuit", "Secondary winding", "Step down transformer", "Step up transformer", "Step-down transformer", "Step-up transformer", "Three-phase transformer", "Transfomer", "Transformer (disambiguation)", "Transformers (electrical)", "Voltage conversion", "Xformer" ; :definition "A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction produces an electromotive force within a conductor which is exposed to time varying magnetic fields. Transformers are used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power applications." ; :prefLabel "Transformer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "El", "Expression Language", "UEL" ; :definition "The Java Unified Expression Language is a special purpose programming language mostly used in Java web applications for embedding expressions into web pages.The Java specification writers and expert groups of the Java web-tier technologies have worked on a unified expression language which was first included in the JSP 2.1 specification (JSR-245), and later specified by itself in JSR-341, part of Java EE 7." ; :prefLabel "Unified Expression Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Rewrite", "Rewrite from scratch" ; :definition "A rewrite in computer programming is the act or result of re-implementing a large portion of existing functionality without re-use of its source code or writing inscription. When the rewrite is not using existing code at all, it is common to speak of a rewrite from scratch. When instead only parts are re-engineered, which have otherwise become complicated to handle or extend, then it is more precise to speak of code refactoring." ; :prefLabel "Rewrite (programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business ecology", "Business ecosystems" ; :definition "Starting in the early 1990s, James F. Moore originated the strategic planning concept of a business ecosystem, now widely adopted in the high tech community. The basic definition comes from Moore's book, The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems." ; :prefLabel "Business ecosystem" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Superficial", "Thesuperficial.com" ; :definition "The Superficial is a website devoted to celebrity gossip. It was founded on May 23, 2004, and quickly grew in popularity. The Superficial was a part of Anticlown Media, along with other sites such as IWatchStuff.com and Geekologie.com. The site is updated several times a day and has an Alexa traffic ranking of 1,099 within the United States as of June 23, 2012. It has been named one of the five best celebrity news websites by a Chicago Tribune writer. Buzz Media acquired the site in 2008." ; :prefLabel "The Superficial" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CSH", "Context sensitive help", "Context-sensitive", "Contextual help", "Help" ; :definition "Context-sensitive help is a kind of online help that is obtained from a specific point in the state of the software, providing help for the situation that is associated with that state. Context-sensitive help, as opposed to general online help or online manuals, doesn't need to be accessible for reading as a whole. Each topic is supposed to describe extensively one state, situation, or feature of the software." ; :prefLabel "Context-sensitive help" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pragmatic information" ; :definition "The pragmatic theory of information (PTOI) is a set of concepts and principles for defining, measuring, and tracking the time evolution of information. PTOI is derived from Charles Sanders Peirce's general theory of signs and inquiry. Peirce explored a number of ideas about information throughout his career. One set of ideas is about the "laws of information" having to do with the logical properties of information. Another set of ideas about "time and thought" have to do with the dynamic properties of inquiry. All of these ideas contribute to the pragmatic theory of inquiry." ; :prefLabel "Pragmatic theory of information" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BD", "Bonner", "Bonner Durchmusterung", "CD (disambiguation)", "CP", "CPD", "Cape Durchmusterung", "Cape photographic Durchmusterung", "Cordoba Durchmusterung", "Córdoba Durchmusterung" ; :definition "In astronomy, Durchmusterung or Bonner Durchmusterung (BD), is the comprehensive astrometric star catalogue of the whole sky, compiled by the Bonn Observatory (Germany) from 1859 to 1903. Today, the term Durchmusterung includes not only stars but also the search for other celestial objects. Special tasks are the celestial scanning in electromagnetic wavelengths which are shorter or longer than visible light waves.The name comes from Durchmusterung ("run-through examination"), a German word used for a systematic survey of objects or data." ; :prefLabel "Durchmusterung" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "A method for estimating properties of a dataset by measuring those properties when sampling from an approximating distribution." ; :prefLabel "Bootstrapping" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Emergencies", "Emergency" ; :definition "Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results." ; :prefLabel "Emergencies [Disease/Finding]" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Directories", "Directory" ; :definition "Work consisting of an alphabetical or classified list of names, organizations, subjects, etc., giving usually titles, addresses, affiliations, and other professional data." ; :prefLabel "Published Directory" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Roundup is an open-source issue or bug tracking system featuring a command-line, web and e-mail interface. It is written in Python and designed to be highly customizable. Roundup was designed by Ka-Ping Yee for the Software Carpentry project and has been developed since 2001 under the direction of Richard Jones. It is currently the issue tracker for the Python programming language itself. It was once described as "like Bugzilla without the six years of training, or RT without that tedious MySQL rubbish."" ; :prefLabel "Roundup" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Expression Regulation", "Gene", "Gene Action", "Gene Action Regulation", "Gene Expression", "Gene Expression Alteration", "Gene Regulation", "Gene Regulation Process", "Genetic regulation", "Regulation", "Regulation of Gene Expression", "genes regulation", "genetic control", "genetics regulations" ; :definition "Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gene expression. Gene expression is the process in which a gene's coding sequence is converted into a mature gene product or products (proteins or RNA). This includes the production of an RNA transcript as well as any processing to produce a mature RNA product or an mRNA (for protein-coding genes) and the translation of that mRNA into protein. Protein maturation is included when required to form an active form of a product from an inactive precursor form. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]" ; :prefLabel "Gene Expression Regulation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A fuzzy rule is defined as a conditional statement in the form: IF x is ATHEN y is B where x and y are linguistic variables; A and B are linguistic values determined by fuzzy sets on the universe of discourse X and Y, respectively." ; :prefLabel "Fuzzy rule" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Decision Analytic Method" ; :definition "Decision analysis (DA) is the discipline comprising the philosophy, theory, methodology, and professional practice necessary to address important decisions in a formal manner. Decision analysis includes many procedures, methods, and tools for identifying, clearly representing, and formally assessing important aspects of a decision, for prescribing a recommended course of action by applying the maximum expected utility action axiom to a well-formed representation of the decision, and for translating the formal representation of a decision and its corresponding recommendation into insight for the decision maker and other stakeholders." ; :prefLabel "Decision analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "WS-Trust is a WS-* specification and OASIS standard that provides extensions to WS-Security, specifically dealing with the issuing, renewing, and validating of security tokens, as well as with ways to establish, assess the presence of, and broker trust relationships between participants in a secure message exchange. The WS-Trust specification was authored by representatives of a number of companies, and was approved by OASIS as a standard in March 2007. Using the extensions defined in WS-Trust, applications can engage in secure communication designed to work within the Web services framework." ; :prefLabel "WS-Trust" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Associated Infection", "Associated Infections", "Cross", "Cross Infection [Disease/Finding]", "Cross Infections", "Health Care Associated Infection", "Health Care Associated Infections", "Healthcare", "Healthcare Associated", "Healthcare Associated Infection", "Healthcare Associated Infections", "Healthcare-associated Infection", "Infection", "Infections", "crossing infections" ; :definition "Any infection which a patient contracts in a health-care institution." ; :prefLabel "Cross Infection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Format string attack", "Format string attacks", "Format string bug", "Format string exploit", "Format string vulnerabilities", "Format string vulnerability", "Uncontrolled" ; :definition "Uncontrolled format string is a type of software vulnerability discovered around 1989 that can be used in security exploits. Previously thought harmless, format string exploits can be used to crash a program or to execute harmful code. The problem stems from the use of unchecked user input as the format string parameter in certain C functions that perform formatting, such as printf(). A malicious user may use the %s and %x format tokens, among others, to print data from the call stack or possibly other locations in memory. One may also write arbitrary data to arbitrary locations using the %n format token, which commands printf() and similar functions to write the number of bytes formatted to an address store" ; :prefLabel "Uncontrolled format string" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nonlocality", "Quantum non-local connection" ; :definition "In theoretical physics, quantum nonlocality is the phenomenon by which measurements made at a microscopic level contradict a collection of notions known as local realism that are regarded as intuitively true in classical mechanics. Rigorously, quantum nonlocality refers to quantum mechanical predictions of many-system measurement correlations that cannot be simulated by any local hidden variable theory. Many entangled quantum states exhibit such correlations, as demonstrated by Bell's theorem, and as verified by experiment." ; :prefLabel "Quantum nonlocality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "flood", "flooded", "flooding" ; :definition "Sudden onset water phenomena with different speed of occurrence. These include flash floods, seasonal river floods, and coastal floods, associated with CYCLONIC STORMS; TIDALWAVES; and storm surges." ; :prefLabel "Floods" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dislike of Extremity", "Dislikes" ; :definition "A response indicating that a person emotionally dislikes their extremity." ; :prefLabel "Emotional Dislike of Extremity" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ";CRQ", ";CueCat", "Cue Cat", "Digital Convergence", "Digital Convergence Corporation", "DigitalConvergence", "DigitalConvergence Corporation" ; :definition "The CueCat, styled :CueCat with a leading colon, is a cat-shaped handheld barcode reader that was released in 2000 by the now-defunct Digital Convergence Corporation. The CueCat enabled a user to open a link to an Internet URL by scanning a barcode — called a "cue" by Digital Convergence — appearing in an article or catalog or on some other printed matter. In this way, a user could be directed to a web page containing related information without having to enter a URL. The company asserted that the ability of the device to direct users to a specific URL, rather than a domain name, was valuable. In addition, television broadcasters could use an audio tone in programs or commercials that, if a TV was connected to a computer via an audio cable, acted as a web address shortcut." ; :prefLabel "CueCat" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "UC" ; :definition "UC Browser is a mobile browser developed by Chinese mobile Internet company UCWeb and is owned by AliBaba of China. Originally launched in April 2004 as a J2ME-only application, it is available on platforms including Android, iOS, Windows Phone, Symbian, Java ME, and BlackBerry. UCWeb has been criticised for routing all its traffic through China and for collecting a lot of user data, including user location, acts which are serious violations of privacy expectations as well as a security risk for users (per research done by Citizen Lab, a non-profit organization)." ; :prefLabel "UC Browser" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Electronic selectivity", "Selectivity" ; :definition "Selectivity is a measure of the performance of a radio receiver to respond only to the radio signal it is tuned to (such as a radio station) and reject other signals nearby in frequency, such as another broadcast on an adjacent channel. Selectivity is usually measured as a ratio in decibels (dBs), comparing the signal strength received against that of a similar signal on another frequency. If the signal is at the adjacent channel of the selected signal, this measurement is also known as adjacent-channel rejection ratio (ACRR). Selectivity also provides some immunity to blanketing interference." ; :prefLabel "Selectivity (electronic)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JWS" ; :definition "The Journal of Web Semantics is an interdisciplinary peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It covers knowledge technologies, ontology, software agents, databases and the semantic grid, information retrieval, human language technology, data mining, and semantic web development. The journal is abstracted and indexed by Scopus and the Science Citation Index,6 issues per year. According to the 2015 Journal Citation Reports, it has a 2014 impact factor of 2.550, ranking it 11th among the 123 journals in the category "Computer Science, Information Systems" and 21st among the 121 journals in the category "Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence"." ; :prefLabel "Journal of Web Semantics" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Activities", "Activity", "Research", "Research Activity", "activity research" ; :definition "A scientific study of nature that sometimes includes processes involved in health and disease. For example, clinical trials are research studies that involve people. These studies may be related to new ways to screen, prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. They may also study certain outcomes and certain groups of people by looking at data collected in the past or future." ; :prefLabel "Research Activities" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Authorization to Proceed", "Change Order", "Contract", "Contractl Agrmnt", "Contractual", "Contractual Agreement", "Financial Agreement", "Letter of Agreement", "Project Work Order", "Scope of Work", "Service Agreement" ; :definition "A legally binding accord between two or more people that details any and all arrangements regarding a specific situation(s)." ; :prefLabel "Transaction counts and value totals - contract" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Domino problem", "Wang domino", "Wang tiles", "Wang tiling" ; :definition "Wang tiles (or Wang dominoes), first proposed by mathematician, logician, and philosopher Hao Wang in 1961, are a class of formal systems. They are modelled visually by square tiles with a color on each side. A set of such tiles is selected (for example the set in the picture). Then copies of the tiles are arranged side by side with matching colors, but without rotating or reflecting the tiles." ; :prefLabel "Wang tile" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computer science, a term index is a data structure to facilitate fast lookup of terms and clauses in a logic program, deductive database, or automated theorem prover. Many operations in automatic theorem provers require search in huge collections of terms and clauses. Such operations typically fall into the following scheme. Given a collection of terms (clauses) and a query term (clause) , find in some/all terms related to . Here is a list of retrieval conditions frequently used in provers: * term is unifiable with term , i.e., there exists a substitution , such that = * term is an instance of = =" ; :prefLabel "Term indexing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A link page is a type of web page found on some websites. The page contains a list of links the web page owner, a person or organization, finds notable to mention. Often this concerns an enumeration of partner organizations, clients, friends or related projects. This list gives an indication of the context of the site in question." ; :prefLabel "Link page" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conceptual Domain" ; :definition "A domain of the General Adaptive Composite Score that is made up of scores from communication, functional academics, and self-direction skills assessments." ; :prefLabel "Conceptual Domain (ABAS-II)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cipher text", "Cyphertext" ; :definition "In cryptography, ciphertext or cyphertext is the result of encryption performed on plaintext using an algorithm, called a cipher. Ciphertext is also known as encrypted or encoded information because it contains a form of the original plaintext that is unreadable by a human or computer without the proper cipher to decrypt it. Decryption, the inverse of encryption, is the process of turning ciphertext into readable plaintext. Ciphertext is not to be confused with codetext because the latter is a result of a code, not a cipher." ; :prefLabel "Ciphertext" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CDC NOS (Software)" ; :definition "NOS (Network Operating System) was an operating system with time-sharing capabilities, written by Control Data Corporation in the 1970s. NOS ran on the 60-bit CDC 6000 series of mainframe computers and their successors. NOS replaced the earlier CDC Kronos operating system of the 1970s. NOS was intended to be the sole operating system for all CDC machines, a fact CDC promoted heavily. NOS was replaced with NOS/VE on the 64-bit Cyber-180 systems in the mid-1980s. Version 1 of NOS continued to be updated until about 1981; NOS version 2 was released early 1982." ; :prefLabel "NOS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "encompassing mutualism through parasitism", "symbioses", "symbiosis", "symbiotic interaction", "symbiotic interaction between organisms", "symbiotic interaction between species" ; :definition "An interaction between two organisms living together in more or less intimate association. Microscopic symbionts are often referred to as endosymbionts. The various forms of symbiosis include parasitism, in which the association is disadvantageous or destructive to one of the organisms; mutualism, in which the association is advantageous, or often necessary to one or both and not harmful to either; and commensalism, in which one member of the association benefits while the other is not affected. However, mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism are often not discrete categories of interactions and should rather be perceived as a continuum of interaction ranging from parasitism to mutualism. In fact, the direction of a symbiotic interaction can change during the lifetime of the symbionts due to developmental changes as well as changes in the biotic/abiotic environment in which the interaction occurs. [GOC:cc, http://www.free-definition.com]" ; :prefLabel "Symbiosis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Detector" ; :definition "A mechanical, electrical, or chemical device with sensor properties, that automatically identifies and records or registers a stimulus, such as change in pressure or temperature or content, movement, an electrical signal, radiation from a radioactive material or presence of subatomic particles, etc." ; :prefLabel "Detectors" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Classification of galaxies", "De Vaucouleurs galaxy classification system", "De Vaucouleurs modified Hubble sequence", "Galactic Morphology", "Galactic classification", "Galaxy morphology", "Galaxy morphology classification", "Morphology", "Morphology (astronomy)", "SBc galaxy" ; :definition "Galaxy morphological classification is a system used by astronomers to divide galaxies into groups based on their visual appearance. There are several schemes in use by which galaxies can be classified according to their morphologies, the most famous being the Hubble sequence, devised by Edwin Hubble and later expanded by Gérard de Vaucouleurs and Allan Sandage." ; :prefLabel "Galaxy morphological classification" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "compressions" ; :definition "A pressing or squeezing together. In medicine, it can describe a structure, such as a tumor, that presses on another part of the body, such as a nerve. It can also describe the flattening of soft tissue, such as the breast, that occurs during a mammogram (x-ray of the breast)." ; :prefLabel "Compression" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MKS", "MKS (software)", "MKS Integrity", "MKS Source" ; :definition "PTC Integrity (formerly MKS Integrity) is a software system lifecycle management (SSLM) and application lifecycle management (ALM) platform developed by MKS Inc. and was first released in 2001. The software is client/server, with both desktop (java/swing) and web client interfaces. It provides software development organizations with a collaborative environment in which they can manage the end-to-end processes of development, from requirements management, engineering change management, revision control, and build management to test management and software deployment as well as associated reports & metrics." ; :prefLabel "PTC Integrity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NSF" ; :definition "Fibrosis of the skin, joints and other organs usually associated with gadolinium exposure in the setting of kidney failure." ; :prefLabel "Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SFE", "Secure function evaluation" ; :definition "Secure two-party computation (2PC) is sub-problem of secure multi-party computation (MPC) that has received special attention by researchers because of its close relation to many cryptographic tasks. The goal of 2PC is to create a generic protocol that allows two parties to jointly compute an arbitrary function on their inputs without sharing the value of their inputs with the opposing party. One of the most well known examples of 2PC is Yao's millionaire problem, in which two parties, Alice and Bob, are millionaires who wish to determine who is wealther without revealing their wealth. Formally, Alice has wealth" ; :prefLabel "Secure two-party computation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "File upload", "Remote upload", "Remote uploading", "UL", "Upload (disambiguation)", "Uploader", "Uploading" ; :definition "In computer networks, to upload is to send data to a remote system such as a server or another client so that the remote system can store a copy." ; :prefLabel "Upload" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Intersection" ; :definition "The set of elements common to two or more sets." ; :prefLabel "Intersection of set of elements" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Compound", "Compound Fracture", "Compound Fractures", "Fracture", "Fracture of unspecified bone", "Fracture-open", "Fractures", "Open", "Open Fracture", "Open Fractures", "Open [Disease/Finding]", "fracture compound", "fracture opened", "fractures open", "open" ; :definition "A traumatic break to the bone in which the continuity of the bone has broken through the skin." ; :prefLabel "Fractures, Open" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "glossary" ; :prefLabel "Html Link Type - glossary" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Simulator", "Simulator Device Component" ; :definition "A device designed to create a test or training environment that approximates actual conditions." ; :prefLabel "Simulators" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-SIGN Act", "Esgica", "Esign", "Esign act" ; :definition "The Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (ESIGN, Pub.L. 106–229, 114 Stat. 464, enacted June 30, 2000, 15 U.S.C. ch. 96) is a United States federal law passed by the U.S. Congress to facilitate the use of electronic records and electronic signatures in interstate and foreign commerce by ensuring the validity and legal effect of contracts entered into electronically. In 2010, both Houses of Congress passed a resolution at the request of industry leaders, recognizing June 30 as "National ESIGN Day."" ; :prefLabel "Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Speak", "Speaking", "talk", "talking" ; :definition "To communicate using verbal language." ; :prefLabel "Speaking (activity)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IBM Roadrunner (supercomputer)", "Paz's computer", "Roadrunner (computer)", "Roadrunner (disambiguation)", "Roadrunner (supercomputer)", "Roadrunner computer", "Roadrunner supercomputer" ; :definition "Roadrunner was a supercomputer built by IBM for the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, USA. The US$100-million Roadrunner was designed for a peak performance of 1.7 petaflops. It achieved 1.026 petaflops on May 25, 2008 to become the world's first TOP500 Linpack sustained 1.0 petaflops system." ; :prefLabel "IBM Roadrunner" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "B2/S", "Seed (disambiguation)", "Seeds (CA)" ; :definition "Seeds is a cellular automaton in the same family as the Game of Life, initially investigated by Brian Silverman and named by Mirek Wójtowicz. It consists of infinite two-dimensional grid of cells, each of which may be in one of two states: on or off. Each cell is considered to have eight neighbors (Moore neighborhood), as in Life. In each time step, a cell turns on or is "born" if it was off or "dead" but had exactly two neighbors that were on; all other cells turn off. Thus, in the notation describing the family of cellular automata containing Life, it is described by the rule B2/S." ; :prefLabel "Seeds (cellular automaton)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SRA", "Short Read Archive" ; :definition "The Sequence Read Archive (SRA, previously known as the Short Read Archive) is a bioinformatics database that provides a public repository for DNA sequencing data, especially the "short reads" generated by High-throughput sequencing, which are typically less than 1,000 base pairs in length. The archive is part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC), and run as a collaboration between the NCBI, the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), and the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ)." ; :prefLabel "Sequence Read Archive" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lying" ; :definition "telling untruths" ; :prefLabel "Telling untruths" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cold emission", "Fe", "Field emission", "Field emission current", "Field emitter", "Field emitter microtube", "Fowler-Nordheim equation", "Fowler-Nordheim tunneling", "Fowler-Nordheim tunnelling", "Fowler–Nordheim equation", "Fowler–Nordheim tunneling" ; :definition "Field electron emission (also known as field emission (FE) and electron field emission) is emission of electrons induced by an electrostatic field. The most common context is field emission from a solid surface into vacuum. However, field emission can take place from solid or liquid surfaces, into vacuum, air, a fluid, or any non-conducting or weakly conducting dielectric. The field-induced promotion of electrons from the valence to conduction band of semiconductors (the Zener effect) can also be regarded as a form of field emission. The terminology is historical because related phenomena of surface photoeffect, thermionic emission (or Richardson–Dushman effect) and "cold electronic emission", i.e. the emission of electrons in strong static (or quasi-static) electric fields, were discovere" ; :prefLabel "Field electron emission" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "JSONP (JSON with Padding or JSON-P) is a JSON extension used by web developers to overcome the cross-domain restrictions imposed by browsers' same-origin policy that limits access to resources retrieved from origins other than the one the page was served by. In layman's terms, one website cannot just simply access the data from another website. It was developed because handling a browsers' same origin policy can be difficult, so using JSONP abstracts the difficulties and makes it easier." ; :prefLabel "JSONP" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Battle for Midway", "Battle of Midway (film)", "Battle of Midway Atoll", "Battle of Midway Island", "Frank Woodrow O'Flaherty", "Frank Woodrow O’Flaherty", "MI", "Midway", "Operation MI", "The battle of midway", "World War II/Battle of Midway" ; :definition "The Battle of Midway was a decisive naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Between 4 and 7 June 1942, only six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, the United States Navy under Admirals Chester Nimitz, Frank Jack Fletcher, and Raymond A. Spruance decisively defeated an attacking fleet of the Imperial Japanese Navy under Admirals Isoroku Yamamoto, Chuichi Nagumo, and Nobutake Kondo near Midway Atoll, inflicting devastating damage on the Japanese fleet that proved irreparable. Military historian John Keegan called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare."" ; :prefLabel "Battle of Midway" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automation (Game)", "Automation (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Automation is a video game from Camshaft Software for Microsoft Windows that allows the player to create a virtual car company complete with products (vehicles). The game currently in development allows design, creation and testing of various vehicle platforms along with creating custom drivetrains. More features will become available closer to full release date." ; :prefLabel "Automation" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clinical Decision Support Systems", "clinical decision support system", "clinical decisions support systems" ; :definition "Computer-based information systems used to integrate clinical and patient information and provide support for decision-making in patient care." ; :prefLabel "Decision Support Systems, Clinical" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering communication networks. It is published by the IEEE Communications Society, the IEEE Computer Society, and the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communications. The editor-in-chief is R. Srikant (University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.986." ; :prefLabel "IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Custom", "Customized" ; :definition "To make according to individual requirements or specifications; to make more personalized or tailored for a specific need." ; :prefLabel "Customize" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Buy", "Purchase", "Purchasing", "purchased" ; :definition "The action of obtaining something by payment." ; :prefLabel "buying" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OEM (disambiguation)" ; :definition "The Object Exchange Model (OEM) is a model for exchanging semi-structured data between object-oriented databases. It serves as the basic Data model in numerous projects of the Stanford University Database Group, including Tsimmis, Lore, and C3 ." ; :prefLabel "Object Exchange Model" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Perceived", "Perceptions", "perceiving" ; :definition "The process of producing an internal, conscious image through stimulating a sensory system; it involves the recognition that stimulation has occurred, and the ability to discriminate various aspects of the stimulus." ; :prefLabel "Perception" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FTSE" ; :definition "The fundamental theorem of software engineering (FTSE) is a term originated by Andrew Koenig to describe a remark by Butler Lampson attributed to the late David J. Wheeler: "We can solve any problem by introducing an extra level of indirection." The theorem does not describe an actual theorem that can be proven; rather, it is a general principle for managing complexity through abstraction." ; :prefLabel "Fundamental theorem of software engineering" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PDO" ; :definition "Portable Distributed Objects (PDO) is an application programming interface (API) for creating object-oriented code that can be executed remotely on a network of computers. It was created by NeXT Computer, Inc. using their OpenStep system, whose use of Objective-C made the package very easy to write. It was characterized by its very light weight and high speed in comparison to similar systems such as CORBA. In addition to the OS X platform, there is GNUstep, which has its own implementation of Distributed Objects." ; :prefLabel "Portable Distributed Objects" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Networked media" ; :definition "Network media refers exclusively to the communication channels used to interconnect device (nodes) on a computer network or data communications network. This term should not be confused with terms like networked media or digital media. Typical examples of network media include copper Coaxial_cable, copper Twisted_pair cables and fibre optic cables used in "wired" networks, and radio frequency waves used in wireless data communications networks." ; :prefLabel "Network media" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nes" ; :prefLabel "Nes (fish)" ; :related . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dual decomposition", "Lagrangian" ; :definition "In the field of mathematical optimization, Lagrangian relaxation is a relaxation method which approximates a difficult problem of constrained optimization by a simpler problem. A solution to the relaxed problem is an approximate solution to the original problem, and provides useful information. The problem of maximizing the Lagrangian function of the dual variables (the Lagrangian multipliers) is the Lagrangian dual problem." ; :prefLabel "Lagrangian relaxation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EM", "Electron", "Microscopy", "Microscopy.electron" ; :definition "Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen." ; :prefLabel "Electron Microscopy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "J T Fernández-breis", "J. T. Fernández-breis", "Jesualdo Fernández-breis", "Jesualdo Tomas Fernandez-breis", "Jesualdo Tomás Fernández-breis" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 82 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Jesualdo Tomás Fernández-Breis" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "P. Cudre-mauroux", "Philippe Cudr'e-mauroux", "Philippe Cudre-mauroux" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 315 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Philippe Cudré-Mauroux" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "R. Martinez-bejar", "R. Martínez-béjar" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 33 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Rodrigo Martínez-Béjar" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Juana Maŕıa Ruiz-mart́ınez" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 14 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Juana María Ruiz-Martínez" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 298 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "York Sure-Vetter" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "J. M. Gómez-pérez", "Jose Gómez-pérez", "Jose Manuel Gomez-perez", "Jose Manuel Gómez-pérez", "José Manuel Gómez-pérez" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 53 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "José Manuél Gómez-Pérez" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "C. Halaschek-wiener", "Christian Halaschek-wiener" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 68 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Christian Halaschek-Wiener" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "D O'sullivan", "D. O'sullivan", "David A O'sullivan", "David O’sullivan" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 220 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "David O'Sullivan" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 444 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Guodong Zhou" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "A Mccallum", "A. Mccallum", "Andrew F. Mccallum", "Andrew Mccallum" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6349 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Andrew McCallum" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "W F Hall", "W Hall", "W. Hall", "Wendy Fineblum Hall", "Wendy Hall" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 308 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Wendy Hall" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. Chenilleau Vidal", "M. Vidal", "Maria-esther Vidal" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 96 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Maria-Esther Vidal" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "V. Eswari Thai", "Vinhtuan Thai" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "VinhTuan Thai" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "L N Nie", "L. Nie", "Liqiang Nie" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 395 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Liqiang Nie" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. Erdmann", "M. H. Erdmann" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 227 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Michael Erdmann" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. Oliva", "Marta Humet Oliva" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Marta Oliva" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "L Birnbaum", "L. Birnbaum", "Lawrence J. Birnbaum" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 87 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Lawrence Birnbaum" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "J Contreras", "Jesus Contreras", "Jesús Alejandro Osorio Contreras" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 22 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Jesús Contreras" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "A Yazici", "A. Kreisler M. Yazici", "A. M. Yazi̇ci̇", "A. Yazici", "Adnan Yazici", "Adnan Yazıcı" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 129 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Adnan Yazici" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M A Mat Sah", "Melike Sah", "Melike Şah" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 9 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Melike Sah" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "I Roberts", "I. Roberts", "Ian E. Roberts", "Ian Roberts" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 549 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Ian Roberts" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "P Vossen", "P. 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Typically, they consist of fairly static and encyclopedic facts about persons and organizations – e.g. a celebrity’s birth date, occupation and family members – obtained from large repositories such as Freebase or Wikipedia. In this paper, we present a method and tools to automatically build knowledge graphs from news articles. As news articles describe changes in the world through the events they report, we present an approach to create Event-Centric Knowledge Graphs (ECKGs) using state-of-the-art natural language processing and semantic web techniques. Such ECKGs capture long-term developments and histories on hundreds of thousands of entities and are complementary to the static encyclopedic information in traditional knowledge graphs. 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All rights reserved." ; default4:contributor "Aitor Soroa", "Antske Fokkens", "German Rigau", "Itziar Aldabe", "Marco Rospocher", "Marieke van Erp", "Piek Vossen", "Tessel Bogaard", "Thomas Ploeger" ; default4:date "2016" ; default4:title "Building event-centric knowledge graphs from news" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Marco" ; default5:fullName "Marco Rospocher" ; default5:initials "M." ; default5:lastName "Rospocher" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Marieke van" ; default5:fullName "Marieke van Erp" ; default5:initials "M.v." ; default5:lastName "Erp" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Piek" ; default5:fullName "Piek Vossen" ; default5:initials "P." ; default5:lastName "Vossen" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Antske" ; default5:fullName "Antske Fokkens" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Fokkens" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Itziar" ; default5:fullName "Itziar Aldabe" ; default5:initials "I." ; default5:lastName "Aldabe" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "German" ; default5:fullName "German Rigau" ; default5:initials "G." ; default5:lastName "Rigau" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Aitor" ; default5:fullName "Aitor Soroa" ; default5:initials "A." ; default5:lastName "Soroa" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Thomas" ; default5:fullName "Thomas Ploeger" ; default5:initials "T." ; default5:lastName "Ploeger" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Tessel" ; default5:fullName "Tessel Bogaard" ; default5:initials "T." ; default5:lastName "Bogaard" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Rospocher et al." ; default5:id "5df2d32df0f6c711c986912241c58ab475f65c75" ; default5:refCount 56 ; default2:abstract "Knowledge graphs have gained increasing popularity in the past couple of years, thanks to their adoption in everyday search engines. Typically, they consist of fairly static and encyclopedic facts about persons and organizations-e.g.?a celebrity's birth date, occupation and family members-obtained from large repositories such as Freebase or Wikipedia.In this paper, we present a method and tools to automatically build knowledge graphs from news articles. As news articles describe changes in the world through the events they report, we present an approach to create Event-Centric Knowledge Graphs (ECKGs) using state-of-the-art natural language processing and semantic web techniques. Such ECKGs capture long-term developments and histories on hundreds of thousands of entities and are complementary to the static encyclopedic information in traditional knowledge graphs.We describe our event-centric representation schema, the challenges in extracting event information from news, our open source pipeline, and the knowledge graphs we have extracted from four different news corpora: general news (Wikinews), the FIFA world cup, the Global Automotive Industry, and Airbus A380 airplanes. Furthermore, we present an assessment on the accuracy of the pipeline in extracting the triples of the knowledge graphs. 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J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst." . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 9171 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6046 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ICLR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2017" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/s41060-017-0091-9" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Journal of Data Science and Analytics" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1754239.1754257" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EDBT '10" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-642-02121-3_53" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ESWC" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "BTW Workshops" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/2623330.2623623" ; default1:citationVelocity 162 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 116 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "KDD '14" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_24" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SEMWEB" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2019" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3233/sw-190355" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Semantic Web" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2011" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 103 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 186 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "EMNLP" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1109/WIAMIS.2009.5031432" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "2009 10th Workshop on Image Analysis for Multimedia Interactive Services" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2018" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/775152.775178" ; default1:citationVelocity 10 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 32 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '03" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , ; default2:date "2003" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 60 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 375 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2 Hydroxypropanoic Acid", "2 Hydroxypropionic Acid", "2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid", "2-Hydroxypropionic Acid", "LACTIC ACID", "Lactic Acid [Chemical/Ingredient]", "UNSPECIFIED FORM" ; :definition "A substance made from sugars in milk, by the action of certain enzymes. It is used in skin care products to reduce wrinkles and soften the skin. It is also being studied in the treatment of hand-foot syndrome (a condition marked by pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or redness of the hands or feet) in patients receiving chemotherapy. Lactic acid is also made in muscles in the body and is used in many chemical processes in the body. It is a type of alpha hydroxyl acid." ; :prefLabel "Lactic acid" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LTS", "Labeled transition system", "Labelled transition system", "STS", "State transition system", "Transition" ; :definition "In theoretical computer science, a transition system is a concept used in the study of computation. It is used to describe the potential behavior of discrete systems. It consists of states and transitions between states, which may be labeled with labels chosen from a set; the same label may appear on more than one transition. If the label set is a singleton, the system is essentially unlabeled, and a simpler definition that omits the labels is possible. Transition systems can be represented as directed graphs." ; :prefLabel "Transition system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cellevision", "MCV", "MDTV", "Mobile", "Mobile Content Venture", "Mobile DTV", "Mobile TV", "Mobile digital TV", "Mobile phone sports broadcasting", "Mobile phone tv", "Mobile tv channel" ; :definition "Mobile television is television watched on a small handheld or mobile device. It includes pay TV service delivered via mobile phone networks or received free-to-air via terrestrial television stations. Regular broadcast standards or special mobile TV transmission formats can be used. Additional features include downloading TV programs and podcasts from the Internet and storing programming for later viewing. In later decades the term "mobile television" was associated with mobile telephones and other mobile digital devices. Mobile TV is among the features provided by many 3G phones." ; :prefLabel "Mobile television" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".jude", "Asta", "Astah", "JUDE (UML Tool)", "Jude (Java and UML Developers' Environment)" ; :definition "Astah, formerly known as JUDE (Java and UML Developers' Environment, pronounced Jūdo (ジュード)), is a UML modeling tool created by Japanese company Change Vision. JUDE received the "Software Product Of The Year 2006" prize, established by Information-Technology Promotion Agency in Japan." ; :prefLabel "Astah*" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ambiguity diagram", "Radar ambiguity function" ; :definition "In pulsed radar and sonar signal processing, an ambiguity function is a two-dimensional function of time delay and Doppler frequency showing the distortion of a returned pulse due to the receiver matched filter (commonly, but not exclusively, used in pulse compression radar) due to the Doppler shift of the return from a moving target. The ambiguityfunction is determined by the properties of the pulse and the matched filter, and not any particular target scenario. Many definitions of the ambiguity function exist; Some are restricted to narrowband signals and others are suitable to describe the propagation delay and Doppler relationship of wideband signals. Often the definition of the ambiguity function is given as the magnitude squared of other definitions (Weiss). For a given complex baseb" ; :prefLabel "Ambiguity function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Unified Framework is a general formulation which yields nth - order expressions giving mode shapes and natural frequencies for damaged elastic structures such as rods, beams, plates, and shells. The formulation is applicable to structures with any shape of damage or those having more than one area of damage. The formulation uses the geometric definition of the discontinuity at the damage location and perturbation to modes and natural frequencies of the undamaged structure to determine the mode shapes and natural frequencies of the damaged structure. The geometric discontinuity at the damage location manifests itself in terms of discontinuities in the cross-sectional properties, such as the depth of the structure, the cross-sectional area or the area moment of inertia. The change in cross-s" ; :prefLabel "Unified Framework" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DTW (disambiguation)", "Time Warp" ; :definition "In time series analysis, dynamic time warping (DTW) is an algorithm for measuring similarity between two temporal sequences which may vary in speed. For instance, similarities in walking could be detected using DTW, even if one person was walking faster than the other, or if there were accelerations and decelerations during the course of an observation. DTW has been applied to temporal sequences of video, audio, and graphics data — indeed, any data which can be turned into a linear sequence can be analyzed with DTW. A well known application has been automatic speech recognition, to cope with different speaking speeds. Other applications include speaker recognition and online signature recognition. Also it is seen that it can be used in partial shape matching application." ; :prefLabel "Dynamic time warping" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cellphone number", "Directory number", "MDN", "Mobile device number", "Mobile dialable number", "Mobile directory number", "Mobile telephone number", "Number (disambiguation)", "Phone Number", "Phone numbers", "T (disambiguation)", "TN", "Tel. Nos.", "Telephone numbers" ; :definition "A telephone number is a sequence of digits assigned to a fixed-line telephone subscriber station connected to a telephone line or to a wireless electronic telephony device, such as a radio telephone or a mobile telephone, or to other devices for data transmission via the public switched telephone network (PSTN) or other private networks. Most telephone numbers are assigned to one telephone line or one mobile telephone, and most lines or mobiles have one number." ; :prefLabel "Telephone number" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Streaming XML is a synonym for dynamic data in XML format. Another popular use of this term refers to one method of consuming XML data – largely known as Simple API for XML. This is via asynchronous events that are generated as the XML data is parsed. In this context, the consumer streams through the XML data one item at a time. It does not have anything to do whether the underlying data is being updated via dynamic or static means." ; :prefLabel "Streaming XML" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fecundability", "Fecundity", "Fertile", "fertilities" ; :definition "The capacity to conceive or to induce conception. It may refer to either the male or female.(MeSH)" ; :prefLabel "Fertility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Social objects are objects around which social networks form. The concept was put forward by Jyri Engeström in 2005 as part of the explanation of why some social networks succeed and some fail. Engeström maintained that "Social network theory fails to recognise such real-world dynamics because its notion of sociality is limited to just people." Instead, he proposed what he called "object centered sociality," citing the work of the sociologist Karin Knorr-Cetina. For example, Engeström maintained that much of the success of the popular photo-sharing site Flickr was because photographs serve as social objects around which conversations of social networks form." ; :prefLabel "Social objects" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In statistics, the generalized canonical correlation analysis (gCCA), is a way of making sense of cross-correlation matrices between the sets of random variables when there are more than two sets. While a conventional CCA generalizes principal component analysis (PCA) to two sets of random variables, a gCCA generalizes PCA to more than two sets of random variables. The canonical variables represent those common factors that can be found by a large PCA of all of the transformed random variables after each set underwent its own PCA." ; :prefLabel "Generalized canonical correlation" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comment" ; :definition "Comment programming, also known as comment-driven development (CDD) is a (mostly) satirical software development technique that is heavily based on commenting out code. In comment programming the comment tags are not used to describe what a certain piece of code is doing, but rather to stop some parts of the code from being executed. The aim is to have the commented code at the developer's disposal at any time it might be needed. This is especially useful when the requirements change rapidly. In this case they happen to revert to older versions of themselves, thus making the programmer either write the code again, or revert parts of the code from the versioning repository, which would be more time-consuming. With comment programming, when such a request for reverting to an old implementati" ; :prefLabel "Comment programming" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1000", "10E3", "10^3", "K", "M", "Thousand" ; :definition "A natural number following 999 and preceding 1001 and the quantity that it denotes: ten times one hundred." ; :prefLabel "One Thousand" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CHS", "Cy", "Cylinder", "Cylinder (disk drive)", "Cylinder Head Sector", "Disk cylinder", "Disk drive cylinder", "Sector" ; :definition "Cylinder-head-sector, also known as CHS, is an early method for giving addresses to each physical block of data on a hard disk drive. In the case of floppy drives, for which the same exact diskette medium can be truly low-level formatted to different capacities, this is still true. Though CHS values no longer have a direct physical relationship to the data stored on modern storage media except for floppy disks, virtual CHS values (which can be translated by disk electronics or software) are still being used by many utility programs and file systems." ; :prefLabel "Cylinder-head-sector" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "API", "Application Programming Interface", "Interface" ; :definition "A set of protocols designed to provide communication between a software application and a computer operating system or between applications." ; :prefLabel "Application Program Interface" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "transformation", "transformation cell", "transformations" ; :prefLabel "cell transformation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interactomes", "Interactomics", "Molecular interaction", "Molecular interaction network" ; :definition "The word "interactome" was originally coined in 1999 by a group of French scientists headed by Bernard Jacq. Mathematically, interactomes are generally displayed as graphs. Though interactomes may be described as biological networks, they should not be confused with other networks such as neural networks or food webs." ; :prefLabel "Interactome" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information", "Information Technology", "Information science", "Science", "Sciences", "information science (field)" ; :definition "The field of knowledge, theory, and technology dealing with the collection of facts and figures, and the processes and methods involved in their manipulation, storage, dissemination, publication, and retrieval. It includes the fields of COMMUNICATION; PUBLISHING; LIBRARY SCIENCE; and informatics." ; :prefLabel "Information Sciences" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "P systems", "P-system", "P-systems", "Paun system" ; :definition "A P system is a computational model in the field of computer science that performs calculations using a biologically-inspired process. They are based upon the structure of biological cells, abstracting from the way in which chemicals interact and cross cell membranes. The concept was first introduced in a 1998 report by the computer scientist Gheorghe Păun, whose last name is the origin of the letter P in 'P Systems'. Variations on the P system model led to the formation of a branch of research known as 'membrane computing.'" ; :prefLabel "P system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Partonomy" ; :definition "A meronomy or partonomy is a type of hierarchy that deals with part–whole relationships, in contrast to a taxonomy whose categorisation is based on discrete sets. These conceptual structures are used in linguistics and computer science, with applications in biology. The part–whole relationship is sometimes referred to as HAS-A, and corresponds to object composition in object-oriented programming. The study of meronomy is known as mereology, and in linguistics a meronym is the name given to a constituent part of, the substance of, or a member of something. "X" is a meronym of "Y" if an X is a part of a Y." ; :prefLabel "Meronomy" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer and Information Sciences", "Computer and information science", "ICS" ; :definition "Information and Computer Science (ICS) or Computer and Information Science (CIS) (plural forms, i.e. Sciences, may also be used) is a field that emphasizes both computing and informatics, upholding the strong association between the fields of information sciences and computer sciences and treating computers as a tool rather than a field. Information Science and computing began to converge in the 1950s and 1960s, as information scientists started to realize the many ways computers would improve information storage and retrieval." ; :prefLabel "Information and Computer Science" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Good Enough", "Good enough software", "POGE" ; :definition "The principle of good enough or "good enough" principle is a rule for software and systems design. It indicates that consumers will use products that are good enough for their requirements, despite the availability of more advanced technology." ; :prefLabel "Principle of good enough" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Na", "Na element", "Sodium (NOS)", "Sodium [Chemical/Ingredient]", "na sodium" ; :definition "A mineral needed by the body to keep body fluids in balance. Sodium is found in table salt and in many processed foods. Too much sodium can cause the body to retain water." ; :prefLabel "Sodium" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extended Memory Manager", "Extended Memory Specification 2.0", "Extended Memory Specification 3.0", "Extended memory specification", "Memory manager", "SXMS", "Super extended memory", "XMS (memory management)", "XMS 2.0", "XMS 3.0", "XMS memory", "XMSXXXX0" ; :definition "In DOS memory management, extended memory refers to memory above the first megabyte (220 bytes) of address space in an IBM PC or compatible with an 80286 or later processor. The term is mainly used under the DOS and Windows operating systems. DOS programs, running in real mode or virtual x86 mode, cannot directly access this memory, but are able to do so through an application programming interface called the (XMS). This API is implemented by a driver (such as HIMEM.SYS) or the operating system, which takes care of memory management and copying memory between conventional and extended memory, by temporarily switching the processor into protected mode. In this context the term "extended memory" may refer to either the whole of the extended memory or only the portion available through this" ; :prefLabel "Extended memory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Customer Knowledge (CK): The dynamic combination of experience, value and insight information which is needed, created and absorbed during the process of transaction and exchange between the customers and enterprise.Campbell (2003) defines customer knowledge as: “organized and structured information about the customer as a result of systematic processing”. According to Mitussis et al. (2006), customer knowledge is identified as one of the more complex types of knowledge, since customer knowledge can be captured from different sources and channels." ; :prefLabel "Customer knowledge" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".amr", "3ga", "AMR", "AMR-NB", "Adaptive Mult-Rate", "Adaptive Multi-Rate", "Adaptive Multi-Rate Audio", "Adaptive multi rate file", "Adaptive multi-rate compression", "GSM-AMR" ; :definition "The Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR or AMR-NB or GSM-AMR) audio codec is an audio compression format optimized for speech coding. AMR speech codec consists of a multi-rate narrowband speech codec that encodes narrowband (200–3400 Hz) signals at variable bit rates ranging from 4.75 to 12.2 kbit/s with toll quality speech starting at 7.4 kbit/s. AMR was adopted as the standard speech codec by 3GPP in October 1999 and is now widely used in GSM and UMTS. It uses link adaptation to select from one of eight different bit rates based on link conditions." ; :prefLabel "Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "W. Bruce Croft is a distinguished professor of computer science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst whose work focuses on information retrieval.He is the founder of the Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval and served as the editor-in-chief of ACM Transactions on Information Systems from 1995 to 2002. He was also a member of the National Research Council Computer Science and Telecommunications Board from 2000 to 2003. Since 2015, he is the Dean of the College of Information and Computer Sciences at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. He was Chair of the UMass Amherst Computer Science Department from 2001 to 2007." ; :prefLabel "W. Bruce Croft" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Definitions in information theory" ; :definition "The mathematical theory of information is based on probability theory and statistics, and measures information with several quantities of information. The choice of logarithmic base in the following formulae determines the unit of information entropy that is used. The most common unit of information is the bit, based on the binary logarithm. Other units include the nat, based on the natural logarithm, and the hartley, based on the base 10 or common logarithm. In what follows, an expression of the form is considered by convention to be equal to zero whenever p is zero. This is justified because" ; :prefLabel "Quantities of information" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Infertile", "Infertility [Disease/Finding]", "Sterile", "Sterility", "get pregnant unable", "unable (to) get pregnant", "unable to get pregnant" ; :definition "Inability to conceive for at least one year after trying and having unprotected sex. Causes of female infertility include endometriosis, fallopian tubes obstruction, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Causes of male infertility include abnormal sperm production or function, blockage of the epididymis, blockage of the ejaculatory ducts, hypospadias, exposure to pesticides, and health related issues." ; :prefLabel "Infertility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Harris", "Harris-Affine" ; :definition "In the fields of computer vision and image analysis, the Harris affine region detector belongs to the category of feature detection. Feature detection is a preprocessing step of several algorithms that rely on identifying characteristic points or interest points so to make correspondences between images, recognize textures, categorize objects or build panoramas." ; :prefLabel "Harris affine region detector" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acoustic feedback", "Acoustic regeneration", "Drum Feedback", "Feedback (disambiguation)", "Feedback (guitar)", "Guitar feed back", "Guitar feedback", "Guitar feedback%22", "Larsen", "Larsen effect", "Larson effect", "Microphone feedback", "Microphone hum (Causes of", "Pitched feedback", "The Larsen effect", "how to eliminate)" ; :definition "Audio feedback (also known as acoustic feedback, simply as feedback, or the Larsen effect) is a special kind of positive feedback which occurs when a sound loop exists between an audio input (for example, a microphone or guitar pickup) and an audio output (for example, a loudspeaker). In this example, a signal received by the microphone is amplified and passed out of the loudspeaker. The sound from the loudspeaker can then be received by the microphone again, amplified further, and then passed out through the loudspeaker again. The frequency of the resulting sound is determined by resonance frequencies in the microphone, amplifier, and loudspeaker, the acoustics of the room, the directional pick-up and emission patterns of the microphone and loudspeaker, and the distance between them. For" ; :prefLabel "Audio feedback" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EVT", "Extremal statistics", "Extreme value analysis", "Extreme-value theory", "Rare event" ; :definition "Extreme value theory or extreme value analysis (EVA) is a branch of statistics dealing with the extreme deviations from the median of probability distributions. It seeks to assess, from a given ordered sample of a given random variable, the probability of events that are more extreme than any previously observed. Extreme value analysis is widely used in many disciplines, such as structural engineering, finance, earth sciences, traffic prediction, and geological engineering. For example, EVA might be used in the field of hydrology to estimate the probability of an unusually large flooding event, such as the 100-year flood. Similarly, for the design of a breakwater, a coastal engineer would seek to estimate the 50-year wave and design the structure accordingly." ; :prefLabel "Extreme value theory" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Handy", "HandyBoard" ; :definition "The Handy Board is a popular handheld robotics controller. The Handy Board was developed at MIT by Fred G. Martin, and was closely based on a previous controller designed by Martin and Randy Sargent for the MIT LEGO Robot Contest. The Handy Board design is licensed free of charge. Thus, several manufacturers make Handy Boards. The Handy Board is used by hundreds of schools worldwide and by many hobbyists for their robot projects." ; :prefLabel "Handy Board" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Microsoft QuickBASIC compiler", "Microsoft QuickBasic", "QB", "Qb45", "Quick BASIC programming language", "Quick Basic", "QuickBASIC 4.00" ; :definition "Microsoft QuickBASIC (also QB) is an Integrated Development Environment (or IDE) and compiler for the BASIC programming language that was developed by Microsoft. QuickBASIC runs mainly on DOS, though there was a short-lived version for the classic Mac OS. It is loosely based on GW-BASIC but adds user-defined types, improved programming structures, better graphics and disk support and a compiler in addition to the interpreter. Microsoft marketed QuickBASIC as the introductory level for their BASIC Professional Development System. Microsoft marketed two other similar IDEs for C and Pascal, viz QuickC and QuickPascal." ; :prefLabel "QuickBASIC" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enterprise systems" ; :definition "Enterprise systems (ES) are large-scale application software packages that support business processes, information flows, reporting, and data analytics in complex organizations. While ES are generally packaged enterprise application software (PEAS) systems they can also be bespoke, custom developed systems created to support a specific organization's needs. Types of enterprise systems include: * enterprise resources planning (ERP) systems, * enterprise planning systems, and * customer relationship management software. Vendors in this space include IBM, Oracle, HP and more." ; :prefLabel "Enterprise system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "0th order approximation", "Approximation order", "Degree of approximation", "Degrees of approximation", "First approximation", "First order approximation", "First-order", "First-order approximation", "Orders of approximation", "Second order approximation", "Zero-order approximation", "Zeroth order approximation", "Zeroth-order approximation" ; :definition "In science, engineering, and other quantitative disciplines, orders of approximation refer to formal or informal terms for how precise an approximation is, and to indicate progressively more refined approximations: in increasing order of precision, a zeroth-order approximation, a first-order approximation, a second-order approximation, and so forth. Formally, an nth-order approximation is one where the order of magnitude of the error is at most , or in terms of big O notation, the error is" ; :prefLabel "Order of approximation" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Jape" ; :definition "Jape is a configurable, graphical proof assistant, originally developed by Richard Bornat at Queen Mary, University of London and Bernard Sufrin the University of Oxford. It allows user to define a logic, decide how to view proofs, and much more. It works with variants of the sequent calculus and natural deduction. It is claimed that Jape is the most popular program for "computer-assisted logic teaching" that involves exercises in developing proofs in mathematical logic." ; :prefLabel "Jape (software)" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A memory institution is an organization maintaining a repository of public knowledge, a generic term used about institutions such as libraries, archives, museums, sites and monuments records (SMR), clearinghouses, providers of digital libraries and data aggregation services which serve as memories for given societies or mankind. Increasingly such institutions are considered as a part of a unified documentation/information science perspective. Lorcan Dempsey (1999) may have introduced the term into popular use in library and information science." ; :prefLabel "Memory institution" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Contribute", "Contributing" ; :definition "The part played by somebody or something in bringing about an end or result." ; :prefLabel "Contribution" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Logarithmic negativity", "Negativity" ; :definition "In quantum mechanics, negativity is a measure of quantum entanglement which is easy to compute. It is a measure deriving from the PPT criterion for separability. It has shown to be an entanglement monotone and hence a proper measure of entanglement." ; :prefLabel "Negativity (quantum mechanics)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arowhena", "Book of the Machines", "Chowbok", "Erehwon", "Erewhon", "Erewhon (disambiguation)", "Erewhon (novel)", "Erewhon: or", "Erewhon; or Over the Range", "Kahabuka", "Mahaina", "Over the Range", "Over the range", "Senoj Nosnibor", "Ydgrun", "Yram", "Zulora", "or" ; :definition "Erewhon: or, Over the Range (e-re-whon) is a novel by Samuel Butler which was first published anonymously in 1872. The title is also the name of a country, supposedly discovered by the protagonist. In the novel, it is not revealed where Erewhon is, but it is clear that it is a fictional country. Butler meant the title to be read as "nowhere" backwards even though the letters "h" and "w" are transposed, as it would have been pronounced in his day (and still is in some dialects of English). The book is a satire on Victorian society." ; :prefLabel "Erewhon" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conversation tree", "Dialogue tree" ; :definition "A dialog tree or conversation tree is a gameplay mechanic that is used throughout many adventure games (including action-adventure games) and role-playing video games. When interacting with a non-player character, the player is given a choice of what to say and makes subsequent choices until the conversation ends. Certain video game genres, such as visual novels and dating sims, revolve almost entirely around these character interactions and branching dialogues." ; :prefLabel "Dialog tree" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KBA", "Secret answer", "Secret question" ; :definition "Knowledge-based authentication, commonly referred to as KBA, is a method of authentication which seeks to prove the identity of someone accessing a service, such as a financial institution or website. As the name suggests, KBA requires the knowledge of private information of the individual to prove that the person providing the identity information is the owner of the identity. There are two types of KBA: "static KBA", which is based on a pre-agreed set of "shared secrets"; and "dynamic KBA", which is based on questions generated from a wider base of personal information." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge-based authentication" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Broken link (Internet)", "Broken links", "Brokenlink", "Dangling link", "Dead link", "Dead links", "Deadlink", "Dud link", "Link breaking", "Link death", "Link decay", "Link rotting", "Link-rot", "Linkrot", "Reference rot", "Rot" ; :definition "Link rot (or linkrot) refers to the process by which hyperlinks on individual websites or the Internet in general point to web pages, servers or other resources that have become permanently unavailable. The phrase also describes the effects of failing to update out-of-date web pages that clutter search engine results." ; :prefLabel "Link rot" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Flying erase heads", "Flying-erase-heads", "Recorder", "Short Play (VCR format", "Top loading VCR's", "VCR (disambiguation)", "VCRs", "VHS player", "VHS players", "VHS recorder", "VR", "Vcr", "Video casette recorder", "Video cassette recorder", "Video cassette recorders", "Video cassettes", "Video tapes" ; :definition "The videocassette recorder, VCR, or video recorder is an electromechanical device that records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other source on a removable, magnetic tape videocassette, and can play back the recording. Use of a VCR to record a television program to play back at a more convenient time is commonly referred to as timeshifting. VCRs can also play back prerecorded tapes. In the 1980s and 1990s, prerecorded videotapes were widely available for purchase and rental, and blank tapes were sold to make recordings." ; :prefLabel "Videocassette recorder" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Network overlay", "Overlay", "Overlay multicast", "P2P overlay", "Resilient Overlay Network", "Resilient Overlay Network (RON)" ; :definition "An overlay network is a computer network that is built on top of another network. Nodes in the overlay network can be thought of as being connected by virtual or logical links, each of which corresponds to a path, perhaps through many physical links, in the underlying network. For example, distributed systems such as peer-to-peer networks and client-server applications are overlay networks because their nodes run on top of the Internet. The Internet was originally built as an overlay upon the telephone network, while today (through the advent of VoIP), the telephone network is increasingly turning into an overlay network built on top of the Internet." ; :prefLabel "Overlay network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AFK gaming", "Bot", "Com (gaming)", "Computer game bot", "Game administration bot", "PC game bot", "POD Bot", "POD-bot" ; :definition "In video games, a bot is a type of AI expert system software that plays a video game in the place of a human. Bots are used in a variety of video game genres for a variety of tasks: a bot written for a first-person shooter (FPS) works very differently from one written for a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG). The former may include analysis of the map and even basic strategy; the latter may be used to automate a repetitive and tedious task like farming." ; :prefLabel "Video game bot" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biased representation (arithmetics)", "Excess", "Excess 1023", "Excess 127", "Excess 129", "Excess 15", "Excess 16383", "Excess 64", "Excess N", "Excess code", "Excess-1023", "Excess-127", "Excess-129", "Excess-15", "Excess-16383", "Excess-64", "Excess-K", "Excess-K code", "Excess-N", "Excess-N code", "Excess-weighted code", "Offset binary representation", "Offset-binary", "Offset-binary representation" ; :definition "Offset binary, also referred to as excess-K, excess-N, excess code or biased representation, is a digital coding scheme where all-zero corresponds to the minimal negative value and all-one to the maximal positive value. There is no standard for offset binary, but most often the offset K for an n-bit binary word is K = 2n−1. This has the consequence that the "zero" value is represented by a 1 in the most significant bit and zero in all other bits, and in general the effect is conveniently the same as using two's complement except that the most significant bit is inverted. It also has the consequence that in a logical comparison operation, one gets the same result as with a two's complement numerical comparison operation, whereas, in two's complement notation a logical comparison will agree" ; :prefLabel "Offset binary" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Corp.", "commercial enterprise", "corporations" ; :definition "An organization formed with state governmental approval to act as an artificial person to carry on business (or other activities), which can sue or be sued, and (unless it is non-profit) can issue shares of stock to raise funds with which to start a business or increase its cap(http://dictionary.law.com)" ; :prefLabel "corporation" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Industrial plant", "Mechanical plant", "Plant (disambiguation)", "Plant operations", "Plant ops", "Transmitter plant" ; :definition "Physical plant, mechanical plant or industrial plant (and where context is given, often just plant) refers to the necessary infrastructure used in operation and maintenance of a given facility. The operation of these facilities, or the department of an organization which does so, is called "plant operations" or facility management. Industrial plant should not be confused with "manufacturing plant" in the sense of "a factory"." ; :prefLabel "Physical plant" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Envelope from", "Envelope sender", "MAIL FROM", "Return address (e-mail)", "Return path", "Return-Path", "Reverse path" ; :definition "A bounce address is an email address to which bounce messages are delivered. There are many variants of the name, none of them used universally, including return path, reverse path, envelope from, envelope sender, MAIL FROM, 5321-FROM, return address, From_, Errors-to, etc. It is not uncommon for a single document to use several of these names. All of these names refer to the email address provided with the MAIL FROM command during the SMTP session." ; :prefLabel "Bounce address" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MeshPubMed" ; :definition "GoPubMed is a knowledge-based search engine for biomedical texts. TheGene Ontology (GO) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) serve as "Table of contents" in order to structure the millions of articles of the MEDLINE database. MeshPubMed was at one point a separate project, but now the two have been merged. The technologies used in GoPubMed are generic and can in general be applied to any kind of texts and any kind of knowledge bases.The system was developed at the Technische Universität Dresden by Michael Schroeder and his team at Transinsight." ; :prefLabel "GoPubMed" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Content development", "Content development (web)" ; :definition "Web content development is the process of researching, writing, gathering, organizing, and editing information for publication on websites. Website content may consist of prose, graphics, pictures, recordings, movies, or other digital assets that could be distributed by a hypertext transfer protocol server, and viewed by a web browser." ; :prefLabel "Web content development" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "C4.5", "C5.0", "C5.0 algorithm", "See5 algorithm" ; :definition "C4.5 is an algorithm used to generate a decision tree developed by Ross Quinlan. C4.5 is an extension of Quinlan's earlier ID3 algorithm. The decision trees generated by C4.5 can be used for classification, and for this reason, C4.5 is often referred to as a statistical classifier. It became quite popular after ranking #1 in the Top 10 Algorithms in Data Mining pre-eminent paper published by Springer LNCS in 2008." ; :prefLabel "C4.5 algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NBFP", "NetBEUI (Microsoft)", "NetBEUI Frame", "NetBEUI Frame Protocol", "NetBEUI Frames", "NetBEUI Frames protocol", "NetBIOS Frame", "NetBIOS Frame protocol", "NetBIOS Frames" ; :definition "NetBIOS Frames or NBF protocol is a non-routable network- and transport-level data protocol most commonly used as one of the layers of Microsoft Windows networking in the 1990s. NBF protocol or NetBIOS over IEEE 802.2 LLC is used by a number of network operating systems released in the 1990s, such as LAN Manager, LAN Server, Windows for Workgroups, Windows 95 and Windows NT. Other protocols, such as NBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP), and NetBIOS-over-IPX/SPX also implement the NetBIOS/NetBEUI services over other protocol suites." ; :prefLabel "NetBIOS Frames protocol" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brazil Rendering System", "Brazil r/s" ; :definition "Brazil Rendering System was a proprietary commercial plugin for 3D Studio Max, Autodesk VIZ and Rhinoceros 3D. Steve Blackmon and Scott Kirvan started developing Brazil R/S while working as the R&D team of Blur Studio, and formed the company SplutterFish to sell and market Brazil. It was capable of photorealistic rendering using fast ray tracing and global illumination. Splutterfish was acquired by Caustic Graphics in 2008, which was later acquired by Imagination Technologies in December 2010. Imagination Technologies announced Brazil's end-of-life, effective May 14, 2012." ; :prefLabel "Neon" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Economic actor", "Spontaneous" ; :definition "Spontaneous order, also named "self-organization", is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. It is a process found in physical, biological, and social networks including economics, though the term "self-organization" is more often used for physical and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders from a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. The evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet and a free market economy have all been proposed as examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order. Naturalists often point to the inherent "watch-like" precision of uncultivated ecosystems and to th" ; :prefLabel "Spontaneous order" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Density Weighting Function", "Weight (disambiguation)", "Weighted", "Weighted sum", "Weighting Function" ; :definition "A weight function is a mathematical device used when performing a sum, integral, or average to give some elements more "weight" or influence on the result than other elements in the same set. The result of this application of a weight function is a weighted sum or weighted average. Weight functions occur frequently in statistics and analysis, and are closely related to the concept of a measure. Weight functions can be employed in both discrete and continuous settings. They can be used to construct systems of calculus called "weighted calculus" and "meta-calculus"." ; :prefLabel "Weight function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NLM UMLS", "UMLS", "Unified Medical Language", "unified medical language system (UMLS)" ; :definition "The purpose of NLM's Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) is to facilitate the development of computer systems that behave as if they "understand" the meaning of the language of biomedicine and health. To that end, NLM produces and distributes the UMLS Knowledge Sources and associated software tools for use in building or enhancing electronic information systems that create, process, retrieve, integrate, and/or aggregate biomedical and health data and information, as well as in informatics research. The UMLS Knowledge Sources are multi-purpose and can be applied in systems that perform a range of functions involving one or more types of information, e.g., patient records, scientific literature, guidelines, public health data. The associated software tools assist developers in customizing or using the UMLS Knowledge Sources. There are three UMLS Knowledge Sources: the Metathesaurus, the Semantic Network, and the SPECIALIST lexicon." ; :prefLabel "Unified Medical Language System" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A documentalist is a kind of librarian, trained in documentation science and specializing in assisting researchers in their search for scientific and technical documentation. With the development of bibliographical databases such as MEDLINE, documentalists were professionals who searched such databases on the behalf of users. When the field of documentation changed its name to information science, the terms information specialist or information professional often replaced the term documentalist." ; :prefLabel "Documentalist" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1:1", "Just scan", "Pixel mapping" ; :definition "1:1 pixel mapping is a video display technique applicable to devices with native fixed pixels, such as LCD monitors and plasma displays. A monitor that has been set to 1:1 pixel mapping will display an input source without scaling it, such that each pixel received is mapped to a single native pixel on the monitor. This technique avoids loss of sharpness due to scaling artifacts and normally avoids incorrect aspect ratio due to stretching. If the input resolution is less than the monitor's native resolution, this will result in black borders around the image (e.g. letterboxing or windowboxing)." ; :prefLabel "1:1 pixel mapping" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Vue (software)", "Vue 3D", "Vue 5 infinite", "Vue 6", "Vue Infinite", "Vue d'esprit", "Vue6" ; :definition "Vue is a 3D scenery generator software package. It is used for the creation, animation, and rendering of natural 3D environments, in particular outdoor landscapes. It is used by visual effects studios for this purpose. For example, Industrial Light & Magic used it to make backgrounds for the movies Indiana Jones and the Crystal Skull and Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, and DreamWorks Animation used it in the 2008 film Kung Fu Panda." ; :prefLabel "Vue" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "The Hub" ; :definition "The Hub is a discussion forum on Tor hidden services on the dark web focused on darknet market reviews, cryptocurrency and security. Second in popularity only to reddit's /r/DarkNetMarkets, the site was launched in January 2014 as a more secure, verifiable and discreetly moderated alternative. Vendors must be verified prior to getting a vendor status on the forum. The Hub has hosted Dr. Fernando Caudevilla, 'DoctorX' as an adviser for the site's drug users who has answered more than a thousand questions in the forums of the original Silk Road and Silk Road 2.0 and the site has an ongoing harm reduction and drug awareness program." ; :prefLabel "The Hub (forum)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Complement", "Complement Component Protein", "Complement Protein", "Complement Proteins", "Complement System", "Complement System Proteins [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Protein", "Proteins", "complement (serum protein)", "complements" ; :definition "The complement system is a complex system of serum proteins that interact in a cascade. Many of the early components are serine proteases that activate each other sequentially. This complement system consists of three separate activation triggers: (1) Ab binding to a cell surface, (2) formation of immune complexes, and (3) a carbohydrate component of a microbe's cell membrane. Along with this triggers, there are also two sets of mechanisms. Both of these mechanisms, classical pathway and alternative or properdin pathway, make MAC (Membrane Attack Complex), which can lyse and destroy the cell." ; :prefLabel "Complement System Proteins" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sethi-Ullman algorithm", "Sethi-Ullman numbering", "Ullman" ; :definition "In computer science, the Sethi–Ullman algorithm is an algorithm named after Ravi Sethi and Jeffrey D. Ullman, its inventors, for translating abstract syntax trees into machine code that uses as few registers as possible." ; :prefLabel "Sethi–Ullman algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data Valdez", "Data breaches", "Data leak", "Data spill", "Hacking intrusion", "Mega breach", "Network intrusion", "Spill" ; :definition "A data breach is the intentional or unintentional release of secure information to an untrusted environment. Other terms for this phenomenon include unintentional information disclosure, data leak and also data spill. Incidents range from concerted attack by black hats with the backing of organized crime or national governments to careless disposal of used computer equipment or data storage media. Many jurisdictions have passed data breach notification laws, requiring a company that has been subject to a data breach to inform customers and take other steps to remediate possible injuries." ; :prefLabel "Data breach" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Object based", "Object-Based Languages", "Object-based", "Object-based (programming)", "Object-based programming" ; :definition "The term "object-based language" may be used in a technical sense to describe any programming language that uses the idea of encapsulating state and operations inside "objects". Object-based languages need not support inheritance or subtyping, but those that do are also said to be "object-oriented". Object-based languages that do not support inheritance or subtyping are usually not considered to be true object-oriented languages." ; :prefLabel "Object-based language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mira (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Margin-infused relaxed algorithm (MIRA) is a machine learning algorithm, an online algorithm for multiclass classification problems. It is designed to learn a set of parameters (vector or matrix) by processing all the given training examples one-by-one and updating the parameters according to each training example, so that the current training example is classified correctly with a margin against incorrect classifications at least as large as their loss. The change of the parameters is kept as small as possible. The flow of the algorithm looks as follows: Output: Set of parameters ← 0, ← 0 for ← ." ; :prefLabel "Margin Infused Relaxed Algorithm" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Self aware", "Self awareness", "Self-aware", "Self-observation", "Self-recognition", "Sentinent" ; :definition "Self-awareness is the capacity for introspection and the ability to recognize oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals. It is not to be confused with consciousness in the sense of qualia. While consciousness is a term given to being aware of one’s environment and body and lifestyle, self-awareness is the recognition of that awareness." ; :prefLabel "Self-awareness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SCU" ; :definition "Single Compilation Unit (SCU) is a computer programming technique for the C and C++ languages, which reduces serial compilation time and allows the compiler to perform certain program optimizations even when the compiler itself is lacking support for whole program optimization. The technique can be applied to an entire program or to some subset of source files; when applied to an entire program, it is also known as a unity build." ; :prefLabel "Single Compilation Unit" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS)", "TOIS", "Transactions on Information Systems" ; :definition "ACM Transactions on Information Systemsis a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on computer systems and their underlying technology. It was established in 1983 and is published by the Association for Computing Machinery. The editor-in-chief is Maarten de Rijke (University of Amsterdam). The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 1.070." ; :prefLabel "ACM Transactions on Information Systems" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blogs", "Blogs as Topic", "Blogs as Topics" ; :definition "Creating INTERNET-based personal journal which may consist of reflections, comments, and often hyperlinks." ; :prefLabel "Blogging" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In statistics and data mining, affinity propagation (AP) is a clustering algorithm based on the concept of "message passing" between data points.Unlike clustering algorithms such as k-means or k-medoids, affinity propagation does not require the number of clusters to be determined or estimated before running the algorithm. Similar to k-medoids, affinity propagation finds "exemplars", members of the input set that are representative of clusters." ; :prefLabel "Affinity propagation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "citations" ; :definition "An extract or quotation from or reference to an authoritative source, e.g. a book or author, used, for example, to support an idea, theory, or argument." ; :prefLabel "citation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Fastest is a model-based testing tool that works with specifications written in the Z notation. The tool implements () the Test Template Framework (TTF) proposed by Phil Stocks and David Carrington in (). It is freely available online." ; :prefLabel "Fastest" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Call for Proposals", "Call for proposal", "RFP", "RFP (disambiguation)", "RFP Automation", "Request for price quotation", "Request for proposals" ; :definition "A request for proposal (RFP) is a document that solicits proposal, often made through a bidding process, by an agency or company interested in procurement of a commodity, service or valuable asset, to potential suppliers to submit business proposals. It is submitted early in the procurement cycle, either at the preliminary study, or procurement stage. An RFP is used where the request requires technical expertise, specialized capability, or where the product or service being requested does not yet exist and the proposal may require research and development to create whatever is being requested." ; :prefLabel "Request for proposal" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interruptive advert", "Interruptive format", "Pop Under", "Pop up ad", "Pop up ads", "Pop-behind", "Pop-under", "Pop-under ad", "Pop-unders", "Pop-up ads", "Pop-up ads blocking", "Pop-up advertisement", "Pop-up advertising", "Pop-up blocker", "Pop-up blockers", "Pop-up blocking", "Pop-up window", "Popunder", "Popunder ad", "Popup ad", "Popup ads", "Popup advertising", "Popup blocker", "Popup generator", "Popup generators", "Popup window", "Static image ad" ; :definition "Pop-up ads or pop-ups are often forms of online advertising on the World Wide Web intended to attract web traffic or capture email addresses. Pop-ups are generally new web browser windows to display advertisements. The pop-up window containing an advertisement is usually generated by JavaScript using cross-site scripting (XSS), sometimes with a secondary payload using Adobe Flash, but can also be generated by other vulnerabilities/security holes in browser security." ; :prefLabel "Pop-up ad" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Consumer Products Safety and Quality", "ECB", "European Chemical Bureau", "TCS Toxicology and Chemical Substances", "Toxicology and Chemical Substances" ; :definition "The European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) was the focal point for the data and assessment procedure on dangerous chemicals within the European Union. The ECB was located in Ispra, Italy, under the responsibility of the Institute for Health and Consumer Protection (IHCP) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. In 2008 the ECB completed its mandate. Some of its activities were taken over by the ECHA (European Chemicals Agency); others remained within the Joint Research Centre's Institute for Health & Consumer Protection (IHCP).Tasks of the former ECB still managed by JRC-IHCP include: the Review Programme on the risk assessment of Biocides, the development of a methodology for the future Regulation on the Prioritisation of Chemical Substances and its corresponding Environmen" ; :prefLabel "European Chemicals Bureau" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Medoids" ; :definition "Medoids are representative objects of a data set or a cluster with a data set whose average dissimilarity to all the objects in the cluster is minimal. Medoids are similar in concept to means or centroids, but medoids are always members of the data set. Medoids are most commonly used on data when a mean or centroid cannot be defined such as 3-D trajectories or in the gene expression context. The term is used in computer science in data clustering algorithms." ; :prefLabel "Medoid" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aid", "Aids", "First", "First Aids", "first aid procedure" ; :definition "Emergency care or treatment given to a person who suddenly becomes ill or injured before full medical services become available." ; :prefLabel "First Aid" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lou Rosenfeld", "Rosenfeld" ; :definition "Louis B. Rosenfeld (born ca 1965) is an American Information scientist, consultant and author, known as co-author of Information Architecture for the World Wide Web." ; :prefLabel "Louis Rosenfeld" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The left corner of a production rule in a context-free grammar is the left-most symbol on the right side of the rule. For example, in the rule A→Xα, X is the left corner. The left corner table associates a symbol with all possible left corners for that symbol, and the left corners of those symbols, etc. Given the grammar S→VPS→NP VPVP→V NPNP→DET N Left corners are used to add bottom-up filtering of a top-down parser. You can use the left corners to do top-down filtering of a bottom-up parser." ; :prefLabel "Left corner" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hardware scrolling", "Horizontal scrolling", "Inertial scrolling", "Infinite scrolling", "Kinetic Scrolling", "Scroll (disambiguation)", "Scroller", "Smooth scrolling", "Text crawl", "Vertical scrolling", "⇳" ; :definition "In computer displays, filmmaking, television production, and other kinetic displays, scrolling is sliding text, images or video across a monitor or display, vertically or horizontally. "Scrolling", as such, does not change the layout of the text or pictures, but moves (pans or tilts) the user's view across what is apparently a larger image that is not wholly seen. A common television and movie special effect is to scroll credits, while leaving the background stationary. Scrolling may take place completely without user intervention (as in film credits) or, on an interactive device, be triggered by touchscreen or a keypress and continue without further intervention until a further user action, or be entirely controlled by input devices." ; :prefLabel "Scrolling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Atomistic", "Atomistics", "Dynamics", "MD" ; :definition "Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for studying the physical movements of atoms and molecules, and is thus a type of N-body simulation. The atoms and molecules are allowed to interact for a fixed period of time, giving a view of the dynamical evolution of the system. In the most common version, the trajectories of atoms and molecules are determined by numerically solving Newton's equations of motion for a system of interacting particles, where forces between the particles and their potential energies are calculated using interatomic potentials or molecular mechanics force fields. The method was originally developed within the field of theoretical physics in the late 1950s but is applied today mostly in chemical physics, materials science and the modelling of biomolecul" ; :prefLabel "Molecular dynamics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Muscle", "Muscle Rigidity [Disease/Finding]", "Muscles Rigid", "Muscular", "Muscular rigidity", "RIGIDITY MUSCLE", "Rigid", "Rigidity", "Rigor", "muscles rigidity" ; :definition "Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)" ; :prefLabel "Muscle Rigidity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "All-In-One", "All-in-one printer", "Mopier", "Multifunction", "Multifunction device", "Multifunction printer", "Multifunctional", "Multifunctional device", "PSC", "Printer-Scanner-Copier" ; :definition "An MFP (Multi-Function Product/ Printer/ Peripheral), multi-functional, all-in-one (AIO), or Multi-Function Device (MFD), is an office machine which incorporates the functionality of multiple devices in one, so as to have a smaller footprint in a home or small business setting (the SOHO market segment), or to provide centralized document management/distribution/production in a large-office setting. A typical MFP may act as a combination of some or all of the following devices: * E-mail * Fax * Photocopier * Printer * Scanner" ; :prefLabel "Multi-function printer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "P-adic language", "Probabilistic automata", "Probabilistic finite automata", "Probabilistic finite automaton", "Probalistic automaton", "Stochastic finite state machine", "Stochastic language" ; :definition "In mathematics and computer science, the probabilistic automaton (PA) is a generalization of the non-deterministic finite automaton; it includes the probability of a given transition into the transition function, turning it into a transition matrix or stochastic matrix. Thus, the probabilistic automaton generalizes the concept of a Markov chain or subshift of finite type. The languages recognized by probabilistic automata are called stochastic languages; these include the regular languages as a subset. The number of stochastic languages is uncountable." ; :prefLabel "Probabilistic automaton" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Emergency Notification Service", "Notification" ; :definition "A notification service provides means to send a notice to many persons at once. For example, if a flood were likely, residents of a community could be warned it time to evacuate. If a school were suddenly closed for the day, students or parents could be told not come to school, or told to report to an alternate location. American Airlines can notify passengers by cellphone two hours before a flight's departure with information on the flight's status and gate number." ; :prefLabel "Notification service" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Represent", "Representation", "Representational", "Representative" ; :definition "An activity that stands as an equivalent of something or results in an equivalent; typical of, or the same as, others in a larger group of people or things." ; :prefLabel "Representation (action)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A digital ecosystem is a distributed, adaptive, open socio-technical system with properties of self-organisation, scalability and sustainability inspired from natural ecosystems. Digital ecosystem models are informed by knowledge of natural ecosystems, especially for aspects related to competition and collaboration among diverse entities. The term is used in the computer industry, the entertainment industry, and the World Economic Forum." ; :prefLabel "Digital ecosystem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "127.0.0.7", "127.0.0.8", "Analog loopback", "Digital loopback", "Lo0", "Loop", "Loop (telecommunication)", "Loop back", "Loop-back", "Loopback Latimer", "Loopback interface", "Loopback network" ; :definition "Loopback, or loop-back, refers to the routing of electronic signals, digital data streams, or flows of items back to their source without intentional processing or modification. This is primarily a means of testing the transmission or transportation infrastructure. Where a system (such as a modem) involves round-trip analog-to-digital processing, a distinction is made between analog loopback, where the analog signal is looped back directly, and digital loopback, where the signal is processed in the digital domain before being re-converted to an analog signal and returned to the source." ; :prefLabel "Loopback" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E paper", "E-Paper", "Electronic Ink", "Electronic inc", "Electronic ink screen", "Electronic paper display", "Electrophoretic display", "Electrophoretic screen", "Epaper", "Intelligent paper", "Sipix", "Smart paper", "Smartpaper", "Wafer-thin color displays" ; :definition "Electronic paper and e-paper are display devices that mimic the appearance of ordinary ink on paper. Unlike conventional backlit flat panel displays that emit light, electronic paper displays reflect light like paper. This may make them more comfortable to read, and provide a wider viewing angle than most light-emitting displays. The contrast ratio in electronic displays available as of 2008 approaches newspaper, and newly developed displays are slightly better. An ideal e-paper display can be read in direct sunlight without the image appearing to fade." ; :prefLabel "Electronic paper" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BDM" ; :definition "Background debug mode (BDM) interface is an electronic interface that allows debugging of embedded systems. Specifically, it provides in-circuit debugging functionality in microcontrollers. It requires a single wire and specialized electronics in the system being debugged.It appears in many Freescale Semiconductor products. The interface allows a Host to manage and query a target. Specialized hardware is required in the target device. No special hardware is required in the host; a simple biidirectional I/O pin is sufficient." ; :prefLabel "Background debug mode interface" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Accept-Encoding", "Accept-Language", "Content-Length", "Expire header", "HTTP header", "HTTP headers", "HTTP request header field", "HTTP response header field", "Header", "List of HTTP headers", "No-cache tag", "X Powered By", "X-Frame-Options", "X-Powered-By", "X-Requested-With" ; :definition "HTTP header fields are components of the header section of request and response messages in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). They define the operating parameters of an HTTP transaction." ; :prefLabel "List of HTTP header fields" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CMS minidisk", "CP", "CP/CMS minidisk", "Minidisk (CMS)", "Minidisk (CP/CMS)" ; :definition "CP/CMS (Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System) is a discontinued a time-sharing operating system of the late 60s and early 70s, known for its excellent performance and advanced features. It had three distinct versions: Each implementation was a substantial redesign of its predecessor and an evolutionary step forward. CP-67/CMS was the first widely available virtual machine architecture. IBM pioneered this idea with its research systems M44/44X (which used partial virtualization) and CP-40 (which used full virtualization)." ; :prefLabel "CP/CMS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Movements", "body movement", "body movements" ; :definition "The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior." ; :prefLabel "Movement" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining", "KDD Conference" ; :definition "SIGKDD is the Association for Computing Machinery's (ACM) Special Interest Group (SIG) on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. It became an official ACM SIG in 1998." ; :prefLabel "SIGKDD" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Valign" ; :definition "A table cell is one grouping within a chart table used for storing information or data. Cells are grouped horizontally (rows of cells) and vertically (columns of cells). Each cell contains information relating to the combination of the row and column headings it is collinear with. In software design, table cells are a key component in HTML and webpage building, and it is part of the component. A coder may specify dimensions for a table cell, and use them to hold sections of webpages." ; :prefLabel "Table cell" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Beam" ; :definition "In computer science, beam search is a heuristic search algorithm that explores a graph by expanding the most promising node in a limited set. Beam search is an optimization of best-first search that reduces its memory requirements. Best-first search is a graph search which orders all partial solutions (states) according to some heuristic which attempts to predict how close a partial solution is to a complete solution (goal state). But in beam search, only a predetermined number of best partial solutions are kept as candidates." ; :prefLabel "Beam search" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "WSMO or Web Service Modeling Ontology is a conceptual model for relevant aspects related to Semantic Web Services.It provides an ontology based framework, which supports the deployment and interoperability of Semantic Web Services. The WSMO has four main components: The WSMO working group, part of the ESSI Cluster aligns the research and development efforts in the areas of Semantic Web Services between several European FP6 research projects." ; :prefLabel "WSMO" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cations [Chemical/Ingredient]", "cation", "positively charged particle" ; :definition "Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis." ; :prefLabel "Cations" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CSS", "FIFTH DIGIT SYNDROME", "coffin siris syndrome" ; :definition "A rare genetic disorder with an undetermined pattern of inheritance affecting mostly females. Clinical signs at birth include recurrent respiratory infections, poor feeding, hypotonia, joint laxity and characteristic shortened fifth digits with hypoplastic or absent nails and craniofacial appearance: microcephaly, wide nose and lips, sparse scalp hair but thick eyebrows and eyelashes. The clinical course includes developmental delays in motor skills and speech with associated moderate mental retardation." ; :prefLabel "Coffin-Siris syndrome" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Chemometrics is the science of extracting information from chemical systems by data-driven means. Chemometrics is inherently interdisciplinary, using methods frequently employed in core data-analytic disciplines such as multivariate statistics, applied mathematics, and computer science, in order to address problems in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, biology and chemical engineering. In this way, it mirrors other interdisciplinary fields, such as psychometrics and econometrics." ; :prefLabel "Chemometrics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comparing of computer shells", "Comparison of computer shells", "Comparison of shells", "Integrated environment" ; :definition "A command shell is a command line interface computer program to an operating system." ; :prefLabel "Comparison of command shells" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Guidance", "Guidance (navigation)", "Guidance systems", "Ultraviolet homing" ; :definition "A guidance system is a virtual or physical device, or a group of devices implementing a guidance process used for controlling the movement of a ship, aircraft, missile, rocket, satellite, or any other moving object. Guidance is the process of calculating the changes in position, velocity, attitude, and/or rotation rates of a moving object required to follow a certain trajectory and/or attitude profile based on information about the object's state of motion." ; :prefLabel "Guidance system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(+)-(S)-N-?-dimethylphenethylamine", "(+)-(S)-N-alpha-Dimethylphenethylamine", "(?S)-N,?-dimethylbenzeneethanamine", "(AlphaS)-N,alpha-dimethylbenzeneethanamine", "(S)-", "(S)-N,?-dimethylbenzeneethanamine", "(S)-N,alpha-Dimethylbenzeneethanamine", "Benzeneethanamine", "Chalk", "Crystal", "Deoxyephedrine", "Desoxyephedrine", "Glass", "Ice", "Metamfetamine", "Metamfetaminum", "Metanfetamina", "Meth", "Methamphetamine [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Methamphetaminum", "Methyl-beta-phenylisopropylamine", "Methylamphetamine", "Métamfétamine", "N Methylamphetamine", "N,alpha-dimethyl-", "N-Methylamphetamine", "Speed", "Tina", "crank", "cranks", "d-1-phenyl-2-methylaminopropane", "d-N-methylamphetamine", "d-deoxyephedrine", "d-desoxyephedrine", "d-phenylisopropylmethylamine", "ice [methamphetamine]", "methyl-?-phenylisopropylamine" ; :definition "An amphetamine with central nervous system (CNS) stimulating activity. Methamphetamine acts by both facilitating the release of catecholamines, particularly noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin, from nerve terminals in the brain and by inhibiting their uptake. This leads to an increase in synaptic concentration of these neurotransmitters and results in increased stimulation of postsynaptic receptors." ; :prefLabel "Methamphetamine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cache Coherency", "Cache coherence problems", "Cache coherent system", "Cache consistency", "Coherence", "Coherence protocol", "Coherence traffic", "Coherency traffic", "Directory-based coherence protocols", "Write invalidate protocol", "Write-invalidate protocol" ; :definition "In computer science, cache coherence is the consistency of shared resource data that ends up stored in multiple local caches. When clients in a system maintain caches of a common memory resource, problems may arise with inconsistent data, which is particularly the case with CPUs in a multiprocessing system." ; :prefLabel "Cache coherence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Scalar", "Scalar arithmetic", "Scalar processors" ; :definition "Scalar processors represent a class of computer processors. A scalar processor processes only one datum at a time, with typical data items being integers or floating point numbers). A scalar processor is classified as a SISD processor (Single Instructions, Single Data) in Flynn's taxonomy." ; :prefLabel "Scalar processor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CII directive", "Computer Implemented Inventions directive", "Directive on Computer Implemented Inventions", "Directive on Patentability of CII", "Directive on patentability of computer-implemented inventions", "Directive on the Patentability of Computer Implemented Inventions", "Directive on the Patentability of Computer Related Inventions", "Directive on the Patentability of Computer-Related Inventions", "Directive on the patentability of CIIs", "Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions", "Draft Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions", "Draft EC Directive on the Patentability of Computer Related Inventions", "Draft EC Directive on the Patentability of Computer-Related Inventions", "EC Directive on the Patentability of Computer Related Inventions", "EC Directive on the Patentability of Computer-Related Inventions", "EC directive on computer-implemented inventions", "EU Directive on Patentability of CII", "EU Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions", "EU Draft Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions", "EU Software Patents directive", "EU directive on computer-implemented inventions", "EU directive on the patentability of CIIs", "EU-Directive on Patentability of Computer Implemented Inventions", "EU-Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions", "European Directive on Software Patents", "European Directive on the Patentability of Computer Implemented Inventions", "Proposal for EU-Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions", "Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions", "Proposals for a European Directive on the Patentability of Computer Implemented Inventions", "Proposed EU Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions", "Proposed EU directive on the patentability of CIIs", "Software Patents Directive" ; :definition "The Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions (Commission proposal COM(2002) 92), procedure number 2002/0047 (COD) was a proposal for a European Union (EU) directive aimed to harmonise national patent laws and practices concerning the granting of patents for computer-implemented inventions, provided they meet certain criteria." ; :prefLabel "Proposed directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anthropobiology", "Anthropology (disambiguation)", "Bioanthropology", "Biological anthropologist", "Biomedical anthropology", "H. bio.", "History of biological anthropology", "History of physical anthropology", "Human bi", "Human bi.", "Human bio", "Human bio.", "Human biol", "Human biol.", "Human biological science", "Physical anthropologist", "Physical anthropology", "Racial mapping", "Somatotypology", "Typological definitions of race", "Typology", "Typology (anthropology)" ; :definition "Biological anthropology, also known as physical anthropology, is a scientific discipline concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings, their related non-human primates and their extinct hominin ancestors. It is a subfield of anthropology that provides a biological perspective to the systematic study of human beings." ; :prefLabel "Biological anthropology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Instrument", "Instrumentation", "clinical instruments", "instruments", "instuments" ; :definition "Any object, or item of electrical or electronic equipment, which is designed to carry out a specific function or set of functions." ; :prefLabel "Instrument - device" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Missy Suicide", "SG", "SG Services", "SUICIDE GIRLS Present: Makenzie Rose", "SUICIDE GIRLS: Living 101", "Sean Suhl", "Suicide Girl", "Suicide Girls Must Die", "Suicide girls", "SuicideGirls Must Die", "SuicideGirls.com", "Suicidegirl" ; :definition "Suicide Girls have appeared in a variety of media outlets including television shows and music videos as well as being portrayed by actresses in others, such as the character Dani California on the TV show Californication." ; :prefLabel "SuicideGirls" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Contingency (disambiguation)", "Contingency Plans", "Contingency planning", "Float time", "Panic sequence" ; :definition "A contingency plan is a plan devised for an outcome other than in the usual (expected) plan. It is often used for risk management when an exceptional risk that, though unlikely, would have catastrophic consequences. Contingency plans are often devised by governments or businesses. For example, suppose many employees of a company are traveling together on an aircraft which crashes, killing all aboard. The company could be severely strained or even ruined by such a loss. Accordingly, many companies have procedures to follow in the event of such a disaster. The plan may also include standing policies to mitigate a disaster's potential impact, such as requiring employees to travel separately or limiting the number of employees on any one aircraft." ; :prefLabel "Contingency plan" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cost efficient", "Cost optimal", "Cost optimality", "Cost-efficient" ; :definition "Cost efficiency (or cost optimality), in the context of parallel computer algorithms, refers to a measure of how effectively parallel computing can be used to solve a particular problem. A parallel algorithm is considered cost efficient if its asymptotic running time multiplied by the number of processing units involved in the computation is comparable to the running time of the best sequential algorithm. For example, an algorithm that can be solved in time using the best known sequential algorithm and in a parallel computer with processors will be considered cost efficient." ; :prefLabel "Cost efficiency" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Transformation languages" ; :definition "A transformation language is a computer language designed to transform some input text in a certain formal language into a modified output text that meets some specific goal. Program transformation systems such as Stratego/XT, TXL, Tom, DMS, and ASF+SDF all have transformation languages as a major component. The transformation languages for these systems are driven by declarative descriptions of the structure of the input text (typically a grammar), allowing them to be applied to wide variety of formal languages and documents." ; :prefLabel "Transformation language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Geographic distance", "Geographic distances", "Geographical distances" ; :definition "Geographical distance is the distance measured along the surface of the earth. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic problem." ; :prefLabel "Geographical distance" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Database integration", "Heterogeneous database" ; :definition "A heterogeneous database system is an automated (or semi-automated) system for the integration of heterogeneous, disparate database management systems to present a user with a single, unified query interface. Heterogeneous database systems (HDBs) are computational models and software implementations that provide heterogeneous database integration." ; :prefLabel "Heterogeneous database system" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Open Directory" ; :definition "Apple Open Directory is the LDAP directory service model implementation from Apple Inc. A directory service is software which stores and organizes information about a computer network's users and network resources and which allows network administrators to manage users' access to the resources. In the context of Mac OS X Server, Open Directory describes a shared LDAPv3 directory domain and a corresponding authentication model composed of Apple Password Server and Kerberos 5 tied together using a modular Directory Services system. Apple Open Directory is a fork of OpenLDAP." ; :prefLabel "Apple Open Directory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lingua", "Tongues", "lingual", "tongue structure" ; :definition "A muscular organ in the mouth that is covered with pink tissue called mucosa, tiny bumps called papillae, and thousands of taste buds. The tongue is anchored to the mouth and is vital for chewing, swallowing, and for speech." ; :prefLabel "Tongue" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "App Store (ios)", "Apple App Store", "Apple Applications Store", "Apple's App Store", "British)", "Chris Mayer (Videogame developer", "Chris Mayer (game developer)", "IOS App Store", "IOS app", "IOS application", "IOS mobile app", "IPad app", "IPhone application", "IPhone/IPod Touch App Store", "ITunes App Store", "ITunes Applications", "Iphone third party applications", "List of most downloaded iOS applications", "List of most installed iOS applications", "List of most popular iOS applications", "List of open source iOS applications", "Most downloaded iOS applications" ; :definition "The App Store is a digital distribution platform, developed and maintained by Apple Inc., for mobile apps on iOS. The store allows users to browse and download applications that are developed with Apple's iOS SDK. The apps can be downloaded to iOS devices; the iPhone smartphone, the iPod Touch handheld computer, the iPad tablet computer, and to the Apple Watch and 4th generation Apple TV as extensions of iPhone apps." ; :prefLabel "App Store" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Disclosure", "Disclosure of information", "Information", "Information Disclosure", "disclosures" ; :definition "The making known of a fact that had previously been hidden; release of information." ; :prefLabel "Disclosure" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cardiac", "Cor", "Hearts", "cardi(o)-", "cardiac structure", "coronary", "heart structure" ; :definition "A hollow organ located slightly to the left of the middle portion of the chest. It is composed of muscle and it is divided by a septum into two sides: the right side which receives de-oxygenated blood from the body and the left side which sends newly oxygenated blood to the body. Each side is composed of two chambers: the atrium (receiving blood) and ventricle (ejecting blood)." ; :prefLabel "Heart" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Decision Support", "Decision Support Technic", "Decision Support Technics", "Decision Support Technique", "Technic", "Technics", "Technique", "Techniques" ; :definition "Mathematical or statistical procedures used as aids in making a decision. They are frequently used in medical decision-making." ; :prefLabel "Decision Support Techniques" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tree Meta" ; :definition "The TREE-META (or Tree Meta, TREEMETA) Translator Writing System is a Compiler-compiler system for context-free languages originally developed in the 1960s. Parsing statements of the metalanguage resemble Augmented Backus–Naur Form with embedded tree-building directives. Unparsing rules include extensive tree-scanning and code-generation constructs." ; :prefLabel "TREE-META" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Reblog", "Retweeting" ; :definition "Reblogging (or, in Twitter parlance, retweeting) is the mechanism in blogging which allows users to repost the content of another user's post with an indication that the source is another user. It was first developed by Jonah Peretti at Eyebeam Art and Technology Center's R&D program under the project 'Reblog' (from where the term originates) as an open-source tool for individually-run blogs. Tumblr then built it into their social network for re-sharing posts within the network, and similar features ("Retweet" on Twitter, "Share" on Facebook) then followed." ; :prefLabel "Reblogging" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dictionaries as Topics", "dictionaries", "dictionary" ; :definition "Lists of words, usually in alphabetical order, giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning." ; :prefLabel "Dictionaries as Topic" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "/index.php", "Amateur home page", "Amatuer home page", "Default homepage", "Face page", "Free home page", "Home (disambiguation)", "Home Page (disambiguation)", "Home Page Home Page", "HomePage.", "Homepage", "Homepage definition", "Hompage", "Index page", "Main pages", "Start Page", "Startpage", "Startsida", "Takeoff page" ; :definition "(Not to be confused with home screen.)(For other uses, see Home page (disambiguation).) ("Start page" redirects here. For the search engine, see Ixquick.) () A home page or a start page is the initial or main web page of a website or a browser. The initial page of a website is sometimes called main page as well." ; :prefLabel "Home page" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In grid computing, a virtual organization (VO) refers to a dynamic set of individuals or institutions defined around a set of resource-sharing rules and conditions. All these virtual organizations share some commonality among them, including common concerns and requirements, but may vary in size, scope, duration, sociology, and structure." ; :prefLabel "Virtual organization (grid computing)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dime" ; :definition "Dual Independent Map Encoding (DIME) is an encoding scheme developed by the US Bureau of the Census for efficiently storing geographical data. The committee behind the case study that eventually resulted in DIME was established in 1965, although the term DIME itself was first coined by George Farnsworth in August 1967. The file format developed for storing the DIME-encoded data was known as Geographic Base Files (GBF). The Census Bureau replaced the data format with Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER) in 1990." ; :prefLabel "Dual Independent Map Encoding" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ACL", "Agent Communication Language", "FIPA-ACL" ; :definition "Agent Communication Language (ACL), proposed by the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA), is a proposed standard language for agent communications. Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language (KQML) is another proposed standard. The most popular ACLs are: * FIPA-ACL (by the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents, a standardization consortium) * KQML (Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language) Examples of a framework that implements a standard agent communication language (FIPA-ACL) include FIPA-OS and Jade" ; :prefLabel "Agent Communications Language" ; :related , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Average-case analysis", "Average-case computational complexity", "Probabilistic analysis" ; :definition "In analysis of algorithms, probabilistic analysis of algorithms is an approach to estimate the computational complexity of an algorithm or a computational problem. It starts from an assumption about a probabilistic distribution of the set of all possible inputs. This assumption is then used to design an efficient algorithm or to derive the complexity of a known algorithm. This approach is not the same as that of probabilistic algorithms, but the two may be combined." ; :prefLabel "Probabilistic analysis of algorithms" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In wireless networking, On-Demand Multicast Routing Protocol is a protocol for routing multicast and unicast traffic throughout Ad hoc wireless mesh networks. ODMRP creates routes on demand, rather than proactively creating routes as OLSR does. This suffers from a route acquisition delay, although it helps reduce network traffic in general. To help reduce the problem of this delay, some implementations send the first data packet along with the route discovery packet." ; :prefLabel "ODMRP" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DID", "DOD", "Direct Dial Central Office", "Direct Dial-In", "Direct Dialing In", "Direct Inward Dialling", "Direct Outward Dialing", "Direct dialling in", "Direct inbound dialing", "Direct inward dialing", "Directed inward dial", "Inward" ; :definition "Direct inward dialing (DID), also called direct dial-in (DDI) in Europe and Oceania, is a telecommunication service offered by telephone companies to subscribers who operate a private branch exchange (PBX) system. The feature provides service for multiple telephone numbers over one or more analog or digital physical circuits to the PBX, and transmits the dialed telephone number to the PBX so that a PBX extension is directly accessible for an outside caller, possibly by-passing an auto-attendant." ; :prefLabel "Direct inward dial" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OAC" ; :definition "Object-Action Complexes (OACs) are proposed as a universal representation enabling efficient planning and execution of purposeful action at all levels of a cognitive architecture (Kruger 2009, Worgotter 2008, Geib 2006, Piater 2009). OACs combine the representational and computational efficiency for purposes of search (the frame problem) of STRIPS rules and the object- and situation-oriented concept of affordance with the logical clarity of the event calculus. Affordance is the relation between a situation, usually including an object of a defined type, and the actions that it allows. While affordances have mostly been analyzed in their purely perceptual aspect, the OAC concept defines them more generally as state transition functions suited to prediction. Such functions can be used for ef" ; :prefLabel "Object Action Complex" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dawn (supercomputer)", "Sequoia" ; :definition "IBM Sequoia is a petascale Blue Gene/Q supercomputer constructed by IBM for the National Nuclear Security Administration as part of the Advanced Simulation and Computing Program (ASC). It was delivered to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in 2011 and was fully deployed in June 2012. As of June 17, 2013, Sequoia had dropped to #3 on the TOP500 ranking, behind Tianhe-2 and Titan. In June 2016, it slipped again, to fourth place on the TOP500 ranking." ; :prefLabel "IBM Sequoia" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Electric Stimulation", "Electrical Stimulation", "Electrostimulation", "Nerve Stimulation", "Percutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation", "Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation", "Stimulation", "TENS", "Transcutaneous", "Transcutaneous Electric", "Transcutaneous Electric Stimulation", "Transcutaneous Electrical", "Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation", "Transcutaneous Nerve", "Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation", "Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation", "Transcutaneous electrical neural stimulation", "Transdermal", "Transdermal Electrostimulation", "transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)" ; :definition "A non-invasive form of electroanalgesia that uses conductive gel pads to transmit electrical energy from an external stimulator to peripheral nerves. There are two forms: low-intensity/high frequency and high-intensity/low frequency (dense disperse). The method of action is suspected to involve release of endogenous opioids. It is often used for peripheral neuropathic pain. (from White, Li, and Chiu)" ; :prefLabel "Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "HTTP" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer (astronomer term)", "Computer (disambiguation)", "Computer (human)", "Computer (person)", "Human computers" ; :definition "The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613), meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematical calculations, before electronic computers became commercially available."The human computer is supposed to be following fixed rules; he has no authority to deviate from them in any detail." (Turing, 1950)Teams of people were frequently used to undertake long and often tedious calculations; the work was divided so that this could be done in parallel." ; :prefLabel "Human computer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "Failure to meet an obligation." ; :prefLabel "Default" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Historical documents" ; :definition "Historical documents are documents that contain important information about a person, place, or event. Most famous historical documents are either laws, accounts of battles (often given by the victors or persons sharing their viewpoint), or the exploits of the powerful. Though these documents are of historical interest, they do not detail the daily lives of ordinary people, or the way society functioned. Anthropologists, historians and archeologists generally are more interested in documents that describe the day-to-day lives of ordinary people, indicating what they ate, their interaction with other members of their households and social groups, and their states of mind. It is this information that allows them to try to understand and describe the way society was functioning at any particu" ; :prefLabel "Historical document" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E Mail", "E-Mails", "E-mail", "Electronic", "Electronic Mail", "Emails", "Mail" ; :definition "Messages between computer users via COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS. This feature duplicates most of the features of paper mail, such as forwarding, multiple copies, and attachments of images and other file types, but with a speed advantage. The term also refers to an individual message sent in this way." ; :prefLabel "Email" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Plausibility" ; :definition "In sociology and especially the sociological study of religion, plausibility structures are the sociocultural contexts for systems of meaning within which these meanings make sense, or are made plausible. Beliefs and meanings held by individuals and groups are supported by, and embedded in, sociocultural institutions and processes." ; :prefLabel "Plausibility structure" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The DrugBank database is a comprehensive, freely accessible, online database containing information on drugs and drug targets. As both a bioinformatics and a cheminformatics resource, DrugBank combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. Because of its broad scope, comprehensive referencing and unusually detailed data descriptions, DrugBank is more akin to a drug encyclopedia than a drug database. As a result, links to DrugBank are maintained for nearly all drugs listed in Wikipedia. DrugBank is widely used by the drug industry, medicinal chemists, pharmacists, physicians, students and the general public. Its extensive drug and drug-target data has enabled the discovery an" ; :prefLabel "DrugBank" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CCC", "Climatic Climax Community", "Climatic climax", "Climax", "Climax (biology)", "Climax communities", "Climax ecosystem", "Climax forest", "Climax vegetation", "Disclimax", "Disturbance climax", "Polyclimax" ; :definition "In ecology, climax community, or climatic climax community, is a historic term that expressed a biological community of plants, animals, and fungi which, through the process of ecological succession the development of vegetation in an area over time, had reached a steady state. This equilibrium was thought to occur because the climax community is composed of species best adapted to average conditions in that area. The term is sometimes also applied in soil development. Nevertheless, it has been found that a "steady state" is more apparent than real, particularly if long-enough periods of time are taken into consideration. Notwithstanding, it remains a useful concept." ; :prefLabel "Climax community" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Path expressions" ; :definition "In query languages, path expressions identify an object by describing how to navigate to itin some graph (possibly implicit) of objects. For example, the path expression p.Manager.Home.City might refer the city of residence of someone's manager.Path expressions have been extended to support regular expression-like flexibility.XPath is an example of a path expression language." ; :prefLabel "Path expression" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Connector", "Connector (computer science)" ; :definition "In computer science, a linked data structure is a data structure which consists of a set of data records (nodes) linked together and organized by references (links or pointers). The link between data can also be called a connector. Linking can be done in two ways – using dynamic allocation and using array index linking. Linked data structures include linked lists, search trees, expression trees, and many other widely used data structures. They are also key building blocks for many efficient algorithms, such as topological sort and set union-find." ; :prefLabel "Linked data structure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aquatic", "Aquatic ecology", "Aquatic ecosystems", "Aquatic ecosysytem", "Aquatic life", "Pond ecosystem", "Pondlife" ; :definition "An aquatic ecosystem is an ecosystem in a body of water. Communities of organisms that are dependent on each other and on their environment live in aquatic ecosystems. The two main types of aquatic ecosystems are marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems." ; :prefLabel "Aquatic ecosystem" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Coherent is a clone of the Unix operating system for IBM PC compatibles and other microcomputers, developed and sold by the now-defunct Mark Williams Company (MWC). Historically, the operating system was a proprietary product, but it became open source in 2015, released under a 3-clause BSD License." ; :prefLabel "Coherent" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "F-RAM", "FRAM (memory)", "Feram", "Ferro RAM", "Ferro-electric RAM", "Ferro-electric Random Access Memory", "Ferro-electric memory", "Ferro-electric random-access memory", "Ferroelectric Memory", "Ferroelectric random access memory", "Ferroelectric random-access memory", "Ferroelectric-crystal memory", "Stabilizing Ferroelectric Materials" ; :definition "Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM, F-RAM or FRAM) is a random-access memory similar in construction to DRAM but uses a ferroelectric layer instead of a dielectric layer to achieve non-volatility. FeRAM is one of a growing number of alternative non-volatile random-access memory technologies that offer the same functionality as flash memory." ; :prefLabel "Ferroelectric RAM" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ABC (programming)", "ABC programming language" ; :definition "ABC is an imperative general-purpose programming language and programming environment developed at CWI, Netherlands by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens, and Steven Pemberton. It is interactive, structured, high-level, and intended to be used instead of BASIC, Pascal, or AWK. It is not meant to be a systems-programming language but is intended for teaching or prototyping. The language had a major influence on the design of the Python programming language (as a counterexample); Guido van Rossum, who developed Python, previously worked for several years on the ABC system in the early 1980s." ; :prefLabel "ABC" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Self-management" ; :definition "Self-Management is the process by which computer systems shall manage their own operation without human intervention. Self-Management technologies are expected to pervade the next generation of network management systems. Currently, the most important industrial initiative towards realizing self-management is the Autonomic Computing Initiative (ACI) started by IBM in 2001. The ACI defines the following four functional areas:" ; :prefLabel "Self-management (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-buisness", "E-business", "Ebusiness", "Online business" ; :definition "Electronic business, or e-business, is the application of information and communication technologies|ICT in support of all the activities of business. Commerce constitutes the exchange of products and services between businesses, groups and individuals and can be seen as one of the essential activities of any business. Electronic commerce focuses on the use of ICT to enable the external activities and relationships of the business with individuals, groups and other businesses or e business refers to business with help of internet i.e. doing business with the help of internet network. The term "e-business" was coined by IBM's marketing and Internet team in 1996." ; :prefLabel "Electronic business" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "!=", "%5Cne", ".EQ.", ".GE.", ".GT.", ".LE.", ".LT.", ".NE.", "=!", "==", "===", "Compare instruction", "Comparison", "Comparison (computer programming)", "Comparison operator", "Comparison operators", "Comparison relation", "Does not equal", "EQ", "Equality (computer programming)", "Equality (relational operator)", "Equality operator", "Ifeq", "Inequality operator", "NE", "Relational", "Relational expression", "Relational operators", "Relationship operator", "Test operator", "~=", "⩵", "⩶" ; :definition "In computer science, a relational operator is a programming language construct or operator that tests or defines some kind of relation between two entities. These include numerical equality (e.g., 5 = 5) and inequalities (e.g., 4 ≥ 3). An expression created using a relational operator forms what is termed a relational expression or a condition. Relational operators can be seen as special cases of logical predicates." ; :prefLabel "Relational operator" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FA", "Failure Analysis Engineer" ; :definition "Failure analysis is the process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the cause of a failure, often with the goal of determining corrective actions or liability. It is an important discipline in many branches of manufacturing industry, such as the electronics industry, where it is a vital tool used in the development of new products and for the improvement of existing products. The failure analysis process relies on collecting failed components for subsequent examination of the cause or causes of failure using a wide array of methods, especially microscopy and spectroscopy. Nondestructive testing (NDT) methods (such as industrial computed tomography scanning) are valuable because the failed products are unaffected by analysis, so inspection sometimes starts using these methods." ; :prefLabel "Failure analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Memory (disambiguation)", "Volatile storage" ; :definition "Volatile memory, contrary to non-volatile memory, is computer memory that requires power to maintain the stored information; it retains its contents while powered on but when the power is interrupted the stored data is lost very rapidly or immediately. Volatile memory has several uses, for example as main memory. In addition to usually being faster than forms of mass storage such as a hard disk drive, volatility can protect sensitive information as it becomes unavailable on power-down. Most of the general-purpose random-access memory (RAM) is volatile." ; :prefLabel "Volatile memory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Randy Ridge", "Tao (disambiguation)", "Tao (software)" ; :definition "The Tao Framework is a C# library giving .NET and Mono developers access to popular graphics and gaming libraries like OpenGL and SDL. It was originally developed by the C# OpenGL programmer Randy Ridge, and since its start many developers have contributed to the project. The latest version of Tao is version 2.1 released on May 1, 2008. Tao Framework has been superseded by OpenTK." ; :prefLabel "Tao Framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Creatiolutionism", "Creature Creator", "Grox", "Grox (Spore)", "List of Spore games and expansions", "Massively single-player online game", "Spore (2008 computer game)", "Spore (2008 game)", "Spore (2008)", "Spore (Game)", "Spore (Maxis)", "Spore (computer game)", "Spore (disambiguation)", "Spore (film)", "Spore (the game)", "Spore 2008", "Spore Creature Keeper", "Spore Creepy & Cute", "Spore Creepy & Cute Parts Pack", "Spore Creepy and Cute", "Spore Creepy and Cute expansion pack", "Spore Expansion Packs", "Spore Galactic Edition", "Spore game", "Spore game space phase", "Spore movie", "Spore the game", "Spore video game", "Spore(Movie)", "Spore(game)", "Spore: Creepy & Cute", "Spore: Creepy & Cute (expansion pack)", "Spore: Creepy and Cute", "Spore: Creepy and Cute (expansion pack)", "Spore: Creepy and Cute Parts", "Spore: Galactic Edition", "Sporenimal", "Starchild (Spore)", "The Grox" ; :definition "Spore is a 2008 life simulation, real-time strategy single-player god game developed by Maxis and designed by Will Wright, released for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. Covering many genres including action, real-time strategy, and role-playing games (RPG), Spore allows a player to control the development of a species from its beginnings as a microscopic organism, through development as an intelligent and social creature, to interstellar exploration as a spacefaring culture. It has drawn wide attention for its massive scope, and its use of open-ended gameplay and procedural generation. Throughout each stage, players are able to use various creators to produce content for their games. These are then automatically uploaded to the online and are accessible by other players for download." ; :prefLabel "Spore" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gilbert" ; :definition "In electronics, the Gilbert cell is an elaborated cascode circuit used as an analog multiplier and frequency mixer. It was invented by Howard Jones in 1963, "Dual output synchronous detector utilizing transistorized differential amplifiers", patent US3241078A, 03/15/1966, but usually attributed to Barrie Gilbert (before joining Analog Devices) in 1968. The properties of the circuit is that the output current is a 4 quadrant multiplication of the differential base voltages of the LO and RF inputs." ; :prefLabel "Gilbert cell" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Capacity", "Capacity (information theory)", "Information capacity", "Shannon capacity", "System capacity" ; :definition "In electrical engineering, computer science and information theory, channel capacity is the tight upper bound on the rate at which information can be reliably transmitted over a communications channel. By the noisy-channel coding theorem, the channel capacity of a given channel is the limiting information rate (in units of information per unit time) that can be achieved with arbitrarily small error probability." ; :prefLabel "Channel capacity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Convergence", "Convergence (eye)", "Disjugate movement", "Disjunctive movement", "Divergence (disambiguation)", "Divergence (eye)", "Eye convergence", "Near point of convergence", "Punctum praximum of convergence", "Vergence (disambiguation)", "Vergence dysfunction", "Vergences" ; :definition "A vergence is the simultaneous movement of both eyes in opposite directions to obtain or maintain single binocular vision. When a creature with binocular vision looks at an object, the eyes must rotate around a vertical axis so that the projection of the image is in the centre of the retina in both eyes. To look at an object closer by, the eyes rotate towards each other (), while for an object farther away they rotate away from each other (). Exaggerated convergence is called cross eyed viewing (focusing on the nose for example) . When looking into the distance, the eyes diverge until parallel, effectively fixating the same point at infinity (or very far away)." ; :prefLabel "Vergence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AccessGrid" ; :definition "Access Grid is a collection of resources and technologies that enables large format audio and video based collaboration between groups of people in different locations. The Access Grid is an ensemble of resources, including multimedia large-format displays, presentation and interactive environments, and interfaces with grid computing middleware and visualization environments. In simple terms, it is advanced videoconferencing using big displays and with multiple simultaneous camera feeds at each node (site). The technology was invented at Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago." ; :prefLabel "Access Grid" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DOI" ; :definition "A unique code used by publishers in the identification and exchange of the content of a digital object, such as a journal article, web document, or other item of intellectual property. The DOI consists of two parts: a prefix assigned to each publisher by the administrative DOI agency and a suffix assigned by the publisher that may be any code the publisher chooses.(from Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science)" ; :prefLabel "Digital Object Identifier" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Switzerland (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Switzerland is an open source network-monitoring utility developed and released by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Its goal is to monitor network traffic between two systems running the program to see if the user's Internet service provider is violating network neutrality, like Comcast did in 2007 with the BitTorrent protocol. Switzerland was featured in the Technology section of an issue of New Scientist in August 2008." ; :prefLabel "Switzerland" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2-connected component", "Articulation", "Articulation Points", "Articulation point", "Articulation vertex", "Block tree", "Cut node", "Cut vertex", "Cut-vertex", "Cutvertex", "Vertex of articulation" ; :definition "In graph theory, a biconnected component (also known as a block or 2-connected component) is a maximal biconnected subgraph. Any connected graph decomposes into a tree of biconnected components called the block-cut tree of the graph. The blocks are attached to each other at shared vertices called cut vertices or articulation points. Specifically, a cut vertex is any vertex whose removal increases the number of connected components." ; :prefLabel "Biconnected component" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A metadata repository is a database created to store metadata. Metadata is information about the structures that contain the actual data. Metadata is often said to be "data about data", but this is misleading. Data profiles are an example of actual "data about data". Metadata is one layer of abstraction removed from this – it is data about the structures that contain data. Metadata may describe the structure of any data, of any subject, stored in any format. Comparing the metadata of a couple data items - one digital and one physical - will help one understand what metadata really is:" ; :prefLabel "Metadata repository" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "An acoustic model is used in Automatic Speech Recognition to represent the relationship between an audio signal and the phonemes or other linguistic units that make up speech. The model is learned from a set of audio recordings and their corresponding transcripts. created by taking audio recordings of speech, and their text transcriptions, and using software to create statistical representations of the sounds that make up each word." ; :prefLabel "Acoustic model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AFA", "Alternating automaton" ; :definition "In automata theory, an alternating finite automaton (AFA) is a nondeterministic finite automaton whose transitions are divided into existential and universal transitions. For example, let A be an alternating automaton. * For an existential transition , A nondeterministically chooses to switch the state to either or , reading a. Thus, behaving like a regular nondeterministic finite automaton. * For a universal transition , A moves to and , reading a, simulating the behavior of a parallel machine. states. would represent . The state tt (true) is represented by in this case and ff (false) by" ; :prefLabel "Alternating finite automaton" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Diameter (graph theory)", "Diameter (graph)", "Distance (disambiguation)", "Eccentricity", "Eccentricity (graph theory)", "Geodesic distance", "Graph diameter", "Graph metric", "Pseudo-peripheral vertex", "Radius (disambiguation)", "Radius (graph theory)" ; :definition "In the mathematical field of graph theory, the distance between two vertices in a graph is the number of edges in a shortest path (also called a graph geodesic) connecting them. This is also known as the geodesic distance. Notice that there may be more than one shortest path between two vertices. If there is no path connecting the two vertices, i.e., if they belong to different connected components, then conventionally the distance is defined as infinite. In the case of a directed graph the distance between two vertices and is defined as the length of a shortest path from to" ; :prefLabel "Distance (graph theory)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information Retrieval", "Information Retrieval System", "System", "Systems" ; :prefLabel "Information Retrieval Systems" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Halpin", "T.A. Halpin", "Terry", "Terry A." ; :definition "Terence Aidan (Terry) Halpin is an Australian computer scientist who is known for his formalization of the Object Role Modeling notation." ; :prefLabel "Terry Halpin" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "INSPIRE", "INSPIRE directive" ; :definition "INSPIRE is "an EU initiative to establish an infrastructure for spatial information in Europe that is geared to help to make spatial or geographical information more accessible and interoperable for a wide range of purposes supporting sustainable development". The INSPIRE directive lays down a general framework for a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for the purposes of European Community environmental policies and policies or activities which may affect the environment. The INSPIRE Directive entered into force on 15 May 2007." ; :prefLabel "Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Vertex transitive graph" ; :definition "In the mathematical field of graph theory, a vertex-transitive graph is a graph G such that, given any two vertices v1 and v2 of G, there is some automorphism such that In other words, a graph is vertex-transitive if its automorphism group acts transitively upon its vertices. A graph is vertex-transitive if and only if its graph complement is, since the group actions are identical." ; :prefLabel "Vertex-transitive graph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bottom-up" ; :definition "Bottom-up proteomics is a common method to identify proteins and characterize their amino acid sequences and post-translational modifications by proteolytic digestion of proteins prior to analysis by mass spectrometry. The major alternative workflow used in high-throughput proteomics is called top-down proteomics and does not use proteolytic digestion." ; :prefLabel "Bottom-up proteomics" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Merged" ; :definition "To join, combine, or mix together." ; :prefLabel "Merge" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Convergence (computer science)", "Convergent (computer science)", "Divergence (disambiguation)", "Diverging computation", "Non terminating", "Non terminating computation", "Non termination", "Non-terminating", "Non-terminating computation", "Non-termination", "Nonterminating", "Nontermination", "Not-terminating computation", "Terminating", "Terminating computation" ; :definition "In computer science, a computation is said to diverge if it does not terminate or terminates in an (unobservable) exceptional state. Otherwise it is said to converge. In domains where computations are expected to be infinite, such as process calculi, a computation is said to diverge if it fails to be productive (always produces an action within a finite amount of time.)" ; :prefLabel "Divergence (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ITL", "Interval logic" ; :definition "Interval temporal logic (also interval logic) is a temporal logic for representing both propositional and first-order logical reasoning about periods of time that is capable of handling both sequential and parallel composition. Instead of dealing with infinite sequences of state, interval temporal logics deal with finite sequences. Notable derivatives of interval temporal logic are graphical interval logic, signed interval logic and future interval logic." ; :prefLabel "Interval temporal logic" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PDL", "Perldl" ; :definition "Perl Data Language (abbreviated PDL) is a set of free software array programming extensions to the Perl programming language. PDL extends the data structures built into Perl, to include large multidimensional arrays, and adds functionality to manipulate those arrays as vector objects. It also provides tools for image processing, computer modeling of physical systems, and graphical plotting and presentation. Simple operations are automatically vectorized across complete arrays, and higher-dimensional operations (such as matrix multiplication) are supported. On a computer with both Perl and PDL installed, any Perl script can use the PDL functionality by declaring "use PDL;"." ; :prefLabel "Perl Data Language (PDL)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Monzoom", "Reflections" ; :definition "The first Bookware release was 1989, and contained a book and a floppy disk. The book was the manual and had some tutorials explaining how a raytracer works. The Floppy contained the software with some models and examples.Carsten Fuchs extended the software with a more advanced modeler and an animation module in 1992 the Reflections-Animator. As of version 4.3, in 1998, Amiga Reflections was renamed Monzoom or Monzoom 3D and distributed by Oberland Computer." ; :prefLabel "Amiga Reflections" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Maximum entropy", "Maximum entropy spectral analysis" ; :definition "Maximum entropy spectral estimation is a method of spectral density estimation. The goal is to improve the spectral quality based on the principle of maximum entropy. The method is based on choosing the spectrum which corresponds to the most random or the most unpredictable time series whose autocorrelation function agrees with the known values. This assumption, which corresponds to the concept of maximum entropy as used in both statistical mechanics and information theory, is maximally non-committal with regard to the unknown values of the autocorrelation function of the time series. It is simply the application of maximum entropy modeling to any type of spectrum and is used in all fields where data is presented in spectral form. The usefulness of the technique varies based on the source" ; :prefLabel "Maximum entropy spectral estimation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Shortest" ; :definition "Having little (physical) length or seeming to be limited in (temporal) duration." ; :prefLabel "Short" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KDLOC", "KSLOC", "Kaylock", "LC", "LOC", "Line of code", "Lines of code", "SLOC", "Teraloc" ; :definition "Source lines of code (SLOC), also known as lines of code (LOC), is a software metric used to measure the size of a computer program by counting the number of lines in the text of the program's source code. SLOC is typically used to predict the amount of effort that will be required to develop a program, as well as to estimate programming productivity or maintainability once the software is produced." ; :prefLabel "Source lines of code" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Unit clause" ; :definition "Unit propagation (UP) or Boolean Constraint propagation or the one-literal rule (OLR) is a procedure of automated theorem proving that can simplify a set of (usually propositional) clauses." ; :prefLabel "Unit propagation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Walker" ; :definition "The Amiga Walker, sometimes incorrectly known as the Mind Walker, is a prototype of an Amiga computer developed and shown by Amiga Technologies in late 1995/early 1996. Walker was planned as a replacement for the A1200 with a faster CPU, better expansion capabilities and a built-in CD-ROM. The Walker was never released; Escom and Amiga Technologies went bankrupt, and only two prototypes were made." ; :prefLabel "Amiga Walker" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cutter", "Cutter Classification", "Cutter call number", "Cutter number", "Cutter's Rules" ; :definition "The Cutter Expansive Classification system is a library classification system devised by Charles Ammi Cutter. The system was the basis for the top categories of the Library of Congress Classification." ; :prefLabel "Cutter Expansive Classification" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "molecular polarity" ; :definition "The positive or negative direction of an electrical, acoustical, or magnetic force." ; :prefLabel "polarity" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OPD", "OPM", "OPM (Object Process Methodology)", "Object Process Diagram", "Object Process Methodology (OPM)" ; :definition "Object Process Methodology (OPM) is a conceptual modeling language and methodology for capturing knowledge and designing systems, specified as ISO 19450.Based on a minimal universal ontology of stateful objects and processes that transform them, OPM formally specifies the function, structure, and behavior of artificial and natural systems in a large variety of domains. Catering to human cognitive principles, an OPM model represents the system under design or study bimodally in both graphics and text for improved representation, understanding, communication, and learning." ; :prefLabel "Object Process Methodology" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Advanced Component Framework (ACF) is a C++ component framework created by ImagingTools. Using the built-ACF Compositor tool, the internal application architecture can be visually edited. The front end is based on the Qt GUI framework by Nokia." ; :prefLabel "ACF" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sui" ; :definition "A sonic user interface or SUI is a human-machine interface that uses sound as the medium of communication. Unlike a GUI or graphical user interface, the user is only required to speak or make sounds into a microphone or other audio input device and listen for the output on a loudspeaker, headphone set or other audio output device." ; :prefLabel "Sonic user interface" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KOS", "Kolibri", "Kolibri distro" ; :definition "Kolibri or KolibriOS is a small open source x86 operating system written completely in assembly.It was forked off from MenuetOS in 2004 and has run under independent development since. In a review piece on alternative operating systems (2009), Tech Radar called it "tremendously impressive" noting its performance and streamlined code-base. Thanks to its small size, scientists announced that they were able to store KolibriOS on a tiny drop of water using synthetic DNA molecules and infer a functional copy without a single error." ; :prefLabel "KolibriOS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ADB", "ADK", "Android Debug Bridge", "Android NDK", "Android Native Development Kit", "Android Open Accessory Development Kit", "Android SDK", "Android emulator", "Android programming", "Fastboot", "NDK", "Native development kit", "USB debugging" ; :definition "Android software development is the process by which new applications are created for the Android operating system. Applications are usually developed in Java programming language using the Android software development kit (SDK), but other development environments are also available." ; :prefLabel "Android software development" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Arvind Mithal (usually referred to as just Arvind) is the Johnson Professor of Computer Science and Engineering in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and the ACM, and he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2008." ; :prefLabel "Arvind (computer scientist)" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "???????:??:???:???:???", "Descripción microsópica:Descrpción:Punto temporal:Endomiocardio:Narrativo", "Description microscopique [Description] Endocarde ; Commentaire", "Description microscopique:Description:Ponctuel:Endocarde:Commentaire", "Descrizione microscopica:Desc:Pt:Endomiocardio:Nar", "Microscopic desc Endomyocardium", "Microscopic description [Description] in Endomyocardium Narrative", "Microscopic description:Description:Point in time:Endomyocardium:Narrative", "Microscopik tan?m:Tanm:Zml?:Endomiyokardium:Öykü" ; :prefLabel "Microscopic description:Desc:Pt:Endomyocardium:Nar" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pink is the new black", "The new black" ; :definition "A phrasal template is a phrase-long collocation that contains one or several empty slots which may be filled by words to produce individual phrases. Often there are some restrictions on the grammatic category of the words allowed to fill particular slots. An example is the phrase "common stocks rose to ", e.g., "common stocks rose 1.72 to 340.36". Phrasal templates are akin to forms in which blanks are to be filled with data. A word game that makes use of phrasal templates is Mad Libs." ; :prefLabel "Phrasal template" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JSP model 2", "Model 2" ; :definition "JSP Model 2 is a complex design pattern used in the design of Java Web applications which separates the display of content from the logic used to obtain and manipulate the content. Since Model 2 drives a separation between logic and display, it is usually associated with the model–view–controller (MVC) paradigm. While the exact form of the MVC "Model" was never specified by the Model 2 design, a number of publications recommend a formalized layer to contain MVC Model code. The Java BluePrints, for example, originally recommended using EJBs to encapsulate the MVC Model." ; :prefLabel "JSP model 2 architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "BioCreAtIvE (A critical assessment of text mining methods in molecular biology) consists in a community-wide effort for evaluating information extraction and text mining developments in the biological domain. Three main tasks were posed at the first BioCreAtIvE challenge: the entity extraction task, the gene name normalization task, and the functional annotation of gene products task. The data sets produced by this contest serve as a Gold Standard training and test set to evaluate and train Bio-NER tools and annotation extraction tools. BioCreative V will have 5 different tracks, described at:" ; :prefLabel "BioCreative" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business Entity Qualifier", "SPL Business Entity Qualifier" ; :definition "Terminology used in the framework of identifying types of business entities." ; :prefLabel "Structured Product Labeling Business Entity Qualifier Terminology" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EMPJOB", "Employee Job", "Job", "Occupation", "Professions", "jobs", "profession" ; :definition "Crafts, trades, professions, or other means of earning a living." ; :prefLabel "Occupations" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automatic Washing Machine", "Clothes washer", "Front-loading washer", "High efficiency washing machine", "Laundry machine", "Pre wash", "Rinse", "Rinse cycle", "Rinse hold", "Top-loading washing machine", "Tub", "Twin tub", "Washer/extractor", "Washing machine (apparatus)", "Washing machine problems", "Washing machines", "Washingmachine" ; :definition "A washing machine (laundry machine, clothes washer, or washer) is a machine used to wash laundry, such as clothing and sheets. The term is mostly applied to machines that use water as opposed to dry cleaning (which uses alternative cleaning fluids, and is performed by specialist businesses) or ultrasonic cleaners." ; :prefLabel "Washing machine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "subclasses" ; :definition "A taxonomic subdivisions more specific than class but more general than order." ; :prefLabel "subclass" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Licensed", "Licenses", "Permit", "Permits" ; :definition "Official or legal permission to do or own a specified thing." ; :prefLabel "License" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The information in real world usually comes as different modalities. For example, images are usually associated with tags and text explanations; texts contain images to more clearly express the main idea of the article. Different modalities are characterized by very different statistical properties. For Instance, image is usually represented as pixel intensities or outputs of feature extractors, while texts are represented as discrete word count vectors. Due to distinct statistical properties of different information resources, it is very important to discover the relationship between different modalities. Multimodal learning is a good model to represent the joint representations of different modalities. The multimodal learning model is also capable to fill missing modality given the obser" ; :prefLabel "Multimodal learning" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "WFS" ; :definition "In logic programming, the well-founded semantics is one definition of how we can make conclusions from a set of logical rules. In logic programming, we give a computer a set of facts, and a set of "inference rules" about how these facts relate. There are several different ways that we might want the computer to apply these rules; the well-founded semantics is one of these ways." ; :prefLabel "Well-founded semantics" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Schmid tensor", "Schmidt", "Schmidt rank", "Schmidt tensor" ; :definition "In linear algebra, the Schmidt decomposition (named after its originator Erhard Schmidt) refers to a particular way of expressing a vector in the tensor product of two inner product spaces. It has numerous applications in quantum information theory, for example in entanglement characterization and in state purification, and plasticity." ; :prefLabel "Schmidt decomposition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Postal (computer game)", "Postal (game)", "Postal 1", "Postal Mobile", "Postal: Special Delivery" ; :definition "Postal (stylized as POSTAL) is an isometric top-down shooter video game developed by Running With Scissors and published by Ripcord Games in 1997. A sequel to the game, Postal 2, was released in 2003. Director Uwe Boll bought the movie rights for the series, and produced a film of the same name. A March 2001 re-release of the game, called Postal Plus, included a "Special Delivery" add-on. A remaster of the game, Postal Redux, was released for Microsoft Windows on May 20, 2016, and is scheduled to release for PlayStation 4 at a later date." ; :prefLabel "Postal" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Review", "reviewed", "reviewing", "reviews" ; :definition "An article or book published after examination of published material on a subject. It may be comprehensive to various degrees and the time range of material scrutinized may be broad or narrow, but the reviews most often desired are reviews of the current literature. The textual material examined may be equally broad and can encompass, in medicine specifically, clinical material as well as experimental research or case reports. State-of-the-art reviews tend to address more current matters. A review of the literature must be differentiated from HISTORICAL ARTICLE on the same subject, but a review of historical literature is also within the scope of this publication type." ; :prefLabel "Review [Publication Type]" ; :related , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Stan Franklin (born August 14, 1931) is an American scientist. He is the W. Harry Feinstone Interdisciplinary Research Professor at the University of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee, and co-director of the Institute of Intelligent Systems. He is the author of Artificial Minds, (MIT Press, 1995) and the developer of IDA and its successor LIDA, both computational implementations of Global Workspace Theory. He is founder of the Cognitive Computing Research Group at the University of Memphis." ; :prefLabel "Stan Franklin" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Intelligent Environments conference", "Intelligent environments" ; :definition "Intelligent environments (IE) are spaces with embedded systems and information and communication technologies creating interactive spaces that bring computation into the physical world and enhance occupants experiences. "Intelligent environments are spaces in which computation is seamlessly used to enhance ordinary activity. One of the driving forces behind the emerging interest in highly interactive environments is to make computers not only genuine user-friendly but also essentially invisible to the user"." ; :prefLabel "Intelligent environment" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "editorials" ; :definition "Work consisting of a statement of the opinions, beliefs, and policy of the editor or publisher of a journal, usually on current matters of medical or scientific significance to the medical community or society at large. The editorials published by editors of journals representing the official organ of a society or organization are generally substantive." ; :prefLabel "Editorial" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "13 (game)", "13 (video game)", "Thirteen (video game)", "XIII (computer game)", "XIII (game)", "XIII: Lost Identity" ; :definition "XIII is a first-person shooter video game developed by Ubisoft Paris and published by Ubisoft for most platforms except for the OS X version, which was published by Feral Interactive. Loosely based on the first five volumes of the 1984 Belgian graphic novel series XIII, the protagonist Jason Fly (XIII) is a confused and amnesic man who searches for his identity throughout a comic book-style, cel-shaded world. Found stranded on a beach by a lifeguard, Fly is accused of having killed the President of the United States. The accusation later transpires as mistaken, as Fly finds himself facing a gang of 20 conspirators ("The XX") who aim to overthrow the government. The Xbox version of the game was developed by Southend Interactive, while the OS X version was developed by Zonic." ; :prefLabel "XIII" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Landauer", "Landauer Principle", "Landauer bound", "Landauer limit", "Von Neumann-Landauer limit" ; :definition "Landauer's principle is a physical principle pertaining to the lower theoretical limit of energy consumption of computation. It holds that "any logically irreversible manipulation of information, such as the erasure of a bit or the merging of two computation paths, must be accompanied by a corresponding entropy increase in non-information-bearing degrees of freedom of the information-processing apparatus or its environment"." ; :prefLabel "Landauer's principle" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ext", "Ext (JavaScript library)", "Ext Core", "Extjs" ; :definition "Ext JS is a pure JavaScript application framework for building interactive cross platform web applications using techniques such as Ajax, DHTML and DOM scripting. Originally built as an add-on library extension of YUI by Jack Slocum April 15, 2007, Ext JS includes interoperability with jQuery and Prototype. Beginning with version 1.1, Ext JS retains no dependencies on external libraries, instead making their use optional." ; :prefLabel "Ext JS JavaScript Framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Collaborative networks" ; :definition "A collaborative network is a network consisting of a variety of entities (e.g. organizations and people) that are largely autonomous, geographically distributed, and heterogeneous in terms of their operating environment, culture, social capital and goals, but that collaborate to better achieve common or compatible goals, and whose interactions are supported by computer networks. The discipline of collaborative networks focuses on the structure, behavior, and evolving dynamics of networks of autonomous entities that collaborate to better achieve common or compatible goals.There are several manifestations of collaborative networks, e.g.:" ; :prefLabel "Collaborative network" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Thinking", "Thought", "Thoughts", "think", "thinks" ; :definition "Mental activity, not predominantly perceptual, by which one apprehends some aspect of an object or situation based on past learning and experience.(On-line Medical Dictionary)" ; :prefLabel "Thinking, function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hold space", "Holdspace", "Pattern space", "Patternspace", "Sed (Unix)", "Sed (disambiguation)", "Sed (programming language)", "Sed programming language", "Ssed (Unix)", "Stream EDitor", "Super-Sed" ; :definition "sed (stream editor) is a Unix utility that parses and transforms text, using a simple, compact programming language. sed was developed from 1973 to 1974 by Lee E. McMahon of Bell Labs,and is available today for most operating systems. sed was based on the scripting features of the interactive editor ed ("editor", 1971) and the earlier qed ("quick editor", 1965–66). sed was one of the earliest tools to support regular expressions, and remains in use for text processing, most notably with the substitution command. Other options for doing "stream editing" include AWK and Perl." ; :prefLabel "Sed" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Scientometric", "Scientometrician", "Scientometry" ; :definition "Scientometrics is the study of measuring and analysing science, technology and innovation. Major research issues include the measurement of impact, reference sets of articles to investigate the impact of journals and institutes, understanding of scientific citations, mapping scientific fields and the production of indicators for use in policy and management contexts. In practice there is a significant overlap between scientometrics and other scientific fields such as bibliometrics, information systems, information science and science of science policy." ; :prefLabel "Scientometrics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Development Disorder", "Developmental", "Developmental Disorder", "Developmental Language Disorder", "Developmental Language Disorders", "Language", "Language Development Disorder", "Language Development Disorders [Disease/Finding]", "Language Disorder", "Language Disorders", "Speech or Language", "developmental disorder language", "language disorder developmental" ; :definition "Conditions characterized by language abilities (comprehension and expression of speech and writing) that are below the expected level for a given age, generally in the absence of an intellectual impairment. These conditions may be associated with DEAFNESS; BRAIN DISEASES; MENTAL DISORDERS; or environmental factors." ; :prefLabel "Language Development Disorders" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "The act or task of directed movement from one location to another; the state of being navigable." ; :prefLabel "Navigation" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "/etc/init.d", "/etc/rc", "/sbin/init", "Init daemon", "Init process", "Init system", "Init.d", "Initscripts", "Inittab", "PID 1", "S6 (software)", "Startup script", "Startup scripts", "SysV init", "SysV-style", "SysV-style init", "System V init daemon", "Sysvinit", "Telinit" ; :definition "In Unix-based computer operating systems, init (short for initialization) is the first process started during booting of the computer system. Init is a daemon process that continues running until the system is shut down. It is the direct or indirect ancestor of all other processes and automatically adopts all orphaned processes. Init is started by the kernel using a hard-coded filename; a kernel panic will occur if the kernel is unable to start it. Init is typically assigned process identifier 1." ; :prefLabel "Init" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Random indexing is a dimension reduction method and computational framework for Distributional semantics, based on the insight that very-high-dimensional Vector Space Model implementations are impractical, that models need not grow in dimensionality when new items (e.g. new terminology) is encountered, and that a high-dimensional model can be projected into a space of lower dimensionality without compromising L2 distance metrics if the resulting dimensions are chosen appropriately, which is the original point of the random projection approach to dimension reduction first formulated as the Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma. Locality-sensitive hashing has some of the same starting points. Random indexing, as used in representation of language, originates from the work of Pentti Kanerva on Sparse d" ; :prefLabel "Random indexing" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "experiences" ; :definition "The accumulation of knowledge or skill that results from direct participation in events or activities." ; :prefLabel "Experience" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "System A" ; :definition "CCIR System A was the 405 line analog broadcast television system broadcast in the UK and Ireland. It was discontinued in 1985." ; :prefLabel "CCIR System A" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Taint", "Taint check" ; :definition "Taint checking is a feature in some computer programming languages, such as Perl and Ruby, designed to increase security by preventing malicious users from executing commands on a host computer. Taint checks highlight specific security risks primarily associated with web sites which are attacked using techniques such as SQL injection or buffer overflow attack approaches." ; :prefLabel "Taint checking" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cassandra (database)", "Cassandra (disambiguation)", "Cassandra (software)", "Cassandra software" ; :definition "Apache Cassandra is a free and open-source distributed database management system designed to handle large amounts of data across many commodityservers, providing high availability with no single point of failure. Cassandra offers robust support for clusters spanning multiple datacenters, with asynchronous masterless replication allowing low latency operations for all clients." ; :prefLabel "Apache Cassandra" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Speech Process", "Speech signal processing" ; :definition "Speech processing is the study of speech signals and the processing methods of these signals. The signals are usually processed in a digital representation, so speech processing can be regarded as a special case of digital signal processing, applied to speech signal. Aspects of speech processing includes the acquisition, manipulation, storage, transfer and output of speech signals. The input is called speech recognition and the output is called speech synthesis." ; :prefLabel "Speech processing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cognitive", "Cognitive Retention Disorder", "Cognitive Retention Disorders", "Memory Disorder", "Memory Disorders [Disease/Finding]", "Retention Disorder", "Retention Disorders", "disorder memory", "disorders memory" ; :definition "Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions." ; :prefLabel "Memory Disorders" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Les Trophees du Libre", "Trophees du libre" ; :definition "The Les Trophées du Libre contest was a free software contest whose goal was to promote innovative software projects by giving those projects recognition and media coverage as well as rewarding participating students and academic institutions with special prizes. The competition was international and it was intended both to free development professionals and amateurs. Participating projects could apply for seven categories: Security, Games, Multimedia, Business Management, Education, Science applications and administration and communities." ; :prefLabel "Les Trophées du Libre" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Genera OS", "Open Genera", "Opengenera", "Symbolics Genera" ; :definition "Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments. Genera is also sold by Symbolics as Open Genera, which runs Genera on computers based on an Alpha processor using Tru64 UNIX. It is available as proprietary software. Genera is an example of a Lisp, object-oriented operating system." ; :prefLabel "Genera" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In information science and bibliometrics, a citation graph (or citation network) is a directed graph in which each vertex represents an document and in which each edge represents a citation from the current publication to another. A typical application for a citation graph is to try to measure the impact may be used in citation analysis as the basis for calculating measures of scientific impact such as the h-index, and for studying the structure and development of different fields of academic inquiry." ; :prefLabel "Citation graph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "Program instructions written as an ASCII text file; must be translated by a compiler or interpreter or assembler into the object code for a particular computer before execution." ; :prefLabel "Source Code" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HRV", "Variability" ; :definition "Heart rate variability (HRV) is the physiological phenomenon of variation in the time interval between heartbeats. It is measured by the variation in the beat-to-beat interval. Other terms used include: "cycle length variability", "RR variability" (where R is a point corresponding to the peak of the QRS complex of the ECG wave; and RR is the interval between successive Rs), and "heart period variability". See also Heart rate turbulence, Sinus rhythm." ; :prefLabel "Heart rate variability" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "S-norm", "T-conorm", "Tnorm", "Triangular norm" ; :definition "In mathematics, a t-norm (also T-norm or, unabbreviated, triangular norm) is a kind of binary operation used in the framework of probabilistic metric spaces and in multi-valued logic, specifically in fuzzy logic. A t-norm generalizes intersection in a lattice and conjunction in logic. The name triangular norm refers to the fact that in the framework of probabilistic metric spaces t-norms are used to generalize triangle inequality of ordinary metric spaces." ; :prefLabel "T-norm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ax+By=C", "Equation of a line", "Equation of a straight line", "Equation of the straight line", "First degree equation", "First-degree equation", "Intercept terms", "Line equation", "Linear (disambiguation)", "Linear equality", "Linear equations", "Point slope form", "Point slope formula", "Point-slope", "Point-slope equation", "Point-slope form", "Point-slope formula", "Point–slope form", "Slope intercept form", "Slope-intercept", "Slope-intercept form", "Slope–intercept form", "Y = mx + b", "Y-b=m(x-a)", "Y-y1=m(x-x1)", "Y=b+mx", "Y=mx+b", "Y=mx+c", "Y=x" ; :definition "A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term is either a constant or the product of a constant and (the first power of) a single variable. A simple example of a linear equation with only one variable, x, may be written in the form: ax + b = 0, where a and b are constants and a ≠ 0. The constants may be numbers, parameters, or even non-linear functions of parameters, and the distinction between variables and parameters may depend on the problem (for an example, see linear regression)." ; :prefLabel "Linear equation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "World Systems", "World system", "World-systems" ; :definition "A world-system is a socioeconomic system, under systems theory, that encompasses part or all of the globe, detailing the aggregate structural product of the sum of the interactions between polities. World-systems are usually larger than single states, but do not have to be global. The Westphalian System is the preeminent world-system operating in the contemporary world, denoting the system of sovereign states and nation-states produced by the Westphalian Treaties in 1648. Several world-systems can coexist, provided that they have little or no interaction with one another. Where such interactions becomes significant, separate world-systems merge into a new, larger world-system. Through the process of globalization, the modern world has reached the state of one dominant world-system, but in" ; :prefLabel "World-system" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The holomovement is a key concept in David Bohm's interpretation of quantum mechanics and for his overall worldview. It brings together the holistic principle of "undivided wholeness" with the idea that everything is in a state of process or becoming (or what he calls the "universal flux"). For Bohm, wholeness is not a static oneness, but a dynamic wholeness-in-motion in which everything moves together in an interconnected process. The concept is presented most fully in Wholeness and the Implicate Order, published in 1980." ; :prefLabel "Holomovement" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "information organization", "knowledge representation" ; :prefLabel "mental information organization" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Combinator parser", "Combinatory parsing", "Parser combinators" ; :definition "In functional programming, a parser combinator is a higher-order function that accepts several parsers as input and returns a new parser as its output. In this context, a parser is a function accepting strings as input and returning some structure as output, typically a parse tree or a set of indices representing locations in the string where parsing stopped successfully. Parser combinators enable a recursive descent parsing strategy that facilitates modular piecewise construction and testing. This parsing technique is called combinatory parsing." ; :prefLabel "Parser combinator" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CONC", "CONCENTRATE", "Concentrated", "Concentrated Dosage Form", "Concentrated Dose Form" ; :definition "A solution or suspension composed of active and/or inert ingredient(s) with increased strength in a reduced volume, which is usually diluted prior to administration." ; :prefLabel "Concentrate Dosage Form" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Keystone", "Keystone correction", "Keystoning" ; :definition "The keystone effect is caused by attempting to project an image onto a surface at an angle, as with a projector not quite centered onto the screen it is projecting on. It is a distortion of the image dimensions, such as making a square look like a trapezoid, the shape of an architectural keystone, hence the name of the feature. In the typical case of a projector sitting on a table, and looking upwards to the screen, the image is larger at the top than on the bottom.Some areas of the screen may not be focused correctly as the projector lens is focused at the average distance only." ; :prefLabel "Keystone effect" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JCR", "JSR 170", "JSR-170", "Java Content Repository" ; :definition "Content Repository API for Java (JCR) is a specification for a Java platform application programming interface (API) to access content repositories in a uniform manner. The content repositories are used in content management systems to keep the content data and also the metadata used in content management systems (CMS) such as versioning metadata. The specification was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR-170 (Version 1), and as JSR-283 (version 2). The main Java package is javax.jcr." ; :prefLabel "Content repository API for Java" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Ontology merging defines the act of bringing together two conceptually divergent ontologies or the instance data associated to two ontologies. This is similar to work in database merging (schema matching). This merging process can be performed in a number of ways, manually, semi automatically, or automatically. Manual ontology merging although ideal is extremely labour-intensive and current research attempts to find semi or entirely automated techniques to merge ontologies. These techniques are statistically driven often taking into account similarity of concepts and raw similarity of instances through textual string metrics and semantic knowledge. These techniques are similar to those used in information integration employing string metrics from open source similarity libraries." ; :prefLabel "Ontology merging" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Geo", "Geo (microforamt)", "Geo microformat" ; :definition "Geo is a microformat used for marking up WGS84 geographical coordinates (latitude;longitude) in (X)HTML. Although termed a "draft" specification, this is a formality, and the format is stable and in widespread use; not least as a sub-set of the published hCalendar and hCard microformat specifications, neither of which is still a draft." ; :prefLabel "Geo (microformat)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information ecosystem" ; :definition "In the context of an evolving information society, the term information ecology marks a connection between ecological ideas with the dynamics and properties of the increasingly dense, complex and important digital informational environment and has been gaining progressively wider acceptance in a growing number of disciplines. "Information ecology" often is used as metaphor, viewing the informational space as an ecosystem. Information ecology also makes a connection to the concept of collective intelligence and knowledge ecology ()." ; :prefLabel "Information ecology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dropout", "Dropout training" ; :definition "Dropout is a regularization technique for reducing overfitting in neural networks by preventing complex co-adaptations on training data. It is a very efficient way of performing model averaging with neural networks. The term "dropout" refers to dropping out units (both hidden and visible) in a neural network." ; :prefLabel "Dropout (neural networks)" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital full scale", "FS", "Full scale deflection", "Full-scale" ; :definition "In electronics and signal processing, full scale or full code represents the maximum amplitude a system can present." ; :prefLabel "Full scale" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Rocchio's algorithm" ; :definition "The Rocchio algorithm is based on a method of relevance feedback found in information retrieval systems which stemmed from the SMART Information Retrieval System around the year 1970. Like many other retrieval systems, the Rocchio feedback approach was developed using the Vector Space Model. The algorithm is based on the assumption that most users have a general conception of which documents should be denoted as relevant or non-relevant. Therefore, the user's search query is revised to include an arbitrary percentage of relevant and non-relevant documents as a means of increasing the search engine's recall, and possibly the precision as well. The number of relevant and non-relevant documents allowed to enter a query is dictated by the weights of the a, b, c variables listed below in the Al" ; :prefLabel "Rocchio algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "An Integration Platform is defined as a computer software which integrates different applications and services. It differentiates itself from the Enterprise application integration which has a focus on supply chain management. It uses the idea of System integration to create an environment for engineers. Integration platforms can be built from components, purchased as a pre-built product ready for installation or procured from an integration Platform as a Service (iPaaS) offering." ; :prefLabel "Integration platform" ; :related , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Free licence", "Free licences", "Free licenses", "Libre licence", "Libre license" ; :definition "A free license or open license is a license agreement which contains conditions permitted to the user from the holder on a specific list of uses for his work, which gives him four major freedoms. Without a special license, these uses are prohibited by the laws of copyright. Most free licenses are worldwide, royalty-free, non-exclusive, and perpetual (see Copyright durations). Free licenses are often the basis of crowdsourcing and crowdfunding projects." ; :prefLabel "Free license" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ADDICTION", "Addictive", "Addictive Behaviors", "Behavior", "Behaviors", "DEPENDENCE ADDICTIVE", "addictions" ; :definition "The observable, measurable, and often pathological activity of an organism that portrays its inability to overcome a habit resulting in an insatiable craving for a substance or for performing certain acts. The addictive behavior includes the emotional and physical overdependence on the object of habit in increasing amount or frequency." ; :prefLabel "Addictive Behavior" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BPML" ; :definition "Business Process Modeling Language (BPML) is a language for business process modeling. BPML was a proposed language, but now the BPMI has dropped support for this in favor of BPEL4WS (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services).As of 2008, BPML has also been reported to have been deprecated in favor of BPDM (Business Process Definition Metamodel).BPMI took this decision when it was acquired by OMG in order to gain access to its popular specification, BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation). This notation was useful to OMG in order to enrich UML with process notation." ; :prefLabel "Business Process Modeling Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Value-at-risk", "Var" ; :definition "Value at Risk (VaR) is a measure of the risk of investments. It estimates how much a set of investments might lose, given normal market conditions, in a set time period such as a day. VaR is typically used by firms and regulators in the financial industry to gauge the amount of assets needed to cover possible losses. VaR has four main uses in finance: risk management, financial control, financial reporting and computing regulatory capital. VaR is sometimes used in non-financial applications as well." ; :prefLabel "Value at risk" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Velocity (disambiguation)", "Velocity (software methodology)", "Velocity tracking" ; :definition "Velocity is a capacity planning tool sometimes used in agile software development. Velocity tracking is the act of measuring said velocity. The velocity is calculated by counting the number of units of work completed in a certain interval, the length of which is determined at the start of the project." ; :prefLabel "Velocity (software development)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ordinal", "Ordinal data (statistics)", "Ordinal score", "Ordinal variable", "Ordinal-valued" ; :definition "In statistics, ordinal data is a statistical data type consisting of numerical scores that exist on an ordinal scale, i.e. an arbitrary numerical scale where the exact numerical quantity of a particular value has no significance beyond its ability to establish a ranking over a set of data points. A variable, the data on which are ordinal, is known as an ordinal variable. In regression analysis, outcomes (dependent variables) that are ordinal variables can be predicted using a variant of ordinal regression, such as ordered logit or ordered probit." ; :prefLabel "Ordinal data" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Articular Bone Surface", "articular facet", "facet", "facets" ; :definition "The bone surface in a joint." ; :prefLabel "Structure of articular surface of bone" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Euclidean Steiner tree", "Geometric Steiner tree", "K-edge-connected steiner network problem", "K-node-connected Steiner network problem", "K-vertex-connected Steiner network problem", "Metric Steiner tree", "Minimum Steiner tree", "Minimum Steiner tree problem", "STP", "Steiner", "Steiner Trees", "Steiner k-connected network problem", "Steiner minimum tree", "Steiner ratio", "Steiner tree", "Steiner tree in graphs", "Steiner vertex", "Steiner's tree problem" ; :definition "The Steiner tree problem, motorway problem, or minimum Steiner tree problem, named after Jakob Steiner, is a problem in combinatorial optimization, which may be formulated in a number of settings, with the common part being that it is required to find the shortest interconnect for a given set of objects." ; :prefLabel "Steiner tree problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Online optimization is a field of optimization theory, more popular in computer science and operations research, that deals with the optimization problems having no or incomplete knowledge of the future (online). In many situations, present decisions (for example, resources allocation) must be made with incomplete knowledge of the future. In such cases, online optimization can be used, which is different from other approaches such as robust optimization, stochastic optimization and Markov decision processes." ; :prefLabel "Online optimization" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Note", "Notes" ; :definition "A brief written record." ; :prefLabel "Note (document)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lesk" ; :definition "The Lesk algorithm is a classical algorithm for word sense disambiguation introduced by Michael E. Lesk in 1986." ; :prefLabel "Lesk algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application architecture" ; :definition "In information systems, applications architecture is one of several architecture domains that form the pillars of an enterprise architecture. Applications architecture is the science and art of ensuring the suite of applications being used by an organization to create the composite architecture is scalable, reliable, available and manageable." ; :prefLabel "Applications architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OpenAPI" ; :definition "Konica Minolta OpenAPI is a proprietary API communication system that allows software application developers to create applications that communicate with Konica Minolta MFPs." ; :prefLabel "Konica Minolta OpenAPI" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ICM", "Iterated Conditional Mode" ; :definition "In statistics, iterated conditional modes is a deterministic algorithm for obtaining a configuration of a local maximum of the joint probability of a Markov random field. It does this by iteratively maximizing the probability of each variable conditioned on the rest." ; :prefLabel "Iterated conditional modes" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SMART (database)" ; :definition "Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool (SMART) is a biological database that is used in the identification and analysis of protein domains within protein sequences. SMART uses profile-hidden Markov models built from multiple sequence alignments to detect protein domains in protein sequences. The most recent release of SMART contains 1,009 domain models. Data from SMART was used in creating the Conserved Domain Database collection and is also distributed as part of the InterPro database. The database is hosted by the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg." ; :prefLabel "SMART" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bacterial two hybrid", "Bacterial two hybrid analysis", "Bacterial two hybrid method", "Bacterial two hybrid screen", "Bacterial two hybrid screening", "Bacterial two hybrid test", "Bacterial two hybrid testing", "Bacterial two-hybrid", "Bacterial two-hybrid analysis", "Bacterial two-hybrid method", "Bacterial two-hybrid screen", "Bacterial two-hybrid screening", "Bacterial two-hybrid test", "Bacterial two-hybrid testing", "E. coli two hybrid", "E. coli two hybrid analysis", "E. coli two hybrid method", "E. coli two hybrid screen", "E. coli two hybrid screening", "E. coli two hybrid test", "E. coli two hybrid testing", "E. coli two-hybrid", "E. coli two-hybrid analysis", "E. coli two-hybrid method", "E. coli two-hybrid screen", "E. coli two-hybrid screening", "E. coli two-hybrid test", "E. coli two-hybrid testing", "Escherichia coli two hybrid", "Escherichia coli two hybrid analysis", "Escherichia coli two hybrid method", "Escherichia coli two hybrid screen", "Escherichia coli two hybrid screening", "Escherichia coli two hybrid test", "Escherichia coli two hybrid testing", "Escherichia coli two-hybrid", "Escherichia coli two-hybrid analysis", "Escherichia coli two-hybrid method", "Escherichia coli two-hybrid screen", "Escherichia coli two-hybrid screening", "Escherichia coli two-hybrid test", "Escherichia coli two-hybrid testing", "S. cerevisiae two hybrid", "S. cerevisiae two hybrid analysis", "S. cerevisiae two hybrid method", "S. cerevisiae two hybrid screen", "S. cerevisiae two hybrid screening", "S. cerevisiae two hybrid test", "S. cerevisiae two hybrid testing", "S. cerevisiae two-hybrid", "S. cerevisiae two-hybrid analysis", "S. cerevisiae two-hybrid method", "S. cerevisiae two-hybrid screen", "S. cerevisiae two-hybrid screening", "S. cerevisiae two-hybrid test", "S. cerevisiae two-hybrid testing", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two hybrid", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two hybrid analysis", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two hybrid method", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two hybrid screen", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two hybrid screening", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two hybrid test", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two hybrid testing", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid analysis", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid method", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid screen", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid screening", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid test", "Saccharomyces cerevisiae two-hybrid testing", "Two hybrid", "Two hybrid screen", "Two hybrid screening", "Two hybrid system", "Two-hybrid", "Two-hybrid analysis", "Two-hybrid screen", "Two-hybrid system", "Two-hybrid system techniques", "Two-hybrid technique", "Y2H", "Yeast two hybrid", "Yeast two hybrid analysis", "Yeast two hybrid method", "Yeast two hybrid screen", "Yeast two hybrid screening", "Yeast two hybrid test", "Yeast two hybrid testing", "Yeast two-hybrid", "Yeast two-hybrid analysis", "Yeast two-hybrid method", "Yeast two-hybrid screen", "Yeast two-hybrid screening", "Yeast two-hybrid system", "Yeast two-hybrid test", "Yeast two-hybrid testing", "Yeast-2-hybrid" ; :definition "Two-hybrid screening (also known as yeast two-hybrid system or Y2H) is a molecular biology technique used to discover protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and protein–DNA interactions by testing for physical interactions (such as binding) between two proteins or a single protein and a DNA molecule, respectively." ; :prefLabel "Two-hybrid screening" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Grid generation" ; :definition "Mesh generation is the practice of generating a polygonal or polyhedral mesh that approximates a geometric domain. The term "grid generation" is often used interchangeably. Typical uses are for rendering to a computer screen or for physical simulation such as finite element analysis or computational fluid dynamics. The input model form can vary greatly but common sources are CAD, NURBS, B-rep, STL or a point cloud. The field is highly interdisciplinary, with contributions found in mathematics, computer science, and engineering." ; :prefLabel "Mesh generation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PARM", "Parameter", "Population Measure" ; :definition "A value, which represents a particular population characteristic. It is a numerical summary of a population as a complete set of data elements." ; :prefLabel "Population Parameter" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JSR 118", "JSR 271", "JSR 37", "JSR118", "Java MIDP 2.0", "LCDUI", "MIDP 2.0", "MIDP 2.1", "MIDP 3.0", "MIDP3.0", "Midp", "Midp2" ; :definition "Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) is a specification published for the use of Java on embedded devices such as mobile phones and PDAs. MIDP is part of the Java Platform, Micro Edition (Java ME) framework and sits on top of Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC), a set of lower level programming interfaces. MIDP was developed under the Java Community Process. The first MIDP devices were launched in April 2001." ; :prefLabel "Mobile Information Device Profile" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Googlable", "Google (disambiguation)", "Google as a verb", "Googleable", "Googled", "Googleing", "Googling", "Ogooglebar", "To google", "Ungooglable", "Ungoogleable" ; :definition "As a result of the increasing popularity and dominance of the Google search engine, usage of the transitive verb to google (also spelled Google) grew ubiquitously. The neologism commonly refers to searching for information on the World Wide Web, regardless of which search engine is used. The American Dialect Society chose it as the "most useful word of 2002." It was added to the Oxford English Dictionary on June 15, 2006, and to the eleventh edition of the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary in July 2006. The first recorded usage of google used as a participle, thus supposing an intransitive verb, was on July 8, 1998, by Google co-founder Larry Page himself, who wrote on a mailing list: "Have fun and keep googling!" Its earliest known use (as a transitive verb) on American television was" ; :prefLabel "Google (verb)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GWAP", "Game with a purpose", "Games with a purpose" ; :definition "A human-based computation game or game with a purpose (GWAP) is a human-based computation technique of outsourcing steps within a computational process to humans in an entertaining way (gamification). Luis von Ahn first proposed the idea of "human algorithm games", or games with a purpose (GWAPs), in order to harness human time and energy for addressing problems that computers cannot yet tackle on their own. He believes that human intellect is an important resource and contribution to the enhancement of computer processing and human computer interaction. He argues that games constitute a general mechanism for using brainpower to solve open computational problems. In this technique, human brains are compared to processors in a distributed system, each performing a small task of a massive co" ; :prefLabel "Human-based computation game" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema" ; :definition "Semantic Annotations for WSDL and XML Schema (SAWSDL) is a 2007 published technical recommendation of W3C in the context of Semantic Web framework: SAWSDL defines a set of extension attributes for the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) and XML Schema definition language. Application of the attributes shall allow for description of additional semantics of WSDL components. The specification defines how semantic annotation is accomplished using references to conceptual semantic models, e.g. ontologies. Semantic annotations for WSDL and XML Schema (SAWSDL) does not specify a language for representing the semantic models. Instead it provides mechanisms by which concepts from the semantic models can be referred using annotations (citation abbreviated)." ; :prefLabel "SAWSDL" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PREP", "Preparazione", "Prepare", "Prepared", "Preparing", "Set Up", "Setup" ; :definition "The act or process of making something ready." ; :prefLabel "Preparation" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ABUSE", "Abuse", "Abuso de droga", "Abuso de drogas", "Abuso di droghe", "DROGA ABUSUA", "DROGMISSBRUK", "Drogenmissbrauch", "Drug", "Drugs misbruik", "Drugs of abuse", "HUUMEIDEN KAYTTO", "Recreational Drug Use", "STOFFMISBRUK", "Stofmisbrug", "Toxicomanie", "disorder", "drog abusus", "drug abuse", "drug recreational use", "harmful use", "narkoman" ; :definition "The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used, or in large amounts. Drug abuse may lead to social, physical, emotional, and job-related problems." ; :prefLabel "Drug abuse" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer game expansion pack", "Expandalone", "Expansion", "Expansion Disk", "Expansion packs", "Expansion set", "Level pack", "Level packs", "Mission pack", "Pack", "Stand-alone expansion", "Stand-alone expansion pack", "Standalone expansion" ; :definition "An expansion pack, expansion set, supplement, or simply expansion is an addition to an existing role-playing game, tabletop game or video game. These add-ons usually add new game areas, weapons, objects, characters and/or an extended storyline to complete an already released game. While board game expansions are typically designed by the original creator, video game developers sometimes contract out development of the expansion pack to a third-party company, (see Hellfire for Diablo), it may choose to develop the expansion itself or it may do both (Ensemble Studios developed the real-time strategy game Age of Empires III and the first expansion called the WarChiefs itself, but contracted Big Huge Games for the second expansion pack, the Asian Dynasties). Board games and tabletop RPGs may h" ; :prefLabel "Expansion pack" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Spin triplet", "Triple state", "Triplet", "Triplet (physics)", "Triplet (spectroscopy)", "Triplet state (version 2)" ; :definition "In quantum mechanics, a triplet is a quantum state of a system with a spin of 1, such that there are three allowed values of the spin component: −1, 0 and +1. Spin, in the context of quantum mechanics, is not a mechanical rotation but a more abstract concept that characterizes a particle's intrinsic angular momentum. It is particularly important for systems at atomic length scales, such as individual atoms, protons, or electrons." ; :prefLabel "Triplet state" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business credit bureau", "CRA", "Consumer credit reporting", "Consumer credit reporting agency", "Consumer reporting agency", "Credit bureaus", "Credit reference agencies", "Credit reference agency", "Credit reporting agency" ; :definition "A credit bureau is a collection agency that gathers account information from various creditors and provides that information to a consumer reporting agency in the United States, a credit reference agency in the United Kingdom, a credit reporting body in Australia, and a credit information company (CIC) in India. It is not the same as a credit rating agency." ; :prefLabel "Credit bureau" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Global change refers to planetary-scale changes in the Earth system. The system consists of the land, oceans, atmosphere, polar regions, life, the planet’s natural cycles and deep Earth processes. These constituent parts influence one another. The Earth system now includes human society, so global change also refers to large-scale changes in society." ; :prefLabel "Global change" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "80" ; :definition "A natural number greater than seventy-nine and less than eighty-one and the quantity that it denotes." ; :prefLabel "Eighty" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital", "Digital Library", "Digital libraries", "Library" ; :definition "Libraries in which a major proportion of the resources are available in machine-readable format, rather than on paper or MICROFORM." ; :prefLabel "Libraries, Digital" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASHPD", "Aggression Core", "Aperture Science Handheld Portal Device", "ApiSci", "Cake is a lie", "Companion Cube", "Genetic Lifeform And Disk Operating System", "Heimlich counter-manoeuvre", "Portal (2007 video game)", "Portal (Valve Software game)", "Portal (Valve Software)", "Portal (computer game)", "Portal (game)", "Portal (video game", "Portal (videogame)", "Portal - Still Alive", "Portal 1", "Portal Prelude", "Portal game", "Portal gun", "Portal still alive", "Portal video game", "Portals (Valve Software game)", "Take-a-Wish Foundation", "The Cake is a Lie", "Thecakeisalie", "Valve Portal", "WCC", "Weighted Companion Cube", "Weighted Storage Cube" ; :definition "Portal is a first-person puzzle-platform video game developed and published by Valve Corporation. Portal was released in a bundle package called The Orange Box for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360 in October 2007, the PlayStation 3 in December 2007, OS X in May 2010, a Linux version in June 2013, and for Android as a port for the Nvidia Shield in May 2014." ; :prefLabel "Portal" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Video codec specification", "Video coding formats", "Video coding specification", "Video coding specifications", "Video coding standard", "Video coding standards", "Video compression format", "Video compression formats", "Video compression specification", "Video compression specifications", "Video compression standard", "Video compression standards" ; :definition "A video coding format (or sometimes video compression format) is a content representation format for storage or transmission of digital video content (such as in a data file or bitstream). Examples of video coding formats include MPEG-2 Part 2, MPEG-4 Part 2, H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10), HEVC, Theora, RealVideo RV40, VP9, and AV1. A specific software or hardware implementation capable of video compression and/or decompression to/from a specific video coding format is called a video codec; an example of a video codec is Xvid, which is one of several different codecs which implements encoding and decoding videos in the MPEG-4 Part 2 video coding format in software." ; :prefLabel "Video coding format" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Layer", "Multi-layer", "Supporting substrate" ; :definition "A layer is the deposition of molecules on a substrate or base (glass, ceramic, semiconductor, or plastic/bioplastic) . High temperature substrates includes stainless steel and polyimide film (expensive) and PET (cheap). A depth of less than one micrometre is generally called a thin film while a depth greater than one micrometre is called a coating. A web is a flexible substrate." ; :prefLabel "Layer (electronics)" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Immodule", "SCIM", "SKIM" ; :definition "The Smart Common Input Method platform (SCIM) is an input method (IM) platform containing support for more than thirty languages (CJK and many European languages) for POSIX-style operating systems including Linux and BSD. It uses a clear architecture and provides a simple and powerful programming interface, which is meant to reduce the time required for developing individual IMs." ; :prefLabel "Smart Common Input Method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PEG", "Packrat parser", "Packrat parsing", "Text parsing" ; :definition "In computer science, a parsing expression grammar, or PEG, is a type of analytic formal grammar, i.e. it describes a formal language in terms of a set of rules for recognizing strings in the language. The formalism was introduced by Bryan Ford in 2004 and is closely related to the family of top-down parsing languages introduced in the early 1970s.Syntactically, PEGs also look similar to context-free grammars (CFGs), but they have a different interpretation: the choice operator selects the first match in PEG, while it is ambiguous in CFG. This is closer to how string recognition tends to be done in practice, e.g. by a recursive descent parser." ; :prefLabel "Parsing expression grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Air TV", "Analog Terrestrial television", "Broadcast television", "FOTA", "Free over-the-air television", "OTA Broadcast", "OTA television", "Over the air television", "Over-the-air television", "Plain old television service", "Terrestial television", "Terrestrial", "Terrestrial channel", "Terrestrial tv" ; :definition "Terrestrial television or broadcast television is a type of television broadcasting in which the television signal is transmitted by radio waves from the terrestrial (Earth based) transmitter of a television station to a TV receiver having an antenna. The term is more common in Europe, while in North America it is referred to as broadcast television or sometimes over-the-air television (OTA). The term "terrestrial" is used to distinguish this type from the newer technologies of satellite television (direct broadcast satellite or DBS television), in which the television signal is transmitted to the receiver from an overhead satellite, and cable television, in which the signal is carried to the receiver through a cable." ; :prefLabel "Terrestrial television" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Plug", "Plugs" ; :definition "An object designed to fill a hole tightly; anything that resembles such an object in appearance or origin." ; :prefLabel "Plug (physical object)" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Memory architecture describes the methods used to implement electronic computer data storage in a manner that is a combination of the fastest, most reliable, most durable, and least expensive way to store and retrieve information. Depending on the specific application, a compromise of one of these requirements may be necessary in order to improve another requirement. Memory architecture also explains how binary digits are converted into electric signals and then stored in the memory cells. And also the structure of a memory cell." ; :prefLabel "Memory architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Electronic World", "MCP (tron)", "TRON (film)", "TRON sequel", "TRON sequel (film)", "The Tron movie", "Tron (disambiguation)", "Tron (movie)", "Tron II", "Tron rumored sequel (film)", "Tron v2.0" ; :definition "Tron (stylized as TRON) is a 1982 American science fiction action-adventure film written and directed by Steven Lisberger, based on a story by Lisberger and Bonnie MacBird and produced by Walt Disney Productions. The film stars Jeff Bridges as a computer programmer who is transported inside the software world of a mainframe computer where he interacts with programs in his attempt to escape, and Bruce Boxleitner, David Warner, Cindy Morgan, and Barnard Hughes star in supporting roles." ; :prefLabel "Tron" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automata (disambiguation)", "CA", "Cam (disambiguation)", "Cell", "Cell games", "Cell games (cellular automaton)", "Cellular", "Cellular Automata machine", "Cellular automata", "Cellular automata in popular culture", "Cellular automota", "Cellular autonoma", "Cellular image processing", "Cellular robotics", "Celullar automaton", "Fuzzy cellular automata", "Fuzzy cellular automaton", "Seluler Atomatons" ; :definition "A cellular automaton (pl. cellular automata, abbrev. CA) is a discrete model studied in computability theory, mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling. Cellular automata are also called cellular spaces, tessellation automata, homogeneous structures, cellular structures, tessellation structures, and iterative arrays." ; :prefLabel "Cellular automaton" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Auto", "Automated automobile", "Automated car", "Automated driving", "Automobile robotics", "Automotive robotics", "Autonomous automobile", "Autonomous automobiles", "Autonomous cars", "Autonomous driving", "Car robotics", "Car that drives itself", "Computer driving", "Computer-driven car", "CyberCars", "Driver-free car", "Driver-less car", "Driver-less cars", "Driverless", "Driverless Car", "Driverless automobile", "Driverless automobiles", "Driverless cars", "Hands-free driving", "Johnny Cab", "Robo-Taxi", "Robocar", "Robot car", "Robotic automobile", "Robotic automobiles", "Robotic car", "Robotic cars", "Self driving car", "Self-driven car", "Self-driving automobile", "Self-driving automobiles", "Self-driving car", "Self-driving cars", "Self-driving vehicle", "Self-steering vehicle", "Zoox (company)" ; :definition "An autonomous car (driverless car, self-driving car, robotic car) is a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without human input. Autonomous cars can detect surroundings using a variety of techniques such as radar, lidar, GPS, odometry, and computer vision. Advanced control systems interpret sensory information to identify appropriate navigation paths, as well as obstacles and relevant signage. Autonomous cars have control systems that are capable of analyzing sensory data to distinguish between different cars on the road, which is very useful in planning a path to the desired destination." ; :prefLabel "Autonomous car" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "APU", "Audio Processing Unit", "Audio adapter", "Audio card", "Computer sound card", "Mono Mix", "SPU", "Sound cards", "Sound processing unit", "Sound-card", "Soundcard", "Stereo mix", "USB sound card" ; :definition "A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an internal expansion card that provides input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer programs. The term sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces used for professional audio applications. Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation, education and entertainment (games) and video projection." ; :prefLabel "Sound card" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NCR", "Numeric character references", "Numeric entity", "Numerical character reference", "Numerical character references", "Numerical entity" ; :definition "A numeric character reference (NCR) is a common markup construct used in SGML and SGML-derived markup languages such as HTML and XML. It consists of a short sequence of characters that, in turn, represents a single character. Since WebSgml, XML and HTML 4, the code points of the Universal Character Set (UCS) of Unicode are used. NCRs are typically used in order to represent characters that are not directly encodable in a particular document (for example, because they are international characters that don't fit in the 8-bit character set being used, or because they have special syntactic meaning in the language). When the document is interpreted by a markup-aware reader, each NCR is treated as if it were the character it represents." ; :prefLabel "Numeric character reference" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Environmental informatics is the science of information applied to environmental science. As such, it provides the information processing and communication infrastructure to the interdisciplinary field of environmental sciences aiming at data, information and knowledge integration, the application of computational intelligence to environmental data as well as the identification of environmental impacts of information technology. The UK Natural Environment Research Council defines environmental informatics as the "research and system development focusing on the environmental sciences relating to the creation, collection, storage, processing, modelling, interpretation, display and dissemination of data and information." Kostas Karatzas defined environmental informatics as the "creation of a" ; :prefLabel "Environmental informatics" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Distortion (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Distortion (episode)", "Ego (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Ego (episode)", "Experiments Lain", "Girls (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Girls (episode)", "Infornagraphy", "Infornography (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Infornography (episode)", "Iwakura Lain", "Iwakura Rein", "Kids (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Lain", "Lain Iwakura", "Landscape (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Landscape (episode)", "Layer 01: Weird", "Layer 01: Weird (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "List of Serial Experiments Lain episodes", "List of Serial Experiments Lain media", "Love (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Love (episode)", "Masami Eiri", "Omnipresence in wired", "Protocol (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Protocol (episode)", "Psyche (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Psyche (episode)", "Religion (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Religion (episode)", "Rumors (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Rumors (episode)", "S.E.Lain", "SE Lain", "SEL", "Serial Experiments", "Serial Experiments Lain (game)", "Serial Experiments Lain (video game)", "Serial Experiments: lain", "Serial Lain", "Serial experiements lain", "Society (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Society (episode)", "The Wired", "Weird (Serial Experiments Lain episode)", "Weird (episode)" ; :definition "Serial Experiments Lain (シリアルエクスペリメンツレイン Shiriaru Ekusuperimentsu Rein) is an avant-garde anime series directed by Ryutaro Nakamura, with character design by Yoshitoshi ABe, screenplay written by Chiaki J. Konaka, and produced by Yasuyuki Ueda for Triangle Staff. It was broadcast on TV Tokyo from July to September 1998. The series is influenced by themes such as reality, identity, and communication, and it demonstrates them by using philosophy, computer history, cyberpunk literature, and conspiracy theory." ; :prefLabel "Serial Experiments Lain" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chunking" ; :definition "In computer programming, chunking has multiple meanings." ; :prefLabel "Chunking (computing)" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NCI-Nature Pathway Interaction Databse" ; :definition "As of November 2007, the database contained 59 pathways (comprising 3309 molecular interactions) curated by the NCI-Nature editorial team. New pathways are added each month. The database also contains 254 pathways (comprising 3003 interactions) imported from the June 2004 edition of the BioCarta pathway database." ; :prefLabel "PID" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Argratha", "Argrathi", "Argrathl", "Hard Time (DS9 episode)", "Hard Time (DS9)" ; :definition ""Hard Time" is the 91st episode of the American syndicated science fiction television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, the 18th episode of the fourth season. In this episode, Chief O'Brien attempts to return to his normal life while coping with secrets from his experience of long-term incarceration." ; :prefLabel "Hard Time" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1971", "COKE (programming language)", "Coke", "DEC Focal", "Digital Equipment Corporation Focal", "Digital FOCAL", "FOCAL", "FOCAL programming language", "FOCAL-W", "FOCAL8", "Focal", "OMSI PS/2 FOCAL", "PS/8 FOCAL", "U/W FOCAL", "U/W-FOCAL" ; :definition "FOCAL is an interpreted programming language resembling JOSS. The name is an acronym for Formulating On-Line Calculations in Algebraic Language. Largely the creation of Richard Merrill, FOCAL was initially written for and had its largest impact on the Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC's) PDP-8 computers. Merrill wrote the original (1968) and classic FOCAL-69 interpreters for the PDP-8. Digital itself described FOCAL as "a JOSS-like language."" ; :prefLabel "FOCAL (programming language)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ACC", "AGENESIS", "Absence of Corpus Callosum", "Absence of the corpus callosum", "Absent corpus callosum", "Ageneses", "Agenesis", "Agenesis Of", "Agenesis corpus callosum", "Agenesis of Corpus Callosum [Disease/Finding]", "Agenesis of the corpus callosum", "CORPUS CALLOSUM", "Callosal agenesis", "Corpus Callosum", "Corpus Callosum Absence", "Corpus Callosum Absences", "Corpus Callosum Ageneses", "Corpus Callosum Dysgeneses", "Corpus Callosum Dysgenesis", "Corpus Callosum Hypogeneses", "Corpus Callosum Hypogenesis", "Corpus callosum agenesis", "Dysgeneses", "Dysgenesis", "Dysplastic or absent corpus callosum", "Hypogeneses", "Hypogenesis", "Hypogenesis of corpus callosum", "agenesis callosum corpus" ; :definition "A congenital abnormality characterized by the complete absence of the corpus callosum. It may be an isolated abnormality or associated with other central nervous system abnormalities or syndromes. Clinical manifestations vary. In cases of isolated corpus callosum agenesis, symptoms may be absent or minimal. In cases that are associated with other central nervous system abnormalities or syndromes, symptoms include developmental delays, motor coordination difficulties, and vision impairment." ; :prefLabel "Agenesis of corpus callosum" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Helbing" ; :definition "Dirk Helbing is a physicist, and professor of sociology, in particular of modelling and simulation." ; :prefLabel "Dirk Helbing" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anguish", "Mental", "Suffering", "suffer", "suffered", "suffers" ; :definition "Severe psychological and/or spiritual distress." ; :prefLabel "Mental Suffering" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Steady", "Steady State (Thermodynamics)", "Steady state (disambiguation)", "Steady state concentration", "Steady state process", "Steady-state", "Steady-state condition" ; :definition "In systems theory, a system or a process is in a steady state if the variables (called state variables) which define the behavior of the system or the process are unchanging in time. In continuous time, this means that for those properties p of the system, the partial derivative with respect to time is zero and remains so: In discrete time, it means that the first difference of each property is zero and remains so: Often, a steady state is approached asymptotically. An unstable system is one that diverges from the steady state. See for example Linear difference equation#Stability." ; :prefLabel "Steady state" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Report", "Reported", "giving information", "inform", "informing", "reports" ; :definition "The act of providing a short account." ; :prefLabel "Reporting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "An Open API (often referred to as a Public API) is a publicly available application programming interface that provides developers with programmatic access to a proprietary software application. APIs are sets of requirements that govern how one application can communicate and interact with another. They also allow developers to access certain internal functions of a program. In the simplest terms, an API allows one piece of software to interact with another piece of software. They may be used by both developers inside the organisation that published the API or by any developers outside that organisation who wish to register for access to the interface." ; :prefLabel "Open API" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LDC" ; :definition "The Linguistic Data Consortium is an open consortium of universities, companies and government research laboratories. It creates, collects and distributes speech and text databases, lexicons, and other resources for linguistics research and development purposes. The University of Pennsylvania is the LDC's host institution. The LDC was founded in 1992 with a grant from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and is partly supported by grant IRI-9528587 from the Information and Intelligent Systems division of the National Science Foundation. The director of LDC is Mark Liberman and the Executive Director is Christopher Cieri." ; :prefLabel "Linguistic Data Consortium" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Liability scale threshold model", "Liability threshold model", "Liability-threshold model", "Threshold" ; :definition "In mathematical or statistical modelling a threshold model is any model where a threshold value, or set of threshold values, is used to distinguish ranges of values where the behaviour predicted by the model varies in some important way. A particularly important instance arises in toxicology, where the model for the effect of a drug may be that there is zero effect for a dose below a critical or threshold value, while an effect of some significance exists above that value. Certain types of regression model may include threshold effects." ; :prefLabel "Threshold model" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Incidence", "Incidence (graph theory)", "Incidence relation", "Oriented incidence matrix", "Unoriented incidence matrix" ; :definition "In mathematics, an incidence matrix is a matrix that shows the relationship between two classes of objects. If the first class is X and the second is Y, the matrix has one row for each element of X and one column for each element of Y. The entry in row x and column y is 1 if x and y are related (called incident in this context) and 0 if they are not. There are variations; see below." ; :prefLabel "Incidence matrix" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".csdl", ".msl", ".ssdl", "ADO.NET Entity Framework", "EDM", "EF", "Entity Data Model", "Entity SQL", "EntityFramework", "LINQ to Entities" ; :definition "Entity Framework (EF) is an open source object-relational mapping (ORM) framework for ADO.NET, was a part of .NET Framework, but from Entity framework version 6 it is separated from .NET framework." ; :prefLabel "Entity Framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Volatility is an open source memory forensics framework for incident response and malware analysis. It is written in Python and supports Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux (as of version 2.5). Volatility was created by computer scientist and entrepreneur Aaron Walters, drawing on academic research he did in memory forensics." ; :prefLabel "Volatility" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conference", "convention", "conventions", "symposium", "symposiums" ; :definition "A prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion, especially one with a formal agenda." ; :prefLabel "Conferences" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TAO", "tao [brand name]" ; :definition "brand name of an antibiotic drug" ; :prefLabel "TAO brand of troleandomycin" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SOS (disambiguation)" ; :definition "The Sensor Observation Service (SOS) is a web service to query real-time sensor data and sensor data time series and is part of the Sensor Web. The offered sensor data comprises descriptions of sensors themselves, which are encoded in the Sensor Model Language (SensorML), and the measured values in the Observations and Measurements (O & M) encoding format. The web service as well as both file formats are open standards and specifications of the same name defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC)." ; :prefLabel "Sensor Observation Service" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Protocol", "protocols" ; :definition "A rule which guides how an activity should be performed." ; :prefLabel "Protocols documentation" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Metadatabase is a database model for (1) metadata management, (2) global query of independent databases, and (3) distributed data processing. The word metadatabase is an addition to the dictionary. Originally, metadata was only a common term referring simply to "data about data", such as tags, keywords, and markup headers. However, in this technology, the concept of metadata is extended to also include such data and knowledge representation as information models (e.g., relations, entities-relationships, and objects), application logic (e.g., production rules), and analytic models (e.g., simulation, optimization, and mathematical algorithms). In the case of analytic models, it is also referred to as a Modelbase." ; :prefLabel "Metadatabase" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Flynn (disambiguation)", "Flynn taxonomy", "MPMD", "Taxonomy" ; :definition "Flynn's taxonomy is a classification of computer architectures, proposed by Michael J. Flynn in 1966. The classification system has stuck, and has been used as a tool in design of modern processors and their functionalities. Since the rise of multiprocessing central processing units (CPUs), a multiprogramming context has evolved as an extension of the classification system." ; :prefLabel "Flynn's taxonomy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AEC", "AES", "Acoustic Echo Cancelling", "Acoustic echo suppressor", "Echo cancellation", "Echo canceller", "Echo suppression", "Echo suppressor", "Echo-cancellation" ; :definition "Echo suppression and echo cancellation are methods in telephony to improve voice quality by preventing echo from being created or removing it after it is already present. In addition to improving subjective quality, this process increases the capacity achieved through silence suppression by preventing echo from traveling across a network. Echo suppressors were developed in the 1950s in response to the first use of satellites for telecommunications, but they have since been largely supplanted by better performing echo cancellers." ; :prefLabel "Echo suppression and cancellation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Genetic", "Selection", "selection", "selection (genetics)" ; :definition "Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population." ; :prefLabel "Genetic Selection" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chess machine", "La Turca", "MechanicalTurk", "Turk" ; :definition "The Turk, also known as the Mechanical Turk or Automaton Chess Player (German: Schachtürke, "chess Turk"; Hungarian: A Török), was a fake chess-playing machine constructed in the late 18th century. From 1770 until its destruction by fire in 1854 it was exhibited by various owners as an automaton, though it was eventually revealed to be an elaborate hoax. Constructed and unveiled in 1770 by Wolfgang von Kempelen (Hungarian: Kempelen Farkas; 1734–1804) to impress the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, the mechanism appeared to be able to play a strong game of chess against a human opponent, as well as perform the knight's tour, a puzzle that requires the player to move a knight to occupy every square of a chessboard exactly once." ; :prefLabel "The Turk" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Continuity", "Meet continuous", "Scott continuous", "Scott open", "Scott topology", "Scott-continuous", "Scott-open" ; :definition "In mathematics, given two partially ordered sets P and Q, a function between them is Scott-continuous (named after the mathematician Dana Scott) if it preserves all directed suprema, i.e. if for every directed subset D of P with supremum in P its image has a supremum in Q, and that supremum is the image of the supremum of D: that is, , where is the directed join. When is the poset of truth values, i.e. Sierpinski space, then the are characteristic functions, and thus, Sierpinski space is the classifying topos for open sets." ; :prefLabel "Scott continuity" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Exhibit", "Exhibits", "Exhibits as Topics", "exhibiting" ; :definition "Discussions, descriptions or catalogs of public displays or items representative of a given subject." ; :prefLabel "Exhibits as Topic" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data Base", "Data Base Management", "Data Base Management Systems", "Database Management", "Database Management System", "Management System", "Management Systems", "System", "Systems" ; :definition "Software designed to store, manipulate, manage, and control data for specific uses." ; :prefLabel "Database Management Systems" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In linear programming, reduced cost, or opportunity cost, is the amount by which an objective function coefficient would have to improve (so increase for maximization problem, decrease for minimization problem) before it would be possible for a corresponding variable to assume a positive value in the optimal solution. It is the cost for increasing a variable by a small amount, i.e., the first derivative from a certain point on the polyhedron that constrains the problem. When the point is a vertex in the polyhedron, the variable with the most extreme cost, negatively for minimization and positively maximization, is sometimes referred to as the steepest edge." ; :prefLabel "Reduced cost" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "academic standing", "academic success", "achievement school", "achievement students", "attainment educational", "educational achievement", "educational attainment", "scholastic achievement", "school achievement", "student achievement" ; :prefLabel "Academic achievement" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Durability", "Durability (DBMS)", "Durability (computer science)", "Durability (data management)" ; :definition "In database systems, durability is the ACID property which guarantees that transactions that have committed will survive permanently. For example, if a flight booking reports that a seat has successfully been booked, then the seat will remain booked even if the system crashes. Durability can be achieved by flushing the transaction's log records to non-volatile storage before acknowledging commitment. In distributed transactions, all participating servers must coordinate before commit can be acknowledged. This is usually done by a two-phase commit protocol." ; :prefLabel "Durability (database systems)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OT", "OT (off topic)", "Off-topic", "Offtopic", "On topic", "On-topic", "Topic" ; :definition "In the context of mailing lists, discussion groups, discussion forums, bulletin boards, newsgroups, and wikis a contribution is off-topic if it is not within the bounds of the current discussion, and on-topic if it is. Even on very specialized forums and lists, off-topic posting is not necessarily frowned upon, but a common netiquette convention is to mark a new off-topic posting or email by beginning it with "OT" - for example in a forum discussing the Linux operating system someone might post: "OT: Wow, did you feel that earthquake?"." ; :prefLabel "Off topic" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gene Transcription", "Genetic transcription", "RNA Expression", "Transcription", "Transcriptional", "genes transcription", "transcriptions" ; :definition "A genetic process in which single-stranded RNA with base sequence complementary to a region of plus strand DNA is synthesized by DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Following the binding of RNA polymerase on DNA promoter regions, the RNA product is synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction, elongating RNA along the DNA strand as the polymerase proceeds, accompanied by unwinding and rewinding of the DNA template." ; :prefLabel "Transcription, Genetic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Silk (codec)", "Silk (disambiguation)" ; :definition "SILK is an audio compression format and audio codec developed by Skype Limited. It was developed for use in Skype, as a replacement for the SVOPC codec. Since licensing out, it has also been used by others. It has been extended to the Internet standard Opus codec." ; :prefLabel "SILK" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MSP", "Max MSP", "Max/Msp", "MaxMSP", "Patcher" ; :definition "Max is a visual programming language for music and multimedia developed and maintained by San Francisco-based software company Cycling '74. During its history, it has been used by composers, performers, software designers, researchers, and artists to create recordings, performances, and installations." ; :prefLabel "Max" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chip fabs", "Chip foundry", "Fab", "Fab (semiconductors)", "Fab plant", "Fabrication plant", "Fabs", "Foundry (electronics)", "Gigawatt fab", "Semiconductor fab", "Semiconductor foundry", "Silicon fab plant", "Wafer foundry" ; :definition "In the microelectronics industry a semiconductor fabrication plant (commonly called a fab; sometimes foundry) is a factory where devices such as integrated circuits are manufactured. A business that operates a semiconductor fab for the purpose of fabricating the designs of other companies, such as fabless semiconductor companies, is known as a foundry. If a foundry does not also produce its own designs, it is known as a pure-play semiconductor foundry." ; :prefLabel "Semiconductor fabrication plant" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bit-map", "Bitmap (disambiguation)", "Bitmap Image", "Bitmap image format", "Bitmap images", "Bitmaps", "Bump file", "OS/2 bitmap", "Pixel display format", "Pixmap" ; :definition "In computing, a bitmap is a mapping from some domain (for example, a range of integers) to bits, that is, values which are zero or one. It is also called a bit array or bitmap index. In computer graphics, when the domain is a rectangle (indexed by two coordinates) a bitmap gives a way to store a binary image, that is, an image in which each pixel is either black or white (or any two colors)." ; :prefLabel "Bitmap" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Agnosia", "Agnosia for Face", "Agnosia for Faces", "Agnosias", "FACE BLINDNESS", "Facial", "Facial Recognition", "Facial Recognition Agnosia", "Facial Recognition Agnosias", "Facial agnosia", "Prosopagnosia [Disease/Finding]", "Prosopagnosias", "Recognition Agnosia", "Recognition Agnosias" ; :definition "The inability to recognize a familiar face or to learn to recognize new faces. This visual agnosia is most often associated with lesions involving the junctional regions between the temporal and occipital lobes. The majority of cases are associated with bilateral lesions, however unilateral damage to the right occipito-temporal cortex has also been associated with this condition. (From Cortex 1995 Jun;31(2):317-29)" ; :prefLabel "Prosopagnosia" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "Processes for data acquisition, validation, storage, protection, and processing." ; :prefLabel "Data Management" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sion" ; :definition "In mathematics, and in particular game theory, Sion's minimax theorem is a generalization of John von Neumann's minimax theorem, named after Maurice Sion. It states: Let be a compact convex subset of a linear topological space and a convex subset of a linear topological space. If is a real-valued function on with upper semicontinuous and quasiconcave on , , and lower semicontinuous and quasi-convex on , then," ; :prefLabel "Sion's minimax theorem" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data engineering", "Ie" ; :definition "Information engineering (IE) or information engineering methodology (IEM) is a software engineering approach to designing and developing information systems. It can also be considered as the generation, distribution, analysis and use of information in systems." ; :prefLabel "Information engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Engineerings", "engineering (field)", "engineers" ; :definition "The discipline concerned with the application of scientific knowledge to solve practical issues in commerce or industry." ; :prefLabel "Engineering" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Transcendence (2014)" ; :definition "Transcendence is a 2014 science fiction film directed by cinematographer Wally Pfister in his directorial debut, and written by Jack Paglen. The English-language co-production stars Johnny Depp, Rebecca Hall, Paul Bettany, Kate Mara, Cillian Murphy, Cole Hauser and Morgan Freeman. Pfister's usual collaborator, Christopher Nolan, served as executive producer on the project." ; :prefLabel "Transcendence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NE", "Not Assessable", "Not Evaluable" ; :definition "Unable to be evaluated." ; :prefLabel "Unevaluable" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "INTP", "Interpretation", "interpretations" ; :definition "An act or process of elucidation, explication, or explanation of the meaning of an event or thing." ; :prefLabel "Interpretation Process" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ITO", "Tin-doped indium oxide" ; :definition "Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a ternary composition of indium, tin and oxygen in varying proportions. Depending on the oxygen content, it can either be described as a ceramic or alloy. Indium tin oxide is typically encountered as an oxygen-saturated composition with a formulation of 74% In, 18% O2, and 8% Sn by weight. Oxygen-saturated compositions are so typical, that unsaturated compositions are termed oxygen-deficient ITO. It is transparent and colorless in thin layers, while in bulk form it is yellowish to grey. In the infrared region of the spectrum it acts as a metal-like mirror." ; :prefLabel "Indium tin oxide" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Point location problem" ; :definition "The point location problem is a fundamental topic of computational geometry. It finds applications in areas that deal with processing geometrical data: computer graphics, geographic information systems (GIS), motion planning, and computer aided design (CAD). In many applications, we need to determine the location of several different points with respect to the same partition of the space. To solve this problem efficiently, it is useful to build a data structure that, given a query point, quickly determines which region contains the query point (e.g. Voronoi Diagram)." ; :prefLabel "Point location" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In quantum mechanics, the variational method is one way of finding approximations to the lowest energy eigenstate or ground state, and some excited states. This allows calculating approximate wavefunctions such as molecular orbitals. The basis for this method is the variational principle." ; :prefLabel "Variational method (quantum mechanics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "L&F", "LAF", "Look & Feel", "Look'n'feel", "Look-and-feel" ; :definition "In software design, look and feel is a term used in respect of a graphical user interface and comprises aspects of its design, including elements such as colors, shapes, layout, and typefaces (the "look"), as well as the behavior of dynamic elements such as buttons, boxes, and menus (the "feel"). The term can also refer to aspects of a non-graphical user interface (such as a command-line interface), as well as to aspects of an API – mostly to parts of an API that are not related to its functional properties. The term is used in reference to both software and websites." ; :prefLabel "Look and feel" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Demographic map", "Distribution map", "Maps of religions", "Religion map", "Sociological map", "Thematic Maps" ; :definition "A thematic map is a type of map especially designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. These maps can portray physical, social, political culture economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region, nation, or continent"." ; :prefLabel "Thematic map" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cross Interleaved Reed-Solomon Code", "Generalized Reed-Solomon code", "Generalized Reed–Solomon code", "RS", "RS code", "RS coding", "Reed", "Reed Solomon", "Reed Solomon Matrix", "Reed solomon codes", "Reed-Solomon", "Reed-Solomon code", "Reed-Solomon codes", "Reed-Solomon codeword", "Reed-Solomon coding", "Reed-Solomon erasure code", "Reed-Solomon erasure codes", "Reed-Solomon error correction", "Reed-Solomon error correction algorithm", "Reed–Solomon", "Reed–Solomon code", "Reed–Solomon codes", "Reed–Solomon codeword", "Reed–Solomon erasure code", "Reed–Solomon erasure codes", "Solomon-reed error correction" ; :definition "Reed–Solomon codes are a group of error-correcting codes that were introduced by Irving S. Reed and Gustave Solomon in 1960.They have many applications, the most prominent of which include consumer technologies such as CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray Discs, QR Codes, data transmission technologies such as DSL and WiMAX, broadcast systems such as DVB and ATSC, and storage systems such as RAID 6. They are also used in satellite communication." ; :prefLabel "Reed–Solomon error correction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "COLT (Code Orchestra Livecoding Tool) is an ActionScript and JavaScript livecoding tool by Code Orchestra, available by subscription." ; :prefLabel "COLT" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Childhood", "Immunization", "Shots" ; :prefLabel "Childhood Immunization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computing, an open platform describes a software system which is based on open standards, such as published and fully documented external application programming interfaces (API) that allow using the software to function in other ways than the original programmer intended, without requiring modification of the source code. Using these interfaces, a third party could integrate with the platform to add functionality. The opposite is a closed platform. An 2008 paper from the Harvard Business School differentiated a platform's openness in four aspects and gave example platforms." ; :prefLabel "Open platform" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Preference learning is a subfield in machine learning in which the goal is to learn a predictive preference model from observed preference information. In the view of supervised learning, preference learning trains on a set of items which have preferences toward labels or other items and predicts the preferences for all items. While the concept of preference learning has been emerged for some time in many fields such as economics, it's a relatively new topic in Artificial Intelligence research. Several workshops have been discussing preference learning and related topics in the past decade." ; :prefLabel "Preference learning" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ORDBMS", "Object relational database", "Object-relational", "Object-relational DBMS", "Object-relational database management system", "Object-relational model", "Ord" ; :definition "An object-relational database (ORD), or object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), is a database management system (DBMS) similar to a relational database, but with an object-oriented database model: objects, classes and inheritance are directly supported in database schemas and in the query language. In addition, just as with pure relational systems, it supports extension of the data model with custom data-types and methods." ; :prefLabel "Object-relational database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Human-machine systems", "Man Machine Systems", "Man-Machine", "Man-Machine System", "System", "Systems" ; :definition "A system in which the functions of the man and the machine are interrelated and necessary for the operation of the system." ; :prefLabel "Man-Machine Systems" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Habit", "Habits", "behavior pattern", "behavior patterns" ; :definition "A pattern of repeat behavior requiring little conscious thought." ; :prefLabel "Behaviorial Habits" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Another", "YA", "YAAP", "Yet" ; :definition "Among programmers, yet another (often abbreviated ya, Ya or YA in the initial part of an acronym) is an idiomatic qualifier in the name of a computer program, organisation, or event that is confessedly unoriginal. Stephen C. Johnson is credited with establishing the naming convention in the late 1970s when he named his compiler-compiler yacc (Yet Another Compiler-Compiler), since he felt there were already numerous compiler-compilers in circulation at the time." ; :prefLabel "Yet another" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Our World (International TV special)", "Our World (UK TV special)" ; :definition "(For the American series of the same name, see Our World (TV series).) Our World was the first live, international, satellite television production, which was broadcast on 25 June 1967. Creative artists, including The Beatles, opera singer Maria Callas, and painter Pablo Picasso—representing nineteen nations—were invited to perform or appear in separate segments featuring their respective countries. The two-and-half-hour event had the largest television audience ever up to that date: an estimated 400 to 700 million people around the globe watched the broadcast. Today, it is most famous for the segment from the United Kingdom starring The Beatles. They performed their song "All You Need Is Love" for the first time to close the broadcast." ; :prefLabel "Our World" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "VCA", "Video analysis", "Video analytics", "Video motion detection" ; :definition "Video content analysis (also Video content analytics, VCA) is the capability of automatically analyzing video to detect and determine temporal and spatial events. This technical capability is used in a wide range of domains including entertainment, health-care, retail, automotive, transport, home automation, flame and smoke detection, safety and security. The algorithms can be implemented as software on general purpose machines, or as hardware in specialized video processing units." ; :prefLabel "Video content analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NIF" ; :definition "The Neuroscience Information Framework is a repository of global neuroscience web resources, including experimental, clinical, and translational neuroscience databases, knowledge bases, atlases, and genetic/genomic resources and provides many authoritative links throughout the neuroscience portal of Wikipedia." ; :prefLabel "Neuroscience Information Framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D printer extruder", "Cold end", "FFF", "Fused Deposition Modeling", "Fused Deposition Modelling", "Fused filament deposition", "Fusion deposition modelling", "Hot end", "Melted Extrusion Manufacturing", "Plastic Jet Printing" ; :definition "Fused filament fabrication is a 3D printing process that uses a continuous filament of a thermoplastic material. This is fed from a large coil, through a moving, heated printer extruder head. Molten material is forced out of the print head's nozzle and is deposited on the growing workpiece. The head is moved, under computer control, to define the printed shape. Usually the head moves in layers, moving in two dimensions to deposit one horizontal plane at a time, before moving slightly upwards to begin a new slice. The speed of the extruder head may also be controlled, to stop and start deposition and form an interrupted plane without stringing or dribbling between sections." ; :prefLabel "Fused filament fabrication" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Autostereograms", "Autostereograph", "Autostereographic", "Autostereographically", "Autostereographs", "Hidden image stereogram", "Map textured stereogram", "Object array stereogram", "Random dot autostereogram", "Random-dot autostereogram", "Rastergram", "SIRDS", "Single Image Random Dot Stereogram", "Single Image Stereogram", "Single image", "Single image stereograms", "Single image stereograph", "Single image stereographic", "Single image stereographs", "Single image stereography", "Single imaged", "Single imager", "Single imageries", "Single imagers", "Single imagery", "Single images", "Single imaging", "Single-image", "Single-image stereogram", "Single-image stereograms", "Single-image stereograph", "Single-image stereographic", "Single-image stereographs", "Single-image stereography", "Single-imaged", "Single-imager", "Single-imageries", "Single-imagers", "Single-imagery", "Single-images", "Single-imaging", "Single-picture stereogram", "Singleimage", "Singleimage stereogram", "Singleimage stereograms", "Singleimage stereograph", "Singleimage stereographic", "Singleimage stereographs", "Singleimage stereography", "Singleimaged", "Singleimager", "Singleimageries", "Singleimagers", "Singleimagery", "Singleimages", "Singleimaging", "Sis", "Stereogram", "Wallpaper (disambiguation)", "Wallpaper autostereogram", "Wallpaper effect", "Wallpaper illusion" ; :definition "An autostereogram is a single-image stereogram (SIS), designed to create the visual illusion of a three-dimensional (3D) scene from a two-dimensional image. In order to perceive 3D shapes in these autostereograms, one must overcome the normally automatic coordination between accommodation (focus) and horizontal vergence (angle of one's eyes). The illusion is one of depth perception and involves stereopsis: depth perception arising from the different perspective each eye has of a three-dimensional scene, called binocular parallax." ; :prefLabel "Autostereogram" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "E. R. Demidova" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 51 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Elena Demidova" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "C. Faron-zucker", "Catherine Faron-zucker" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 90 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Catherine Faron-Zucker" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. 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Ng" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "H. T. Nguyen", "Hien T Nguyen", "Hien T. T. Nguyen", "Hien Thi Nguyen", "Hien Thi Thu Nguyen", "Hien Thu Nguyen" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 28 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Hien T. Nguyen" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S B Gottschalk", "S Gottschalk", "S. Gottschalk", "Simon Gottschalk" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 42 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Simon Gottschalk" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "D D Herring", "D. D. Herring", "David Herring" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "David D. Herring" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. Gagnon", "Michel C. Nolin Bernard Gagnon", "Michel Gagnon" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 29 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Michel Gagnon" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S Zhao" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 21 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Sendong Zhao" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. Roeder", "Michael Roeder", "Michael Thomas Roeder" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 103 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Michael Röder" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "José M. Blázquez del Toro" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "W Cohen", "W. Cohen", "W. W. Cohen", "William Cohen", "William W Cohen", "William W. Cohen", "William Weston Cohen" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2547 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "William W. Cohen" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S. Beale", "S. Sophia Beale" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 34 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Stephen Beale" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "B W Yang" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 241 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Bishan Yang" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "I Dagan", "I. Dagan", "Ido D. Dagan" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1131 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Ido Dagan" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "X He", "X. N. He" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 531 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Xiangnan He" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "K. P. Sycara", "K. Sycara", "Katia P Sycara", "Katia Sycara" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1757 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Katia P. Sycara" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Mingxiao An" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2007" ; default2:subject , , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1242572.1242575" ; default1:citationVelocity 9 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 16 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "WWW '07" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.3115/v1/P15-1067" ; default1:citationVelocity 78 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 66 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 360 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 529 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NIPS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2014" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 182 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 162 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:subject , , ; default3:doi "10.1145/1409360.1409378" ; default1:citationVelocity 124 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 277 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "CACM" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2006" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2013" ; default2:subject , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 3296 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2575 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "NIPS" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2015" ; default2:subject , , , , , , ; default1:citationVelocity 200 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 183 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "AAAI" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1504/IJWET.2010.038242" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Int. J. Web Eng. Technol." . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2012" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/978-1-61350-038-5.ch005" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Transcriber is a tool for the transcription and annotation of speech signals for linguistic research. It supports multiple hierarchical layers of segmentation, named entity annotation, speaker lists, topic lists, and overlapping speakers. Two views of the sound pressure waveform at different resolutions may be viewed simultaneously. Various character encodings, including Unicode, are supported. Annotations from Transcriber may be exported in XML. OASIS' Cover Pages publishes the open DTD used by Transcriber." ; :prefLabel "Transcriber" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Unfolding" ; :definition "Unfolding is a transformation technique of duplicating the functional blocks to increase the throughput of the DSP program in such a way that preserves its functional behavior at its outputs.Unfolding was first proposed by Keshab K. Parhi and David G. Messerschmitt in 1989.. Unfolding in general program is as known as Loop unrolling" ; :prefLabel "Unfolding (DSP implementation)" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Media Spaces" ; :definition "Media spaces are "electronic settings in which groups of people can work together, even when they are not present in the same place and time. In a media space, people can create real-time visual and acoustic environments that span physically separate areas. They can also control the recording, accessing and replaying of images and sounds from those environments."" ; :prefLabel "Media space" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Intervening variable", "Mediation (disambiguation)", "Mediation analysis", "Mediator", "Mediator variable" ; :definition "In statistics, a mediation model is one that seeks to identify and explain the mechanism or process that underlies an observed relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable via the inclusion of a third hypothetical variable, known as a mediator variable (also a mediating variable, intermediary variable, or intervening variable). Rather than a direct causal relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable, a mediation model proposes that the independent variable influences the (non-observable) mediator variable, which in turn influences the dependent variable. Thus, the mediator variable serves to clarify the nature of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables." ; :prefLabel "Mediation (statistics)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IEEE-Std-1471-2000" ; :definition "IEEE 1471 is a superseded IEEE Standard for describing the architecture of a "software-intensive system", also known as software architecture. In 2011 it was superseded by ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011, Systems and software engineering — Architecture description." ; :prefLabel "IEEE 1471" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Quantum Reason", "Schrodinger logic", "Schroedinger logic", "Schrödinger logic" ; :definition "In quantum mechanics, quantum logic is a set of rules for reasoning about propositions that takes the principles of quantum theory into account. This research area and its name originated in a 1936 paper by Garrett Birkhoff and John von Neumann, who were attempting to reconcile the apparent inconsistency of classical logic with the facts concerning the measurement of complementary variables in quantum mechanics, such as position and momentum. Quantum logic can be formulated either as a modified version of propositional logic or as a noncommutative and non-associative many-valued (MV) logic." ; :prefLabel "Quantum logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Test data is data which has been specifically identified for use in tests, typically of a computer program. Some data may be used in a confirmatory way, typically to verify that a given set of input to a given function produces some expected result. Other data may be used in order to challenge the ability of the program to respond to unusual, extreme, exceptional, or unexpected input." ; :prefLabel "Test data" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Structured English is the use of the English language with the syntax of structured programming to communicate the design of a computer program to non-technical users by breaking it down into logical steps using straightforward English words. Structured English gives aims to get the benefits of both the programming logic and natural language: program logic helps to attain precision, whilst natural language helps with the familiarity of the spoken word." ; :prefLabel "Structured English" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Face (volume)", "Faces", "Facial", "Facies", "face structure", "facials" ; :definition "The anterior portion of the head extending from the forehead to the chin and ear to ear. The facial structures contain the eyes, nose and mouth, cheeks and jaws." ; :prefLabel "Face" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Assymetric unit", "Asymmetric unit", "Basal plane", "Basis", "Basis (crystal structure)", "Crystal (disambiguation)", "Crystal lattice", "Crystal lattice structure", "Crystal lattices", "Crystal pattern", "Crystal structure of a mineral", "Crystal structures", "Crystal symmetry", "Crystalline lattice", "Crystalline structure", "Crystallographic lattice", "Crystallographic structure", "Crystallographic system", "Lattice", "Lattice structure", "Mineral structure", "Mineral structures", "Principal axis", "Principal axis (crystallography)", "Space lattice", "Structure (disambiguation)", "Types of crystals", "Unit cell", "Unit cell length" ; :definition "In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules in a crystalline material. Ordered structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of three-dimensional space in matter. The crystal structure and symmetry play a role in determining many physical properties, such as cleavage, electronic band structure, and optical transparency." ; :prefLabel "Crystal structure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Production support is the practices and disciplines of supporting the IT systems/applications which are currently being used by the end users. A production support person/team is responsible for receiving incidents and requests from end-users, analyzing these and either responding to the end user with a solution or escalating it to the other IT teams. These teams may include developers, system engineers and database administrators." ; :prefLabel "Production support" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Absolute risk aversion", "Arrow-Pratt measure", "Aversion", "CARA utility", "Cara", "Co-efficient of absolute risk aversion", "Coefficient of absolute risk aversion", "Coefficient of relative risk aversion", "Constant Relative Risk Aversion", "Constant absolute risk aversion", "Decreasing absolute risk aversion", "Decreasing relative risk aversion", "Increasing absolute risk aversion", "Increasing relative risk aversion", "Log utility", "Relative risk aversion", "Risk (disambiguation)", "Risk Tolerance", "Risk attitude", "Risk averse", "Risk aversion (economics)", "Risk aversion scale", "Risk tolerant", "Risk-averse", "Risk-aversion", "Risk-tolerant" ; :definition "In economics and finance, risk aversion is the behavior of humans (especially consumers and investors), when exposed to uncertainty, to attempt to reduce that uncertainty. It is the reluctance of a person to accept a bargain with an uncertain payoff rather than another bargain with a more certain, but possibly lower, expected payoff. For example, a risk-averse investor might choose to put his or her money into a bank account with a low but guaranteed interest rate, rather than into a stock that may have high expected returns, but also involves a chance of losing value." ; :prefLabel "Risk aversion" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Huge page", "Huge pages", "Large page", "Large pages", "Memory page", "Page", "Page (computer science)", "Page (computing)", "Page frame", "Page frame number", "Page size", "Virtual Page", "Virtual memory pages" ; :definition "A page, memory page, or virtual page is a fixed-length contiguous block of virtual memory, described by a single entry in the page table. It is the smallest unit of data for memory management in a virtual memory operating system. Similarly, a page frame is the smallest fixed-length contiguous block of physical memory into which memory pages are mapped by the operating system. A transfer of pages between main memory and an auxiliary store, such as a hard disk drive, is referred to as paging or swapping." ; :prefLabel "Page (computer memory)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The NER model is one of a number of methods for determining the accuracy of live subtitles in television broadcasts and events that are produced using speech recognition. The three letters stand for number, edition error and recognition error. It is an alternative to the WER model (Word Error Rate) used in several countries. . The acronyms stand for the following: * N (number) = total number of words in the live subtitles * E (Edition error) = edition error * R (Recognition error) = recognition error" ; :prefLabel "NER model" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-infrastructure" ; :definition "United States federal research funders use the term cyberinfrastructure to describe research environments that support advanced data acquisition, data storage, data management, data integration, data mining, data visualization and other computing and information processing services distributed over the Internet beyond the scope of a single institution. In scientific usage, cyberinfrastructure is a technological and sociological solution to the problem of efficiently connecting laboratories, data, computers, and people with the goal of enabling derivation of novel scientific theories and knowledge." ; :prefLabel "Cyberinfrastructure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Information Harvesting (IH) was an early data mining product from the 1990s. It was invented by Ralphe Wiggins and produced by the Ryan Corp, later Information Harvesting Inc., of Cambridge, Massachusetts. IH sought to infer rules from sets of data. It did this first by classifying various input variables into one of a number of bins, thereby putting some structure on the continuous variables in the input. IH then proceeds to generate rules, trading off generalization against memorization, that will infer the value of the prediction variable, possibly creating many levels of rules in the process. It included strategies for checking if overfitting took place and, if so, correcting for it. Because of its strategies for correcting for overfitting by considering more data, and refining the rul" ; :prefLabel "Information Harvesting" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "MODELLER is a computer program used in producing homology models of protein tertiary structures as well as quaternary structures (rarer). It implements a technique inspired by nuclear magnetic resonance known as satisfaction of spatial restraints, by which a set of geometrical criteria are used to create a probability density function for the location of each atom in the protein. The method relies on an input sequence alignment between the target amino acid sequence to be modeled and a template protein whose structure has been solved." ; :prefLabel "MODELLER" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".cctor", ".ctor", "CTOR", "Constructor", "Constructor (computer science)", "Constructor (computing)", "Constructor (programming)", "Constructor function", "Copy constructor", "Instance constructor", "Static constructor" ; :definition "In class-based object-oriented programming, a constructor (abbreviation: ctor) in a class is a special type of subroutine called to create an object. It prepares the new object for use, often accepting arguments that the constructor uses to set required member variables. Programmers also use the term constructor to denote one of the tags that wraps data in an algebraic data type. This is a different usage than in this article." ; :prefLabel "Constructor (object-oriented programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GroupLens" ; :definition "GroupLens Research is a human–computer interaction research lab in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities specializing in recommender systems and online communities. GroupLens also works with mobile and ubiquitous technologies, digital libraries, and local geographic information systems." ; :prefLabel "GroupLens Research" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chorea", "Choreas", "Habit", "Habit Chorea", "Habit Choreas", "Habit Spasm", "Habit Spasms", "Habituation", "Habituation Spasm", "Habituation Spasms", "Spasm", "Spasm/Tic", "Spasms", "Tic", "Tics", "Tics [Disease/Finding]", "habit disorder" ; :definition "Habitual, repeated, rapid contraction of certain muscles, resulting in stereotyped individualized actions that can be voluntarily suppressed for only brief periods. They often involve the face, vocal cords, neck, and less often the extremities. Examples include repetitive throat clearing, vocalizations, sniffing, pursing the lips, and excessive blinking. Tics tend to be aggravated by emotional stress. When frequent they may interfere with speech and INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS. Conditions which feature frequent and prominent tics as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as TIC DISORDERS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp109-10)" ; :prefLabel "Behavioral tic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Internets", "WWW", "WWW (world wide web)", "Web", "Wide Web", "World", "World Wide", "World Wide Web" ; :definition "A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange." ; :prefLabel "Internet" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Monotone VCS", "Monotone software" ; :definition "Monotone is an open source software tool for distributed revision control. Monotone tracks revisions to files, groups sets of revisions into changesets, and tracks history across renames. The focus of the project is on integrity over performance. Monotone is designed for distributed operation, and makes heavy use of cryptographic primitives to track file revisions (via the SHA-1 secure hash) and to authenticate user actions (via RSA cryptographic signatures)." ; :prefLabel "monotone" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DIABETES MELITUSA", "DIABETES MELLITUS/SOCKERSJUKA", "DM", "Diabete mellito", "Diabete sucre", "Diabetes", "Diabetes Mellitus [Disease/Finding]", "Diabetes Melllitus", "Diabetes NOS", "Diabetes mellitus NOS", "SOKERITAUTI", "SUKKERSYKE/DIABETES MELLITUS", "diabete mellitus", "diabetes (DM)", "diabetes mellitus (DM)", "disorder diabetes mellitus", "sukeret" ; :definition "A disease in which the body does not control the amount of glucose (a type of sugar) in the blood and the kidneys make a large amount of urine. This disease occurs when the body does not make enough insulin or does not use it the way it should." ; :prefLabel "Diabetes Mellitus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Discussion groups", "Focus", "Focus Groups", "Focus group interview", "Focus test", "Focus testing" ; :definition "A focus group is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes towards a product, service, concept, advertisement, idea, or packaging. Questions are asked in an interactive group setting where participants are free to talk with other group members. During this process, the researcher either takes notes or records the vital points he or she is getting from the group. Care should be noted to select members of the group carefully for effective and authoritative responses." ; :prefLabel "Focus group" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "XrML is the eXtensible Rights Markup Language which has also been standardized as the Rights Expression Language (REL) for MPEG-21. XrML is owned by ContentGuard. XrML is based on XML and describes rights, fees and conditions together with message integrity and entity authentication information." ; :prefLabel "XrML" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Contact Name", "Name", "Name of Person", "Person.name" ; :definition "A word or group of words indicating the identity of a person usually consisting of a first (personal) name and a last (family) name with an optional middle name. In some cultural traditions the family name comes first." ; :prefLabel "Person Name" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ion", "Ions [Chemical/Ingredient]", "charged particles" ; :definition "An atom or a molecule that has a positive or negative electrical charge. Examples are sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate. These ions help move nutrients into cells, help move waste out of cells, and help nerves, muscles, the heart, and the brain work the way they should." ; :prefLabel "Ions" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bicartesian closed category", "CCC", "Cartesian", "Cartesian closed", "Cartesian closed categories", "Cartesian closedness", "Cartesian-closed category", "LCCC", "Locally cartesian closed category" ; :definition "In category theory, a category is considered Cartesian closed if, roughly speaking, any morphism defined on a product of two objects can be naturally identified with a morphism defined on one of the factors. These categories are particularly important in mathematical logic and the theory of programming, in that their internal language is the simply typed lambda calculus. They are generalized by closed monoidal categories, whose internal language, linear type systems, are suitable for both quantum and classical computation." ; :prefLabel "Cartesian closed category" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "International reactions to the Panama Papers", "Mossack Fonseca Papers", "Mossack Fonseca leak", "Panama Paper", "Panama Papers leak", "Panama Papers scandal", "Panama leak", "Panama leaks", "The Panama Papers" ; :definition "The Panama Papers are 11.5 million leaked documents that detail financial and attorney–client information for more than 214,488 offshore entities. The leaked documents were created by Panamanian law firm and corporate service provider Mossack Fonseca; some date back to the 1970s. The documents were quickly dubbed the Panama Papers. The Panamanian government strongly objects to the name; so do other entities in Panama and elsewhere. Some media outlets covering the story have used the name "Mossack Fonseca papers"." ; :prefLabel "Panama Papers" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JCL" ; :definition "The Java Class Library (JCL) is a set of dynamically loadable libraries that Java applications can call at run time. Because the Java Platform is not dependent on a specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the platform-native libraries. Instead, the Java Platform provides a comprehensive set of standard class libraries, containing the functions common to modern operating systems. JCL serves three purposes within the Java Platform:" ; :prefLabel "Java Class Library" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enhancement", "FR", "Feature", "Feature (software design)", "Feature request", "Feature-rich", "Software enhancement" ; :definition "The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers defines the term feature in IEEE 829 as "A distinguishing characteristic of a software item (e.g., performance, portability, or functionality)."" ; :prefLabel "Software feature" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HTTP persistent connections", "Keep-alive connection", "Keep-alive connections", "Persistent HTTP", "Persistent connection", "Persistent connections" ; :definition "HTTP persistent connection, also called HTTP keep-alive, or HTTP connection reuse, is the idea of using a single TCP connection to send and receive multiple HTTP requests/responses, as opposed to opening a new connection for every single request/response pair. The newer HTTP/2 protocol uses the same idea and takes it further to allow multiple concurrent requests/responses to be multiplexed over a single connection." ; :prefLabel "HTTP persistent connection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Academia", "Academic", "Academics" ; :definition "College, University or institute with scholastic life or environment." ; :prefLabel "Academia (organization)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Event generators" ; :definition "Event generators are software libraries that generate simulated high-energy particle physics events.They randomly generate events as those produced in particle accelerators, collider experiments or the early universe.Events come in different types called processes as discussed in the Automatic calculation of particle interaction or decay article." ; :prefLabel "Event generator" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The Council for Educational Technology (originally called the National Council for Educational Technology (NCET) but reformed as the Council for Educational Technology (CET) in 1972) was set up in 1967 by the Department of Education and Science in the UK. Initially it consisted of a large council of experts with a small administrative team whose purpose was to "advise educational services and industrial training organisations on the use of audio visual aids and media" but it quickly became more than this, developing projects, producing an academic journal BJET and advising government on setting up major computer aided learning programmes (NDPCAL and MEP). It was amalgamated with the Microelectronics Education Support Unit (MESU) in 1989 to form the National Council for Educational Technolo" ; :prefLabel "Council for Educational Technology" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Declaration", "Declaration (computer science)", "Declaration (programming)", "Declarator (computing)", "Implicit declaration", "Type declaration", "Variable declaration", "Variable declarations" ; :definition "In computer programming, a declaration specifies properties of an identifier: it declares what a word (identifier) means. Declarations are most commonly used for functions, variables, constants, and classes, but can also be used for other entities such as enumerations and type definitions. Beyond the name (the identifier itself) and the kind of entity (function, variable, etc.), declarations typically specify the data type (for variables and constants), or the type signature (for functions); types may also include dimensions, such as for arrays. A declaration is used to announce the existence of the entity to the compiler; this is important in those strongly typed languages that require functions, variables, and constants, and their types to be specified with a declaration before use, and" ; :prefLabel "Declaration (computer programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TMS", "Truth maintenance system", "Truth maintenance systems" ; :definition "Reason maintenance is a knowledge representation approach to efficient handling of inferred information that is explicitly stored. Reason maintenance distinguishes between base facts, which can be defeated, and derived facts. As such it differs from belief revision which, in its basic form, assumes that all facts are equally important. Reason maintenance was originally developed as a technique for implementing problem solvers. It encompasses a variety of techniques that share a common architecture: two components - a reasoner and a reason maintenance system - communicate with each other via an interface. The reasoner uses the reason maintenance system to record its inferences and justifications of ("reasons" for) the inferences. The reasoner also informs the reason maintenance system which" ; :prefLabel "Reason maintenance" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "The Sentence (episode)" ; :definition ""The Sentence" is an episode of The Outer Limits television series. It first aired on 4 August 1996, and is the final episode of the second season." ; :prefLabel "The Sentence" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code beautifier", "Pretty print", "Pretty printer", "Pretty printing", "Pretty+print", "Pretty-print", "Pretty-printer", "Pretty-printing", "Prettyprinter", "Prettyprinting", "XML Pretty Printer" ; :definition "Prettyprint (or pretty-print) is the application of any of various stylistic formatting conventions to text files, such as source code, markup, and similar kinds of content. These formatting conventions can adjust positioning and spacing (indent style), add color and contrast (syntax highlighting), adjust size, and make similar modifications intended to make the content easier for people to view, read, and understand. Prettyprinters for programming language source code are sometimes called code beautifiers." ; :prefLabel "Prettyprint" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Zemanta is a private company whose main product is an enterprise platform for content marketing. It's Zemanta One platform utilizes real-time bidding (RTB) to help brands, trade desks and digital agencies promote marketing content to global audiences. Zemanta has headquarters in New York City and Ljubljana, Slovenia." ; :prefLabel "Zemanta" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AAT", "Art and Architecture Thesaurus" ; :definition "The Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) is a controlled vocabulary used for describing items of art, architecture, and material culture. The AAT contains generic terms, such as "cathedral," but no proper names, such as "Cathedral of Notre Dame." The AAT is used by, among others, museums, art libraries, archives, catalogers, and researchers in art and art history. The AAT is a thesaurus in compliance with ISO and NISO standards including ISO 2788, ISO 25964 and ANSI/NISO Z39.19." ; :prefLabel "Art & Architecture Thesaurus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Argc", "Args", "Argv", "EP", "Entry and exit points", "Main", "Main (computing)", "Main function", "Main function (programming)", "Main program", "Main()", "Sub Main" ; :definition "In computer programming, an entry point is where control is transferred from the operating system to a computer program, at which place the processor enters a program or a code fragment and execution begins. In some operating systems or programming languages, the initial entry is not part of the program but of the runtime library, in which case the runtime library initializes the program and then the runtime library enters the program. In other cases, the program may call the runtime library before doing anything when it is entered for the first time, and, after the runtime library returns, the actual code of the program begins to execute. This marks the transition from load time (and dynamic link time, if present) to run time." ; :prefLabel "Entry point" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "%22Structural design patterns%22", "Structural design patterns", "Structural patterns" ; :definition "In software engineering, structural design patterns are design patterns that ease the design by identifying a simple way to realize relationships between entities. Examples of Structural Patterns include:" ; :prefLabel "Structural pattern" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Design and Engineering Methodology for Organisations", "Dietz", "J. L. G.", "Jan", "Jan L. G.", "Jan L. G. Dietz", "Jan L.G.", "Jan L.G. Dietz", "Jan LG Dietz", "Jean Leonardus Gerardus" ; :definition "Jean Leonardus Gerardus (Jan) Dietz (born 20 June 1945) is a Dutch Information systems researcher, Emeritus Professor of Information Systems Design, and part-time Professor of Enterprise Engineering at the Delft University of Technology, known for the development of the Design & Engineering Methodology for Organizations. and his work on enterprise ontology." ; :prefLabel "Jan Dietz" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Multi", "Multi touch", "Multi touch screen", "Multi-touch gestures", "Multi-touch technology", "Multiple touch", "Multipoint touchscreen", "Multipoint touchscreens", "Multitouch", "Multitouch pad", "Multitouch technology", "Pinch to zoom", "Pinching (technology)", "Pinching(technology)", "Reverse pinch", "Touch (disambiguation)", "Touch Wheel", "Unpinch" ; :definition "In computing, multi-touch is technology that enables a surface (a trackpad or touchscreen) to recognize the presence of more than one or more than two points of contact with the surface. This plural-point awareness may be used to implement additional functionality, such as pinch to zoom or to activate certain subroutines attached to predefined gestures." ; :prefLabel "Multi-touch" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Modo" ; :definition "Modo (stylized as MODO, originally modo) is a polygon and subdivision surface modeling, sculpting, 3D painting, animation and rendering package developed by Luxology, LLC, which is now merged with and known as The Foundry. The program incorporates features such as n-gons and edge weighting, and runs on Microsoft Windows, Linux and Mac OS X platforms." ; :prefLabel "MODO (software)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Event Monitoring System" ; :definition "In computer science, event monitoring is the process of collecting, analyzing, and signaling event occurrences to subscribers such as operating system processes, active database rules as well as human operators. These event occurrences may stem from arbitrary sources in both software or hardware such as operating systems, database management systems, application software and processors." ; :prefLabel "Event monitoring" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BEF", "Bibliotheque des Ecoles francaises d'Athenes et de Rome", "Bibliotheque des ecoles françaises d'Athenes et de Rome", "Bibliothèque des Ecoles francaises d'Athènes et de Rome", "Bibliothèque des Écoles francaises d'Athènes et de Rome", "Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome", "Bibliothèque des écoles francaises d’Athènes et de Rome", "Bibliothéque des Ecoles francaises d'Athênes et de Rome", "Registres", "Registres d'Innocent IV" ; :definition "Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome ("Library of the French schools of Greece and Rome") is the name of two published series of historical documents, such as the letters of 13th century Popes during the Crusades. Modern history books which cite excerpts from letters of the Crusades, often list the BEF in their citation. The first series began publication in 1877. The second series was published 1884–1960." ; :prefLabel "Bibliothèque des Ecoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IQ (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Information quality (IQ) is the quality of the content of information systems. It is often pragmatically defined as: "The fitness for use of the information provided."" ; :prefLabel "Information quality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Killer", "Killer App", "Killer ap", "Killer apps", "Killer appz", "Killer game", "Killer-app" ; :definition "In marketing terminology, a killer application (commonly shortened to killer app) is any computer program that is so necessary or desirable that it proves the core value of some larger technology, such as computer hardware, gaming console, software, a programming language, software platform, or an operating system. In other words, consumers would buy the (usually expensive) hardware just to run that application. A killer app can substantially increase sales of the platform on which it runs." ; :prefLabel "Killer application" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Ecological psychology is a term claimed by several schools of psychology with the main one involving the work of James J. Gibson and his associates, and another one the work of Roger G. Barker, Herb Wright and associates at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. Whereas Gibsonian psychology is always termed ecological psychology, the work of Barker (and his followers) is also sometimes referred to as environmental psychology. There is some overlap between the two schools, although the Gibsonian approach is more philosophical and deeply reflective on its predecessors in the history of psychology." ; :prefLabel "Ecological psychology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hirschberg", "Hirschberg algorithm" ; :definition "In computer science, Hirschberg's algorithm, named after its inventor, Dan Hirschberg, is a dynamic programming algorithm that finds the optimal sequence alignment between two strings. Optimality is measured with the Levenshtein distance, defined to be the sum of the costs of insertions, replacements, deletions, and null actions needed to change one string into the other. Hirschberg's algorithm is simply described as a divide and conquer version of the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm. Hirschberg's algorithm is commonly used in computational biology to find maximal global alignments of DNA and protein sequences." ; :prefLabel "Hirschberg's algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Paragraph" ; :definition "One of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas.(WordNet)" ; :prefLabel "paragraphs" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Test-retest accuracy", "Test-retest reliability", "Test-retest variability", "Test–retest reliability" ; :definition "Repeatability or test–retest reliability is the variation in measurements taken by a single person or instrument on the same item, under the same conditions, and in a short period of time. A less-than-perfect test–retest reliability causes test–retest variability. Such variability can be caused by, for example, intra-individual variability and intra-observer variability. A measurement may be said to be repeatable when this variation is smaller than a pre-determined acceptance criterion." ; :prefLabel "Repeatability" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Offline browser", "Offline browsing", "Offline mail reader", "Offline navigator", "Offline readers", "Website mirroring software" ; :definition "An offline reader (sometimes called an offline browser or offline navigator) is computer software that downloads e-mail, newsgroup posts or web pages, making them available when the computer is offline: not connected to the Internet. Offline readers are useful for portable computers and dial-up access." ; :prefLabel "Offline reader" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Risk measures" ; :definition "In financial mathematics, a risk measure is used to determine the amount of an asset or set of assets (traditionally currency) to be kept in reserve. The purpose of this reserve is to make the risks taken by financial institutions, such as banks and insurance companies, acceptable to the regulator. In recent years attention has turned towards convex and coherent risk measurement." ; :prefLabel "Risk measure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In scientific research, an experimental system is the physical, technical and procedural basis for an experiment or series of experiments. Historian of science Hans-Jörg Rheinberger defines an experimental system as: "A basic unit of experimental activity combining local, technical, instrumental, institutional, social, and epistemic aspects." Scientists (particularly laboratory biologists) and historians and philosophers of biology have pointed to the development and spread of successful experimental systems, such as those based on popular model organism or scientific apparatus, as key elements in the history of science, particularly since the early 20th century. The choice of an appropriate experimental system is often seen as critical for a scientist's long-term success, as experimental" ; :prefLabel "Experimental system" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comparison of Gnutella software", "Gnutella Papers", "Gnutella Web Cache", "Ultrapeer" ; :definition "Gnutella (/nʌˈtɛlə/ with a silent g, but often /ɡnʌˈtɛlə/) (possibly by analogy with the GNU Project) is a large peer-to-peer network. It was the first decentralized peer-to-peer network of its kind, leading to other, later networks adopting the model. It celebrated a decade of existence on March 14, 2010 and has a user base in the millions for peer-to-peer file sharing." ; :prefLabel "Gnutella" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gnapster", "Inc.", "Jr.", "Milton Olin", "Napigator", "Napster", "Napster (peer-to-peer)", "Napsterite" ; :definition "Napster was the name given to two music-focused online services. It was originally founded as a pioneering peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing Internet service that emphasized sharing digital audio files, typically songs, encoded in MP3 format. The original company ran into legal difficulties over copyright infringement, ceased operations and was eventually acquired by Roxio. In its second incarnation Napster became an online music store until it was acquired by Rhapsody from Best Buy on December 1, 2011." ; :prefLabel "Napster" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "query" ; :prefLabel "HL7PublishingSubSection " ; :related , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Social Media Analytics as a part of social analytics is the process of gathering data from stakeholder conversations on digital media and processing into structured insights leading to more information-driven business decisions and increased customer centrality for brands and businesses. Social media analytics can also be referred as social media listening, social media monitoring or social media intelligence. In order to make the complete process of social media analysis a success it is important that key performance indicators (KPIs) for objectively evaluating the data is defined." ; :prefLabel "Social media analytics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sensor", "sensors" ; :definition "A device that responds to a stimulus, such as heat, light, or pressure, and generates a signal that can be measured or interpreted." ; :prefLabel "sensor (device)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Classification scheme" ; :definition "A classification scheme is the product of arranging things into kinds of things (classes) or into groups of classes. In the abstract, the resulting structures are a crucial aspect of metadata, often represented as a hierarchical structure and accompanied by descriptive information of the classes or groups. Such a classification scheme is intended to be used for an arrangement or division of individual objects into the classes or groups, and the classes or groups are based on characteristics which the objects (members) have in common. Some quality criteria for classification schemes are:" ; :prefLabel "Comparison and contrast of classification schemes in linguistics and metadata" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "-- Social Phobia", "Anxiety Disorder", "Anxiety Disorders", "Disorder", "Disorders", "Phobia", "Phobias", "Social", "Social Anxiety", "Social Anxiety Disorder", "Social Anxiety Disorders", "Social Phobias", "Social [Disease/Finding]", "Social phobia", "anxiety disorder social", "anxiety disorders social", "disorder social phobia", "disorders phobia social", "phobia social", "phobias social", "social phobia disorder" ; :definition "An anxiety disorder characterized by an intense, irrational fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the individual believes that he or she will be scrutinized by others. Exposure to social situations immediately provokes an anxiety response. In adults, the social phobia is recognized as excessive or unreasonable." ; :prefLabel "Phobia, Social" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SWS", "Sine wave speech", "Sine-wave speech", "Sinewave speech" ; :definition "Sinewave synthesis, or sine wave speech, is a technique for synthesizing speech by replacing the formants (main bands of energy) with pure tone whistles. The first sinewave synthesis program (SWS) for the automatic creation of stimuli for perceptual experiments was developed by Philip Rubin at Haskins Laboratories in the 1970s. This program was subsequently used by Robert Remez, Philip Rubin, David Pisoni, and other colleagues to show that listeners can perceive continuous speech without traditional speech cues. This work paved the way for a view of speech as a dynamic pattern of trajectories through articulatory-acoustic space." ; :prefLabel "Sinewave synthesis" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptive Systems", "Practopoiesis" ; :definition "The term adaptation is used in biology in relation to how living beings adapt to their environments, but with two different meanings. First, the continuous adaptation of an organism to its environment, so as to maintain itself in a viable state, through sensory feedback mechanisms. Second, the development (through evolutionary steps) of an adaptation (an anatomic structure, physiological process or behavior characteristic) that increases the probability of an organism reproducing itself (although sometimes not directly)." ; :prefLabel "Adaptive system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Variability" ; :definition "Spatial variability occurs when a quantity that is measured at different spatial locations exhibits values that differ across the locations. Spatial variability can be assessed using spatial descriptive statistics such as the range.Actually, spatial variability and uncertainty, both are quite different concept.Let us suppose, that the Rev' z(x) is perfectly known at any point x within the field under study. Then the uncertainty about z(x) is reduced to zero, whereas its spatial variability still exists. Uncertainty is closely related to the amount of spatial variability, but it is also strongly dependent upon sampling.4" ; :prefLabel "Spatial variability" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cyclic rotation", "Cyclic shift", "ROtate Left", "ROtate Right", "Shift" ; :definition "In combinatorial mathematics, a circular shift is the operation of rearranging the entries in a tuple, either by moving the final entry to the first position, while shifting all other entries to the next position, or by performing the inverse operation. A circular shift is a special kind of cyclic permutation, which in turn is a special kind of permutation. Formally, a circular shift is a permutation σ of the n entries in the tuple such that either modulo n, for all entries i = 1, ..., n, or modulo n, for all entries i = 1, ..., n." ; :prefLabel "Circular shift" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fragment", "Fragment ID", "URL fragment", "URL hash" ; :definition "In computer hypertext, a fragment identifier is a short string of characters that refers to a resource that is subordinate to another, primary resource. The primary resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), and the fragment identifier points to the subordinate resource. The fragment identifier introduced by a hash mark # is the optional last part of a URL for a document. It is typically used to identify a portion of that document. The generic syntax is specified in . The hash mark separator in URIs does not belong to the fragment identifier." ; :prefLabel "Fragment identifier" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Vis" ; :definition "Visual Instruction Set, or VIS, is a SIMD instruction set extension for SPARC V9 microprocessors developed by Sun Microsystems. There are five versions of VIS: VIS 1, VIS 2, VIS 2+, VIS 3 and VIS 4." ; :prefLabel "Visual Instruction Set" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital design", "Hardware compilation", "List of commercial tools for logic synthesis", "Logic design", "Synthesis" ; :definition "In electronics, logic synthesis is a process by which an abstract form of desired circuit behavior, typically at register transfer level (RTL), is turned into a design implementation in terms of logic gates, typically by a computer program called a synthesis tool. Common examples of this process include synthesis of HDLs, including VHDL and Verilog. Some synthesis tools generate bitstreams for programmable logic devices such as PALs or FPGAs, while others target the creation of ASICs. Logic synthesis is one aspect of electronic design automation." ; :prefLabel "Logic synthesis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Galileo (disambiguation)", "Galileo (navigation)", "Galileo (satellite system)", "Galileo GPS", "Galileo IOV-2 FM-3", "Galileo IOV-2 FM-4", "Galileo Navigation Satellite System", "Galileo Navigation System", "Galileo Positioning System", "Galileo global positioning system", "Galileo ps", "Galileo sat-nav", "Galileo satellite", "Galileo satellite navigation", "Galileo satellite navigation project", "Galileo satellite navigation system", "Galileo satellite positioning system", "Galileo system", "Galileo-IOV 1", "Galileo-IOV 2", "Galileo-IOV 3", "Galileo-IOV 4", "Natalia (satellite)" ; :definition "Galileo is the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that is currently being created by the European Union (EU) through the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European GNSS Agency (GSA), headquartered in Prague in the Czech Republic, with two ground operations centres, Oberpfaffenhofen near Munich in Germany and Fucino in Italy. The €5 billion project is named after the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei. One of the aims of Galileo is to provide an indigenous alternative high-precision positioning system upon which European nations can rely, independently from the Russian GLONASS, China Bei Dou and US GPS systems, in case they were disabled by their operators.The use of basic (low-precision) Galileo services will be free and open to everyone. The high-precision capabilities will be av" ; :prefLabel "Galileo (satellite navigation)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deep packet capture", "Network Packet Sniffer", "Network sniffers", "Packet Capture", "Packet Sniffing", "Packet analysis", "Packet analyzers", "Packet capturing", "Packet sniff", "Packet sniffer", "Protocol analyser", "Wifi analyzer", "Wifi scanner", "Wireless analyzer", "Wireless sniffer" ; :definition "A packet analyzer (also known as a network analyzer, protocol analyzer or packet sniffer—or, for particular types of networks, an Ethernet sniffer or wireless sniffer) is a computer program or piece of computer hardware that can intercept and log traffic that passes over a digital network or part of a network. As data streams flow across the network, the sniffer captures each packet and, if needed, decodes the packet's raw data, showing the values of various fields in the packet, and analyzes its content according to the appropriate RFC or other specifications." ; :prefLabel "Packet analyzer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Search", "Searched" ; :definition "The activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone; an operation that determines whether one or more of a set of items has a specified property." ; :prefLabel "Search - action" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Factor", "Factors", "Transcription", "Transcription Factors", "Transcription Factors [Chemical/Ingredient]", "factors transcription" ; :definition "Transcription factors are a diverse group of proteins that bind to DNA at specific promoter or enhancer regions. They also bind to DNA-associated proteins to initiate, stimulate, inhibit or terminate transcription. The proteins are often physically associated in a preinitiation complex and contain structural motifs." ; :prefLabel "TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aligned parallel text", "Alignment", "Bi-text", "Bitext", "Paralel text", "Parallel corpora", "Parallel corpus", "Parallel text alignment" ; :definition "A parallel text is a text placed alongside its translation or translations. Parallel text alignment is the identification of the corresponding sentences in both halves of the parallel text. The Loeb Classical Library and the Clay Sanskrit Library are two examples of dual-language series of texts. Reference Bibles may contain the original languages and a translation, or several translations by themselves, for ease of comparison and study; Origen's Hexapla (Greek for "sixfold") placed six versions of the Old Testament side by side. The most famous example is the Rosetta Stone." ; :prefLabel "Parallel text" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chebyshev spectral method", "Spectral methods" ; :definition "Spectral methods are a class of techniques used in applied mathematics and scientific computing to numerically solve certain differential equations, often involving the use of the Fast Fourier Transform. The idea is to write the solution of the differential equation as a sum of certain "basis functions" (for example, as a Fourier series which is a sum of sinusoids) and then to choose the coefficients in the sum in order to satisfy the differential equation as well as possible." ; :prefLabel "Spectral method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FDM", "Finite difference methods", "Finite difference scheme", "Finite difference schemes", "Finite-difference approximation", "Finite-difference method", "Finite-difference methods" ; :definition "In mathematics, finite-difference methods (FDM) are numerical methods for solving differential equations by approximating them with difference equations, in which finite differences approximate the derivatives. FDMs are thus discretization methods. Today, FDMs are the dominant approach to numerical solutions of partial differential equations." ; :prefLabel "Finite difference method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LM", "Lagrange (disambiguation)", "Lagrange function", "Lagrange multiplier method", "Lagrange multiplier principle", "Lagrange multipliers", "Lagrange multipliers method", "Lagrange's method", "Lagrange's undetermined multiplier", "Lagrangian Multiplier", "Lagrangian minimization", "Lagrangian multiplicator", "Lagrangian multipliers", "Method of Lagrange Multipliers", "Multiplier" ; :definition "In mathematical optimization, the method of Lagrange multipliers (named after Joseph Louis Lagrange) is a strategy for finding the local maxima and minima of a function subject to equality constraints. For instance (see Figure 1), consider the optimization problem maximize f(x, y)subject to g(x, y) = c. We need both f and g to have continuous first partial derivatives. We introduce a new variable (λ) called a Lagrange multiplier and study the Lagrange function (or Lagrangian) defined by" ; :prefLabel "Lagrange multiplier" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "K-medoid", "PAM", "Partitioning Around Medoids" ; :definition "The k-medoids algorithm is a clustering algorithm related to the k-means algorithm and the medoidshift algorithm. Both the k-means and k-medoids algorithms are partitional (breaking the dataset up into groups) and both attempt to minimize the distance between points labeled to be in a cluster and a point designated as the center of that cluster. In contrast to the k-means algorithm, k-medoids chooses datapoints as centers (medoids or exemplars) and works with an arbitrary metrics of distances between datapoints instead of . This method was proposed in 1987 for the work with" ; :prefLabel "K-medoids" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "For example, in chess, if a "node" is considered to be a legal position, the average branching factor has been said to be about 35. This means that, on average, a player has about 35 legal moves at his disposal at each turn. By comparison, the branching factor for the game Go is 250. Higher branching factors make algorithms that follow every branch at every node, such as exhaustive brute force searches, computationally more expensive due to the exponentially increasing number of nodes, leading to combinatorial explosion." ; :prefLabel "Branching factor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CC", "Colon", "Colon classification system" ; :definition "Colon classification (CC) is a system of library classification developed by S. R. Ranganathan. It was the first ever faceted (or analytico-synthetic) classification. The first edition was published in 1933. Since then six more editions have been published. It is especially used in libraries in India. Its name "colon classification" comes from the use of colons to separate facets in class numbers. However, many other classification suchemes, some of which are completely unrelated, also use colons and other punctuation in various functions. They should not be confused with colon classification." ; :prefLabel "Colon classification" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aperture (disambiguation)", "Na", "Numerical aperture (microscopy)", "Numerical aperture (optical fiber)", "Numerical aperture of optical telecommunication fiber", "Numerical apertures" ; :definition "In optics, the numerical aperture (NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light. By incorporating index of refraction in its definition, NA has the property that it is constant for a beam as it goes from one material to another, provided there is no optical power at the interface. The exact definition of the term varies slightly between different areas of optics. Numerical aperture is commonly used in microscopy to describe the acceptance cone of an objective (and hence its light-gathering ability and resolution), and in fiber optics, in which it describes the range of angles within which light that is incident on the fiber will be transmitted along it." ; :prefLabel "Numerical aperture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "%5C0", "%5E@", "ASCII 0", "Chr(0)", "Control-@", "Ctrl-@", "NUL", "NUL (character)", "Null", "Null (Character)", "Null byte injection", "Null terminated", "Null terminating character", "Null terminator", "Null-character", "Terminating null character", "U+0000", "␀" ; :definition "The null character (also null terminator), abbreviated NUL, is a control character with the value zero.It is present in many character sets, including ISO/IEC 646 (or ASCII), the C0 control code, the Universal Character Set (or Unicode), and EBCDIC. It is available in nearly all mainstream programming languages." ; :prefLabel "Null character" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Earley (disambiguation)", "Earley Algorithm", "Earley parsing", "Earley's algorithm", "Early Parser", "Early algorithm" ; :definition "In computer science, the Earley parser is an algorithm for parsing strings that belong to a given context-free language, though (depending on the variant) it may suffer problems with certain nullable grammars. The algorithm, named after its inventor, Jay Earley, is a chart parser that uses dynamic programming; it is mainly used for parsing in computational linguistics. It was first introduced in his dissertation in 1968 (and later appeared in abbreviated, more legible form in a journal). , where n is the length of the parsed string, quadratic time for unambiguous grammars" ; :prefLabel "Earley parser" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cascade", "Information cascades", "Informational cascade", "Informational cascades", "Reputational cascade" ; :definition "An information (or informational) cascade occurs when a person observes the actions of others and then – despite possible contradictions in his/her own private information signals – engages in the same acts. A cascade develops, then, when people "abandon their own information in favor of inferences based on earlier people's actions". Information cascades provide an explanation for how such situations can occur, how likely they are to cascade incorrect information or actions, how such behavior may arise and desist rapidly, and how effective attempts to originate a cascade tend to be under different conditions. By explaining all of these things, the original Independent Cascade model sought to improve on previous models that were unable to explain cascades of irrational behavior, a cascade's" ; :prefLabel "Information cascade" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Transduction", "Transductive inference", "Transductive learning", "Transductive logic" ; :definition "In logic, statistical inference, and supervised learning,transduction or transductive inference is reasoning fromobserved, specific (training) cases to specific (test) cases. In contrast,induction is reasoning from observed training casesto general rules, which are then applied to the test cases. The distinction ismost interesting in cases where the predictions of the transductive model arenot achievable by any inductive model. Note that this is caused by transductiveinference on different test sets producing mutually inconsistent predictions." ; :prefLabel "Transduction (machine learning)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Stochastic parsing" ; :definition "Statistical parsing is a group of parsing methods within natural language processing. The methods have in common that they associate grammar rules with a probability. Grammar rules are traditionally viewed in computational linguistics as defining the valid sentences in a language. Within this mindset, the idea of associating each rule with a probability then provides the relative frequency of any given grammar rule and, by deduction, the probability of a complete parse for a sentence. (The probability associated with a grammar rule may be induced, but the application of that grammar rule within a parse tree and the computation of the probability of the parse tree based on its component rules is a form of deduction.) Using this concept, statistical parsers make use of a procedure to search" ; :prefLabel "Statistical parsing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gruber", "Thomas Robert Gruber" ; :definition "Thomas Robert "Tom" Gruber (born 1959) is an American computer scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur with a focus on systems for knowledge sharing and collective intelligence. He did foundational work in ontology engineering and is well known for his definition of ontologies in the context of artificial intelligence. In 2007 Gruber co-founded Siri Inc., which created the Siri intelligent personal assistant and knowledge navigator. Siri Inc. was acquired by Apple in 2010, and Siri is now an integral part of iOS." ; :prefLabel "Tom Gruber" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EML" ; :definition "An Emotion Markup Language (EML or EmotionML) has first been defined by the W3C Emotion Incubator Group (EmoXG) as a general-purpose emotion annotation and representation language, which should be usable in a large variety of technological contexts where emotions need to be represented. Emotion-oriented computing (or "affective computing") is gaining importance as interactive technological systems become more sophisticated. Representing the emotional states of a user or the emotional states to be simulated by a user interface requires a suitable representation format." ; :prefLabel "Emotion Markup Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Phrase chunking is a natural language process that separates and segments a sentence into its subconstituents, such as noun, verb, and prepositional phrases." ; :prefLabel "Phrase chunking" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MCL" ; :definition "Monte Carlo localization (MCL), also known as particle filter localization, is an algorithm for robots to localize using a particle filter. Given a map of the environment, the algorithm estimates the position and orientation of a robot as it moves and senses the environment. The algorithm uses a particle filter to represent the distribution of likely states, with each particle representing a possible state, i.e., a hypothesis of where the robot is. The algorithm typically starts with a uniform random distribution of particles over the configuration space, meaning the robot has no information about where it is and assumes it is equally likely to be at any point in space. Whenever the robot moves, it shifts the particles to predict its new state after the movement. Whenever the robot senses" ; :prefLabel "Monte Carlo localization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hayes", "Hayes Communications", "Hayes Modems", "Hayes Smartmodem" ; :definition "Hayes Microcomputer Products was a U.S.-based manufacturer of modems. The company is well known for the Smartmodem, which introduced a control language for operating the functions of the modem via the serial interface to the data terminal equipment, in contrast to manual operation with front-panel switches. This smart modem approach dramatically simplified and automated operation. Today almost all modems use a variant of the Hayes command set." ; :prefLabel "Hayes Microcomputer Products" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".url", "Bookmark (computers)", "Bookmark (computing)", "Bookmark (disambiguation)", "Bookmark (web)", "Bookmark manager", "Bookmarks (World Wide Web)", "Bookmarks bar", "Clipmarks", "Favelet", "Favemarklet", "Favlet", "Favorite (Computing)", "Favorites", "Favorites (disambiguation)", "Favourites", "Hotlists", "Internet bookmark", "Internet bookmarks", "Javascriptlet", "Web bookmark", "Web-based bookmarks", "Webmark", "Webmarks" ; :definition "In the context of the World Wide Web, a bookmark is a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) that is stored for later retrieval in any of various storage formats. All modern web browsers include bookmark features. Bookmarks are called favorites or Internet shortcuts in Internet Explorer, and by virtue of that browser's large market share, these terms have been synonymous with bookmark since the first browser war. Bookmarks are normally accessed through a menu in the user's web browser, and folders are commonly used for organization. In addition to bookmarking methods within most browsers, many external applications offer bookmark management." ; :prefLabel "Bookmark (World Wide Web)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Agoric computing", "Smart contracts", "Smart property" ; :definition "Smart contracts are computer protocols that facilitate, verify, or enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract, or that make a contractual clause unnecessary. Smart contracts usually also have a user interface and often emulate the logic of contractual clauses. Proponents of smart contracts claim that many kinds of contractual clauses may thus be made partially or fully self-executing, self-enforcing, or both. Smart contracts aim to provide security superior to traditional contract law and to reduce other transaction costs associated with contracting." ; :prefLabel "Smart contract" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A variational principle is a scientific principle used within the calculus of variations, which develops general methods for finding functions which extremize the value of quantities that depend upon those functions. For example, to answer this question: "What is the shape of a chain suspended at both ends?" we can use the variational principle that the shape must minimize the gravitational potential energy. Statements of variational principles are rewarded by the Fermat Prize." ; :prefLabel "Variational principle" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cell replication", "Replicate", "Replication", "Replicator", "Replicator (self-replication)", "Self replication", "Self-replicate", "Self-replicating", "Self-replicating system" ; :definition "Self-replication is any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical copy of itself. Biological cells, given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division. During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction. Biological viruses can replicate, but only by commandeering the reproductive machinery of cells through a process of infection. Harmful prion proteins can replicate by converting normal proteins into rogue forms. Computer viruses reproduce using the hardware and software already present on computers. Self-replication in robotics has been an area of research and a subject of interest in science fiction. Any self-replicating mechanism which does not make a perfect copy will experience genetic variation and will c" ; :prefLabel "Self-replication" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Certificate", "Certificate (cryptography)", "Certificate Chain", "Certificate in Computer Programming", "Cryptographic certificate", "Digital Certificate", "Digital certificates", "Digital identity certificate", "Identity certificate", "Public key certificates", "Public-key certificate", "SSL Certificate", "SSL Certificates", "SSL security certificate", "Server certificate" ; :definition "In cryptography, a public key certificate (also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate) is an electronic document used to prove the ownership of a public key. The certificate includes information about the key, information about its owner's identity, and the digital signature of an entity that has verified the certificate's contents are correct. If the signature is valid, and the person examining the certificate trusts the signer, then they know they can use that key to communicate with its owner." ; :prefLabel "Public key certificate" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AODR disorder", "Alcohol or Other Drug Related disorder", "Substance-Related Disorder", "Substance-Related Disorders [Disease/Finding]" ; :definition "A category of psychiatric disorders which include disorders related to the taking of a drug of abuse (including alcohol, prescribed medications and recreational drugs)." ; :prefLabel "Substance-Related Disorders" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ancestral lineage", "Evolutionary lineages", "Evolutionary lines", "Line", "Lineage" ; :definition "An evolutionary lineage is a sequence of species, that form a line of descent, each new species being the direct result of speciation from an immediate ancestral species. Lineages are subsets of the evolutionary tree of life. Lineages are often determined by the techniques of molecular systematics." ; :prefLabel "Lineage (evolution)" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Rel is an open source true relational database management system that implements a significant portion of Chris Date and Hugh Darwen's Tutorial D query language. Primarily intended for teaching purposes, Rel is written in the Java programming language." ; :prefLabel "Rel" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".ifc", "IFC" ; :definition "The Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) data model is intended to describe building and construction industry data. It is a platform neutral, open file format specification that is not controlled by a single vendor or group of vendors. It is an object-based file format with a data model developed by buildingSMART (formerly the International Alliance for Interoperability, IAI) to facilitate interoperability in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry, and is a commonly used collaboration format in Building information modeling (BIM) based projects. The IFC model specification is open and available. It is registered by ISO and is an official International Standard ISO 16739:2013." ; :prefLabel "Industry Foundation Classes" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SVC" ; :definition "Scalable Video Coding (SVC) is the name for the Annex G extension of the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC video compression standard. SVC standardizes the encoding of a high-quality video bitstream that also contains one or more subset bitstreams. A subset video bitstream is derived by dropping packets from the larger video to reduce the bandwidth required for the subset bitstream. The subset bitstream can represent a lower spatial resolution (smaller screen), lower temporal resolution (lower frame rate), or lower quality video signal. H.264/MPEG-4 AVC was developed jointly by ITU-T and ISO/IEC JTC 1. These two groups created the Joint Video Team (JVT) to develop the H.264/MPEG-4 AVC standard." ; :prefLabel "Scalable Video Coding" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ged", "Tree Edit Distance" ; :definition "In mathematics and computer science, graph edit distance (GED) is a measure of similarity (or dissimilarity) between two graphs.The concept of graph edit distance was first formalized mathematically by Alberto Sanfliu and King-Sun Fu in 1983.A major application of graph edit distance is in inexact graph matching, suchas error-tolerant pattern recognition in machine learning." ; :prefLabel "Graph edit distance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IBM RPG (programming language)", "Program cycle", "RPG (programming language)", "RPG IV", "RPG programming language", "RPGLE", "Report program generator", "Right Program Guide" ; :definition "RPG is a high-level programming language (HLL) for business applications. RPG is an IBM proprietary programming language and its later versions are only available on IBM i or OS/400 based systems. It has a long history, having been developed by IBM in 1959 as the Report Program Generator - a tool to replicate punched card processing on the IBM 1401 then updated to RPG II for the IBM System/3 in the late 1960s, and since evolved into an HLL equivalent to COBOL and PL/I." ; :prefLabel "RPG" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "R-Series", "R01 Mechanism", "R01 Program", "RPG", "Research Project Grants", "Research Projects", "research grant" ; :definition "A financial assistance mechanism providing money, property, or both to an eligible entity to carry out an approved project or activity." ; :prefLabel "research grants" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AMD Pacifica", "AMD virtualization", "AMD-V", "APIC virtualization", "APICv", "AVIC", "Advanced Virtual Interrupt Controller", "Function level reset", "GPU virtualization", "GVT", "GVT-d", "GVT-g", "GVT-s", "Graphics Virtualization Technology", "IVT", "Intel GVT-d", "Intel GVT-g", "Intel GVT-s", "Intel VMCS", "Intel VT", "Intel VT-c", "Intel VT-d", "Intel VT-x", "Intel VT/i", "Intel VTI", "Intel VTx", "Intel Virtualisation", "Intel Virtualization", "Intel Virtualization Technology", "Intel vt-i", "Intel vt/x", "Intel-VT", "Interrupt virtualization", "PCI-SIG I/O virtualization", "PCI-SIG Single Root I/O Virtualization", "Pacifica (virtual machine)", "SR-IOV", "SVM", "Secure Virtual Machine", "Shadow page table", "Shadow page tables", "Silvervale", "Single Root I/O Virtualization", "VMCS", "VMCS Shadowing", "VT", "VT-c", "VT-d", "Vanderpool Technology", "Virtual Machine Control Structure", "Virtualization Technology", "Virtualization Technology for Directed I/O", "Virtualized GPU", "Vt-i", "Vt-x", "Vt/i", "Vt/x", "X86 virtualisation" ; :definition "In computing, x86 virtualization refers to hardware virtualization for the x86 architecture. It allows multiple operating systems to simultaneously share x86 processor resources in a safe and efficient manner." ; :prefLabel "X86 virtualization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D graphics pipeline", "3D graphics pipelines", "Normalizing transformation", "OpenGL pipeline", "Per-vertex lighting", "Pipeline", "Pixel Pipelines", "Pixel pipeline", "Pixel pipeline (DirectX)", "Rendering pipeline", "Transformation pipeline", "Vertex lighting", "Viewing transformation", "World space" ; :definition "In 3D computer graphics, the graphics pipeline or rendering pipeline refers to the sequence of steps used to create a 2D raster representation of a 3D scene. Plainly speaking, once a 3D model has been created, for instance in a video game or any other 3D computer animation, the graphics pipeline is the process of turning that 3D model into what the computer displays. In the early history of 3D computer graphics, fixed purpose hardware was used to speed up the steps of the pipeline through a fixed-function pipeline. Later, the hardware evolved, becoming more general purpose, allowing greater flexibility in graphics rendering as well as more generalized hardware, and allowing the same generalized hardware to perform not only different steps of the pipeline, like in fixed purpose hardware, bu" ; :prefLabel "Graphics pipeline" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Smart Systems", "Smart Systems Integration" ; :definition "Smart systems incorporate functions of sensing, actuation, and control in order to describe and analyze a situation, and make decisions based on the available data in a predictive or adaptive manner, thereby performing smart actions. In most cases the “smartness” of the system can be attributed to autonomous operation based on closed loop control, energy efficiency, and networking capabilities." ; :prefLabel "Smart system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chromosomal Deletion", "Chromosome", "Chromosome Deletion [Disease/Finding]", "Chromosome deletion or duplication", "Deletion", "Deletions", "Partial Monosomy", "chromosome deletions", "del", "deletion chromosome" ; :definition "Actual loss of portion of a chromosome." ; :prefLabel "Chromosome Deletion" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apple SimpleText", "Simple Text" ; :definition "SimpleText is the native text editor for the Apple classic Mac OS. SimpleText allows editing including text formatting (underline, italic, bold, etc.), fonts, and sizes. It was developed to integrate the features included in the different versions of TeachText that were created by various software development groups within Apple. SimpleText superseded TeachText, which was included in System Software up until Mac OS 8. The need for SimpleText arose after Apple stopped bundling MacWrite, to ensure that every user could open and read Readme documents." ; :prefLabel "SimpleText" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Coventive GCS", "Coventive Giga Character Set", "Coventive Technologies GCS", "Coventive Technologies Giga Character Set", "GCS (character set)", "Giga Character Set", "Han", "Hanzi Unification", "UTF-2000", "Unification", "Unihan", "Unihan (disambiguation)", "Unihan database" ; :definition "Han unification is an effort by the authors of Unicode and the Universal Character Set to map multiple character sets of the so-called CJK languages into a single set of unified characters. Han characters are a common feature of written Chinese (hanzi), Japanese (kanji), and Korean (hanja)." ; :prefLabel "Han unification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Curricula", "Curriculum", "curriculums" ; :definition "A course of study offered by an educational institution." ; :prefLabel "Educational Curriculum" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BF", "BF (programming language)", "Brain Fuck", "Brain fucking", "Brain****", "BrainF", "Brainf***", "Brainf**k", "Brainf*ck", "Brainf--k", "Brainfork", "Brainfsck", "Brainfuck (programming language)", "Brainfuck language", "Brainfuck programming language", "Brainfuck programming language/Examples", "Brainyucky", "Mod bf", "Ook Ook" ; :definition "Brainfuck is an esoteric programming language created in 1993 by Urban Müller, and notable for its extreme minimalism. The language consists of only eight simple commands and an instruction pointer. While it is fully Turing-complete, it is not intended for practical use, but to challenge and amuse programmers. The language's name is a reference to the slang term brainfuck, which refers to things so complicated or unusual that they exceed the limits of one's understanding." ; :prefLabel "Brainfuck" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HTMLTidy", "Tidy", "Tidy UI" ; :definition "HTML Tidy is a console application whose purpose is to fix invalid HTML, detect potential web accessibility errors, and improve the layout and indent style of the resulting markup. It is also a cross-platform library that can be used by programmers in computer applications to add HTML Tidy's capabilities to them." ; :prefLabel "HTML Tidy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Eratosthenes sieve", "Eratosthenes' Sieve", "Euler's sieve", "Net of Eratosthenes", "Sieve (disambiguation)", "Sieve of Erastosthenes", "Sieve of Erastothenes", "Sieve of Euler", "Κόσκινον Ἐρατοσθένους" ; :definition "In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes (Ancient Greek: κόσκινον Ἐρατοσθένους, kóskinon Eratosthénous), one of a number of prime number sieves, is a simple, ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. It does so by iteratively marking as composite (i.e., not prime) the multiples of each prime, starting with the multiples of 2. The sieve may be used to find primes in arithmetic progressions." ; :prefLabel "Sieve of Eratosthenes" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Moving objects database", "Spatio-temporal database" ; :definition "A spatiotemporal database is a database that manages both space and time information. Common examples include: * Tracking of moving objects, which typically can occupy only a single position at a given time. * A database of wireless communication networks, which may exist only for a short timespan within a geographic region. * An index of species in a given geographic region, where over time additional species may be introduced or existing species migrate or die out. * Historical tracking of plate tectonic activity." ; :prefLabel "Spatiotemporal database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Instancing" ; :definition "In real-time computer graphics, geometry instancing is the practice of rendering multiple copies of the same mesh in a scene at once. This technique is primarily used for objects such as trees, grass, or buildings which can be represented as repeated geometry without appearing unduly repetitive, but may also be used for characters. Although vertex data is duplicated across all instanced meshes, each instance may have other differentiating parameters (such as color, or skeletal animation pose) changed in order to reduce the appearance of repetition." ; :prefLabel "Geometry instancing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge", "ImageNet competition" ; :definition "The ImageNet project is a large visual database designed for use in visual object recognition software research. As of 2016, over ten million URLs of images have been hand-annotated by ImageNet to indicate what objects are pictured; in at least one million of the images, bounding boxes are also provided. The database of annotations of third-party image URL's is freely available directly from ImageNet; however, the actual images are not owned by ImageNet. Since 2010, the ImageNet project runs an annual software contest, the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC), where software programs compete to correctly classify and detect objects and scenes." ; :prefLabel "ImageNet" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brian (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Brian is an open source Python package for developing simulations of networks of spiking neurons." ; :prefLabel "Brian" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Academy (computer game)", "Academy (disambiguation)", "Academy: Tau Ceti II", "Tau Ceti II", "Tau Ceti II: Academy" ; :definition "Academy is an action/simulation computer game for the Commodore 64, MS-DOS, ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC and Amiga It was released in 1987 by CRL. It achieved critical success in the year it was released." ; :prefLabel "Academy" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Accumulation" ; :definition "In computer science, tree accumulation is the process of accumulating data placed in treenodes according to their tree structure. Formally, this operation is a catamorphism. Upward accumulation refers to accumulating on each node information about all decedents. Downward accumulation refers to accumulating on each node information of every ancestor." ; :prefLabel "Tree accumulation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Eliminant", "Macaulay resultant", "Multivariate resultant", "Resultants" ; :definition "In mathematics, the resultant of two polynomials is a polynomial expression of their coefficients, which is equal to zero if and only if the polynomials have a common root (possibly in a field extension), or, equivalently, a common factor (over their field of coefficients). In some older texts, the resultant is also called eliminant." ; :prefLabel "Resultant" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Converge", "Convergence", "Converging" ; :definition "The act of coming together and especially moving toward union or uniformity." ; :prefLabel "Convergence (action)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conflict", "Conflicts", "Conflicts (Psychology)", "conflicting" ; :definition "The internal individual struggle resulting from incompatible or opposing needs, drives, or external and internal demands. In group interactions, competitive or opposing action of incompatibles: antagonistic state or action (as of divergent ideas, interests, or persons). (from Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, 10th ed)" ; :prefLabel "Conflict (Psychology)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "*65", "*85", "Call Waiting ID", "Caller ID blocking", "Caller Identity Display", "Caller display", "Caller identification", "Caller line identification", "Caller number identification", "Caller-id", "Calling ID", "Calling Line Identification", "Calling Line Identification Presentation", "Calling line identity", "Calling number identification", "Cli localisation", "Incoming call identification", "Mobile Caller ID", "Multiple Data Message Format", "Private caller", "SDMF", "Single Data Message Format", "Telephone Caller Identification", "Type II Caller ID" ; :definition "Caller ID (caller identification, CID), also called calling line identification (CLID), calling number delivery (CND), calling number identification (CNID) or calling line identification presentation (CLIP), is a telephone service, available in analog and digital phone systems and most voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications, that transmits a caller's number to the called party's telephone equipment during the ringing signal, or when the call is being set up but before the call is answered. Caller ID may be used by the recipient to avoid answering unwanted incoming calls by the concept of informed consent. However, it also poses problems for personal privacy. Usually, the caller can disable or "block" the Caller ID facility, but some call capture technology can bypass a caller blo" ; :prefLabel "Caller ID" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Medical", "Medical Speciality", "Medical Specialties", "Medical Specialty", "Specialities", "Speciality", "Specialties", "Specialty", "field medical science", "medical sciences (field)", "medical specialty (field)", "specialties medical" ; :definition "The branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques." ; :prefLabel "Medical Specialities" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computational matrix algebra", "Linear solver", "Matrix computation", "NLA" ; :definition "Numerical linear algebra is the study of algorithms for performing linear algebra computations, most notably matrix operations, on computers. It is often a fundamental part of engineering and computational science problems, such as image and signal processing, telecommunication, computational finance, materials science simulations, structural biology, data mining, bioinformatics, fluid dynamics, and many other areas. Such software relies heavily on the development, analysis, and implementation of state-of-the-art algorithms for solving various numerical linear algebra problems, in large part because of the role of matrices in finite difference and finite element methods." ; :prefLabel "Numerical linear algebra" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Decoration", "Demangler", "Demangling", "Mangled name", "Mangling", "Name decoration" ; :definition "In compiler construction, name mangling (also called name decoration) is a technique used to solve various problems caused by the need to resolve unique names for programming entities in many modern programming languages. It provides a way of encoding additional information in the name of a function, structure, class or another datatype in order to pass more semantic information from the compilers to linkers." ; :prefLabel "Name mangling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Content adaptation is the action of transforming content to adapt to device capabilities. Content adaptation is usually related to mobile devices that require special handling because of their limited computational power, small screen size and constrained keyboard functionality. Content adaptation could roughly be divided to two fields: 1. * Media content adaptation that adapts media files 2. * Browsing content adaptation that adapts Web site to mobile devices." ; :prefLabel "Content adaptation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Niche", "Niche blog" ; :definition "Niche blogging (CanE, UK /ˈniːʃ/ or US /ˈnɪtʃ/) is the act of creating a blog with the intent of using it to market to a particular niche market. Niche blogs may appeal to "geographic areas, a specialty industry, ethnic or age groups, or any other particular group of people." While it could be argued that every blog is, in some form, a niche blog, the term as it applies to marketing refers to a particular kind of blog. Neither blogging nor niche marketing is a new concept. However, only in recent years has the concept of a niche blog come into being." ; :prefLabel "Niche blogging" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MA model", "MA process", "MA(1)", "Moving average model", "Moving average process" ; :definition "In time series analysis, the moving-average (MA) model is a common approach for modeling univariate time series. The moving-average model specifies that the output variable depends linearly on the current and various past values of a stochastic (imperfectly predictable) term. Together with the autoregressive (AR) model, the moving-average model is a special case and key component of the more general ARMA and ARIMA models of time series, which have a more complicated stochastic structure. Contrary to the AR model, the MA model is always stationary." ; :prefLabel "Moving-average model" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cube (disambiguation)", "Datacube" ; :definition "In computer programming contexts, a data cube (or datacube) is a three- (or higher) dimensional array of values, commonly used to describe a time series of image data. A data cube is also used in the field of imaging spectroscopy, since a spectrally-resolved image is represented as a three-dimensional volume.The data cube is used to represent data along some measure of interest. Even though it is called a 'cube', it can be 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional, or higher-dimensional.Every dimension represents a new attribute in the database and the cells in the cube represent the measure of interest." ; :prefLabel "Data cube" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cut detection", "Shot boundary detection", "Shot detection" ; :definition "Shot transition detection (or simply shot detection) also called cut detection is a field of research of video processing. Its subject is the automated detection of transitions between shots in digital video with the purpose of temporal segmentation of videos." ; :prefLabel "Shot transition detection" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Requirements traceability is a sub-discipline of requirements management within software development and systems engineering. Requirements traceability is concerned with documenting the life of a requirement and providing bi-directional traceability between various associated requirements. It enables users to find the origin of each requirement and track every change that was made to this requirement. For this purpose, it may be necessary to document every change made to the requirement." ; :prefLabel "Requirements traceability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SDI", "Selective dissemination of information system" ; :definition "Selective dissemination of information ("SDI") was originally a phrase related to library and information science. SDI refers to tools and resources used to keep a user informed of new resources on specified topics." ; :prefLabel "Selective dissemination of information" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "evaluation methods", "evaluation technique", "evaluation techniques" ; :definition "A description of the technique for the appraisal of a subject or object." ; :prefLabel "Evaluation Method" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lemmatiser", "Lemmatization", "Lemmatizer" ; :definition "Lemmatisation (or lemmatization) in linguistics is the process of grouping together the different inflected forms of a word so they can be analysed as a single item. In computational linguistics, lemmatisation is the algorithmic process of determining the lemma for a given word. Since the process may involve complex tasks such as understanding context and determining the part of speech of a word in a sentence (requiring, for example, knowledge of the grammar of a language) it can be a hard task to implement a lemmatiser for a new language." ; :prefLabel "Lemmatisation" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "copyright" ; :prefLabel "Html Link Type - copyright" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Compatibility", "Incompatibility" ; :definition "Software incompatibility is a characteristic of software components or systems which cannot operate satisfactorily together on the same computer, or on different computers linked by a computer network. They may be components or systems which are intended to operate cooperatively or independently. Software compatibility is a characteristic of software components or systems which can operate satisfactorily together on the same computer, or on different computers linked by a computer network. It is possible that some software components or systems may be compatible in one environment and incompatible in another." ; :prefLabel "Software incompatibility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E discovery", "E-discovery", "Ediscovery" ; :definition "Electronic discovery (also E-discovery or ediscovery) refers to discovery in legal proceedings such as litigation, government investigations, or Freedom of Information Act requests, where the information sought is in electronic format (often referred to as electronically stored information or ESI). Electronic discovery is subject to rules of civil procedure and agreed-upon processes, often involving review for privilege and relevance before data are turned over to the requesting party." ; :prefLabel "Electronic discovery" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CENTRAL", "CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDER", "CNS DISORDER (NOS)", "CNS Disease", "CNS Diseases", "Central Nervous System Disease", "Central Nervous System Diseases", "Central Nervous System Diseases [Disease/Finding]", "Central Nervous System Disorders", "Central nervous system--Diseases", "DISORDER CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM", "Disorder of Central Nervous System", "Disorder of central nervous system NOS", "NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDER", "central disease nervous system", "central disease nervous systems", "central diseases nervous system", "central disorder nervous system", "central disorders nervous system", "cns disorders", "disease central nervous system", "encephalomyeloneuropathy" ; :definition "Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord." ; :prefLabel "CNS disorder" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Intention", "Intentions", "intent" ; :definition "What a person has in mind to do or bring about." ; :prefLabel "Intention - mental process" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Java keywords" ; :definition "In the Java programming language, a keyword is one of 51 reserved words that have a predefined meaning in the language; because of this, programmers cannot use keywords as names for variables, methods, classes, or as any other identifier. Due to their special functions in the language, most integrated development environments for Java use syntax highlighting to display keywords in a different color for easy identification." ; :prefLabel "List of Java keywords" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interface metaphors", "Metaphor (disambiguation)", "UI Metaphor", "Windows metaphor" ; :definition "An interface metaphor is a set of user interface visuals, actions and procedures that exploit specific knowledge that users already have of other domains. The purpose of the interface metaphor is to give the user instantaneous knowledge about how to interact with the user interface. They are designed to be similar to physical entities but also have their own properties (e.g., desktop metaphor and web portals). They can be based on an activity, an object, or a combination of both and work with users' familiar knowledge to help them understand 'the unfamiliar', and placed in the terms so the user may better understand." ; :prefLabel "Interface metaphor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dimension (disambiguation)", "Fractal dimensions" ; :definition "In mathematics, more specifically in fractal geometry, a fractal dimension is a ratio providing a statistical index of complexity comparing how detail in a pattern (strictly speaking, a fractal pattern) changes with the scale at which it is measured. It has also been characterized as a measure of the space-filling capacity of a pattern that tells how a fractal scales differently from the space it is embedded in; a fractal dimension does not have to be an integer." ; :prefLabel "Fractal dimension" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BCM", "BCP", "BIA", "Business Impact Analysis", "Business continuity management", "Business continuity plan", "Cob", "Continuity of business", "DRaaS", "Disaster recovery (business)" ; :definition "Business continuity planning (or business continuity and resiliency planning) is the process of creating systems of prevention and recovery to deal with potential threats to a company. Any event that could negatively impact operations is included in the plan, such as supply chain interruption, loss of or damage to critical infrastructure (major machinery or computing /network resource). As such, BCP is a subset of risk management.In the US, government entities refer to the process as continuity of operations planning (COOP)." ; :prefLabel "Business continuity planning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Definition by example", "Ostension", "Ostensive", "Ostensively", "Ostention" ; :definition "An ostensive definition conveys the meaning of a term by pointing out examples. This type of definition is often used where the term is difficult to define verbally, either because the words will not be understood (as with children and new speakers of a language) or because of the nature of the term (such as colors or sensations). It is usually accompanied with a gesture pointing out the object serving as an example, and for this reason is also often referred to as "definition by pointing". Ostensive definitions rely on an analogical or case-based reasoning by the subject they are intended to educate or inform." ; :prefLabel "Ostensive definition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Logico-linguistic model", "Logico-linguistic models" ; :definition "Logico-linguistic modeling is a method for building knowledge-based systems with a learning capability using Conceptual Models from Soft systems methods, modal predicate logic and the Prolog artificial intelligence language." ; :prefLabel "Logico-linguistic modeling" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Por", "Power on reset" ; :definition "A power-on reset (PoR) generator is a microcontroller or microprocessor peripheral that generates a reset signal when power is applied to the device. It ensures that the device starts operating in a known state." ; :prefLabel "Power-on reset" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Social structures", "Sozialstruktur", "Structural sociology", "Structure (disambiguation)" ; :definition "In the social sciences, social structure is the patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of the individuals. On the macro scale, social structure is the system of socioeconomic stratification (e.g., the class structure), social institutions, or, other patterned relations between large social groups. On the meso scale, it is the structure of social network ties between individuals or organizations. On the micro scale, it can be the way norms shape the behavior of individuals within the social system." ; :prefLabel "Social structure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2K-tan", "95-tan", "List of OS-tans", "Madobe Nanami", "Me-tan", "OS Girls", "OS tan", "OS-chan", "OS-tans", "OStan", "Ostans", "SE-tan", "Tan", "Troubled windows", "XP-tan" ; :definition "The OS-tan is an Internet phenomenon or meme that originated within the Japanese Futaba Channel. The OS-tan are the moe anthropomorphism/personification of several operating systems by various amateur Japanese artists. The OS-tan are typically depicted as women, with the OS-tan representative of Microsoft Windows operating systems usually depicted as sisters of varying ages." ; :prefLabel "OS-tan" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Decision lists" ; :definition "Decision lists are a representation for Boolean functions. Single term decision lists are more expressive than disjunctions and conjunctions; however, 1-term decision lists are less expressive than the general disjunctive normal form and the conjunctive normal form. The language specified by a k-length decision list includes as a subset the language specified by a k-depth decision tree. Learning decision lists can be used for attribute efficient learning." ; :prefLabel "Decision list" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "TimeML is a set of rules for encoding documents electronically. It is defined in the TimeML Specification version 1.2.1 developed by several efforts, lead in large part by the Laboratory for Linguistics and Computation at Brandeis University." ; :prefLabel "TimeML" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MDL", "MDL programming language" ; :definition "MDL (the MIT Design Language) is a descendant of the Lisp programming language. Its initial purpose was to provide high level language support for the Dynamic Modeling Group at MIT's Project MAC. It was initially developed in 1971 on the PDP-10 computer under the Incompatible Timesharing System.The initial development team consisted of Gerald Sussman and Carl Hewitt of the Artificial Intelligence Lab, and Chris Reeve, Bruce Daniels, and David Cressey of the Dynamic Modeling Group. Later, Stu Galley, also of the Dynamic Modeling Group, wrote the MDL documentation." ; :prefLabel "MDL (programming language)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "John D Wiley", "Wiley" ; :definition "John Duncan Wiley (born March 23, 1942 in Evansville, Indiana) is a faculty member and former chancellor of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Wiley was named the 28th Chancellor of the University on November 10, 2000, and assumed office on January 1, 2001. He stepped down as chancellor and returned to the faculty on September 1, 2008. From November 1, 2008 through November 2011, he served as interim director of the Wisconsin Institute for Discovery." ; :prefLabel "John D. Wiley" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cielo", "SciELO Citation Index", "Scientific Electronic Library", "Scientific Electronic Library Online" ; :definition "SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) is a bibliographic database, digital library, and cooperative electronic publishing model of open access journals. SciELO was created to meet the scientific communication needs of developing countries and provides an efficient way to increase visibility and access to scientific literature Originally established in Brazil in 1997, today there are 14 countries in the SciELO network and its journal collections: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Uruguay, and Venezuela. Paraguay is developing a journal collection." ; :prefLabel "SciELO" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Class graph", "Static structure diagram", "Structural model (software)", "Structural modeling", "Structural modelling" ; :definition "In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among objects. In the diagram, classes are represented with boxes that contain three compartments: In order to further describe the behaviour of systems, these class diagrams can be complemented by a state diagram or UML state machine." ; :prefLabel "Class diagram" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Grant", "Grants" ; :definition "A financial assistance mechanism through which money and/or direct assistance is provided to carry out approved activities." ; :prefLabel "funding grant" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dialog management" ; :definition "A dialog manager (DM) is a component of a dialog system (DS), responsible for the state and flow of the conversation. Usually: * The input to the DM is the human utterance, usually converted to some system-specific semantic representation by the Natural language understanding (NLU) component. For example, in a flight-planning dialog system, the input may look like "ORDER(from=TA,to=JER,date=2012-01-01)". * The DM usually maintains some state variables, such as the dialog history, the latest unanswered question, etc., depending on the system. * The output of the DM is a list of instructions to other parts of the dialog system, usually in a semantic representation, for example "TELL(flight-num=123,flight-time=12:34)". This semantic representation is usually converted to human language" ; :prefLabel "Dialog manager" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TTP" ; :definition "In cryptography, a trusted third party (TTP) is an entity which facilitates interactions between two parties who both trust the third party; the Third Party reviews all critical transaction communications between the parties, based on the ease of creating fraudulent digital content. In TTP models, the relying parties use this trust to secure their own interactions. TTPs are common in any number of commercial transactions and in cryptographic digital transactions as well as cryptographic protocols, for example, a certificate authority (CA) would issue a digital identity certificate to one of the two parties in the next example. The CA then becomes the Trusted-Third-Party to that certificates issuance. Likewise transactions that need a third party recordation would also need a third-party re" ; :prefLabel "Trusted third party" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Affinity", "MBA (disambiguation)", "Market basket analysis" ; :definition "Affinity analysis is a data analysis and data mining technique that discovers co-occurrence relationships among activities performed by (or recorded about) specific individuals or groups. In general, this can be applied to any process where agents can be uniquely identified and information about their activities can be recorded. In retail, affinity analysis is used to perform market basket analysis, in which retailers seek to understand the purchase behavior of customers. This information can then be used for purposes of cross-selling and up-selling, in addition to influencing sales promotions, loyalty programs, store design, and discount plans." ; :prefLabel "Affinity analysis" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KEGG PATHWAY Database", "Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes" ; :definition "KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) is a collection of databases dealing with genomes, biological pathways, diseases, drugs, and chemical substances. KEGG is utilized for bioinformatics research and education, including data analysis in genomics, metagenomics, metabolomics and other omics studies, modeling and simulation in systems biology, and translational research in drug development." ; :prefLabel "KEGG" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BEHAVIOR HYPERACTIVE", "HYPER", "HYPERACTIVE", "HYPERACTIVITY", "Hyperactivity", "Hyperkinesia", "Hyperkinesis", "Hyperkinesis [Disease/Finding]", "Hyperkinetic", "Hyperkinetic Movement", "Hyperkinetic movements", "Motor", "Motor Hyperactivity", "Movement", "Movements", "hyperactivities", "hyperactivity (behavior)" ; :definition "A higher than normal level of activity. Hyperactivity can be used to describe the increased action of a body function, such as hormone production, or behavior. A person who is hyperactive may seem to be always moving or fidgeting, impulsive, unable to concentrate, and talking too much." ; :prefLabel "Hyperactive behavior" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer Server", "Server" ; :definition "A computer which provides some service for other computers connected to it via a network.(Free On-Line Dictionary of Computing)" ; :prefLabel "Server (computer)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "?? ??:??:????:??:??:? ???", "????:??:???:??:???:Lee White ???????", "B--Gerinnung", "Clotting Tme Time Sg Lee White", "Clotting time Bld Lee White", "Clotting time of Blood by Lee White method", "Clotting time:Time:Point in time:Whole blood:Quantitative:Lee White", "Gerinnungszeit:Zeit:Pkt:Blut:Qn:Lee White", "P?ht?la?ma zaman?:Süre:Zml?:Kan:Kant:Lee White", "Sg--coagulación espontánea; ; Lee-White", "Sg--coagulation spontanée; ; Lee-White", "Sg--coagulazione spontanea; ; Lee-White", "Stollingstijd:Tijd:Moment:Bloed:Kwantitatief:Lee White", "Tempo de Coagulação:Tempo:Pt:SgTotal:Qn:Lee White", "Tempo di coagulazione:Tempo:Pt:Sangue:Qn:Lee White", "Temps de coagulation [Temps] Sang ; Numérique ; Test de Lee White", "Temps de coagulation:Durée:Temps ponctuel:Sang:Quantitatif:Lee White", "Temps de coagulation:Temps:Ponctuel:Sang:Numérique:Test de Lee White", "Tiempo de coagulación:Tiempo:Punto temporal:Sangre:Qn:Tiempo de coagulación de Lee White", "spontan; ; Lee-White", "tiempo de coagulación de Lee White:tiempo:punto en el tiempo:sangre:cuantitativo:LEE WHITE" ; :prefLabel "Clotting time:Time:Pt:Bld:Qn:Lee White" ; :related , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Logic optimization, a part of logic synthesis in electronics, is the process of finding an equivalent representation of the specified logic circuit under one or more specified constraints. Generally the circuit is constrained to minimum chip area meeting a prespecified delay." ; :prefLabel "Logic optimization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Competitive analysis", "Competitive ratio" ; :definition "Competitive analysis is a method invented for analyzing online algorithms, in which the performance of an online algorithm (which must satisfy an unpredictable sequence of requests, completing each request without being able to see the future) is compared to the performance of an optimal offline algorithm that can view the sequence of requests in advance. An algorithm is competitive if its competitive ratio—the ratio between its performance and the offline algorithm's performance—is bounded. Unlike traditional worst-case analysis, where the performance of an algorithm is measured only for "hard" inputs, competitive analysis requires that an algorithm perform well both on hard and easy inputs, where "hard" and "easy" are defined by the performance of the optimal offline algorithm." ; :prefLabel "Competitive analysis (online algorithm)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Jointed arm", "Robot arm", "Robotic hands" ; :definition "A robotic arm is a type of mechanical arm, usually programmable, with similar functions to a human arm; the arm may be the sum total of the mechanism or may be part of a more complex robot. The links of such a manipulator are connected by joints allowing either rotational motion (such as in an articulated robot) or translational (linear) displacement. The links of the manipulator can be considered to form a kinematic chain. The terminus of the kinematic chain of the manipulator is called the end effector and it is analogous to the human hand." ; :prefLabel "Robotic arm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Discussion thread", "E mail thread", "Email reply threading", "Mail threading", "Open thread", "Related email grouping", "Thread", "Thread mode", "Threaded discussion", "Threaded mail client", "Topic thread" ; :definition "Conversation threading is a feature used by many email clients, bulletin boards, newsgroups, and Internet forums in which the software aids the user by visually grouping messages with their replies. These groups are called a conversation, topic thread, or simply a thread. A discussion forum, e-mail client or news client is said to have a "conversation view", "threaded topics" or a "threaded mode" if messages can be grouped in this manner." ; :prefLabel "Conversation threading" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Semantic analysis", "Semantic analysis (informatics)" ; :definition "In machine learning, semantic analysis of a corpus is the task of building structures that approximate concepts from a large set of documents. It generally does not involve prior semantic understanding of the documents. Latent semantic analysis (sometimes latent semantic indexing), is a class of techniques where documents are represented as vectors in term space. A prominent example is PLSI. Latent Dirichlet allocation involves attributing document terms to topics." ; :prefLabel "Semantic analysis (machine learning)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer disk", "Disc Drive", "Disc storage", "Disk (storage device)", "Disk Drive", "Disk memory", "Drive" ; :definition "Disk storage is a general category of storage mechanisms where data are recorded by various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks. A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism. Notable types are the hard disk drive (HDD) containing a non-removable disk, the floppy disk drive (FDD) and its removable floppy disk, and various optical disc drives and associated optical disc media." ; :prefLabel "Disk storage" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Tom is a programming language particularly well-suited for programming various transformations on tree structures and XML based documents. Tom is a language extension which adds new matching primitives to C and Java as well as support for rewrite rules systems. The rules can be controlled using a strategy language. Tom is good for: * programming by pattern matching * developing compilers and DSL * transforming XML documents * implementing rule based systems * describing algebraic transformations" ; :prefLabel "Tom" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Domain Adaptation is a field associated with machine learning and transfer learning. This scenario arises when we aim at learning from a source data distribution a well performing model on a different (but related) target data distribution. For instance, one of the tasks of the common spam filtering problem consists in adapting a model from one user (the source distribution) to a new one who receives significantly different emails (the target distribution).Note that, when more than one source distribution is available the problem is referred to as multi-source domain adaptation." ; :prefLabel "Domain adaptation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In distributed computing, a discriminator is a typed tag field present in OMG IDL discriminated union type and value definitions that determines which union member is selected in the current union instance. Unlike in some conventional programming languages offering support for unions, discriminator in IDL is not identical to selected field name. Here is an example of IDL union type definition: union Register switch (char) { case 'a': case 'b': short AX; case 'c': long EAX; default: octet AL;};" ; :prefLabel "Discriminator" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Harness" ; :definition "In software testing, a test harness or automated test framework is a collection of software and test data configured to test a program unit by running it under varying conditions and monitoring its behavior and outputs. It has two main parts: the test execution engine and the test script repository. Test harnesses allow for the automation of tests. They can call functions with supplied parameters and print out and compare the results to the desired value. The test harness is a hook to the developed code, which can be tested using an automation framework." ; :prefLabel "Test harness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hermes (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Hermes is a language for distributed programming that was developed at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center from 1986 through 1992. Hermes' primary features included: * Language support of processes and interprocess communication. * Compile-time verification that operations use initialized data. * Representation-independent data aggregates called tables. * Lack of pointers." ; :prefLabel "Hermes (programming language)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bilateral", "Bilateral filtering" ; :definition "A bilateral filter is a non-linear, edge-preserving and noise-reducing smoothing filter for images. The intensity value at each pixel in an image is replaced by a weighted average of intensity values from nearby pixels. This weight can be based on a Gaussian distribution. Crucially, the weights depend not only on Euclidean distance of pixels, but also on the radiometric differences (e.g. range differences, such as color intensity, depth distance, etc.). This preserves sharp edges by systematically looping through each pixel and adjusting weights to the adjacent pixels accordingly. * ; * and ." ; :prefLabel "Bilateral filter" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "European Semantic Web Conference" ; :definition "The Extended Semantic Web Conference (abbreviated as ESWC), formerly known as the European Semantic Web Conference, is a yearly international academic conference on the topic of the Semantic Web. The event began in 2004 as the European Semantic Web Symposium. The goal of the event is "to bring together researchers and practitioners dealing with different aspects of semantics on the Web"." ; :prefLabel "ESWC" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BMC Bioinform." ; :definition "BMC Bioinformatics is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering bioinformatics and computational biology published by BioMed Central. It was established in 2000." ; :prefLabel "BMC Bioinformatics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Basic blocks" ; :definition "In computing, a basic block is a straight-line code sequence with no branches in except to the entry and no branches out except at the exit. This restricted form makes a basic block highly amenable to analysis. Compilers usually decompose programs into their basic blocks as a first step in the analysis process. Basic blocks form the vertices or nodes in a control flow graph." ; :prefLabel "Basic block" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Accidental complexity", "Silver Bullet" ; :definition ""No Silver Bullet — Essence and Accidents of Software Engineering" is a widely discussed paper on software engineering written by Turing Award winner Fred Brooks in 1986. Brooks argues that "there is no single development, in either technology or management technique, which by itself promises even one order of magnitude [tenfold] improvement within a decade in productivity, in reliability, in simplicity." He also states that "we cannot expect ever to see two-fold gains every two years" in software development, as there is in hardware development (Moore's law)." ; :prefLabel "No Silver Bullet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Axiom S5", "Logic S5" ; :definition "In logic and philosophy, S5 is one of five systems of modal logic proposed by Clarence Irving Lewis and Cooper Harold Langford in their 1932 book Symbolic Logic. It is a normal modal logic, and one of the oldest systems of modal logic of any kind. Is the most basic modal logic, is formed with propositional calculus formulas and tautologies, and inference apparatus with substitution and modus ponens, but extending the syntax with the modal operator necessarily and its dual possibly ." ; :prefLabel "S5 (modal logic)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "As-built drawing", "As-fitted drawing", "As-made drawing", "Assembly drawing", "Drafting symbols (stagecraft)", "Redlining (technical drawing)", "TD", "Technical", "Technical designing", "Technical drafting", "Technical drawings", "Technical graphics" ; :definition "Technical drawing, drafting or draughting, is the act and discipline of composing drawings that visually communicate how something functions or is to be constructed. Technical drawing is essential for communicating ideas in industry and engineering.To make the drawings easier to understand, people use familiar symbols, perspectives, units of measurement, notation systems, visual styles, and page layout. Together, such conventions constitute a visual language, and help to ensure that the drawing is unambiguous and relatively easy to understand. These drafting conventions are condensed into internationally accepted standards and specifications that transcend the barrier of language making technical drawings a universal means of communicating complex mechanical concepts." ; :prefLabel "Technical drawing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CommonKADS" ; :definition "Knowledge Acquisition and Documentation Structuring (KADS) is a structured way of developing knowledge-based systems (expert systems). It was developed at the University of Amsterdam as an alternative to an evolutionary approach and is now accepted as the European standard for knowledge based systems Its components are: * A methodology for managing knowledge engineering projects. * A knowledge engineering workbench. * A methodology for performing knowledge elicitation. KADS was further developed into CommonKADS." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge Acquisition and Documentation Structuring" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application front-end", "Backend-frontend", "Fe", "Front & back ends", "Front and back end", "Front end and back end", "Front-end (computing)", "Front-end and back-end", "Graphical frontend", "OBE (disambiguation)", "Open Back-End" ; :definition "In software engineering, front end (frontend) and back end (backend) distinguish between the separation of concerns between the presentation layer (the front end) – which is the interface between the user – and the data access layer (the back end). The front and back ends may be distributed among one or more systems. In software architecture, there may be many layers between the hardware and end user. Each can be spoken of as having a front end and a back end. The front is an abstraction, simplifying the underlying component by providing a user-friendly interface." ; :prefLabel "Front and back ends" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer Sciences", "computer science (field)" ; :definition "The study of the structure and dynamics of computational systems using mathematical, logical, and empirical tools." ; :prefLabel "computer science" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In a labor market increasingly dictated by skills, individuals need to develop and demonstrate learnability — the desire and ability to quickly grow and adapt one’s skill set — in order to stay relevant and succeed." ; :prefLabel "Learnability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Likelihood", "Probabilities", "Probable", "probabilityPercent" ; :definition "The study of chance processes or the relative frequency characterizing a chance process." ; :prefLabel "Probability" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Rigid designation", "Rigid designators" ; :definition "In modal logic and the philosophy of language, a term is said to be a rigid designator when it designates (picks out, denotes, refers to) the same thing in all possible worlds in which that thing exists and does not designate anything else in those possible worlds in which that thing does not exist. A designator is persistently rigid if it designates the same thing in every possible world in which that thing exists and designates nothing in all other possible worlds. A designator is obstinately rigid if it designates the same thing in every possible world, period, whether or not that thing exists in that world. Rigid designators are contrasted with non-rigid or flaccid designators, which may designate different things in different possible worlds." ; :prefLabel "Rigid designator" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fertilizations", "fecundation", "fertilisation", "impregnation", "syngamy" ; :definition "The union of gametes of opposite sexes during the process of sexual reproduction to form a zygote. It involves the fusion of the gametic nuclei (karyogamy) and cytoplasm (plasmogamy). [GOC:tb, ISBN:0198506732]" ; :prefLabel "Fertilization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The Open Web movement asserts a special role for public, cooperative, and standard World Wide Web communications; it opposes private, exclusive, proprietary Web solutions. Computer scientist Tantek Çelik gives three aspects of the Open Web:" ; :prefLabel "Open Web" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".jsp", "JSP compiler", "JSP container", "JSP engine", "JSP files", "JSPF", "JSR 152", "JSR 245", "Java Server Page", "Java server pages", "JavaServer Page", "JavaServer Pages compiler", "JavaServer page example input", "JavaServer page example output", "Jave Page", "Jave Server", "Jsp2", "Server Pages", "Tag library" ; :definition "JavaServer Pages (JSP) is a technology that helps software developers create dynamically generated web pages based on HTML, XML, or other document types. Released in 1999 by Sun Microsystems, JSP is similar to PHP and ASP, but it uses the Java programming language. To deploy and run JavaServer Pages, a compatible web server with a servlet container, such as Apache Tomcat or Jetty, is required." ; :prefLabel "JavaServer Pages" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Control system (disambiguation)", "Defuzzifier", "Fuzzy control", "Fuzzy sets and systems", "Fuzzy system", "Fuzzy systems" ; :definition "A fuzzy control system is a control system based on fuzzy logic—a mathematical system that analyzes analog input values in terms of logical variables that take on continuous values between 0 and 1, in contrast to classical or digital logic, which operates on discrete values of either 1 or 0 (true or false, respectively)." ; :prefLabel "Fuzzy control system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2012 (Act 843) - Ghana", "Data Protection Act" ; :definition "The Data Protection Act, 2012 (The Act) is legislation enacted by the Parliament of the Republic of Ghana to protect the privacy and personal data of individuals. It regulates the process personal information is acquired, kept, used or disclosed by data controllers and data processors by requiring compliance with certain data protection principles. Non compliance with provisions of the Act may attract either civil liability, or criminal sanctions, or both, depending on the nature of the infraction. The Act also establishes a Data Protection Commission, which is mandated to ensure compliance with its provisions, as well as maintain the Data Protection Register." ; :prefLabel "Data Protection Act, 2012" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binary", "Binary prefixes", "Byte prefixes", "Byte/Prefixes", "Cho v. Seagate Technology (US) Holdings", "EI", "Ei (prefix symbol)", "Exbi", "Exbi (IEC prefix)", "Exbi (ISO prefix)", "Exbi (binary prefix)", "Exbi (unit prefix)", "Exbi-", "G (disambiguation)", "GI", "Gi (prefix symbol)", "Gibi", "Gibi (IEC prefix)", "Gibi (ISO prefix)", "Gibi (binary prefix)", "Gibi (unit prefix)", "Gibi-", "Giga (binary prefix)", "IEC binary prefix", "IEC binary prefixes", "IEC prefix", "IEC prefixes", "IEC standard binary prefix", "ISO binary prefix", "ISO standard binary prefix", "ISO/IEC binary prefix", "ISO/IEC standard binary prefix", "Inc.", "KI", "Ki (prefix symbol)", "Kibi", "Kibi (IEC prefix)", "Kibi (ISO prefix)", "Kibi (binary prefix)", "Kibi (unit prefix)", "Kibi-", "Kilo (binary prefix)", "Kilobinary", "MI", "Mebi", "Mebi (IEC prefix)", "Mebi (ISO prefix)", "Mebi (binary prefix)", "Mebi (unit prefix)", "Mebi-", "Mega (binary prefix)", "Mi (prefix symbol)", "Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation", "Pebi", "Pebi (IEC prefix)", "Pebi (ISO prefix)", "Pebi (binary prefix)", "Pebi (unit prefix)", "Pebi-", "Pi (disambiguation)", "Pi (prefix symbol)", "Prefix (disambiguation)", "Prefixes for binary multiples", "Tebi", "Tebi (IEC prefix)", "Tebi (ISO prefix)", "Tebi (binary prefix)", "Tebi (unit prefix)", "Tebi-", "Tera (binary prefix)", "Ti", "Ti (prefix symbol)", "Unique binary prefix", "Yi", "Yi (prefix symbol)", "Yobi", "Yobi (IEC prefix)", "Yobi (ISO prefix)", "Yobi (binary prefix)", "Yobi (unit prefix)", "Yobi-", "Zebi", "Zebi (IEC prefix)", "Zebi (ISO prefix)", "Zebi (binary prefix)", "Zebi (unit prefix)", "Zebi-", "Zi", "Zi (prefix symbol)" ; :definition "A binary prefix is a unit prefix for multiples of units in data processing, data transmission, and digital information, notably the bit and the byte, to indicate multiplication by a power of 2. The computer industry has historically used the units kilobyte, megabyte, and gigabyte, and the corresponding symbols KB, MB, and GB, in at least two slightly different measurement systems. In citations of main memory (RAM) capacity, gigabyte customarily means 1073741824 bytes. As this is the third power of 1024, and 1024 is a power of two (210), this usage is referred to as a binary prefix." ; :prefLabel "Binary prefix" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bach (programming language)", "Bach language", "CSL", "Context sensitive language", "Context-dependent", "Context-sensitive", "Context-sensitive languages" ; :definition "In theoretical computer science, a context-sensitive language is a formal language that can be defined by a context-sensitive grammar (and equivalently by a noncontracting grammar). Context-sensitive is one of the four types of grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy." ; :prefLabel "Context-sensitive language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Usage data is the most effective way of evaluating the true relevancy and value of a website. For example, if users arrive on a web site and go back immediately (high bounce rate), chances are that it wasn’t relevant to their query in the first place. However, if a user repeatedly visits a web site and spends a long time on the site, there is a high likelihood that it is extremely relevant. When it comes to search engines, relevant valuable sites get promoted while irrelevant sites get demoted." ; :prefLabel "Usage data" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DSPACE(f(n))", "Deterministic space", "Multi-string Turing machine with input and output", "SPACE", "SPACE(f(n))", "Space complexity" ; :definition "In computational complexity theory, DSPACE or SPACE is the computational resource describing the resource of memory space for a deterministic Turing machine. It represents the total amount of memory space that a "normal" physical computer would need to solve a given computational problem with a given algorithm. It is one of the most well-studied complexity measures, because it corresponds so closely to an important real-world resource: the amount of physical computer memory needed to run a given program." ; :prefLabel "DSPACE" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BV-tree", "BVH", "Bounding volume hierarchies", "Bvtree" ; :definition "A bounding volume hierarchy (BVH) is a tree structure on a set of geometric objects. All geometric objects are wrapped in bounding volumes that form the leaf nodes of the tree. These nodes are then grouped as small sets and enclosed within larger bounding volumes. These, in turn, are also grouped and enclosed within other larger bounding volumes in a recursive fashion, eventually resulting in a tree structure with a single bounding volume at the top of the tree. Bounding volume hierarchies are used to support several operations on sets of geometric objects efficiently, such as in collision detection or ray tracing." ; :prefLabel "Bounding volume hierarchy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Holt Software Associates", "Turing (disambiguation)", "Turing (language)", "Turing programming language" ; :definition "Turing is a Pascal-like programming language developed in 1982 by Ric Holt and James Cordy, then of University of Toronto, Canada. Turing is a descendant of Euclid, Pascal and SP/k that features a clean syntax and precise machine-independent semantics. Turing 4.1.0 is the latest stable version of Turing. Turing 4.1.1 and Turing 4.1.2 do not allow for stand alone .EXE files to be created and versions before Turing 4.1.0 have outdated syntax and outdated functions." ; :prefLabel "Turing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EGMS", "IPSV", "Integrated Public Sector Vocabulary" ; :definition "The e-Government Metadata Standard, e-GMS, is the UK e-Government Metadata Standard. It defines how UK public sector bodies should label content such as web pages and documents in order to make such information more easily managed, found and shared. The metadata standard is an application profile of the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set and consists of mandatory, recommended and optional metadata elements such as title, date created and description." ; :prefLabel "E-GMS" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ISWC (conference)" ; :definition "The International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC) is a series of academic conferences and the premier international forum, for the Semantic Web / Linked Data Community. Here, scientists, industry specialists, and practitioners meet to discuss the future of practical, scalable, user-friendly, and game changing solutions. Its proceedings are published in the Lecture Notes in Computer Science by Springer-Verlag." ; :prefLabel "ISWC" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "NooJ is a linguistic development environment software as well as a corpus processor constructed by Max Silberztein. NooJ allows linguists to construct the four classes of the Chomsky-Schützenberger hierarchy of generative grammars: Finite-State Grammars, Context-Free Grammars, Context-Sensitive Grammars as well as Unrestricted Grammars, using either a text editor (e.g. to write down regular expressions), or a Graph editor." ; :prefLabel "NooJ" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "WHP" ; :definition "In mathematics, an event that occurs with high probability (often shortened to w.h.p. or WHP) is one whose probability depends on a certain number n and goes to 1 as n goes to infinity, i.e. it can be made as close as desired to 1 by making n big enough." ; :prefLabel "With high probability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Taobao.com", "淘宝网", "淘寶網" ; :definition "Taobao (simplified Chinese: 淘宝网; traditional Chinese: 淘寶網; pinyin: Táobǎo Wǎng; literally: "searching for treasure website") is a Chinese website for online shopping similar to eBay, Amazon and Rakuten that is operated in China by Alibaba Group. Founded by Alibaba Group on May 10, 2003, Taobao Marketplace facilitates consumer-to-consumer (C2C) retail by providing a platform for small businesses and individual entrepreneurs to open online stores that mainly cater to consumers in Chinese-speaking regions (Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan) and also abroad." ; :prefLabel "Taobao Marketplace" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Reification" ; :definition "Reification in knowledge representation is the process of turning a predicate into an object. Reification involves the representation of factual assertions that are referred to by other assertions, which might then be manipulated in some way; e.g., comparing logical assertions from different witnesses in order to determine their credibility." ; :prefLabel "Reification (knowledge representation)" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ALGO Conference", "Atmos", "ESA (disambiguation)", "IPEC", "International Symposium on Parameterized and Exact Computation", "Optimization", "Workshop on Algorithmic Approaches for Transportation Modeling", "Workshop on Algorithms Engineering", "Workshop on Algorithms in Bioinformatics", "Workshop on Approximation and Online Algorithms", "and Systems" ; :definition "The European Symposium on Algorithms (ESA) is an international conference covering the field of algorithms. It has been held annually since 1993, typically in early Autumn in a different European location each year. Like most theoretical computer science conferences its contributions are strongly peer-reviewed; the articles appear in proceedings published in Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Acceptance rate of ESA is 24% in 2012 in both Design and Analysis and Engineering and Applications tracks." ; :prefLabel "ESA" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Function wrapper", "Wrapper", "Wrapper (programming)" ; :definition "A wrapper function is a subroutine in a software library or a computer program whose main purpose is to call a second subroutine or a system call with little or no additional computation." ; :prefLabel "Wrapper function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Kerrison", "Kerrison Director", "Predictor" ; :definition "The Kerrison Predictor was one of the first fully automated anti-aircraft fire-control systems. The predictor could aim a gun at an aircraft based on simple inputs like the observed speed and the angle to the target. Such devices had been used on ships for gunnery control for some time, and versions such as the Vickers Predictor were available for larger anti-aircraft guns intended to be used against high-altitude bombers, but the Kerrison's electromechanical analog computer was the first to be fast enough to be used in the demanding high-speed low-altitude role, which involved very short engagement times and high angular rates." ; :prefLabel "Kerrison Predictor" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Endeavour" ; :definition "Endeavour is a shared memory supercomputer at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at NASA Ames Research Center. It was named after the Space Shuttle Endeavour, the last orbiter built during NASA’s Space Shuttle Program. It is currently one of two systems owned and operated by the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division, along with Pleiades, NASA's flagship supercomputer based on SGI ICE architecture and several generations of Intel Xeon processors." ; :prefLabel "Endeavour (supercomputer)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Generalized", "Generalized Status Epilepticus", "Status Epilepticus", "Status Epilepticus [Disease/Finding]", "Status epilepticus NOS", "epilepticus status" ; :definition "A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)" ; :prefLabel "Status Epilepticus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Service composition" ; :definition "In computing, service composability is a design principle, applied within the service-orientation design paradigm, that encourages the design of services that can be reused in multiple solutions that are themselves made up of composed services. The ability to recompose the service is ideally independent of the size and complexity of the service composition. This principle is directly responsible for the agility promised by SOA as it promotes composing new solutions by reusing existing services." ; :prefLabel "Service composability principle" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(-)-Arterenol", "(-)-Noradrenaline", "(-)-Norepinephrine", "(-)-alpha-(aminomethyl)-3,4-dihydroxybenzyl Alcohol", "(R)-", "(R)-(-)-Norepinephrine", "(R)-4-(2-amino-1-Hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol", "(R)-Norepinephrine", "1,2-Benzenediol", "4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-", "4-[(1R)-2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl]-1,2-benzenediol", "L-Norepinephrine", "L-noradrenaline", "Levarterenol", "Levonorepinephrine", "Nor-adrenaline", "Noradrenalin", "Noradrenaline", "Norepinefrina", "Norepinephrine [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Norepinephrinum", "l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylethanolamine", "l-Arterenol", "norepinephrines" ; :definition "A naturally occurring catecholamine hormone that functions as a neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system. Norepinephrine directly stimulates adrenergic receptors. Stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors causes vasoconstriction of the radial smooth muscle of the iris, arteries, arterioles, veins, urinary bladder, and the sphincter of the gastrointestinal tract. Stimulation of beta-1 adrenergic receptors causes an increase in myocardial contractility, heart rate, automaticity, and atrioventricular (AV) conduction while stimulation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors causes bronchiolar and vascular smooth muscle dilatation." ; :prefLabel "Norepinephrine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In the fields of computational chemistry and molecular modelling, scoring functions are fast approximate mathematical methods used to predict the strength of the non-covalent interaction (also referred to as binding affinity) between two molecules after they have been docked. Most commonly one of the molecules is a small organic compound such as a drug and the second is the drug's biological target such as a protein receptor. Scoring functions have also been developed to predict the strength of other types of intermolecular interactions, for example between two proteins or between protein and DNA." ; :prefLabel "Scoring functions for docking" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Canonical Data Model", "Canonical model (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A canonical model is a design pattern used to communicate between different data formats. A form of enterprise application integration, it is intended to reduce costs and standardize on agreed data definitions associated with integrating business systems. A canonical model is any model that is canonical in nature, i.e. a model which is in the simplest form possible based on a standard, application integration (EAI) solution. Most organizations also adopt a set of standards for message structure and content (message payload). The desire for consistent message payload results in the construction of an enterprise or business domain canonical model common view within a given context. Often the term canonical model is used interchangeably with integration strategy and often entails a move to a" ; :prefLabel "Canonical model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ActClassPolicy", "Policies" ; :definition "A course or method of action selected to guide and determine present and future decisions." ; :prefLabel "Policy" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Actual Entity", "Concrescence (philosophy)", "Concrescence (process philosophy)", "Creativity (disambiguation)", "Creativity (process philosophy)", "Datum (process philosophy)", "Eternal objects", "Nexus", "Nexus (process philosophy)", "Organic", "Organic realism", "Organism (philosophy)", "Perceptual Dynamics", "Philosophy of organism", "Process", "Process (philosophy)", "Process metaphysics", "Processism" ; :definition "Process philosophy (also ontology of becoming, processism, or philosophy of organism) identifies metaphysical reality with change and development. Since the time of Plato and Aristotle, philosophers have posited true reality as "timeless", based on permanent substances, while processes are denied or subordinated to timeless substances. If Socrates changes, becoming sick, Socrates is still the same (the substance of Socrates being the same), and change (his sickness) only glides over his substance: change is accidental, whereas the substance is essential. Therefore, classic ontology denies any full reality to change, which is conceived as only accidental and not essential. This classical ontology is what made knowledge and a theory of knowledge possible, as it was thought that a science of" ; :prefLabel "Process philosophy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Source data is raw data (sometimes called atomic data) that has not been processed for meaningful use to become Information." ; :prefLabel "Source data" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KQML", "Knowledge Query & Manipulation Language", "Manipulation" ; :definition "The Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language, or KQML, is a languageand protocol for communication among software agents and knowledge-based systems. It wasdeveloped in the early 1990s part of the DARPA knowledge Sharing Effort, which was aimed at developing techniques for building large-scale knowledge bases which areshareable and reusable. While originally conceived of as an interface to knowledge based systems, it was soon repurposed as an Agent communication language. Experimental prototype systems support concurrent engineering, intelligent design, intelligent planning, and scheduling." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge Query and Manipulation Language" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Data governance is a control that ensures that the data entry by an operations team member or by an automated process meets precise standards, such as a business rule, a data definition and data integrity constraints in the data model. The data governor uses data quality monitoring against production data to communicate errors in data back to operational team members, or to the technical support team, for corrective action. Data governance is used by organizations to exercise control over processes and methods used by their data stewards and data custodians in order to improve data quality." ; :prefLabel "Data governance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".append" ; :definition "In general, to append is to join or add on to the end of something. For example, an appendix is a section appended (added to the end) of a document. In computer programming, append is the name of a procedure for concatenating (linked) lists or arrays in some high-level programming languages." ; :prefLabel "Append" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Area preserving maps", "Area-preserving maps", "Azimuthal projection", "Cartographic projection", "Cartographic projections", "Central meridian", "Central meridian (map projections)", "Conformal", "Conformal map projection", "Conic projection", "Conic projector", "Conical projection", "Coniform projection", "Cylindrical map projection", "Cylindrical projection", "Equal area projection", "Equal-area projection", "Map projections", "Projection", "Projection (cartography)", "Pseudo-conic projection", "Pseudo-cylindrical projection", "Pseudoconic", "Pseudocylindrical", "Retroazimuthal projection", "Spatial projection", "Spherical projection", "Standard line", "Standard parallel (map projections)", "Transverse aspect", "World projection" ; :definition "Commonly, a map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations on the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Map projections are necessary for creating maps. All map projections distort the surface in some fashion. Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties. There is no limit to the number of possible map projections." ; :prefLabel "Map projection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Converter" ; :definition "A device designed to change a substance, form, or state into another." ; :prefLabel "Converter Device Component" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PRL" ; :definition "Pattern Recognition Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by North Holland, an imprint of Elsevier, on behalf of the International Association for Pattern Recognition. The journal produces 16 issues per year covering research on pattern recognition. The editors-in-chief are G. Borgefors (Uppsala University), G. Sanniti di Baja (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples), and S. Sarkar (University of South Florida). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 1.551." ; :prefLabel "Pattern Recognition Letters" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DES", "DS", "DShow", "Direct Show", "DirectShow Editing Services", "DirectShow filter", "Quartz.dll", "VMR", "VMR9", "Video Mixing Renderer" ; :definition "DirectShow (sometimes abbreviated as DS or DShow), codename Quartz, is a multimedia framework and API produced by Microsoft for software developers to perform various operations with media files or streams. It is the replacement for Microsoft's earlier Video for Windows technology. Based on the Microsoft Windows Component Object Model (COM) framework, DirectShow provides a common interface for media across various programming languages, and is an extensible, filter-based framework that can render or record media files on demand at the request of the user or developer. The DirectShow development tools and documentation were originally distributed as part of the DirectX SDK. Currently, they are distributed as part of the Windows SDK (formerly known as the Platform SDK)." ; :prefLabel "DirectShow" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cattle Chute (computer and video games)", "Cattle Shoot", "Cattle Shoot (computer an video games)", "Cattle Shoot (computer and video games)", "Cattle chute(computer an video games)", "Emergent narrative", "Free roam", "Free roam game", "Free-form (video game gameplay)", "Freeform gameplay", "Linear (disambiguation)", "Linear gameplay", "Linearity (computer and video games)", "Linearity (video games)", "Non-linear exploration", "Non-linear gameplay", "Nonlinear game", "Open-ended", "Open-ended (gameplay)", "Procedural narrative", "Sandbox (videogames)", "Sandbox games", "Sandbox mode" ; :definition "A video game with nonlinear gameplay presents players with challenges that can be completed in a number of different sequences. Each player sees only some of the challenges possible, and the same challenges may be played in a different order. Conversely, a video game with linear gameplay will confront a player with a fixed sequence of challenges: every player sees every challenge and sees them in the same order." ; :prefLabel "Nonlinear gameplay" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Human", "Human Information Processes", "Human information processing", "Information Processing", "Mental Process", "cognitive process", "cognitive processing", "human information process", "mental processing", "processes thought", "processing thought", "thinking process", "thought process" ; :definition "Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms." ; :prefLabel "Mental Processes" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A GPU cluster is a computer cluster in which each node is equipped with a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). By harnessing the computational power of modern GPUs via General-Purpose Computing on Graphics Processing Units (GPGPU), very fast calculations can be performed with a GPU cluster." ; :prefLabel "GPU cluster" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computer performance, the instruction path length is the number of machine code instructions required to execute a section of a computer program. The total path length for the entire program could be deemed a measure of the algorithm's performance on a particular computer hardware. The path length of a simple conditional instruction would normally be considered as equal to 2, one instruction to perform the comparison and another to take a branch if the particular condition is satisfied. The length of time to execute each instruction is not normally considered in determining path length and so path length is merely an indication of relative performance rather than in any sense absolute." ; :prefLabel "Instruction path length" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DPA", "DPDA", "Deterministic pushdown automata", "NDPDA" ; :definition "In automata theory, a deterministic pushdown automaton (DPDA or DPA) is a variation of the pushdown automaton. The class of deterministic pushdown automata accepts the deterministic context-free languages, a proper subset of context-free languages." ; :prefLabel "Deterministic pushdown automaton" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2.5-inch SATA data connector", "3.5-inch SATA data connector", "E-sata", "ESata", "External SATA", "FIS", "Force 150", "Frame Information Structure", "Hybrid Information", "MSATA", "Micro SATA", "MicroSSD", "OPT1 enabled", "S-ATA", "SATA (disambiguation)", "SATA 1", "SATA 1.0", "SATA 1.5 Gb/s", "SATA 1.5Gb/s", "SATA 2", "SATA 2.0", "SATA 3", "SATA 3 Gb/s", "SATA 3.0", "SATA 3.1", "SATA 3.2", "SATA 3Gb/s", "SATA 6 Gb/s", "SATA 6Gb/s", "SATA I", "SATA II", "SATA III", "SATA Revision 3.0", "SATA Revision 3.2", "SATA drive", "SATA revision 1.0", "SATA revision 2.0", "SATA revision 3.1", "SATA-IO SATA Revision 3.0", "SATA-IO SATA revision 1.0", "SATA-IO SATA revision 2.0", "SATA-IO SATA revision 3.1", "SATA-IO SATA revision 3.2", "SATA-IO Serial ATA Revision 1.0", "SATA-IO Serial ATA Revision 2.0", "SATA-IO Serial ATA Revision 3.0", "SATA-IO Serial ATA Revision 3.1", "SATA-IO Serial ATA Revision 3.2", "SATA1", "SATA2", "SATA3", "SFF-8784", "Sata", "Sata 600", "Serial", "Serial AT Attachment", "Serial ATA 1", "Serial ATA 1.0", "Serial ATA 2", "Serial ATA 2.0", "Serial ATA 3", "Serial ATA 3.0", "Serial ATA 3.1", "Serial ATA 3.2", "Serial ATA I", "Serial ATA II", "Serial ATA III", "Serial ATA International Organization SATA Revision 1.0", "Serial ATA International Organization SATA Revision 2.0", "Serial ATA International Organization SATA Revision 3.0", "Serial ATA International Organization SATA Revision 3.1", "Serial ATA International Organization SATA Revision 3.2", "Serial ATA International Organization Serial ATA Revision 1.0", "Serial ATA International Organization Serial ATA Revision 2.0", "Serial ATA International Organization Serial ATA Revision 3.0", "Serial ATA International Organization Serial ATA Revision 3.1", "Serial ATA International Organization Serial ATA Revision 3.2", "Serial ATA International Organization: Serial ATA Revision 1.0", "Serial ATA International Organization: Serial ATA Revision 2.0", "Serial ATA International Organization: Serial ATA Revision 3.0", "Serial ATA International Organization: Serial ATA Revision 3.1", "Serial ATA International Organization: Serial ATA Revision 3.2", "Serial Advanced Technology Attachment", "SerialATA", "USM", "USM Slim", "Universal Storage Module", "Universal Storage Module Slim" ; :definition "Serial ATA (SATA, abbreviated from Serial AT Attachment) is a computer bus interface that connects host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives, optical drives, and solid-state drives. Serial ATA succeeded the older Parallel ATA (PATA) standard, offering several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (seven conductors instead of 40 or 80), native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signaling rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol." ; :prefLabel "Serial ATA" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clean HDMI", "HDMI 1.3a Specifications", "Lossless video compression", "Raw video" ; :definition "Uncompressed video is digital video that either has never been compressed or was generated by decompressing previously compressed digital video. It is commonly used by video cameras, video recording devices (including general purpose computers), and in video processors that perform functions such as image resizing, image rotation and text and graphics overlay. It is conveyed over various types of baseband digital video interfaces, such as HDMI, DVI, DisplayPort and SDI." ; :prefLabel "Uncompressed video" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ecological services", "Ecosystem goods", "Ecosystem service", "Environmental services", "Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services", "Nature's services" ; :definition "Humankind benefits in a multitude of ways from ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are becoming known as ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are regularly involved in the provisioning of clean drinking water and the decomposition of wastes. While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem services implicitly for decades, the ecosystem services concept itself was popularized by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in the early 2000s. This grouped ecosystem services into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. To help inform decision-makers, many ecosystem" ; :prefLabel "Ecosystem services" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SCL", "ST", "Structured Control Language" ; :definition "Structured text is one of the five languages supported by the IEC 61131-3 standard, designed for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). It is a high level language that is block structured and syntactically resembles Pascal, on which it is based. All of the languages share IEC61131 Common Elements. The variables and function calls are defined by the common elements so different languages within the IEC 61131-3 standard can be used in the same program. Complex statements and nested instructions are supported:" ; :prefLabel "Structured text" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A web project is the process of developing and creating a web site, activities in a network which are aimed at a pre-defined goal. The network can be both accessible for everyone, as in the internet, or only for certain people, as an intranet. The goal of web projects is the transfer of static and dynamic content - both directly to end users, as well as indirectly through means of various kinds of interfaces. Web projects are based on TCP/IP (Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) technology and concern the transfer of static and dynamic content.A web project involves many aspects, including programming and the accompanying software development, web business, web server and network administration, hosting, graphics/design, the development and administration of databases, construction" ; :prefLabel "Web project" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nano", "Nano (editor)", "Nano (software)", "Nano (text editor)", "Nano text editor" ; :definition "GNU nano is a text editor for Unix-like computing systems or operating environments using a command line interface. It emulates the Pico text editor, part of the Pine email client, and also provides additional functionality.Unlike Pico, nano is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Released as free software by Chris Allegretta in 1999, nano became part of the GNU Project in 2001." ; :prefLabel "GNU nano" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Edinburgh Logical Framework", "Framework", "LF (logical framework)", "Lf" ; :definition "In logic, a logical framework provides a means to define (or present) a logic as a signature in a higher-order type theory in such a way that provability of a formula in the original logic reduces to a type inhabitation problem in the framework type theory. This approach has been used successfully for (interactive) automated theorem proving. The first logical framework was Automath; however, the name of the idea comes from the more widely known Edinburgh Logical Framework, LF. Several more recent proof tools like Isabelle are based on this idea. Unlike a direct embedding, the logical framework approach allows many logics to be embedded in the same type system." ; :prefLabel "Logical framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CLDC", "JSR 139", "JSR 30" ; :definition "The Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) is a specification of a framework for Java ME applications describing the basic set of libraries and virtual-machine features that must be present in an implementation. The CLDC is combined with one or more profiles to give developers a platform for building applications on embedded devices with very limited resources such as pagers and mobile phones. The CLDC was developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 30 (CLDC 1.0) and JSR 139 (CLDC 1.1)." ; :prefLabel "Connected Limited Device Configuration" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SIOC", "Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities Project", "Semanticially-Interlinked Online Communities" ; :definition "Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities Project (SIOC - pronounced "shock") is a Semantic Web technology. SIOC provides methods for interconnecting discussion methods such as blogs, forums and mailing lists to each other. It consists of the SIOC ontology, an open-standard machine readable format for expressing the information contained both explicitly and implicitly in Internet discussion methods, of SIOC metadata producers for a number of popular blogging platforms and content management systems, and of storage and browsing/searching systems for leveraging this SIOC data." ; :prefLabel "Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Have you seen this boy%3F", "Judgment (disambiguation)", "Judgment Day (1991 film)", "Judgment Day (disambiguation)", "Miles Bennet Dyson", "Miles Bennett Dyson", "Miles Dyson", "T2: Judgement Day", "T2:JD", "Tarissa Dyson", "Terminater 2", "Terminator", "Terminator 2", "Terminator 2 Judgement Day", "Terminator 2 Judgment Day", "Terminator 2: Judgement Day", "Terminator 2: Judgment Day (film)", "Terminator 2: Jugdment Day", "Terminator 2: The Judgement Day", "Terminator 2:Judgment Day", "Terminator II", "Terminator two", "Terminator2", "Terminator2 Judgement day", "Terminator: judgement day", "The Terminator 2" ; :definition "Terminator 2: Judgment Day (also referred to as simply Terminator 2, T2 and Judgement Day) is a 1991 American science fiction film co-written, produced and directed by James Cameron. The film stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Linda Hamilton, Robert Patrick and Edward Furlong. It is the sequel to the 1984 film The Terminator, and the second installment in the Terminator franchise. Terminator 2 follows Sarah Connor (Hamilton) and her ten-year-old son John (Furlong) as they are pursued by a new, more advanced Terminator, the liquid metal, shapeshifting T-1000 (Patrick), sent back in time to kill John Connor and prevent him from becoming the leader of the human resistance. A second, less advanced Terminator (Schwarzenegger) is also sent back in time to protect John." ; :prefLabel "Terminator 2: Judgment Day" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1 norm", "Block distance", "City block distance", "City block norm", "City-block metric", "Firetruck distance", "L1 distance", "L1 norm", "L1-distance", "L1-norm", "Manhattan (disambiguation)", "Manhattan distance", "Manhattan distance formula", "Manhattan length", "Manhattan metric", "Manhattan norm", "Manhattan units", "One norm", "Rectilinear distance", "Taxi cab metric", "Taxi metric", "Taxicab distance", "Taxicab metric", "Taxicab norm" ; :definition "Taxicab geometry, considered by Hermann Minkowski in 19th-century Germany, is a form of geometry in which the usual distance function of metric or Euclidean geometry is replaced by a new metric in which the distance between two points is the sum of the absolute differences of their Cartesian coordinates. The taxicab metric is also known as rectilinear distance, L1 distance or" ; :prefLabel "Taxicab geometry" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Motive", "motivations" ; :definition "Those factors which cause an organism to behave or act in either a goal-seeking or satisfying manner. They may be influenced by physiological drives or by external stimuli." ; :prefLabel "Motivation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DFKI", "Deutsche Forschungszentrum fuer Kuenstliche Intelligenz", "Deutsche Forschungszentrum fur Kunstliche Intelligenz", "Deutsche Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz", "Deutsches Forschungszentrum fuer Kuenstliche Intelligenz", "Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Kunstliche Intelligenz", "Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz", "German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence", "SmartWeb-Car", "The 100%25 Safe Car" ; :definition "The German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (German: Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz, DFKI) is one of the world's largest nonprofit contract research institutes in the field of innovative software technology based on artificial intelligence (AI) methods. DFKI was founded in 1988, and has facilities in the German cities of Kaiserslautern, Saarbrücken, Bremen and Berlin. DFKI shareholders include Google, Microsoft, SAP, BMW and Daimler. The current directors are Prof. Wolfgang Wahlster (CEO) and Dr. Walter G. Olthoff (CFO)." ; :prefLabel "German Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CI", "Convergence disorder", "Insufficiency" ; :definition "Convergence insufficiency or convergence disorder is a sensory and neuromuscular anomaly of the binocular vision system, characterized by a reduced ability of the eyes to turn towards each other, or sustain convergence." ; :prefLabel "Convergence Insufficiency" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IEEE 1484.12.1-2002", "IEEE LOM", "Lom" ; :definition "Learning Object Metadata is a data model, usually encoded in XML, used to describe a learning object and similar digital resources used to support learning. The purpose of learning object metadata is to support the reusability of learning objects, to aid discoverability, and to facilitate their interoperability, usually in the context of online learning management systems (LMS)." ; :prefLabel "Learning object metadata" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Service-oriented", "Sose" ; :definition "Service-oriented Software Engineering (SOSE) is a software engineering methodology focused on the development of software systems by composition of reusable services (service-orientation) often provided by other service providers. Since it involves composition, it shares many characteristics of component-based software engineering, the composition of software systems from reusable components, but it adds the ability to dynamically locate necessary services at run-time. These services may be provided by others as web services, but the essential element is the dynamic nature of the connection between the service users and the service providers." ; :prefLabel "Service-oriented software engineering" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information foraging theory", "Information scent" ; :definition "Information foraging is a theory that applies the ideas from optimal foraging theory to understand how human users search for information. The theory is based on the assumption that, when searching for information, humans use "built-in" foraging mechanisms that evolved to help our animal ancestors find food. Importantly, better understanding of human search behaviour can improve the usability of websites or any other user interface." ; :prefLabel "Information foraging" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Google Knowledge Vault" ; :definition "The Knowledge Vault is a knowledge base created by Google. As of 2014, it contained 1.6 billion facts which had been collated automatically from the Internet. The Knowledge Graph pulled in information from structured sources like Freebase, Wikidata and Wikipedia, while the Knowledge Vault is an accumulation of facts from across the entire web, including unstructured sources. "Facts" in Knowledge Vault also include a confidence value, giving the capability of distinguishing between knowledge statements that have a high probability of being true from others that may be less likely to be true (based on the source that Google obtained the data from and other factors)." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge Vault" ; :related , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Complementarity", "Complementarity problem" ; :definition "A complementarity problem is a type of mathematical optimization problem. It is the problem of optimizing (minimizing or maximizing) a function of two vector variables subject to certain requirements (constraints) which include: that the inner product of the two vectors must equal zero, i.e. orthogonal. In particular for finite-dimensional real vector spaces this means that, if one has vectors X and Y with nonnegative components (xi ≥ 0 and yi ≥ 0 for all" ; :prefLabel "Complementarity theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computer security a countermeasure is an action, device, procedure, or technique that reduces a threat, a vulnerability, or an attack by eliminating or preventing it, by minimizing the harm it can cause, or by discovering and reporting it so that corrective action can be taken. The definition is as IETF that is the same as CNSS Instruction No. 4009 dated 26 April 2010 by Committee on National Security Systems of United States of America. According to the Glossary by InfosecToday, the meaning of countermeasure is:" ; :prefLabel "Countermeasure (computer)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Index", "Subject analysis" ; :definition "Subject indexing is the act of describing or classifying a document by index terms or other symbols in order to indicate what the document is about, to summarize its content or to increase its findability. In other words, it is about identifying and describing the subject of documents. Indexes are constructed, separately, on three distinct levels: terms in a document such as a book; objects in a collection such as a library; and documents (such as books and articles) within a field of knowledge." ; :prefLabel "Subject indexing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "OntoWiki is a free, open-source semantic wiki application, meant to serve as an ontology editor and a knowledge acquisition system. It is a web-based application written in PHP and using either a MySQL database or a Virtuoso triple store. OntoWiki is form-based rather than syntax-based, and thus tries to hide as much of the complexity of knowledge representation formalisms from users as possible. OntoWiki is mainly being developed by the Agile Knowledge Engineering and Semantic Web (AKSW) research group at the University of Leipzig, a group also known for the DBpedia project among others, in collaboration with volunteers around the world." ; :prefLabel "OntoWiki" ; :related , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HIG", "Human User Interface guidelines", "User Interface Guidelines" ; :definition "Human interface guidelines (HIG) are software development documents which offer application developers a set of recommendations. Their aim is to improve the experience for the users by making application interfaces more intuitive, learnable, and consistent. Most guides limit themselves to defining a common look and feel for applications in a particular desktop environment. The guides enumerate specific policies. Policies are sometimes based on studies of human-computer interaction (so called usability studies), but most are based on arbitrary conventions chosen by the platform developers." ; :prefLabel "Human interface guidelines" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "bibliographies" ; :definition "A work consisting of a list of books, articles, documents, publications, and other items, usually on a single subject or related subjects." ; :prefLabel "Bibliography" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DOS (disambiguation)", "Distributed object system", "Distributed objects" ; :definition "In distributed computing, distributed objects are objects (in the sense of object-oriented programming) that are distributed across different address spaces, either in multiple computers connected via a network or even in different processes on the same computer, but which work together by sharing data and invoking methods. This often involves location transparency, where remote objects appear the same as local objects. The main method of distributed object communication is with remote method invocation, generally by message-passing: one object sends a message to another object in a remote machine or process to perform some task. The results are sent back to the calling object." ; :prefLabel "Distributed object" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Jusqu'ici" ; :definition "Way to Go (French: Jusqu'ici) is a 2015 Canada/France interactive film and virtual reality web-based experience created by the Montreal digital studio AATOAA (Vincent Morisset, Philippe Lambert, Édouard Lanctôt-Benoit and Caroline Robert) and produced by National Film Board of Canada (Hugues Sweeney) and France Télévisions. The production lets users take a virtual walk in the woods, through a combination of animation and immersive video." ; :prefLabel "Way to Go" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GL", "Gloss", "Gloss (margin text)", "Glossed", "Glosser", "Glossers", "Glosses", "Glossing" ; :definition "A gloss (from Latin: glossa, from Greek: γλῶσσα glóssa "language") is a brief notation, especially a marginal one or an interlinear one, of the meaning of a word or wording in a text. It may be in the language of the text, or in the reader's language if that is different." ; :prefLabel "Gloss (annotation)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Molecular and Optical Physics", "PRA", "Phys. Rev. A", "Physical Review A : atomic", "Physical Review A: Atomic", "Physical Review A: General Physics", "molecular and optical physics" ; :definition "Physical Review A (also known as PRA) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Physical Society covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information. The current Editor is Gordon W. F. Drake (University of Windsor)." ; :prefLabel "Physical Review A" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2x mod 1 map", "Bernoulli map", "Bit shift map", "Bit-shift map", "Doubling", "Doubling map", "Dyadic", "Dyadic map", "Sawtooth map" ; :definition "The dyadic transformation (also known as the dyadic map, bit shift map, 2x mod 1 map, Bernoulli map, doubling map or sawtooth map) is the mapping (i.e., recurrence relation) produced by the rule . Equivalently, the dyadic transformation can also be defined as the iterated function map of the piecewise linear function The name bit shift map arises because, if the value of an iterate is written in binary notation, the next iterate is obtained by shifting the binary point one bit to the right, and if the bit to the left of the new binary point is a "one", replacing it with a zero." ; :prefLabel "Dyadic transformation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HARA (finance)", "HARA utility function", "Hara" ; :definition "In finance, economics, and decision theory, hyperbolic absolute risk aversion (HARA) refers to a type of risk aversion that is particularly convenient to model mathematically and to obtain empirical predictions from. It refers specifically to a property of von Neumann–Morgenstern utility functions, which are typically functions of final wealth (or some related variable), and which describe a decision-maker's degree of satisfaction with the outcome for wealth. The final outcome for wealth is affected both by random variables and by decisions. Decision-makers are assumed to make their decisions (such as, for example, portfolio allocations) so as to maximize the expected value of the utility function." ; :prefLabel "Hyperbolic absolute risk aversion" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Viz", "Viz (game)", "Viz (video game)" ; :definition "Viz: The Computer Game (also known in-game as "Viz: The Soft Floppy One" and "Viz: The Game" on the box cover) is a single player racing game based on the Viz adult comic which was released in 1991 by Virgin Interactive. The game's lively music was composed by Jeroen Tel." ; :prefLabel "Viz: The Computer Game" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A knowledge society generates, shares and makes available to all members of the society knowledge that may be used to improve the human condition. A knowledge society differs from an information society in that the former serves to transform information into resources that allow society to take effective action while the latter only creates and disseminates the raw data. The capacity to gather and analyze information has existed throughout human history. However, the idea of the present-day knowledge society is based on the vast increase in data creation and information dissemination that results from the innovation of information technologies. The UNESCO World Report addresses the definition, content and future of knowledge societies." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge society" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ABNORMAL DEVELOPMENT", "ANOMALY ANOMALY CONGEN", "ANOMALY CONGENITAL", "Aangeboren afwijking spijsvert org", "Aangeboren afwijkingen zenuwst", "Abnormalities", "Abnormality", "An congenitas del ap digestivo", "Anomal congen syst dig", "Anomalias congenitas", "Anomalie congenite", "Anomalies congenitales", "Birth", "Birth Defect", "Birth Defects", "CONGENITAL", "CONGENITAL ANOMALIES", "CONGENITAL ANOMALY", "CONGENITAL ANOMALY NOS", "Congenital", "Congenital Abnormalities", "Congenital Abnormalities [Disease/Finding]", "Congenital Anatomic Abnormality", "Congenital Anatomical Abnormality", "Congenital Anomalies of Fetus", "Congenital Anomaly or Birth Defect", "Congenital Defect/Deformity", "Congenital Defects", "Congenital Deformity", "Congenital Malformation", "Congenital Malformations", "Congenital anomaly", "Congenital defect", "DEFECT/DEFORMITY", "DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITY", "Defect", "Defects", "Deformities", "Deformity", "Deformity/Defect", "LISERI SISTEMAKO SORTZETIKO ANOMALIA", "MALFORMATION", "MEDFODDA MISSBILDNINGAR", "MEDFODTE FEIL", "MEDFODTE FEIL/MANGLER", "Malformacoes congenitas", "Medfodt anomali i fordoj system", "Medfodt misdannelse", "NOS", "SCONG", "SORTZETIKO ANOMALIA", "SYNNYNNAISET EPAMUODOSTUMAT", "angeb Missbildung Verdauungstrakt", "angeborene Missbildung Nervensystem", "developmental defect", "dysgenesis", "dysmorphism", "dysmorphisms", "fetal anomaly", "fetal malformation", "malformations", "unspecified", "veleszuletett rendellenesseg" ; :definition "Any abnormality, anatomical or biochemical, evident at birth or during the neonatal period." ; :prefLabel "Congenital Abnormality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hand book", "Hand-book", "Pocket reference", "Ready reference", "Vade mecum", "Vade mecum (book)", "Vade-mecum", "Vademecum" ; :definition "Handbooks are collection of miscellaneous facts on a particular theme or year. They generally assume knowledge; hence they are usually used to provide answers to specialist queries. E.g Guinness World records. A handbook is a type of reference work, or other collection of instructions, that is intended to provide ready reference. A handbook is a treatise on a special subject. Nowadays it is often a simple but all-embracing treatment, containing concise information and being small enough to be held in the hand." ; :prefLabel "Handbook" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Synopsis", "Video Synopsis technology" ; :definition "Video synopsis (often abbreviated V.S.) is an approach to create a short video summary of a long video. It tracks and analyzes moving objects (also called events), and converts video streams into a database of objects and activities. The technology has specific applications in the field of video surveillance where, despite technological advancements and increased growth in the deployment of CCTV (closed circuit television) cameras, viewing and analysis of recorded footage is still a costly and labor-intensive and time-intensive task." ; :prefLabel "Video synopsis" ; :related , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".ll", "LLVM Intermediate Representation", "Low level virtual machine" ; :definition "The LLVM compiler infrastructure project (formerly Low Level Virtual Machine) is a "collection of modular and reusable compiler and toolchain technologies" used to develop compiler front ends and back ends. The Association for Computing Machinery presented Adve, Lattner, and Evan Cheng with the 2012 ACM Software System Award for LLVM." ; :prefLabel "LLVM" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anonymous resource", "Bnode" ; :definition "In RDF, a blank node (also called bnode) is a node in an RDF graph representing a resource for which a URI or literal is not given. The resource represented by a blank node is also called an anonymous resource. According to the RDF standard a blank node can only be used as subject or object of an RDF triple." ; :prefLabel "Blank node" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Behavioral model" ; :definition "The behavioral approach to systems theory and control theory was initiated in the late-1970s by J. C. Willems as a result of resolving inconsistencies present in classical approaches based on state-space, transfer function, and convolution representations. This approach is also motivated by the aim of obtaining a general framework for system analysis and control that respects the underlying physics." ; :prefLabel "Behavioral modeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Makinson" ; :definition "David Clement Makinson, D.Phil, (born 27 August 1941), is an Australian mathematical logician living in London, England." ; :prefLabel "David Makinson" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "As a service", "PaaS", "Platform-as-a-service", "Zimki" ; :definition "Platform as a service (PaaS) is a category of cloud computing services that provides a platform allowing customers to develop, run, and manage applications without the complexity of building and maintaining the infrastructure typically associated with developing and launching an app. PaaS can be delivered in two ways: as a public cloud service from a provider, where the consumer controls software deployment with minimal configuration options, and the provider provides the networks, servers, storage, OS, 'middleware' (i.e.; java runtime, .net runtime, integration, etc.), database and other services to host the consumer's application; or as a private service (software or appliance) inside the firewall, or as software deployed on a public infrastructure as a service." ; :prefLabel "Platform as a service" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Semantic architecture is a novel concept in software architecture which envisions enabling the architecture community to unambiguously capture, catalog, communicate, preserve, and interoperably exchange semantics of their architectures, thus making architecture descriptions true assets." ; :prefLabel "Semantic architecture" ; :related , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brazilian logic", "Dual-intuitionistic logic", "Logic of Paradox", "Paraconsistency", "Paraconsistent", "Paraconsistent logics" ; :definition "A paraconsistent logic is a logical system that attempts to deal with contradictions in a discriminating way. Alternatively, paraconsistent logic is the subfield of logic that is concerned with studying and developing paraconsistent (or "inconsistency-tolerant") systems of logic. Inconsistency-tolerant logics have been discussed since at least 1910 (and arguably much earlier, for example in the writings of Aristotle); however, the term paraconsistent ("beside the consistent") was not coined until 1976, by the Peruvian philosopher Francisco Miró Quesada." ; :prefLabel "Paraconsistent logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Effective pixels", "Film resolution", "Hi Resolution", "Hi res", "Hi-res", "Hi-rez", "High resolution", "High-resolution", "High-rez", "Highres", "Image size", "Lo-res", "Low resolution", "Picture resolution", "Pixel count", "Resolution", "Texture resolution", "Total pixels" ; :definition "Image resolution is the detail an image holds. The term applies to raster digital images, film images, and other types of images. Higher resolution means more image detail. Image resolution can be measured in various ways. Resolution quantifies how close lines can be to each other and still be visibly resolved. Resolution units can be tied to physical sizes (e.g. lines per mm, lines per inch), to the overall size of a picture (lines per picture height, also known simply as lines, TV lines, or TVL), or to angular subtense. Line pairs are often used instead of lines; a line pair comprises a dark line and an adjacent light line. A line is either a dark line or a light line. A resolution of 10 lines per millimeter means 5 dark lines alternating with 5 light lines, or 5 line pairs per millimete" ; :prefLabel "Image resolution" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Excerpts" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "UNIV", "University" ; :definition "A large and diverse institution of higher learning created to educate for life and for a profession and to grant degrees; an establishment where a seat of higher learning is housed, including administrative and living quarters as well as facilities for research and teaching; the body of faculty and students at a university." ; :prefLabel "Universities" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Derivation (logic)", "Formal", "Formal derivation", "Proof", "Proof (logic)", "Symbolic proof" ; :definition "A formal proof or derivation is a finite sequence of sentences (called well-formed formulas in the case of a formal language), each of which is an axiom, an assumption, or follows from the preceding sentences in the sequence by a rule of inference. The last sentence in the sequence is a theorem of a formal system. The notion of theorem is not in general effective, therefore there may be no method by which we can always find a proof of a given sentence or determine that none exists. The concept of natural deduction is a generalization of the concept of proof." ; :prefLabel "Formal proof" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "incomplete" ; :definition "Being or affecting only a part of something." ; :prefLabel "Partial" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HRI", "Human robot interaction", "Human-robot interaction" ; :definition "Human–robot interaction has been a topic of both science fiction and academic speculation even before any robots existed. Because HRI depends on a knowledge of (sometimes natural) human communication, many aspects of HRI are continuations of human communications topics that are much older than robotics per se. The origin of HRI as a discrete problem was stated by 20th-century author Isaac Asimov in 1941, in his novel I, Robot. He states the Three Laws of Robotics as," ; :prefLabel "Human–robot interaction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Social robots" ; :definition "A social robot is an autonomous robot that interacts and communicates with humans or other autonomous physical agents by following social behaviors and rules attached to its role. This definition suggests that a social robot must have a physical embodiment (screen characters would be excluded). Recently some robots have been developed that use a screen to display the robot's head. Such a machine is on the borderline of being a robot. If the body only functions as a holder for the screen then such a system cannot be considered a robot, but if the robot has some physical motor and sensor abilities then such a system could be considered a robot." ; :prefLabel "Social robot" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Harald Ganzinger (31 October 1950, Werneck – 3 June 2004, Saarbrücken) was a German computer scientist who together with Leo Bachmair developed the superposition calculus, which is (as of 2007) used in most of the state-of-the-art automated theorem provers for first-order logic. He received the Herbrand Award in 2004 (posthumous) for his important contributions to automated theorem proving." ; :prefLabel "Harald Ganzinger" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "TRAVERSE Accounting and Business Software (Enterprise Resource Planning - ERP) is a business accounting software suite for small- to medium-sized businesses using the Microsoft Windows operating system. First produced in 1994 by Open Systems, Inc., TRAVERSE is a group of interrelated applications which operate in tandem. TRAVERSE runs using the Microsoft SQL Server database. In versions released from 1994 to 2009, TRAVERSE was coded with Visual Basic for Applications, and operated as a Microsoft Access application. The current version is coded using the C# programming language within the Microsoft .NET framework, and no longer requires Microsoft Access." ; :prefLabel "TRAVERSE" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EOS (Operating System)", "Eos (disambiguation)" ; :definition "EOS was the discontinued operating system developed by ETA Systems (a spin-off division of Control Data Corporation) for use in their ETA10 line of supercomputers in the 1980s. EOS was preceded by and was binary executable compatible with the CDC VSOS operating system for Cyber 205. Like VSOS, EOS had demand paged virtual memory (the VS part) with 2 pages sizes for improved virtual memory performance with the ETA's faster hardware pipelines. Though it had roots in the interactive Livermore Time Sharing System (LTSS), VSOS was focused as a batch-oriented operating system. VSOS was not run at very many institutions and its application-oriented performance, while the historic focus for supercomputing, set its features behind the times because of its limited user base." ; :prefLabel "EOS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arbiter", "Memory arbiter" ; :definition "Arbiters are electronic devices that allocate access to shared resources." ; :prefLabel "Arbiter (electronics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LSA", "Lichen", "Lichen Scleroses", "Lichen Sclerosis", "Lichen Sclerosis et Atrophicus", "Lichen Sclerosus", "Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus [Disease/Finding]", "Scleroses", "Sclerosis", "Sclerosus", "atrophicus lichens sclerosis", "lichen et atrophicus sclerosus", "lichen et sclerosus atrophicus", "lichen sclerosis atrophicus", "lichens sclerosus", "sclerosus lichen", "white spot disease" ; :definition "A chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease usually affecting the female genitalia (VULVAR LICHEN SCLEROSUS) and BALANITIS XEROTICA OBLITERANS in males. It is also called white spot disease and Csillag's disease." ; :prefLabel "Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Field", "Field Work", "Field study", "Field study method", "Field-study centre", "Fieldwork" ; :definition "Field research or fieldwork is the collection of information outside a laboratory, library or workplace setting. The approaches and methods used in field research vary across disciplines. For example, biologists who conduct field research may simply observe animals interacting with their environments, whereas social scientists conducting field research may interview or observe people in their natural environments to learn their languages, folklore, and social structures." ; :prefLabel "Field research" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ViCLAS" ; :definition "In network theory, link analysis is a data-analysis technique used to evaluate relationships (connections) between nodes. Relationships may be identified among various types of nodes (objects), including organizations, people and transactions. Link analysis has been used for investigation of criminal activity (fraud detection, counterterrorism, and intelligence), computer security analysis, search engine optimization, market research, medical research, and art." ; :prefLabel "Link analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Evaluation (disambiguation)", "Heuristic evaluation function", "Static evaluation function" ; :definition "An evaluation function, also known as a heuristic evaluation function or static evaluation function, is a function used by game-playing programs to estimate the value or goodness of a position in the minimax and related algorithms. The evaluation function is typically designed to prioritize speed over accuracy; the function looks only at the current position and does not explore possible moves (therefore static)." ; :prefLabel "Evaluation function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chartometer", "Curvimeter", "Map measure", "Map measurer", "Meilograph", "Wealemefna" ; :definition "An opisometer, also called a curvimeter, meilograph, or map measurer, is an instrument for measuring the lengths of arbitrary curved lines. A simple opisometer consists of a toothed wheel of known circumference on a handle. The wheel is placed in contact with the curved line to be measured and run along its length. By counting the number of teeth passing a mark on the handle while this is done, the length of the line can be ascertained: line length = wheel circumference × teeth counted/teeth on wheel." ; :prefLabel "Opisometer" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "assigned" ; :prefLabel "PersonNameUse - assigned" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Difference Algorithm", "LCS", "LCS problem", "Longest common subsequence", "Longest-common subsequence problem" ; :definition "The longest common subsequence (LCS) problem is the problem of finding the longest subsequence common to all sequences in a set of sequences (often just two sequences). It differs from problems of finding common substrings: unlike substrings, subsequences are not required to occupy consecutive positions within the original sequences. The longest common subsequence problem is a classic computer science problem, the basis of data comparison programs such as the diff utility, and has applications in bioinformatics. It is also widely used by revision control systems such as Git for reconciling multiple changes made to a revision-controlled collection of files." ; :prefLabel "Longest common subsequence problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gain" ; :definition "In information theory and machine learning, information gain is a synonym for Kullback–Leibler divergence. However, in the context of decision trees, the term is sometimes used synonymously with mutual information, which is the expected value of the Kullback–Leibler divergence of the univariate probability distribution of one variable from the conditional distribution of this variable given the other one. The expected value of the information gain is the mutual information I(X; A) of X and A – i.e. the reduction in the entropy of X achieved by learning the state of the random variable A." ; :prefLabel "Information gain in decision trees" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S C O'riain", "S O'riain", "S Oriain", "Sean O'riain", "Sean O’riain", "Sean Óriain" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 47 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Seán O'Riain" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "F. Garcia-sanchez", "Francisco Garcia-sanchez", "Francisco J. García-sánchez" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 45 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Francisco García-Sánchez" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "H Garcia-molina", "H. 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De Sutter" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Robbie De Sutter" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "J Curtis", "J M Curtis", "J. Curtis" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 126 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Jon Curtis" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "T Liu", "T. Liu", "Ting Liu", "Ting Xin Liu" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1152 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Ting Liu" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S. Lindstaedt", "Stefanie Lindstaedt", "Stefanie Lindstädt" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 74 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Stefanie N. Lindstaedt" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "D Gerber", "D. Gerber", "Daniel W. Gerber" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 108 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Daniel Gerber" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "X. Yang", "Xin Yang", "Xin Zhang And Mianrong Yang" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 775 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Xin Yang" . a , , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "Hermes is an ontology-based framework for building news personalization services. This framework consists of a news classification phase, which classifies the news, a knowledge base updating phase, which keeps the knowledge base upto-date, a news querying phase, allowing the user to search the news for concepts of interest, and a results presentation phase, showing the returned news items. The focus of this paper is on how to keep the knowledge base up-todate. For this purpose, we elaborate on the updating phase that searches for key events in the news. Using rules based on patterns and actions, these events can be extracted and the knowledge base is updated. This is a semi-automatic process since user validation is required before updating the knowledge base." ; default4:contributor "Jethro Borsje", "Kim Schouten", "Philip Ruijgrok" ; default4:date "2009" ; default4:title "A Semantic Web-Based Approach for Personalizing News" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Kim" ; default5:fullName "Kim Schouten" ; default5:initials "K." ; default5:lastName "Schouten" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Philip" ; default5:fullName "Philip Ruijgrok" ; default5:initials "P." ; default5:lastName "Ruijgrok" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Jethro" ; default5:fullName "Jethro Borsje" ; default5:initials "J." ; default5:lastName "Borsje" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Schouten et al." ; default5:id "3bb9dbbcb51386a4094e18bf4ecacc82010e1f99" ; default5:refCount 24 ; default2:abstract "Hermes is an ontology-based framework for building news personalization services. This framework consists of a news classification phase, which classifies the news, a knowledge base updating phase, which keeps the knowledge base up-to-date, a news querying phase, allowing the user to search the news for concepts of interest, and a results presentation phase, showing the returned news items. The focus of this paper is on how to keep the knowledge base up-to-date. For this purpose, we elaborate on the updating phase that searches for key events in the news. Using rules based on patterns and actions, these events can be extracted and the knowledge base is updated. This is a semi-automatic process since user validation is required before updating the knowledge base." ; default2:contributor , , , , , ; default2:date "2010" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , ; default2:title "A semantic web-based approach for personalizing news" ; default3:doi "10.1145/1774088.1774264" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 0 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "SAC '10" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2009" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.4018/jebr.2009082103" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "IJEBR" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , ; default2:date "2002" ; default2:subject , ; default1:citationVelocity 28 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 233 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "ACL" . a , , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default4:abstract "For easing the exchange of news, the International Press Telecommunication Council (IPTC) has developed the NewsML Architecture (NAR), an XML-based model that is specialized into a number of languages such as NewsML G2 and EventsML G2. As part of this architecture, specific controlled vocabularies, such as the IPTC News Codes, are used to categorize news items together with other industry-standard thesauri. While news is still mainly in the form of text-based stories, these are often illustrated with graphics, images and videos. Media-specific metadata formats, such as EXIF, DIG35 and XMP, are used to describe the media. The use of different metadata formats in a single production process leads to interoperability problems within the news production chain itself. It also excludes linking to existing web knowledge resources and impedes the construction of uniform end-user interfaces for searching and browsing news content. In order to allow these different metadata standards to interoperate within a single information environment, we design an OWL ontology for the IPTC News Architecture, linked with other multimedia metadata standards. We convert the IPTC NewsCodes into a SKOS thesaurus and we demonstrate how the news metadata can then be enriched using natural language processing and multimedia analysis and integrated with existing knowledge already formalized on the Semantic Web. We discuss the method we used for developing the ontology and give rationale for our design decisions. We provide guidelines for re-engineering schemas into ontologies and formalize their implicit semantics. In order to demonstrate the appropriateness of our ontology infrastructure, we present an exploratory environment for searching and browsing news items." ; default4:contributor "R. Troncy", "Raphaël Troncy" ; default4:date "2008" ; default4:title "Bringing the IPTC News Architecture into the Semantic Web" ; default5:authorList ( [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "Raphaël" ; default5:fullName "Raphaël Troncy" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Troncy" ] [ a default5:AuthorName ; default5:firstNames "R." ; default5:fullName "R. Troncy" ; default5:initials "R." ; default5:lastName "Troncy" ] ) ; default5:authorStr "Troncy & Troncy" ; default5:id "641afb87cd16da36d449b30a80a41a938fc2d9cf" ; default5:refCount 21 ; default2:abstract """For easing the exchange of news, the International Press Telecommunication Council (IPTC) has developed the NewsML Architecture (NAR), an XML-based model that is specialized into a number of languages such as NewsML G2 and EventsML G2. As part of this architecture, specific controlled vocabularies, such as the IPTC News Codes, are used to categorize news items together with other industry-standard thesauri. While news is still mainly in the form of text-based stories, these are often illustrated with graphics, images and videos. Media-specific metadata formats, such as EXIF, DIG35 and XMP, are used to describe the media. The use of different metadata formats in a single production process leads to interoperability problems within the news production chain itself. It also excludes linking to existing web knowledge resources and impedes the construction of uniform end-user interfaces for searching and browsing news content. In order to allow these different metadata standards to interoperate within a single information environment, we design an OWL ontology for the IPTC News Architecture, linked with other multimedia metadata standards. We convert the IPTC NewsCodes into a SKOS thesaurus and we demonstrate how the news metadata can then be enriched using natural language processing and multimedia analysis and integrated with existing knowledge already formalized on the Semantic Web. We discuss the method we used for developing the ontology and give rationale for our design decisions. We provide guidelines for re-engineering schemas into ontologies and formalize their implicit semantics. In order to demonstrate the appropriateness of our ontology infrastructure, we present an exploratory environment for searching and browsing news items.""" ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2008" ; default2:isReferencedBy , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:references , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default2:title "Bringing the IPTC News Architecture into the Semantic Web" ; default3:doi "10.1007/978-3-540-88564-1_31" ; default1:citationVelocity 0 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "International Semantic Web Conference" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor ; default2:date "2000" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.2307/417141" ; default1:citationVelocity 302 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1934 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a , , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , , , ; default2:date "2004" ; default2:subject , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; default3:doi "10.1017/S135132490400347X" ; default1:citationVelocity 7 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "Natural Language Engineering" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "12-way", "2-way", "Eight-way server", "Multicore system", "N-Way", "N-Way Workstation/Server", "SMP – Symmetric Multiprocessor System", "Symmetric Multi-Processing", "Symmetric Multi-Processor", "Symmetric Multiprocessor", "Symmetric Myltiprocessor System", "Symmetrical multi processor", "Symmetrical multiprocessing", "Symmetrical multiprocessors" ; :definition "Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) involves a symmetric multiprocessor system hardware and software architecture where two or more identical processors connect to a single, shared main memory, have full access to all I/O devices, and are controlled by a single operating system instance that treats all processors equally, reserving none for special purposes. Most multiprocessor systems today use an SMP architecture. In the case of multi-core processors, the SMP architecture applies to the cores, treating them as separate processors." ; :prefLabel "Symmetric multiprocessing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ATR" ; :definition "Automatic target recognition (ATR), is the ability for an algorithm or device to recognize targets or objects based on data obtained from sensors. Target recognition was initially done by using an audible representation of the received signal, where a trained operator who would decipher that sound to classify the target illuminated by the radar. While these trained operators had success, automated methods have been developed and continue to be developed that allow for more accuracy and speed in classification. ATR can be used to identify man made objects such as ground and air vehicles as well as for biological targets such as animals, humans, and vegetative clutter. This can be useful for everything from recognizing an object on a battlefield to filtering out interference caused by large" ; :prefLabel "Automatic target recognition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Description of a Project" ; :definition "DOAP (Description of a Project) is an RDF Schema and XML vocabulary to describe software projects, in particular free and open source software. It was created and initially developed by Edd Dumbill to convey semantic information associated with open source software projects." ; :prefLabel "DOAP" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "System requirement" ; :definition "To be used efficiently, all computer software needs certain hardware components or other software resources to be present on a computer. These prerequisites are known as (computer) system requirements and are often used as a guideline as opposed to an absolute rule. Most software defines two sets of system requirements: minimum and recommended. With increasing demand for higher processing power and resources in newer versions of software, system requirements tend to increase over time. Industry analysts suggest that this trend plays a bigger part in driving upgrades to existing computer systems than technological advancements. A second meaning of the term of System requirements, is a generalisation of this first definition, giving the requirements to be met in the design of a system or sub" ; :prefLabel "System requirements" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Quinlan" ; :definition "John Ross Quinlan is a computer science researcher in data mining and decision theory. He has contributed extensively to the development of decision tree algorithms, including inventing the canonical C4.5 and ID3 algorithms. He also contributed to early ILP literature with First Order Inductive Learner (FOIL). He is currently running the company RuleQuest Research which he founded in 1997." ; :prefLabel "Ross Quinlan" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Database designing", "Db design", "Relational database design" ; :definition "Database design is the process of producing a detailed data model of database. This data model contains all the needed logical and physical design choices and physical storage parameters needed to generate a design in a data definition language, which can then be used to create a database. A fully attributed data model contains detailed attributes for each entity. The process of doing database design generally consists of a number of steps which will be carried out by the database designer. Usually, the designer must:" ; :prefLabel "Database design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Doolittle decomposition", "Gauss decomposition", "LDU", "LU factorisation", "LU-factorization", "LUP", "LUP decomposition", "Ldu decomposition", "Lu", "Lu factorization" ; :definition "In numerical analysis and linear algebra, LU decomposition (where 'LU' stands for 'lower upper', and also called LU factorization) factors a matrix as the product of a lower triangular matrix and an upper triangular matrix. The product sometimes includes a permutation matrix as well. The LU decomposition can be viewed as the matrix form of Gaussian elimination. Computers usually solve square systems of linear equations using the LU decomposition, and it is also a key step when inverting a matrix, or computing the determinant of a matrix. The LU decomposition was introduced by mathematician Alan Turing in 1948." ; :prefLabel "LU decomposition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Miller rabin", "Miller-Rabin", "Miller-Rabin algorithm", "Miller-Rabin primality test", "Miller-Rabin prime test", "Miller-Rabin probabilistic primality test", "Miller-Rabin test", "Miller–Rabin test", "Rabin", "Rabin miller", "Rabin-Miller", "Rabin-Miller primality test", "Rabin-miller strong pseudoprime test", "Strong liar", "Strong witness" ; :definition "The Miller–Rabin primality test or Rabin–Miller primality test is a primality test: an algorithm which determines whether a given number is prime, similar to the Fermat primality test and the Solovay–Strassen primality test. Its original version, due to Gary L. Miller, is deterministic, but the determinism relies on the unproven Extended Riemann hypothesis; Michael O. Rabin modified it to obtain an unconditional probabilistic algorithm." ; :prefLabel "Miller–Rabin primality test" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IBL", "Memory-based learning" ; :definition "In machine learning, instance-based learning (sometimes called memory-based learning) is a family of learning algorithms that, instead of performing explicit generalization, compares new problem instances with instances seen in training, which have been stored in memory. Instance-based learning is a kind of lazy learning. To battle the memory complexity of storing all training instances, as well as the risk of overfitting to noise in the training set, instance reduction algorithms have been proposed." ; :prefLabel "Instance-based learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In Computer Science, a TBox is a "terminological component"—a conceptualization associated with a set of facts, known as an ABox. The terms ABox and TBox are used to describe two different types of statements in ontologies. TBox statements describe a conceptualization, a set of concepts and properties for these concepts. ABox are TBox-compliant statements about individuals belonging to those concepts. For instance, a specific tree is an individual for the concept of "Tree", while it can be stated that trees as a concept are material beings that have to be positioned on some location it is possible to state the specific location that a tree takes at some specific time." ; :prefLabel "Tbox" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In the context of the Semantic Web, Ontology versioning is the process of formally distinguishing between different versions of vocabularies." ; :prefLabel "Ontology versioning" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blog widget", "Content widgets", "Web widgets", "Widget" ; :definition "In computing, a web widget is a software widget for the web. It's a small application with limited functionality that can be installed and executed within a web page by an end user. A widget has the role of a transient or auxiliary application, meaning that it just occupies a portion of a webpage and does something useful with information fetched from other websites and displayed in place. Other terms used to describe web widgets include: portlet, web part, gadget, badge, module, snippet and flake. Widgets are typically created in DHTML or Adobe Flash." ; :prefLabel "Web widget" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "User Research focuses on understanding user behaviors, needs, and motivations through observation techniques, task analysis, and other feedback methodologies. This field of research aims at improving the usability of products by incorporating experimental and observational research methods to guide the design, development, and refinement of a product. User Researchers often work alongside designers, engineers, and programmers in all stages of product creation and idealization." ; :prefLabel "User Research" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The Apache OpenNLP library is a machine learning based toolkit for the processing of natural language text. It supports the most common NLP tasks, such as tokenization, sentence segmentation, part-of-speech tagging, named entity extraction, chunking, parsing, and coreference resolution. These tasks are usually required to build more advanced text processing services." ; :prefLabel "Apache OpenNLP" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Java API" ; :definition "There are two types of Java Programming Language Application Programming Interfaces (APIs): * the official CORE Java API, contained in the Android (Google), SE (OpenJDK and Oracle), MicroEJ (IS2T). These packages (java.* packages) are the core Java language packages, meaning that programmers using the Java language had to use them in order to make any worthwhile use of the java language. * optional APIs that can be downloaded separately. The specification of these APIs are defined according to many different organizations in the world (Alljoyn, OSGi, Eclipse, JCP, E-S-R, ... )." ; :prefLabel "List of Java APIs" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SimShip", "Simultaneous shipment", "Software Companies List", "Software companies", "Software econmics", "Software economics" ; :definition "The software industry includes businesses for development, maintenance and publication of software that are using different business models, mainly either "license/maintenance based" (on-premises) or "Cloud based" (such as SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, MaaS, AaaS, etc.). The industry also includes software services, such as training, documentation, consulting and data recovery." ; :prefLabel "Software industry" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "QBE", "Query-by-Example" ; :definition "Query by Example (QBE) is a database query language for relational databases. It was devised by Moshé M. Zloof at IBM Research during the mid-1970s, in parallel to the development of SQL. It is the first graphical query language, using visual tables where the user would enter commands, example elements and conditions. Many graphical front-ends for databases use the ideas from QBE today. Originally limited only for the purpose of retrieving data, QBE was later extended to allow other operations, such as inserts, deletes and updates, as well as creation of temporary tables." ; :prefLabel "Query by Example" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Java" ; :definition "A platform-independent object-oriented programming language used for writing applets that are downloaded from the World Wide Web by a client and run on the client's machine." ; :prefLabel "Java Programming Language" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Apache Stanbol is an open source modular software stack and reusable set of components for semantic content management.Apache Stanbol components are meant to be accessed over RESTful interfaces to provide semantic services for content management. Thus, one application is to extend traditional content management systems with (internal or external) semantic services." ; :prefLabel "Apache Stanbol" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Culturomics is a form of computational lexicology that studies human behavior and cultural trends through the quantitative analysis of digitized texts. Researchers data mine large digital archives to investigate cultural phenomena reflected in language and word usage. The term is an American neologism first described in a 2010 Science article called Quantitative Analysis of Culture Using Millions of Digitized Books, co-authored by Harvard researchers Jean-Baptiste Michel and Erez Lieberman Aiden." ; :prefLabel "Culturomics" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RFC6455", "WS", "Web Sockets API", "Web socket", "Web sockets", "WebSocket API", "WebSockets", "WebSockets API" ; :definition "WebSocket is a computer communications protocol, providing full-duplex communication channels over a single TCP connection. The WebSocket protocol was standardized by the IETF as RFC 6455 in 2011, and the WebSocket API in Web IDL is being standardized by the W3C. The WebSocket protocol is currently supported in most major browsers including Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge, Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari and Opera. WebSocket also requires web applications on the server to support it." ; :prefLabel "WebSocket" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nerve network", "Neural network", "neural network (biological)" ; :prefLabel "Biological Neural Networks" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Transcripts" ; :definition "The initial RNA molecule produced by transcription." ; :prefLabel "Transcript" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Probabilistic graph theory", "Pseudorandom graph", "Random graphs", "Random network" ; :definition "In mathematics, random graph is the general term to refer to probability distributions over graphs. Random graphs may be described simply by a probability distribution, or by a random process which generates them. The theory of random graphs lies at the intersection between graph theory and probability theory. From a mathematical perspective, random graphs are used to answer questions about the properties of typical graphs. Its practical applications are found in all areas in which complex networks need to be modeled – a large number of random graph models are thus known, mirroring the diverse types of complex networks encountered in different areas. In a mathematical context, random graph refers almost exclusively to the Erdős–Rényi random graph model. In other contexts, any graph model m" ; :prefLabel "Random graph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Publish and Subscribe was a document linking model introduced by Apple Computer in System 7. Named the Edition Manager in developer documentation, it extended the existing cut and paste editing model with a notification system; "subscribers" could include parts of "published" documents within themselves, and changes to the original published document would be noticed and updated by the subscribers. To the user the system was very similar to cut and paste in concept; material would be selected from the source document and published, creating an edition file, then placed into the subscriber by selecting that clipping file and positioning it inside the document." ; :prefLabel "Publish and Subscribe (Mac OS)" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bernstein", "Philip A. Bernstein" ; :definition "Philip A. Bernstein is a computer scientist specializing in database research in the Database Group of Microsoft Research. Bernstein is also an affiliate professor at the University of Washington and frequent committee member or chair of conferences such as VLDB and SIGMOD. He won the SIGMOD Edgar F. Codd Innovations Award in 1994, and in 2011 with Jayant Madhavan and Erhard Rahm the VLDB 10 Year Best Paper Award for their VLDB 2001 paper "Generic Schema Matching with Cupid"." ; :prefLabel "Phil Bernstein" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CONVULSION (NOS)", "CONVULSIONS", "Convulsion", "Fits NOS", "SEIZURE", "Seizure NOS", "Seizures [Disease/Finding]", "convulsions nos", "fit", "fit's", "fits", "fitted", "seizure d", "sz" ; :definition "Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."" ; :prefLabel "Seizures" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Social (disambiguation)", "Social systems", "Societal system", "Sociosystems" ; :definition "A social system is the patterned series of interrelationships existing between individuals, groups, and institutions and forming a whole." ; :prefLabel "Social system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :prefLabel "Assumed" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Multi-source, as it applies to downloading data, or files from the internet, is a method of decreasing download time for large files by getting data from two or more sources." ; :prefLabel "Multi-source" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3/2.1", "3D Sound", "6.1", "9.1", "High Definition Surround Sound", "High definition surround", "Sound spatialization", "Spatial audio", "Surround", "Surround (disambiguation)", "Surround audio", "Surround music", "Surround sound music" ; :definition "Surround sound is a technique for enriching the sound reproduction quality of an audio source with additional audio channels from speakers that surround the listener (surround channels), providing sound from a 360° radius in the horizontal plane (2D) as opposed to "screen channels" (centre, [front] left, and [front] right) originating only from the listener's forward arc. There are various surround sound based formats and techniques, varying in reproduction and recording methods along with the number and positioning of additional channels." ; :prefLabel "Surround sound" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ADP", "Attach Detection Protocol", "HNP", "Host Negotiation Protocol", "OTG", "On the go", "On-The-Go", "On-The-Go USB", "RSP", "Role Swap Protocol", "SRP", "Session Request Protocol", "USB 2.0 OTG", "USB OTG", "USB host support", "USB on the go", "USB-OTG", "USB-on-the-go" ; :definition "USB On-The-Go, often abbreviated to USB OTG or just OTG, is a specification first used in late 2001 that allows USB devices, such as digital audio players or mobile phones, to act as a host, allowing other USB devices, such as USB flash drives, digital cameras, mice or keyboards, to be attached to them. Use of USB OTG allows those devices to switch back and forth between the roles of host and device. For instance, a mobile phone may read from removable media as the host device, but present itself as a USB Mass Storage Device when connected to a host computer." ; :prefLabel "USB On-The-Go" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adherence", "COMPLIANCE", "Compliance", "Compliant", "Cooperation", "Patient", "Patient Adherence", "Patient Compliance", "Patient Cooperation", "client compliance", "compliance (psychology)", "therapy compliance", "treatment compliance" ; :definition "The extent to which a patient conforms to medical advice regarding prescribed regimen, lifestyle, dietary changes, follow-up schedule and other recommendations." ; :prefLabel "Compliance behavior" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AIAI" ; :definition "The Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute (AIAI) at the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh is a non-profit technology transfer organisation that promotes the benefits of the application of Artificial Intelligence research to commercial, industrial, and government organisations worldwide." ; :prefLabel "Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Diffusion network" ; :definition "The sociological theory of diffusion is the study of the diffusion of innovations throughout social groups and organizations. The topic has seen rapid growth since the 1990s, reflecting curiosity about the process of social change and "fueled by interest in institutional arguments and in network and dynamic analysis." The theory uses a case study of the growth of business computing to explain different mechanisms of diffusion." ; :prefLabel "Sociological theory of diffusion" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Vocabularies", "Vocabulary Object", "Vocabulary Words" ; :definition "The sum or the stock of words used by a language, a group, or an individual. (From Webster, 3d ed)" ; :prefLabel "Vocabulary" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MS Office OneNote", "Microsoft Office OneNote", "Microsoft one note", "Ms Onenote", "Note", "One (disambiguation)", "One Note", "Onenote", "Onenote.exe" ; :definition "Microsoft OneNote is a computer program for free-form information gathering and multi-user collaboration. It gathers users' notes (handwritten or typed), drawings, screen clippings and audio commentaries. Notes can be shared with other OneNote users over the Internet or a network. OneNote is available as a part of Microsoft Office and Windows 10. It is also available as a free standalone application for Windows, OS X, Windows RT, Windows Phone, iOS and Android. A web-based version of OneNote is provided as part of OneDrive or Office Online and enables users to edit notes via a web browser." ; :prefLabel "Microsoft OneNote" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IIR", "Iir filter", "Infinite-impulse-response" ; :definition "Infinite impulse response (IIR) is a property applying to many linear time-invariant systems. Common examples of linear time-invariant systems are most electronic and digital filters. Systems with this property are known as IIR systems or IIR filters, and are distinguished by having an impulse response which does not become exactly zero past a certain point, but continues indefinitely. This is in contrast to a finite impulse response in which the impulse response h(t) does become exactly zero at times t > T for some finite T, thus being of finite duration." ; :prefLabel "Infinite impulse response" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Menota", "ODD (One Document Does it all)", "ODD (Text Encoding Initiative)", "Odd", "One document does it all", "TEI", "TEI Lite", "TEI XML" ; :definition "The Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) is a text-centric community of practice in the academic field of digital humanities, operating continuously since the 1980s. The community currently runs a mailing list, meetings and conference series, and maintains an eponymous technical standard, a journal, a wiki, a SourceForge repository and a toolchain." ; :prefLabel "Text Encoding Initiative" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Ora Lassila is a Finnish computer scientist who lives and works as a Technology Architect at Pegasystems, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.. He has been conducting research into the Semantic Web since 1996, and was co-author, with Tim Berners-Lee and James Hendler, of the article "The Semantic Web" which appeared in Scientific American in 2001, now the most cited paper in the Semantic Web area. His early work in this area included proposing the original RDF Specification with Ralph R. Swick and he has been an elected member of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Advisory Board since 1998. He also belongs to the steering committee of the Semantic Web Science Association." ; :prefLabel "Ora Lassila" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2 phase locking", "Non-strict two-phase locking", "Rigorous two-phase locking", "Rigorousness (databases)", "Strict 2PL", "Strict Two-Phase Locking", "Strong strict two-phase locking", "Two phase locking", "Two-phase" ; :definition "In databases and transaction processing, two-phase locking (2PL) is a concurrency control method that guarantees serializability.It is also the name of the resulting set of database transaction schedules (histories). The protocol utilizes locks, applied by a transaction to data, which may block (interpreted as signals to stop) other transactions from accessing the same data during the transaction's life. By the 2PL protocol locks are applied and removed in two phases:" ; :prefLabel "Two-phase locking" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Stereotype (computing)", "Stereotype (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A stereotype is one of three types of extensibility mechanisms in the Unified Modeling Language (UML), the other two being tags and constraints. They allow designers to extend the vocabulary of UML in order to create new model elements, derived from existing ones, but that have specific properties that are suitable for a particular domain or otherwise specialized usage. The nomenclature is derived from the original meaning of stereotype, used in printing. For example, when modeling a network you might need to have symbols for representing routers and hubs. By using stereotyped nodes you can make these things appear as primitive building blocks." ; :prefLabel "Stereotype (UML)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Rule extraction", "Rule learning" ; :definition "Rule induction is an area of machine learning in which formal rules are extracted from a set of observations. The rules extracted may represent a full scientific model of the data, or merely represent local patterns in the data." ; :prefLabel "Rule induction" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Generalization", "Generalizations", "Generalizations (Psychology)" ; :definition "The process of formulating general concepts by abstracting common properties of instances; reasoning from detailed facts to general principles." ; :prefLabel "Generalization (Psychology)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CLIR", "Cross Language Information Retrieval", "Cross-lingual information retrieval", "Multlingual search engine", "Translated foreign pages" ; :definition "Cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) is a subfield of information retrieval dealing with retrieving information written in a language different from the language of the user's query. For example, a user may pose their query in English but retrieve relevant documents written in French. To do so, most of CLIR systems use translation techniques. CLIR techniques can be classified into different categories based on different translation resources: Google Search had a cross-language search feature that was removed in 2013." ; :prefLabel "Cross-language information retrieval" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DDL" ; :definition "DDL (Description Definition Language) is part of the MPEG-7 standard. It gives an important set of tools for the users to create their own Description Schemes (DSs) and Descriptors (Ds). DDL defines the syntax rules to define, combine, extend and modify Description Schemes and Descriptors." ; :prefLabel "Description Definition Language" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Compatibility", "Incompatibility Problem" ; :definition "Issue associated with the device not being compatible with another device component or substance (medication, body fluid etc) that it contains or transports. Does not refer to device issues related to disconnection." ; :prefLabel "Medical Device Incompatibility Problem" ; :related . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chart (disambiguation)", "Chart parsing" ; :definition "In computer science, a chart parser is a type of parser suitable for ambiguous grammars (including grammars of natural languages). It uses the dynamic programming approach—partial hypothesized results are stored in a structure called a chart and can be re-used. This eliminates backtracking and prevents a combinatorial explosion. Chart parsing is generally credited to Martin Kay." ; :prefLabel "Chart parser" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ACL", "Access Control Entry", "Access control lists", "Access list", "Ace (disambiguation)" ; :definition "An access control list (ACL), with respect to a computer file system, is a list of permissions attached to an object. An ACL specifies which users or system processes are granted access to objects, as well as what operations are allowed on given objects. Each entry in a typical ACL specifies a subject and an operation. For instance, if a file object has an ACL that contains (Alice: read,write; Bob: read), this would give Alice permission to read and write the file and Bob to only read it." ; :prefLabel "Access control list" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Homing device", "Mass Serialization", "Order tracking", "Product serialization", "Trace", "Tracing", "Track", "Track & Trace", "Tracking & tracing", "Tracking and tracing" ; :definition "This concept can be supported by means of reckoning and reporting of the position of vehicles and containers with the property of concern, stored, for example, in a real-time database. This approach leaves the task to compose a coherent depiction of the subsequent status reports." ; :prefLabel "Track and trace" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Advisory lock", "Contention", "Fine-grained locking", "Lock", "Lock (computer)", "Lock (software engineering)", "Lock contention", "Lock pattern", "Lock variable", "Locking", "Locking (computer science)", "Mandatory lock" ; :definition "In computer science, a lock or mutex (from mutual exclusion) is a synchronization mechanism for enforcing limits on access to a resource in an environment where there are many threads of execution. A lock is designed to enforce a mutual exclusion concurrency control policy." ; :prefLabel "Lock (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Contingency (disambiguation)", "Contingency (logic)", "Contingent", "Contingent propositions", "Logical contingency", "Logically contingent" ; :definition "In philosophy and logic, contingency is the status of propositions that are neither true under every possible valuation (i.e. tautologies) nor false under every possible valuation (i.e. contradictions). A contingent proposition is neither necessarily true nor necessarily false. Propositions that are contingent may be so because they contain logical connectives which, along with the truth value of any of its atomic parts, determine the truth value of the proposition. This is to say that the truth value of the proposition is contingent upon the truth values of the sentences which comprise it. Contingent propositions depend on the facts, whereas analytic propositions are true without regard to any facts about which they speak." ; :prefLabel "Contingency (philosophy)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Personalized search refers to search experiences that are tailored specifically to an individual's interests by incorporating information about the individual beyond specific query provided. Pitkow et al. describe two general approaches to personalizing search results, one involving modifying the user's query and the other re-ranking search results." ; :prefLabel "Personalized search" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Journals as Topic", "Magazine", "Magazines", "journals" ; :definition "A periodical dedicated to a particular subject." ; :prefLabel "Journal" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Video tapes", "Videotape", "Videotapes", "tapes videos", "video", "video tape", "videos" ; :prefLabel "videocassette" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Collection", "Data", "collections data" ; :definition "Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, including questionnaires, interviews, observation, existing records, and electronic devices. The process is usually preliminary to statistical analysis of the data." ; :prefLabel "Data Collection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Above board", "Above-board", "Aboveboard", "Open" ; :definition "Openness is an overarching concept or philosophy that is characterized by an emphasis on transparency and free, unrestricted access to knowledge and information, as well as collaborative or cooperative management and decision-making rather than a central authority. Openness can be said to be the opposite of secrecy." ; :prefLabel "Openness" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mission Critical (disambiguation)", "Mission-critical" ; :definition "Mission critical refers to any factor of a system (components, equipment, Personnel, process, procedure, software, etc.) that is essential to business operation or to an organization. Failure or disruption of mission critical factors will result in serious impact on business operations or upon an organization, and even can cause social turmoil and catastrophes. Therefore, it is extremely critical to the organization's "mission" (to avoid Mission Critical Failures)." ; :prefLabel "Mission critical" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ISO/IEC 13568", "Z (disambiguation)", "Z specification language", "Zed notation", "⋿", "⦁", "⦂", "⦇", "⦈", "⦉", "⦊", "⨟", "⨠", "⨡", "⨾" ; :definition "The Z notation /ˈzɛd/ is a formal specification language used for describing and modelling computing systems. It is targeted at the clear specification of computer programs and computer-based systems in general." ; :prefLabel "Z notation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Covariance stationary", "Covariance-stationary", "Non-stationary", "Stationarity (statistics)", "Stationary", "Stationary and nonstationary random processes", "Stationary series", "Stationary stochastic process", "Stationary variable", "Strict stationarity", "Strict stationary", "Strictly stationary", "Strong stationarity", "Strong stationary", "Strongly stationary", "WSS", "Weak stationarity", "Weak stationary", "Weakly Stationary", "Wide sense stationary", "Wide-sense stationarity", "Wide-sense stationary", "Wide-sense stationary process", "Wide-sense stationary random process", "Wide-sense-stationary random process", "Wide–sense stationary process", "Wide–sense stationary random process" ; :definition "In mathematics and statistics, a stationary process (or strict(ly) stationary process or strong(ly) stationary process) is a stochastic process whose joint probability distribution does not change when shifted in time. Consequently, parameters such as mean and variance, if they are present, also do not change over time." ; :prefLabel "Stationary process" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In mobile devices, HTML5 is often used for mobile websites and mobile applications on mobile operating systems such as Firefox OS, Sailfish OS, Tizen and Ubuntu Touch." ; :prefLabel "HTML5 in mobile devices" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Commercial bank money", "Concept of money", "Functions of money", "Hard dollar", "Monetary", "Monetary items", "Money (disambiguation)", "Monies", "Pecuniary", "Real world money", "🤑" ; :definition "Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio-economic context, or is easily converted to such a form. The main functions of money are distinguished as: a medium of exchange; a unit of account; a store of value; and, sometimes, a standard of deferred payment. Any item or verifiable record that fulfills these functions can be considered as money." ; :prefLabel "Money" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Agents of Socialization", "Socialisation", "Socialisations", "Socialise", "Socialised", "Socialiser", "Socialisers", "Socialises", "Socialising", "Socialization (disambiguation)", "Socializations", "Socialize", "Socialized", "Socializer", "Socializers", "Socializes", "Socializing" ; :definition "Socialisation is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, values and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society. Socialization is thus "the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained"." ; :prefLabel "Socialization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acausal connecting principle", "Plate o shrimp", "Plate o' shrimp", "Synchronic", "Synchronicities", "Synchronicity (disambiguation)", "Synchronity", "Synchronous coincidence", "Syncronicity" ; :definition "Synchronicity is a concept, first explained by psychiatrist Carl Jung, which holds that events are "meaningful coincidences" if they occur with no causal relationship, yet seem to be meaningfully related. During his career, Jung furnished several slightly different definitions of it. Jung variously defined synchronicity as an "acausal connecting (togetherness) principle," "meaningful coincidence", and "acausal parallelism." He introduced the concept as early as the 1920s but gave a full statement of it only in 1951 in an Eranos lecture. Jung used the concept to try to justify the paranormal." ; :prefLabel "Synchronicity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "RIFE is a content management framework designed for rapid web application development in Java, without using J2EE. RIFE's design blends together in a consistent component object model two approaches, request-based and component-based. Through a centralized site structure (web engine), an application can be split up into reusable binary modules that can be integrated into other projects." ; :prefLabel "RIFE" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hybrid monolithic kernel", "Kernel", "Kernel (computer science)", "Kernel (computer)", "Kernel (computing)", "Kernel design", "Kernel image", "Kernel memory", "No kernel", "No kernell", "No-kernel", "Nucleus (operating system)", "OS kernel", "Operating system kernel", "Operating system kernels", "Operating system/kernel", "UNIX kernel architecture" ; :definition "The kernel (also called nucleus) is a computer program that constitutes the central core of a computer's operating system. It has complete control over everything that occurs in the system. As such, it is the first program loaded on startup, and then manages the remainder of the startup, as well as input/output requests from software, translating them into data processing instructions for the central processing unit. It is also responsible for managing memory, and for managing and communicating with computing peripherals, like printers, speakers, etc. The kernel is a fundamental part of a modern computer's operating system." ; :prefLabel "Kernel (operating system)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lesser" ; :definition "Mike Lesser (28 September 1943 – 1 July 2015) was a mathematical philosopher and political activist. He was born in London." ; :prefLabel "Mike Lesser" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Actinoscopy", "Image Diagnosis", "Radiologic", "Radiologic test", "Radiological features", "Radiological science", "Radiological sciences", "Radiological studies", "Radiologist", "Radiologists", "Roentgenogram", "Roentgenograms", "Roentgenograph", "Roentgenography", "Roentgenologist", "Roentgenology", "Röntgenography", "Röntgenologist" ; :definition "Radiology is a medical specialty that uses imaging to diagnose and treat diseases seen within the body. A variety of imaging techniques such as X-ray radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), nuclear medicine including positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to diagnose and/or treat diseases. Interventional radiology is the performance of (usually minimally invasive) medical procedures with the guidance of imaging technologies." ; :prefLabel "Radiology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Performance (disambiguation)", "Tuning" ; :definition "Performance tuning is the improvement of system performance. This is typically a computer systems. The motivation for such activity is called a performance problem, which can be real or anticipated. Most systems will respond to increased load with some degree of decreasing performance. A system's ability to accept higher load is called scalability, and modifying a system to handle a higher load is synonymous to performance tuning. Systematic tuning follows these steps: This is an instance of the measure-evaluate-improve-learn cycle from quality assurance." ; :prefLabel "Performance tuning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "Knowing or understanding without conscious use of reasoning. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)" ; :prefLabel "Intuition" ; :related , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EU", "European Community" ; :definition "The collective designation of three organizations with common membership: the European Economic Community (Common Market), the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). It was known as the European Community until 1994. It is primarily an economic union with the principal objectives of free movement of goods, capital, and labor. Professional services, social, medical and paramedical, are subsumed under labor. The constituent countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. (The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997, p842)" ; :prefLabel "European Union" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bilingual evaluation understudy", "Bleu score" ; :definition "BLEU (bilingual evaluation understudy) is an algorithm for evaluating the quality of text which has been machine-translated from one natural language to another. Quality is considered to be the correspondence between a machine's output and that of a human: "the closer a machine translation is to a professional human translation, the better it is" – this is the central idea behind BLEU. BLEU was one of the first metrics to achieve a high correlation with human judgements of quality, and remains one of the most popular automated and inexpensive metrics." ; :prefLabel "BLEU" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In the design and analysis of algorithms for combinatorial optimization, parametric search is a technique invented by Nimrod Megiddo () for transforming a decision algorithm (does this optimization problem have a solution with quality better than some given threshold?) into an optimization algorithm (find the best solution). It is frequently used for solving optimization problems in computational geometry." ; :prefLabel "Parametric search" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biologic", "Biological", "Biological Preservation", "Preservation", "Preserved", "preserv" ; :definition "The activity of protecting something from loss or danger; a process that saves organic substances from decay; to maintain or keep intact." ; :prefLabel "Biologic Preservation" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pure" ; :definition "In computer programming, a function may be considered a pure function if both of the following statements about the function hold: 1. * The function always evaluates the same result value given the same argument value(s). The function result value cannot depend on any hidden information or state that may change while program execution proceeds or between different executions of the program, nor can it depend on any external input from I/O devices (usually—see below). 2. * Evaluation of the result does not cause any semantically observable side effect or output, such as mutation of mutable objects or output to I/O devices (usually—see below)." ; :prefLabel "Pure function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Reference", "References", "bibliographicDesignation" ; :definition "A note acknowledging a source of information or quoting a passage." ; :prefLabel "Bibliographic Reference" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IPR" ; :definition "InterPro is a database of protein families, domains and functional sites in which identifiable features found in known proteins can be applied to new protein sequences in order to functionally characterise them." ; :prefLabel "InterPro" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PSL" ; :definition "Probabilistic soft logic (PSL) is a framework for collective, probabilistic reasoning in relational domains. PSL uses first order logic rules as a template language for graphical models over random variables with soft truth values from the interval [0,1]." ; :prefLabel "Probabilistic soft logic" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attitudes", "Behaviors", "KAP", "Knowledge", "Practice", "and behavior", "and practices", "attitudes", "attitudes and practice", "health knowledge", "knowledge" ; :definition "Knowledge, attitudes, and associated behaviors which pertain to health-related topics such as PATHOLOGIC PROCESSES or diseases, their prevention, and treatment. This term refers to non-health workers and health workers (HEALTH PERSONNEL)." ; :prefLabel "Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A1 security", "D (disambiguation)", "TCSEC", "TCSEC 1", "TCSEC1" ; :definition "Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is a United States Government Department of Defense (DoD) standard that sets basic requirements for assessing the effectiveness of computer security controls built into a computer system. The TCSEC was used to evaluate, classify and select computer systems being considered for the processing, storage and retrieval of sensitive or classified information." ; :prefLabel "Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IBM Research Laboratories", "IBM Research Laboratory", "IBM Santa Teresa Laboratory" ; :definition "IBM Research is IBM's research and development division. It is the largest industrial research organization in the world, with twelve labs on six continents. The roots of today's IBM Research began with the 1945 opening of the Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory at Columbia University. This was the first IBM laboratory devoted to pure science and later expanded into additional IBM Research locations in Westchester County, New York starting in the 1950s, including the Thomas J. Watson Research Center in 1961." ; :prefLabel "IBM Research" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dohickey", "HAL quirk", "Open Hardware Management", "Open Hardware Manager" ; :definition "HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer or rather Hardware Annotation Library) is a software subsystem for UNIX-like operating systems providing hardware abstraction. HAL is now deprecated on most Linux distributions and on FreeBSD. Functionality is being merged into udev on Linux as of 2008–2010 and devd on FreeBSD. Previously, HAL was built on top of udev. Some other OS-es which don't have an alternative like udev or devd, still use HAL. HAL is unrelated to the concept of Windows NT kernel HALs, which handle some platform-specific core functionality within the kernel, such as interrupt routing." ; :prefLabel "HAL" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Built-in", "Built-in account", "Canonical password" ; :definition "A canonical account (or built-in account), in the context of computer software and systems, is an account that is included by default with a program or firmware. Such accounts usually also have a default password and may have certain access rights by default." ; :prefLabel "Canonical account" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PP", "PPL", "Perplexities", "Perplexity consumer" ; :definition "In information theory, perplexity is a measurement of how well a probability distribution or probability model predicts a sample. It may be used to compare probability models. A low perplexity indicates the probability distribution is good at predicting the sample." ; :prefLabel "Perplexity" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASR" ; :definition "Automated system recovery (ASR) is a feature of the Windows XP operating system that can be used to simplify recovery of a computer's system or boot volumes. ASR consists of two parts: an automated backup, and an automated restore. The backup portion can be accessed in the Backup utility under System Tools. ASR should be used only as a last resort because in preparation for a restore ASR will format the system and boot volumes, making other, less-drastic recovery methods impossible." ; :prefLabel "Automated system recovery" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Architectural pattern (computer science)", "Architectural pattern (software engineering)", "Architectural patterns", "Pattern (disambiguation)", "Pattern (software)", "Software Architecture styles and patterns" ; :definition "An architectural pattern is a general, reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software architecture within a given context. Architectural patterns are similar to software design pattern but have a broader scope. The architectural patterns address various issues in software engineering, such as computer hardware performance limitations, high availability and minimization of a business risk. Some architectural patterns have been implemented within software frameworks." ; :prefLabel "Architectural pattern" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JRMI", "Java RMI", "RMI", "Remote Method Invokation", "Rmic" ; :definition "The Java Remote Method Invocation (Java RMI) is a Java API that performs remote method invocation, the object-oriented equivalent of remote procedure calls (RPC), with support for direct transfer of serialized Java classes and distributed garbage collection. Usage of the term RMI may denote solely the programming interface or may signify both the API and JRMP, IIOP, or another implementation, whereas the term RMI-IIOP (read: RMI over IIOP) specifically denotes the RMI interface delegating most of the functionality to the supporting CORBA implementation." ; :prefLabel "Java remote method invocation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Knowledge based recommender" ; :definition "Knowledge-based recommender systems (knowledge based recommenders) are a specific type of recommender system that are based on explicit knowledge about the item assortment, user preferences, and recommendation criteria (i.e., which item should be recommended in which context?). These systems are applied in scenarios where alternative approaches such as Collaborative filtering and Content-based filtering cannot be applied. A major strength of knowledge-based recommender systems is the non-existence of cold-start (ramp-up) problems. A corresponding drawback are potential knowledge acquisition bottlenecks triggered by the need of defining recommendation knowledge in an explicit fashion." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge-based recommender system" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binary closing", "Closing" ; :definition "In mathematical morphology, the closing of a set (binary image) A by a structuring element B is the erosion of the dilation of that set, where and denote the dilation and erosion, respectively. In image processing, closing is, together with opening, the basic workhorse of morphological noise removal. Opening removes small objects, while closing removes small holes." ; :prefLabel "Closing (morphology)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alternate key", "CPK", "Composite primary key", "Key (database)", "Key (hash table)", "Key field", "Primary key", "Primary keys", "Unique id", "Unique keys" ; :definition "In database relational modeling and implementation, a unique key is a superkey--that is, in the relational model of database organization, a set of attributes of a relation variable for which it holds that in all relations assigned to that variable, there are no two distinct tuples (rows) that have the same values for the attributes in this set." ; :prefLabel "Unique key" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DVR", "Digital Television Recorder", "Digital Video Recoder", "Digital Video Recorders", "Digital video recording", "HDD recorder", "PVR", "Personal Video Recorders", "Personal hard drive video recorder", "Personal video recorder", "USB PVR", "USB video recorder", "Video recorder", "Whole Home PVR" ; :definition "A digital video recorder (DVR) is an electronic device that records video in a digital format to a disk drive, USB flash drive, SD memory card, SSD or other local or networked mass storage device. The term includes set-top boxes with direct to disk recording, portable media players and TV gateways with recording capability, and digital camcorders. Personal computers are often connected to video capture devices and used as DVRs; in such cases the application software used to record video is an integral part of the DVR. Many DVRs are classified as consumer electronic devices; such devices are sometimes referred to as personal video recorders (PVRs)." ; :prefLabel "Digital video recorder" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abstract test suite", "Executable test suite", "Regression suite", "Testsuite", "Validation suite" ; :definition "In software development, a test suite, less commonly known as a 'validation suite', is a collection of test cases that are intended to be used to test a software program to show that it has some specified set of behaviours. A test suite often contains detailed instructions or goals for each collection of test cases and information on the system configuration to be used during testing. A group of test cases may also contain prerequisite states or steps, and descriptions of the following tests." ; :prefLabel "Test suite" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Constituency grammar", "PSG", "Phrase-structure grammar" ; :definition "The term phrase structure grammar was originally introduced by Noam Chomsky as the term for grammars as defined by phrase structure rules, i.e. rewrite rules of the type studied previously by Emil Post and Axel Thue (Post canonical systems). Some authors, however, reserve the term for more restricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy: context-sensitive grammars, or context-free grammars. In a broader sense, phrase structure grammars are also known as constituency grammars. The defining trait of phrase structure grammars is thus their adherence to the constituency relation, as opposed to the dependency relation of dependency grammars." ; :prefLabel "Phrase structure grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The Brown University Standard Corpus of Present-Day American English (or just Brown Corpus) was compiled in the 1960s by Henry Kučera and W. Nelson Francis at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island as a general corpus (text collection) in the field of corpus linguistics. It contains 500 samples of English-language text, totaling roughly one million words, compiled from works published in the United States in 1961." ; :prefLabel "Brown Corpus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DUC", "Digital up converter", "Upsample", "Upsampled" ; :definition "Upsampling is interpolation, applied in the context of digital signal processing and sample rate conversion. When upsampling is performed on a sequence of samples of a continuous function or signal, it produces an approximation of the sequence that would have been obtained by sampling the signal at a higher rate (or density, as in the case of a photograph). For example, if compact disc audio is upsampled by a factor of 5/4, the resulting sample-rate increases from 44,100 Hz to 55,125 Hz." ; :prefLabel "Upsampling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Front end processor (program)", "IM", "IME", "Input", "Input Method Editor", "Input method editors", "Input methods", "Input technology", "Input-method editor", "Text Input Processor", "🔠", "🔡", "🔢", "🔣", "🔤" ; :definition "An input method (or input method editor, commonly abbreviated IME) is an operating system component or program that allows any data, such as keyboard strokes or mouse movements, to be received as input. In this way users can enter characters and symbols not found on their input devices. Using an input method is obligatory for any language that has more graphemes than there are keys on the keyboard." ; :prefLabel "Input method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Freshness", "Freshness (cryptography)", "Playback attack", "Repeat attack", "Replay" ; :definition "A replay attack (also known as playback attack) is a form of network attack in which a valid data transmission is maliciously or fraudulently repeated or delayed. This is carried out either by the originator or by an adversary who intercepts the data and re-transmits it, possibly as part of a masquerade attack by IP packet substitution." ; :prefLabel "Replay attack" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Educational Institution", "Schools", "educational organization", "environment school" ; :definition "An educational institution." ; :prefLabel "School" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Videos" ; :definition "A response indicating that an individual used videos to quit smoking cigarettes." ; :prefLabel "Used Quit Cigarette Smoking Videos" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Division tableau", "Division tableaus", "Division tableaux", "Tableau", "Tableau (division)", "Tableau (long division)", "⟌" ; :definition "In arithmetic, long division is a standard division algorithm suitable for dividing multidigit numbers that is simple enough to perform by hand. It breaks down a division problem into a series of easier steps. As in all division problems, one number, called the dividend, is divided by another, called the divisor, producing a result called the quotient. It enables computations involving arbitrarily large numbers to be performed by following a series of simple steps. The abbreviated form of long division is called short division, which is almost always used instead of long division when the divisor has only one digit. Chunking (also known as the partial quotients method or the hangman method) is a less-efficient form of long division which may be easier to understand." ; :prefLabel "Long division" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Co-training is a machine learning algorithm used when there are only small amounts of labeled data and large amounts of unlabeled data. One of its uses is in text mining for search engines. It was introduced by Avrim Blum and Tom Mitchell in 1998." ; :prefLabel "Co-training" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ARIMA", "ARIMA forecasting method", "ARIMA model", "Autoregressive integrated moving average model", "Autoregressive integrated moving-average", "Differencing", "Integrated (random process)" ; :definition "In statistics and econometrics, and in particular in time series analysis, an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model is a generalization of an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) model. Both of these models are fitted to time series data either to better understand the data or to predict future points in the series (forecasting). ARIMA models are applied in some cases where data show evidence of non-stationarity, where an initial differencing step (corresponding to the "integrated" part of the model) can be applied to reduce the non-stationarity." ; :prefLabel "Autoregressive integrated moving average" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "J. ACM", "JACM", "Journal of the ACM (JACM)", "Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery" ; :definition "The Journal of the ACM is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering computer science in general, especially theoretical aspects. It is an official journal of the Association for Computing Machinery. Its current editor-in-chief is Victor Vianu (University of California, San Diego). The journal was established in 1954 and "computer scientists universally hold the Journal of the ACM (JACM) in high esteem"." ; :prefLabel "Journal of the ACM" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Array processor", "VPU", "Vector", "Vector computer", "Vector facility", "Vector processing", "Vector processing unit", "Vector processors", "Vector supercomputer" ; :definition "In computing, a vector processor or array processor is a central processing unit (CPU) that implements an instruction set containing instructions that operate on one-dimensional arrays of data called vectors, compared to scalar processors, whose instructions operate on single data items. Vector processors can greatly improve performance on certain workloads, notably numerical simulation and similar tasks. Vector machines appeared in the early 1970s and dominated supercomputer design through the 1970s into the 1990s, notably the various Cray platforms. The rapid fall in the price-to-performance ratio of conventional microprocessor designs led to the vector supercomputer's demise in the later 1990s." ; :prefLabel "Vector processor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ANSI 92", "ANSI-92", "SQL/92", "SQL92" ; :definition "SQL-92 was the third revision of the SQL database query language. Unlike SQL-89, it was a major revision of the standard. For all but a few minor incompatibilities, the SQL-89 standard is forward compatible with SQL-92. Later revisions of the standard include SQL:1999 (SQL3), SQL:2003, SQL:2008, and SQL:2011." ; :prefLabel "SQL-92" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Many-to-one", "One-to-many" ; :definition "In systems analysis, a one-to-many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity–relationship model) A and B in which an element of A may be linked to many elements of B, but a member of B is linked to only one element of A. For instance, think of A as mothers, and B as children. A mother can have several children, but a child can have only one mother. The opposite of one-to-many is many-to-one." ; :prefLabel "One-to-many (data model)" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Level of abstraction", "Levels of abstraction" ; :definition "The amount of complexity by which a system is viewed or programmed. The higher the level, the less detail. The lower the level, the more detail. The highest level of abstraction is the entire system. The next level would be a handful of components, and so on, while the lowest level could be millions of objects. The principle of abstraction is a grouping principle, whereby a hierarchy is adhered to with higher levels of abstraction placed near the top with more specific concepts underneath." ; :prefLabel "Principle of abstraction" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Estimate", "Estimation", "estimates", "estimating" ; :definition "To calculate approximately." ; :prefLabel "Estimated" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Exemplify" ; :definition "Exemplification, in the philosophy of language, is a mode of symbolization characterized by the relation between a sample and what it refers to." ; :prefLabel "Exemplification" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".epub", "CoolReader", "CoolReader (ebook software)", "EPUB book", "EPUB3", "EPUBReader", "OPF (file format)" ; :definition "EPUB is an e-book file format with the extension .epub that can be downloaded and read on devices like smartphones, tablets, computers, or e-readers. It is a technical standard published by the International Digital Publishing Forum (IDPF). The term is short for electronic publication and is sometimes styled ePub. EPUB became an official standard of the IDPF in September 2007, superseding the older Open eBook standard. The Book Industry Study Group endorses EPUB 3 as the format of choice for packaging content and has stated that the global book publishing industry should rally around a single standard. EPUB is the most widely supported vendor-independent XML-based (as opposed to PDF) e-book format; that is, it is supported by the largest number of hardware readers." ; :prefLabel "EPUB" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DAC", "DACL" ; :definition "In computer security, discretionary access control (DAC) is a type of access control defined by the Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria "as a means of restricting access to objects based on the identity of subjects and/or groups to which they belong. The controls are discretionary in the sense that a subject with a certain access permission is capable of passing that permission (perhaps indirectly) on to any other subject (unless restrained by mandatory access control)"." ; :prefLabel "Discretionary access control" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A general-purpose language is a computer language that is broadly applicable across application domains, and lacks specialized features for a particular domain. This is in contrast to a domain-specific language (DSL), which is specialized to a particular application domain. The line is not always sharp, as a language may have specialized features for a particular domain but be applicable more broadly, or conversely may in principle be capable of broad application but in practice used primarily for a specific domain." ; :prefLabel "General-purpose language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Filler" ; :definition "A star filler (also known as splines, separators and crossweb fillers) is a type of plastic insert in CAT5 and CAT6 cable which separates the individual stranded pair sets from each other while inside of the cable. It dramatically increases the thickness and density of the cable but reduces cross-talk and is commonly used only in higher frequency CAT6E and CAT6A cable, but is also sometimes seen in CAT5e. A major reason it isn't used widely in cable in the consumer world is that it is not only typically more expensive than regular cable, but it takes up more room, it is harder to bend, and very difficult to manually crimp compared to CAT cable without the star filler. In the IT world it is often used in cable that is deployed in noisy environments such as datacenters or machine shops." ; :prefLabel "Star filler" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SMO" ; :definition "Sequential minimal optimization (SMO) is an algorithm for solving the quadratic programming (QP) problem that arises during the training of support vector machines. It was invented by John Platt in 1998 at Microsoft Research. SMO is widely used for training support vector machines and is implemented by the popular LIBSVM tool. The publication of the SMO algorithm in 1998 has generated a lot of excitement in the SVM community, as previously available methods for SVM training were much more complex and required expensive third-party QP solvers." ; :prefLabel "Sequential minimal optimization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tao (disambiguation)", "Tao platform" ; :definition "TAO is the French acronym for Testing Assisté par Ordinateur (Computer Based Testing). The TAO framework provides an open architecture for computer-assisted test development and delivery, with the potential to respond to the whole range of evaluation needs. It provides to all the actors of the entire computer-based assessment process a comprehensive set of functionalities enabling the creation, the management, and the delivery of electronic assessments.The TAO platform is developed by the EMACS research unit of the University of Luxembourg and the SSI department of the Centre de Recherche Public Henri Tudor." ; :prefLabel "TAO" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "C for graphics", "CG", "Cg programming language" ; :definition "Cg (short for C for Graphics) is a high-level shading language developed by Nvidia in close collaboration with Microsoft for programming vertex and pixel shaders. Cg is based on the C programming language and although they share the same syntax, some features of C were modified and new data types were added to make Cg more suitable for programming graphics processing units. This language is only suitable for GPU programming and is not a general programming language. The Cg compiler outputs DirectX or OpenGL shader programs. Since 2012, Cg is deprecated, with no additional development or support available." ; :prefLabel "Cg (programming language)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ADD", "ADDH", "ADHD", "ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)", "Attention", "Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity [Disease/Finding]", "Attention Deficit Disorders with Hyperactivity", "Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders", "Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity", "Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorders", "Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder", "Attention deficit", "Attention deficit disorder", "Attention deficit disorder of childhood with hyperactivity", "Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity", "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)", "Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder", "Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)", "Attention deficits", "Attention-Deficit Disorder", "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder", "Childhood attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder", "Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder", "Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorders", "Disorder", "Disorders", "HYPERACTIVITY OF CHILDHOOD", "HYPERKINETIC SYNDROME", "Hyperactivity Disorder", "Hyperactivity Disorder NOS", "Hyperkinetic", "Hyperkinetic syndrome NOS", "Hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood", "Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type", "SYNDROME HYPERKINETIC", "Syndromes", "Unspecified hyperkinetic syndrome", "Unspecified hyperkinetic syndrome of childhood", "attention deficit hyper disorder", "attention deficit(hyper) disorder", "attention deficits disorder hyper", "childhood hyperkinetic syndrome", "disorder hyperactivity", "hyperactive child syndrome", "hyperactivity disorder", "hyperkinetic disorder", "minimal brain dysfunction" ; :definition "A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)" ; :prefLabel "Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FO(LFP)", "FO(PFP)" ; :definition "In descriptive complexity, a branch of computational complexity, FO is a complexity class of structures which can be recognized by formulas of first-order logic, and also equals the complexity class AC0. Descriptive complexity uses the formalism of logic, but does not use several key notions associated with logic such as proof theory or axiomatization. Similarly, extensions of FO formed by the addition of operators give rise to other well-known complexity classes. This allows the complexity of some problems to be established without reference to algorithms." ; :prefLabel "FO (complexity)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "%22banner%22 ads", "Ad banner", "Advertisement banner", "Advertising banner sizes", "Advertorial banner", "Banner (disambiguation)", "Banner Ad", "Banner ads", "Banner advertisement", "Banner advertisements", "Common banner sizes", "Message Plus Unit", "Skyscraper ad", "Standard ad size", "Universal Ad Package", "Web banners", "Website banner" ; :definition "A web banner or banner ad is a form of advertising on the World Wide Web delivered by an ad server. This form of online advertising entails embedding an advertisement into a web page. It is intended to attract traffic to a website by linking to the website of the advertiser. In many cases, banners are delivered by a central ad server. When the advertiser scans their logfiles and detects that a web user has visited the advertiser's site from the content site by clicking on the banner ad, the advertiser sends the content provider some small amount of money (usually around five to ten US cents). This payback system is often how the content provider is able to pay for the Internet access to supply the content in the first place. Usually though, advertisers use ad networks to serve their advert" ; :prefLabel "Web banner" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Venue" ; :definition "Venue is a brand of live sound digital mixing consoles introduced by Digidesign in February 2005. The system now includes three different consoles and a number of ways they can be configured. They can all be connected to Pro Tools, the audio editing software also created by Avid/Digidesign, to provide recording and 'Virtual Soundcheck' facilities. One of the system's key marketing points is its use of the same TDM plugins as Pro Tools, an industry standard digital audio workstation (DAW). This is designed to enable the sounds recorded by the artist in the studio to be easily recreated on stage, and to allow for greater flexibility in signal processing without heavy and mechanical-shock-sensitive racks of external processors. There is also a PC-based offline editor for creation and editing" ; :prefLabel "Venue (sound system)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mongo", "Mongo db" ; :definition "MongoDB (from humongous) is a free and open-source cross-platform document-oriented database program. Classified as a NoSQL database program, MongoDB avoids the traditional table-based relational database structure in favor of JSON-like documents with dynamic schemas (It calls the format BSON), making the integration of data in certain types of applications easier and faster. MongoDB is developed by MongoDB Inc. and is free and open-source, published under a combination of the GNU Affero General Public License and the Apache License." ; :prefLabel "MongoDB" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "analyser", "analyzer", "analyzers" ; :prefLabel "Analyzer, device" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Box counting is a method of gathering for analyzing complex patterns by breaking a dataset, object, image, etc. into smaller and smaller pieces, typically "box"-shaped, and analyzing the pieces at each smaller scale. The essence of the process has been compared to zooming in or out using optical or computer based methods to examine how observations of detail change with scale. In box counting, however, rather than changing the magnification or resolution of a lens, the investigator changes the used to inspect the object or pattern (see ). Computer based box counting algorithms have been applied to patterns in 1-, 2-, and 3-dimensional spaces. The technique is usually implemented in software for use on patterns from digital media, although the can be used to investigate some patterns ph" ; :prefLabel "Box counting" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BLURRING FILTERS", "Blur", "Blurring technology", "Gaussian interpolation", "Gaussian smoothing" ; :definition "In image processing, a Gaussian blur (also known as Gaussian smoothing) is the result of blurring an image by a Gaussian function. It is a widely used effect in graphics software, typically to reduce image noise and reduce detail. The visual effect of this blurring technique is a smooth blur resembling that of viewing the image through a translucent screen, distinctly different from the bokeh effect produced by an out-of-focus lens or the shadow of an object under usual illumination. Gaussian smoothing is also used as a pre-processing stage in computer vision algorithms in order to enhance image structures at different scales—see scale space representation and scale space implementation." ; :prefLabel "Gaussian blur" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ACH", "Automated clearing houses", "Clearing house", "Receiving depository financial institution" ; :definition "Automated Clearing House (ACH) is an electronic network for financial transactions in the United States. ACH processes large volumes of credit and debit transactions in batches. ACH credit transfers include direct deposit, payroll and vendor payments. ACH direct debit transfers include consumer payments on insurance premiums, mortgage loans, and other kinds of bills. Debit transfers also include new applications such as the point-of-purchase (POP) check conversion pilot program sponsored by NACHA. Both the government and the commercial sectors use ACH payments. Businesses increasingly use ACH online to have customers pay, rather than via credit or debit cards." ; :prefLabel "Automated Clearing House" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Companion app" ; :definition "A second screen involves the use of a computing device (commonly a mobile device, such as a tablet or smartphone) to provide an enhanced viewing experience for content on another device, such as a television. In particular, the term commonly refers to the use of such devices to provide interactive features during broadcast content, such as a television program, especially social media postings on social networking platforms, such as Facebook and Twitter. The use of a second screen supports social television and generates an online conversation around the specific content." ; :prefLabel "Second screen" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comparative (disambiguation)", "Comparative analysis", "QCA", "Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)" ; :definition "In statistics, qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is a data analysis technique for determining which logical conclusions a data set supports. The analysis begins with listing and counting all the combinations of variables observed in the data set, followed by applying the rules of logical inference to determine which descriptive inferences or implications the data supports. The technique was originally developed by Charles Ragin in 1987." ; :prefLabel "Qualitative comparative analysis" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-news", "Electronic journalism", "Internet journalism", "Internet news", "Internet-journalism", "Online journalism", "Online journalist" ; :definition "Digital journalism also known as online journalism is a contemporary form of journalism where editorial content is distributed via the Internet as opposed to publishing via print or broadcast. What constitutes 'digital journalism' is debated by scholars. However the primary product of journalism, which is news and features on current affairs, is presented solely or in combination as text, audio, video and some interactive forms, and disseminated through digital media platforms." ; :prefLabel "Digital journalism" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A deductive database is a database system that can make deductions (i.e., conclude additional facts) based on rules and facts stored in the (deductive) database. Datalog is the language typically used to specify facts, rules and queries in deductive databases. Deductive databases have grown out of the desire to combine logic programming with relational databases to construct systems that support a powerful formalism and are still fast and able to deal with very large datasets. Deductive databases are more expressive than relational databases but less expressive than logic programming systems. In recent years, deductive databases such as Datalog have found new application in data integration, information extraction, networking, program analysis, security, and cloud computing." ; :prefLabel "Deductive database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "International Conference on Very Large Data Bases" ; :definition "VLDB is an annual conference held by the non-profit Very Large Data Base Endowment Inc. The mission of VLDB is to promote and exchange scholarly work in databases and related fields throughout the world. The VLDB conference began in 1975 and is now closely associated with SIGMOD and SIGKDD." ; :prefLabel "VLDB" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Semantic Web Cake", "Semantic Web Layer Cake" ; :definition "The Semantic Web Stack, also known as Semantic Web Cake or Semantic Web Layer Cake, illustrates the architecture of the Semantic Web. The Semantic Web is a collaborative movement led by international standards body the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). The standard promotes common data formats on the World Wide Web. By encouraging the inclusion of semantic content in web pages, the Semantic Web aims at converting the current web, dominated by unstructured and semi-structured documents into a "web of data". The Semantic Web stack builds on the W3C's Resource Description Framework (RDF)." ; :prefLabel "Semantic Web Stack" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cube (disambiguation)" ; :definition "An OLAP cube is a term that typically refers to multi-dimensional array of data. OLAP is an acronym for online analytical processing, which is a computer-based technique of analyzing data to look for insights. The term cube here refers to a multi-dimensionaldataset, which is also sometimes called a hypercube if the number of dimensions is greater than 3." ; :prefLabel "OLAP cube" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In software engineering, domain analysis, or product line analysis, is the process of analyzing related software systems in a domain to find their common and variable parts. It is a model of wider business context for the system. The term was coined in the early 1980s by James Neighbors. Domain analysis is the first phase of domain engineering. It is a key method for realizing systematic software reuse. In information science, the term "domain analysis" was suggested in 1995 by Birger Hjørland and H. Albrechtsen." ; :prefLabel "Domain analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Align" ; :definition "Align is a privately held IT solutions company specializing in IT relocation services, network infrastructure design and build-out, contact center technology, and IT management. The company also provides communications products and integration services for call centers and other facilities requiring large-scale computer telephony installations. Align operates from offices in New York, London, Chicago, Princeton, New Jersey, and Toronto. The company serves customers in such industries as finance, health care, and energy. Clients have included BlackRock, BP, and Dun & Bradstreet." ; :prefLabel "Align (company)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "XSB is the name of a dialect of the Prolog programming language and its implementation developed at Stony Brook University in collaboration with the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, the New University of Lisbon, Uppsala University and software vendor XSB, Inc. XSB extends Prolog with tabled resolution and HiLog (a standard extension of Prolog permitting limited higher-order logic programming). The open source XSB implementation includes an interface to the Java programming language." ; :prefLabel "XSB" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "VXML", "Voice XML" ; :definition "VoiceXML (VXML) is a digital document standard for specifying interactive media and voice dialogs between humans and computers. It is used for developing audio and voice response applications, such as banking systems and automated customer service portals. VoiceXML applications are developed and deployed in a manner analogous to how a web browser interprets and visually renders the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) it receives from a web server. VoiceXML documents are interpreted by a voice browser and in common deployment architectures, users interact with voice browsers via the public switched telephone network (PSTN)." ; :prefLabel "VoiceXML" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IJCAI" ; :definition "The International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) is a gathering of artificial intelligence researchers and practitioners. It is organized by the IJCAI, Inc., and has been held biennially in odd-numbered years since 1969. Starting in 2016, IJCAI conferences will be held annually. IJCAI is a highly selective conference. For instance, only 17% of the papers submitted to the conference were accepted in 2011, and in previous years never more than 26%. This makes it a more selective publication than many AI journals." ; :prefLabel "International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biologic", "Biologic Science", "Biologic Sciences", "Biological", "Biological Science", "Biological Science Discipline", "Biological Sciences", "Discipline", "Disciplines", "Life", "Life Science", "Life sciences", "Science", "Science Discipline", "Science Disciplines", "Sciences" ; :definition "All of the divisions of the natural sciences dealing with the various aspects of the phenomena of life and vital processes. The concept includes anatomy and physiology, biochemistry and biophysics, and the biology of animals, plants, and microorganisms. It should be differentiated from BIOLOGY, one of its subdivisions, concerned specifically with the origin and life processes of living organisms." ; :prefLabel "Biological Science Disciplines" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Agenda sharing", "Calendar (software)", "Calendar application", "Calendar software", "Collaborative scheduling", "Digital calendar", "Electronic calendar", "Electronic calendars", "Shared", "Shared agenda", "Web calendar" ; :definition "Calendaring software is software that minimally provides users with an electronic version of a calendar. Additionally, the software may provide an appointment book, address book, and/or contact list. These tools are an extension of many of the features provided by time management software such as desk accessory packages and computer office automation systems. Calendaring is a standard feature of many PDAs, EDAs, and smartphones." ; :prefLabel "Calendaring software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ACH", "Computers and the Humanities", "Language Resources and Evaluation" ; :definition "The Association for Computers and the Humanities (ACH) is the primary international professional society for digital humanities. ACH was founded in 1978. According to the official website, the organization "support[s] and disseminate[s] research and cultivate[s] a vibrant professional community through conferences, publications, and outreach activities." ACH is based in the United States, and has an international membership. ACH is a founding member of the Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO), a co-originator of the Text Encoding Initiative, and a co-sponsor of an annual conference." ; :prefLabel "Association for Computers and the Humanities" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fifth Generation project", "Fifth generation", "Fifth generation computer system", "Fifth generation computer systems project", "Fifth generation computing", "Fifth-generation computer", "Fifth-generation computer system", "Fifth-generation computer systems project", "Fifth-generation computing" ; :definition "The Fifth Generation Computer Systems [Present and Beyond] (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a computer using massively parallel computing/processing. It was to be the result of a massive government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980s. It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-like performance and to provide a platform for future developments in artificial intelligence. There was also an unrelated Russian project also named as an fifth-generation computer (see Kronos (computer))." ; :prefLabel "Fifth generation computer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Online Presence Ontology", "Persistent user", "Socio-semantic web" ; :definition "The concept of the Social Semantic Web subsumes developments in which social interactions on the Web lead to the creation of explicit and semantically rich knowledge representations. The Social Semantic Web can be seen as a Web of collective knowledge systems, which are able to provide useful information based on human contributions and which get better as more people participate. The Social Semantic Web combines technologies, strategies and methodologies from the Semantic Web, social software and the Web 2.0." ; :prefLabel "Social Semantic Web" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HTC (disambiguation)", "High Throughput Computing", "High-throughput", "Throughput computing" ; :definition "High-throughput computing (HTC) is a computer science term to describe the use of many computing resources over long periods of time to accomplish a computational task." ; :prefLabel "High-throughput computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Graph reachability", "Reach" ; :definition "In graph theory, reachability refers to the ability to get from one vertex to another within a graph. A vertex can reach a vertex (and is reachable from ) if there exists a sequence of adjacent vertices (i.e. a path) which starts with and ends with ." ; :prefLabel "Reachability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Factor", "Factor table", "Factor tree", "Factoring integers", "Factoring problem", "Factoring tree", "Integer factoring", "Integer factorisation", "Integer factorization algorithms", "Integer factorization problem", "Prime decomposition", "Prime factorisation", "Prime factorization", "Prime factorization algorithm", "Prime factorization algorithms" ; :definition "In number theory, integer factorization is the decomposition of a composite number into a product of smaller integers. If these integers are further restricted to prime numbers, the process is called prime factorization. Many cryptographic protocols are based on the difficulty of factoring large composite integers or a related problem—for example, the RSA problem. An algorithm that efficiently factors an arbitrary integer would render RSA-based public-key cryptography insecure." ; :prefLabel "Integer factorization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NCI", "NCIt", "Thesaurus", "national cancer institute (NCI) thesaurus" ; :definition "The National Cancer Institute (NCI) reference terminology and ontology. NCI Thesaurus (NCIt) provides controlled terminology for clinical care, translational and basic research, public dissemination of information and associated administrative activities. NCIt is updated monthly to support precise coding of data based on the most recent developments in the cancer and biomedical research community. NCIt has rich textual and formal logic descriptions of biomedical concepts, including full text definitions, synonyms, a true is_a taxonomic structure, polyhierarchy, inferred partonomy, and other features that make it suitable for supporting accurate human understanding and complex computer processing. NCIt has been produced by NCI Enterprise Vocabulary Services (EVS) since 1997, and adopted since then for use by numerous federal agencies, standards development and research organizations." ; :prefLabel "NCI Thesaurus" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TDR", "TDT", "Time Domain Reflectometry", "Time domain transmissometry" ; :definition "Time-domain reflectometry or TDR is a measurement technique used to determine the characteristics of electrical lines by observing reflected waveforms. Time-domain transmissometry (TDT) is an analogous technique that measures the transmitted (rather than reflected) impulse. Together, they provide a powerful means of analysing electrical or optical transmission media such as coaxial cable and optical fiber." ; :prefLabel "Time-domain reflectometry" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "APCO Project 25", "APCO-25", "Common Air Interface", "Console Subsystem Interface", "Data Network Interface", "Fixed Station Interface", "Inter RF Subsystem Interface", "Mesa (disambiguation)", "NAC", "Network Access Code", "Network Management Interface", "P-25", "P25", "Project MESA", "Subscriber Data Peripheral Interface", "Telephone Interconnect Interface" ; :definition "Project 25 (P25 or APCO-25) is a suite of standards for digital radio communications for use by federal, state/province and local Public safety organizations in North America to enable them to communicate with other agencies and mutual aid response teams in emergencies. In this regard, P25 fills the same role as the European Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) protocol, but the two are not interoperable. The major difference between the two is P-25 is expected to work jointly with existing analog systems. Therefore, it uses "simulcast" method for control. "Simulcast" refers to the use of the same set of control channels throughout a given area, which are "simultaneously broadcast, or simulcast" in the region. In contrast, TETRA uses "Multicast," which means the control channel is embedded, t" ; :prefLabel "Project 25" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Color copier", "Color photocopier", "Colour copier", "Colour photocopier", "Copier", "Copier (disambiguation)", "Copier machine", "Copiers", "Copy", "Copy center", "Copy centre", "Copy machine", "Digital copier", "Digital copy machine", "Negative photocopy", "Photo copied", "Photo copier", "Photo copiers", "Photo copies", "Photo copy", "Photo copying", "Photo-Copier", "Photo-copied", "Photo-copiers", "Photo-copies", "Photo-copy", "Photo-copying", "Photocopied", "Photocopiers", "Photocopies", "Photocopy", "Photocopy machine", "Photocopyed", "Photocopying", "Photocopying Machine", "Xerox machine" ; :definition "A photocopier (also known as a copier or copy machine) is a machine that makes paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply. Most current photocopiers use a technology called xerography, a dry process that uses electrostatic charges on a light-sensitive photoreceptor to first attract and then transfer toner particles (a powder) onto paper in the form of an image. Heat, pressure or a combination of both is then used to fuse the toner onto the paper. (Copiers can also use other technologies such as ink jet, but xerography is standard for office copying.)" ; :prefLabel "Photocopier" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Provide", "Provided", "Supplied", "Supply" ; :definition "Supply what is desired or needed." ; :prefLabel "Providing (action)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems", "NIPS conference", "Neural Information Processing Systems", "The NIPS Experiment" ; :definition "The Conference and Workshop on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) is a machine learning and computational neuroscience conference held every December. The conference is a single track meeting that includes invited talks as well as oral and poster presentations of refereed papers, followed by parallel-track workshops that up to 2013 were held at ski resorts. According to Microsoft Academic Search, NIPS is the top conference on machine learning." ; :prefLabel "NIPS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Naiive", "Naive", "Naive (disambiguation)", "Naivest", "Naivete", "Naiveté", "Naivite", "Naivity", "Naïve", "Naïvete", "Naïvety", "Naïveté", "Naïvity", "Naïvité" ; :definition "Naivety (or naïvety or naïveté) is the state of being naïve, that is to say, having or showing a lack of experience, understanding or sophistication, often in a context where one neglects pragmatism in favor of moral idealism. One who is "naïve" may be called a naïf." ; :prefLabel "Naivety" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Revise", "Revised", "Revision" ; :definition "An act of alteration involving reconsideration and modification." ; :prefLabel "Revision procedure" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Communication protocol", "Communication protocols", "Communications protocols", "Computer protocol", "Data communication protocol", "Data transmission protocol", "Internetwork protocol", "Internetworking Protocol", "Network protocol", "Network protocol design principles", "Network protocols", "Networking protocol", "Networking protocols", "Protocol", "Protocol (communication)", "Protocol (communications)", "Protocol (computer science)", "Protocol (computer)", "Protocol (computing)", "Protocol (network)", "Protocol (networks)", "Protocol design", "Protocol set", "Protocol testing", "Protocols (computing)", "Web protocol" ; :definition "In telecommunications, a communication protocol is a system of rules that allow two or more entities of a communications system to transmit information via any kind of variation of a physical quantity. These are the rules or standard that defines the syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods. Protocols may be implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of both." ; :prefLabel "Communications protocol" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Federated query", "Federated searching" ; :definition "Federated search is an information retrieval technology that allows the simultaneous search of multiple searchable resources. A user makes a single query request which is distributed to the search engines, databases or other query engines participating in the federation. The federated search then aggregates the results that are received from the search engines for presentation to the user. This is often a technique to integrate disparate information resources on the web. It can also be a technique to integrate multiple data sources within a large organization or "enterprise."" ; :prefLabel "Federated search" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apple Swift", "Swift (Apple programming language)", "Swift (disambiguation)", "Swift language", "Swift programming language" ; :definition "Swift is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language developed by Apple Inc. for iOS, macOS, watchOS, tvOS, and Linux. Swift is designed to work with Apple's Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks and the large body of extant Objective-C (ObjC) code written for Apple products. Swift is intended to be more resilient to erroneous code ("safer") than Objective-C, and more concise. It is built with the LLVM compiler framework included in Xcode 6 and later and, on platforms other than Linux, uses the Objective-C runtime library, which allows C, Objective-C, C++ and Swift code to run within one program." ; :prefLabel "Swift (programming language)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EP" ; :definition "Expectation propagation (EP) is a technique in Bayesian machine learning. EP finds approximations to a probability distribution. It uses an iterative approach that leverages the factorization structure of the target distribution. It differs from other Bayesian approximation approaches such as Variational Bayesian methods." ; :prefLabel "Expectation propagation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "HiLog is a programming logic with higher-order syntax, which allows arbitrary terms to appear in predicate and function positions. However, the model theory of HiLog is first-order. Although syntactically HiLog strictly extends first order logic, HiLog can be embedded into this logic. HiLog is described in detail in. It was later extended in the direction of many-sorted logic in.Other contributions to the theory of HiLog include. apply(p(X),Y,apply(apply(Z,V),W)) Details can be found in." ; :prefLabel "HiLog" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Constrained Pareto optimal", "Constrained pareto efficiency", "Efficiency (fair division)", "Paretian", "Pareto", "Pareto Optimality", "Pareto criterion", "Pareto dominance", "Pareto dominant", "Pareto dominated", "Pareto efficient", "Pareto front", "Pareto frontier", "Pareto improvement", "Pareto inefficient", "Pareto optimal", "Pareto optimal outcome", "Pareto optimal set", "Pareto optimality set", "Pareto optimum", "Pareto set", "Pareto-efficiency", "Pareto-efficient", "Pareto-improvement", "Pareto-improving", "Pareto-optimal", "Pareto-optimality", "Po", "SPO", "Skyline query", "Strong Pareto optimum", "Strongly Pareto Optimal", "Weak Pareto optimum", "Weakly Pareto optimal" ; :definition "Pareto efficiency, or Pareto optimality, is a state of allocation of resources in which it is impossible to make any one individual better off without making at least one individual worse off. The term is named after Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Italian engineer and economist, who used the concept in his studies of economic efficiency and income distribution. The concept has applications in academic fields such as economics, engineering, and the life sciences." ; :prefLabel "Pareto efficiency" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BER", "Ber (disambiguation)", "Bert", "Bit Error Rate Tester", "Bit Error Ratio Test", "Bit error", "Bit error probability", "Bit error rate test", "Bit error ratio", "Bit-error rate", "Error rate", "Error ratio", "Packet error probability", "Packet error rate" ; :definition "In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the number of received bits of a data stream over a communication channel that have been altered due to noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors. The bit error rate (BER) is the number of bit errors per unit time. The bit error ratio (also BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unitless performance measure, often expressed as a percentage." ; :prefLabel "Bit error rate" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Development tool", "Development tools", "Program tool", "Programming software", "Programming tools", "Programming toolset", "Software development tool", "Software development tools", "Software tool", "Software tools", "Software toolset", "Tool (disambiguation)", "Tool (software)", "Tools (software)", "Toolset" ; :definition "A programming tool or software development tool is a computer program that software developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and applications. The term usually refers to relatively simple programs, that can be combined together to accomplish a task, much as one might use multiple hand tools to fix a physical object. The ability to use a variety of tools productively is one hallmark of a skilled software engineer." ; :prefLabel "Programming tool" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Graph (search engine)", "Graph Search" ; :definition "Facebook Graph Search was a semantic search engine that was introduced by Facebook in March 2013. It was designed to give answers to user natural language queries rather than a list of links. The Graph Search feature combined the big data acquired from its over one billion users and external data into a search engine providing user-specific search results. In a presentation headed by Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg, it was announced that the Graph Search algorithm finds information from within a user's network of friends. Additional results were provided by Microsoft's Bing search engine. In July it was made available to all users using the U.S. English version of Facebook. In December 2014, Facebook changed its search features, dropping partnership with Bing, and eliminating most of the sear" ; :prefLabel "Facebook Graph Search" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OPS5 (programming language)", "OPS5 programming language", "OPS5 rule based" ; :definition "OPS5 is a rule-based or production system computer language, notable as the first such language to be used in a successful expert system, the R1/XCON system used to configure VAX computers. The OPS (said to be short for "Official Production System") family was developed in the late 1970s by Charles Forgy while at Carnegie Mellon University. Allen Newell's research group in artificial intelligence had been working on production systems for some time, but Forgy's implementation, based on his Rete algorithm, was especially efficient, sufficiently so that it was possible to scale up to larger problems involving hundreds or thousands of rules." ; :prefLabel "OPS5" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clumping", "Clumping (computer science)", "Frame of discernment", "State space (dynamical system)", "State-space", "State-space complexity" ; :definition "In the theory of discrete dynamical systems, a state space is the set of values which a process can take. For example, a system in queueing theory recording the number of customers in a line would have state space {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. State space is conceptually similar to phase space, but for discrete rather than continuous dynamical systems. In a computer program, when the effective state space is small compared to all reachable states, this is referred to as clumping. Software such as LURCH analyzes such situations. State space search explores a state space." ; :prefLabel "State space" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Copy number gain", "Gained" ; :definition "Gain; to increase or the amount of increase." ; :prefLabel "Gain" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dictionary definition", "Lexical", "Lexical definitions" ; :definition "The lexical definition of a term, also known as the dictionary definition, is the meaning of the term in common usage. As its other name implies, this is the sort of definition one is likely to find in the dictionary. A lexical definition is usually the type expected from a request for definition, and it is generally expected that such a definition will be stated as simply as possible in order to convey information to the widest audience. When the breadth or vagueness of a lexical definition is unacceptable, a precising definition or a stipulative definition is often used." ; :prefLabel "Lexical definition" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Jensen", "Jensen Inequality", "Jensen’s inequality" ; :definition "In mathematics, Jensen's inequality, named after the Danish mathematician Johan Jensen, relates the value of a convex function of an integral to the integral of the convex function. It was proven by Jensen in 1906. Given its generality, the inequality appears in many forms depending on the context, some of which are presented below. In its simplest form the inequality states that the convex transformation of a mean is less than or equal to the mean applied after convex transformation; it is a simple corollary that the opposite is true of concave transformations. Thus, Jensen's inequality is" ; :prefLabel "Jensen's inequality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Calculus (disambiguation)", "Jones", "Jones Matrix", "Jones vector", "Jones vectors" ; :definition "In optics, polarized light can be described using the Jones calculus, discovered by R. C. Jones in 1941. Polarized light is represented by a Jones vector, and linear optical elements are represented by Jones matrices. When light crosses an optical element the resulting polarization of the emerging light is found by taking the product of the Jones matrix of the optical element and the Jones vector of the incident light.Note that Jones calculus is only applicable to light that is already fully polarized. Light which is randomly polarized, partially polarized, or incoherent must be treated using Mueller calculus." ; :prefLabel "Jones calculus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dis", "Dis (virtual machine)", "Dis virtual machine", "Limbo (disambiguation)", "Limbo (programing language)", "Limbo programming language" ; :definition "Limbo is a programming language for writing distributed systems and is the language used to write applications for the Inferno operating system. It was designed at Bell Labs by Sean Dorward, Phil Winterbottom, and Rob Pike. The Limbo compiler generates architecture-independent object code which is then interpreted by the Dis virtual machine or compiled just before runtime to improve performance. Therefore all Limbo applications are completely portable across all Inferno platforms." ; :prefLabel "Limbo" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GFP", "Greatest fixed point", "Greatest fixpoint", "LFP", "Least fixpoint" ; :definition "In order theory, a branch of mathematics, the least fixed point (lfp or LFP, sometimes also smallest fixed point) of a function from a partially ordered set to itself is the fixed point which is less than each other fixed point, according to the set's order. A function need not have a least fixed point, and cannot have more than one." ; :prefLabel "Least fixed point" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pattern search" ; :definition "Pattern search (PS) is a family of numerical optimization methods that do not require the gradient of the problem to be optimized. Hence PS can be used on functions that are not continuous or differentiable. Such optimization methods are also known as direct-search, derivative-free, or black-box methods. The name, pattern search, was coined by Hooke and Jeeves. An early and simple PS variant is attributed to Fermi and Metropolis when they worked at the Los Alamos National Laboratory as described by Davidon who summarized the algorithm as follows:" ; :prefLabel "Pattern search (optimization)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cryptographic key", "Cryptographic keys", "Cryptography/Key", "Cryptovariable", "Cryptovariables", "Encryption key", "Key", "Key (cryptology)", "Secret key" ; :definition "In cryptography, a key is a piece of information (a parameter) that determines the functional output of a cryptographic algorithm. For encryption algorithms, a key specifies the transformation of plaintext into ciphertext, and vice versa for decryption algorithms. Keys also specify transformations in other cryptographic algorithms, such as digital signature schemes and message authentication codes." ; :prefLabel "Key (cryptography)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Swiss-Prot", "Swissprot", "TrEMBL", "UniMES", "UniProt Knowledgebase", "UniProtKB" ; :definition "UniProt is a freely accessible database of protein sequence and functional information, many entries being derived from genome sequencing projects. It contains a large amount of information about the biological function of proteins derived from the research literature." ; :prefLabel "UniProt" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Emof", "MOF", "Meta Object Facility", "Meta-Object Framework" ; :definition "The Meta-Object Facility (MOF) is an Object Management Group (OMG) standard for model-driven engineering. Its purpose is to provide a type system for entities in the CORBA architecture and a set of interfaces through which those types can be created and manipulated. The official reference page may be found at OMG's website." ; :prefLabel "Meta-Object Facility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DFX", "DFX/ Digital FX", "Effect", "Vfx", "Visual effect", "Visual effects specialist" ; :definition "In filmmaking, visual effects (abbreviated VFX) are the processes by which imagery is created and/or manipulated outside the context of a live action shot. Visual effects involve the integration of live-action footage and generated imagery to create environments which look realistic, but would be dangerous, expensive, impractical, or impossible to capture on film. Visual effects using computer generated imagery have recently become accessible to the independent filmmaker with the introduction of affordable and easy-to-use animation and compositing software." ; :prefLabel "Visual effects" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Backward error analysis", "Error analysis" ; :definition "In mathematics, error analysis is the study of kind and quantity of error, or uncertainty, that may be present in the solution to a problem. This issue is particularly prominent in applied areas such as numerical analysis and statistics." ; :prefLabel "Error analysis (mathematics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Luhn", "Luhn check", "Luhn formula", "Luhn validation", "Mod 10", "Mod+10", "Modulus 10", "Modulus+10" ; :definition "The Luhn algorithm or Luhn formula, also known as the "modulus 10" or "mod 10" algorithm, is a simple checksum formula used to validate a variety of identification numbers, such as credit card numbers, IMEI numbers, National Provider Identifier numbers in the US, and Canadian Social Insurance Numbers. It was created by IBM scientist Hans Peter Luhn and described in U.S. Patent No. 2,950,048, filed on January 6, 1954, and granted on August 23, 1960." ; :prefLabel "Luhn algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Connectionist", "Connectionist Model", "Connectionist Models", "Model", "Models", "Network", "Network Model", "Network Models", "Networks", "Neural", "Neural (Computer)", "Neural Network", "Neural Network (Computer)", "Neural Network Model", "Neural Network Models", "Neural Networks (Computer)", "Perceptron", "Perceptrons", "networks neural", "neural network (computer simulation of nervous system)", "neural networks" ; :definition "A computer architecture, implementable in either hardware or software, modeled after biological neural networks. Like the biological system in which the processing capability is a result of the interconnection strengths between arrays of nonlinear processing nodes, computerized neural networks, often called perceptrons or multilayer connectionist models, consist of neuron-like units. A homogeneous group of units makes up a layer. These networks are good at pattern recognition. They are adaptive, performing tasks by example, and thus are better for decision-making than are linear learning machines or cluster analysis. They do not require explicit programming." ; :prefLabel "Neural Network Simulation" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Image transparency", "Transparency", "Transparency (graphics)", "Transparency in graphic files", "Transparent pixels" ; :definition "Transparency is possible in a number of graphics file formats. The term transparency is used in various ways by different people, but at its simplest there is "full transparency" i.e. something that is completely invisible. Of course, only part of a graphic should be fully transparent, or there would be nothing to see. More complex is "partial transparency" or "translucency" where the effect is achieved that a graphic is partially transparent in the same way as colored glass. Since ultimately a printed page or computer or television screen can only be one color at a point, partial transparency is always simulated at some level by mixing colors. There are many different ways to mix colors, so in some cases transparency is ambiguous." ; :prefLabel "Transparency (graphic)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Control", "IA control", "IA controls", "Information security controls", "Security control" ; :definition "Security controls are safeguards or countermeasures to avoid, detect, counteract, or minimize security risks to physical property, information, computer systems, or other assets. They can be classified by several criteria. For example, according to the time that they act, relative to a security incident: According to their nature, for example: A similar categorization distinguishes control involving people, technology and operations/processes. In the field of information security, such controls protect the confidentiality, integrity and/or availability of information - the so-called CIA Triad" ; :prefLabel "Security controls" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hypertext/Xanadu", "OpenXanadu", "ProjectXanadu", "Udanax", "Xanado Project", "Xanadu", "Xanadu Project", "Xanadu hypertext", "Xanalogical", "Xanalogy" ; :definition "Project Xanadu was the first hypertext project, founded in 1960 by Ted Nelson. Administrators of Project Xanadu have declared it an improvement over the World Wide Web, with mission statement: "Today's popular software simulates paper. The World Wide Web (another imitation of paper) trivialises our original hypertext model with one-way ever-breaking links and no management of version or contents."" ; :prefLabel "Project Xanadu" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computer science, an action language is a language for specifying state transition systems, and is commonly used to create formal models of the effects of actions on the world. Action languages are commonly used in the artificial intelligence and robotics domains, where they describe how actions affect the states of systems over time, and may be used for automated planning.The best known action language is PDDL." ; :prefLabel "Action language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deep transfer", "Transfer approach" ; :definition "Transfer-based machine translation is a type of machine translation (MT). It is currently one of the most widely used methods of machine translation. In contrast to the simpler direct model of MT, transfer MT breaks translation into three steps: analysis of the source language text to determine its grammatical structure, transfer of the resulting structure to a structure suitable for generating text in the target language, and finally generation of this text. Transfer-based MT systems are thus capable of using knowledge of the source and target languages." ; :prefLabel "Transfer-based machine translation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interlingua (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Interlingual machine translation is one of the classic approaches to machine translation. In this approach, the source language, i.e. the text to be translated is transformed into an interlingua, i.e., an abstract language-independent representation. The target language is then generated from the interlingua. Within the rule-based machine translation paradigm, the interlingual approach is an alternative to the direct approach and the transfer approach." ; :prefLabel "Interlingual machine translation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "COME FROM" ; :definition "In computer programming, COMEFROM (or COME FROM) is an obscure control flow structure used in some programming languages, originally as a joke. COMEFROM is roughly the opposite of GOTO in that it can take the execution state from any arbitrary point in code to a COMEFROM statement." ; :prefLabel "COMEFROM" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attempted" ; :definition "An activity intended to do or accomplish something. Routinely used as in "number of tries to complete a procedure"." ; :prefLabel "Attempt" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Crossover", "Recombination (genetic algorithm)" ; :definition "In genetic algorithms, crossover is a genetic operator used to vary the programming of a chromosome or chromosomes from one generation to the next. It is analogous to reproduction and biological crossover, upon which genetic algorithms are based. Cross over is a process of taking more than one parent solutions and producing a child solution from them. There are methods for selection of the chromosomes. Those are also given below." ; :prefLabel "Crossover (genetic algorithm)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cultural informatics" ; :definition "Museum informatics is an interdisciplinary field of study that refers to the theory and application of informatics by museums. It is in essence a sub-field of cultural informatics at the intersection of culture, digital technology, and information science. In the context of the digital age facilitating growing commonalities across museums, libraries and archives, its place in academe has grown substantially and also has connections with digital humanities." ; :prefLabel "Museum informatics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "GENESIS (The GEneral NEural SImulation System) is a simulation environment for constructing realistic models of neurobiological systems at many levels of scale including: sub-cellular processes, individual neurons, networks of neurons, and neuronal systems. These simulations are “computer-based implementations of models whose primary objective is to capture what is known of the anatomical structure and physiological characteristics of the neural system of interest”. GENESIS is intended to quantify the physical framework of the nervous system in a way that allows for easy understanding of the physical structure of the nerves in question. “At present only GENESIS allows parallelized modeling of single neurons and networks on multiple-instruction-multiple-data parallel computers.” Since its i" ; :prefLabel "GENESIS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cross language interoperability", "Cross-language interoperability", "Cross-language interoperatbility", "Wrapper" ; :definition "In computer programming, a library is a collection of subroutines or classes used to develop software. Libraries expose interfaces which clients of the library use to execute library routines. Wrapper libraries (or library wrappers) consist of a thin layer of code (a "shim") which translates a library's existing interface into a compatible interface. This is done for several reasons: * To refine a poorly designed or complicated interface * Allow code to work together which otherwise cannot (e.g. incompatible data formats) * Enable cross language and/or runtime interoperability" ; :prefLabel "Wrapper library" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "System functional testing", "System test" ; :definition "System testing of software or hardware is testing conducted on a complete, integrated system to evaluate the system's compliance with its specified requirements. System testing falls within the scope of black-box testing, and as such, should require no knowledge of the inner design of the code or logic." ; :prefLabel "System testing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Average case complexity", "Average case computational complexity", "Expected time" ; :definition "In computational complexity theory, the average-case complexity of an algorithm is the amount of some computational resource (typically time) used by the algorithm, averaged over all possible inputs. It is frequently contrasted with worst-case complexity which considers the maximal complexity of the algorithm over all possible inputs." ; :prefLabel "Average-case complexity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Outlines" ; :definition "Works consisting of brief statements of the principal elements of a subject, usually arranged by heads and subheads." ; :prefLabel "Outlines (document)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Combo tuner", "Combo tuners", "TV Tuner Adapter", "TV-tuner", "Tuner", "Tuner card", "Tv Card", "Tv tuners", "Video capture board", "Video capture card", "Video editing card", "Video processing expansion card" ; :definition "A TV tuner card is a kind of television tuner that allows television signals to be received by a computer. Most TV tuners also function as video capture cards, allowing them to record television programs onto a hard disk much like the digital video recorder (DVR) does. There are currently four kinds of tuner cards in the market:" ; :prefLabel "TV tuner card" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-aminopropane", "2 5 DOM", "2,5 Dimethoxy 4 Methylamphetamine", "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine [Chemical/Ingredient]", "2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM)", "2,5-dimethoxy-alpha,4-dimethyl-", "Benzeneethanamine", "DOM", "STP", "dimethoxymethamphetamine" ; :definition "A psychedelic phenyl isopropylamine derivative, commonly called DOM, whose mood-altering effects and mechanism of action may be similar to those of LSD." ; :prefLabel "2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Neuron (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Neuron is a simulation environment for modeling individual neurons and networks of neurons. As of version 7.3, Neuron is capable of handling diffusion-reaction models, and integrating diffusion functions into models of synapses and cellular networks.It was primarily developed by Michael Hines, John W. Moore, and Ted Carnevale at Yale and Duke. Neuron along with the analogous software platform GENESIS are used as the basis for instruction in computational neuroscience in many courses and laboratories around the world." ; :prefLabel "Neuron" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Las Vegas (disambiguation)", "Las Vegas method" ; :definition "In computing, a Las Vegas algorithm is a randomized algorithm that always gives correct results; that is, it always produces the correct result or it informs about the failure. In other words, a Las Vegas algorithm does not gamble with the correctness of the result; it gambles only with the resources used for the computation. A simple example is randomized quicksort, where the pivot is chosen randomly, but the result is always sorted. The usual definition of a Las Vegas algorithm includes the restriction that the expected run time always be finite, when the expectation is carried out over the space of random information, or entropy, used in the algorithm. An alternative definition requires that a Las Vegas algorithm always terminate (be effective), but it may output a symbol not part of th" ; :prefLabel "Las Vegas algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AWS", "AWS CloudFormation", "AWS OpsWorks", "Amazon", "Amazon AWS", "Amazon Cloud", "Amazon CloudSearch", "Amazon Machine Learning", "Amazon Simple Email Service", "Amazon Web Service", "Amazonas", "Amazonaws", "Amazonws" ; :definition "Amazon Web Services (AWS), a subsidiary of Amazon.com, offers a suite of cloud-computing services that make up an on-demand computing platform. These services operate from 13 geographical regions across the world. The most central and best-known of these services arguably include Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, also known as "EC2", and Amazon Simple Storage Service, also known as "S3". As of 2016 AWS has more than 70 services, spanning a wide range, including compute, storage, networking, database, analytics, application services, deployment, management, mobile, developer tools and tools for the Internet of things. Amazon markets AWS as a service to provide large computing capacity quicker and cheaper than a client company building an actual physical server farm." ; :prefLabel "Amazon Web Services" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Submodular", "Submodular function" ; :definition "In mathematics, a submodular set function (also known as a submodular function) is a set function whose value, informally, has the property that the difference in the incremental value of the function that a single element makes when added to an input set decreases as the size of the input set increases. Submodular functions have a natural diminishing returns property which makes them suitable for many applications, including approximation algorithms, game theory (as functions modeling user preferences) and electrical networks. Recently, submodular functions have also found immense utility in several real world problems in machine learning and artificial intelligence, including automatic summarization, multi-document summarization, feature selection, active learning, sensor placement, imag" ; :prefLabel "Submodular set function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Event queue", "MQ", "Mailbox (computing)", "Message Queuing", "Queue" ; :definition "In computer science, message queues and mailboxes are software-engineering components used for inter-process communication (IPC), or for inter-thread communication within the same process. They use a queue for messaging – the passing of control or of content. Group communication systems provide similar kinds of functionality." ; :prefLabel "Message queue" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aggregation (object-oriented programming)", "Composition", "Composition (object-oriented programming)", "Composition in object-oriented programming", "Object aggregation", "Object agregation", "Object association", "UDT", "User defined type", "User-defined type" ; :definition "In computer science, object composition (not to be confused with function composition) is a way to combine simple objects or data types into more complex ones. Compositions are a critical building block of many basic data structures, including the tagged union, the linked list, and the binary tree, as well as the object used in object-oriented programming." ; :prefLabel "Object composition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(E)-", "(E)-3,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexene", "(e)-4,4'-(1,2-Diethyl-1,2-ethenediyl)bisphenol", ".alpha.", ".alpha.'-Diethylstilbenediol", ".beta.-diethylstilbene", "3", "3,4-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexene", "3-Hexene,3,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-", "4,4'-(1,2-diethyl-1,2-ethenediyl)bis-", "4,4'-Dihydroxy-.alpha.", "4,4'-Dihydroxy-alpha,beta-diethylstilbene", "4,4'-dihydroxy-?,?-diethylstilbene", "4-Bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexene", "?,?'-diethyl-(E)-4,4'-stilbenediol", "Alpha,alpha'-diethylstilbenediol", "DES", "Diethylstilbenediol", "Diethylstilbestrol [Chemical/Ingredient]", "Diethylstilbestrolum", "Diethylstilboestrol", "Dietilestilbestrol", "Estrogen", "Palestrol", "Phenol", "Stilbene", "Stilbene Estrogen", "Stilbestrol", "Stilboestrol", "Trans-bis-(hydroxy-4-phenyl)-3,4 hexene-3", "alpha,Alpha'-diethyl-(e)-4,4'-stilbenediol", "diethylstilbestrol (DES)", "trans-4,4'-(1,2-diethyl-1,2-ethenediyl)bisphenol", "trans-Diethylstilbesterol", "trans-Diethylstilbestrol", "trans-Diethylstilboesterol" ; :definition "A synthetic form of the hormone estrogen that was prescribed to pregnant women between about 1940 and 1971 because it was thought to prevent miscarriages. Diethylstilbestrol may increase the risk of uterine, ovarian, or breast cancer in women who took it. It also has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina or cervix in daughters exposed to diethylstilbestrol before birth." ; :prefLabel "Diethylstilbestrol" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Browser Cache", "Browser Caching", "Bypass your cache", "Cache", "Cache server", "Cache-Control", "Google Cache", "HTTP cache", "HTTP caching", "Internet cache", "Proxy cache", "Web browser cache", "Web caches", "Web caching", "Webcache" ; :definition "A web cache (or HTTP cache) is an information technology for the temporary storage (caching) of web documents, such as HTML pages and images, to reduce bandwidth usage, server load, and perceived lag. A web cache system stores copies of documents passing through it; subsequent requests may be satisfied from the cache if certain conditions are met. A web cache system can refer either to an appliance, or to a computer program." ; :prefLabel "Web cache" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ISO STEP", "STEP (ISO 10303)", "Standard for the Exchange of Product model data" ; :definition "ISO 10303 is an ISO standard for the computer-interpretable representation and exchange of product manufacturing information. Its official title is: Automation systems and integration — Product data representation and exchange. It is known informally as "STEP", which stands for "Standard for the Exchange of Product model data".ISO 10303 can represent 3D objects in Computer-aided design (CAD) and related information." ; :prefLabel "ISO 10303" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "On the fly is a phrase used to describe something that is being changed while the process that the change affects is ongoing. It is used in the automotive and computer industries. In cars, on the fly can be used to describe the changing of the cars configuration while it is still driving. Processes that can occur while the car is still driving include switching between two wheel drive and four wheel drive on some cars and opening and closing the roof on some convertible cars. In computing, on the fly CD writers can read from one CD and write the data to another without saving it on a computer's memory. Switching computer parts on the fly means computer parts are replaced while the computer is still running. It can also be used in programming to describe changing a program while it is still" ; :prefLabel "On the fly" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Host route", "Network route", "Rib (disambiguation)", "Route table", "Routing Information Base", "Routing tables" ; :definition "In computer networking a routing table, or routing information base (RIB), is a data table stored in a router or a networked computer that lists the routes to particular network destinations, and in some cases, metrics (distances) associated with those routes. The routing table contains information about the topology of the network immediately around it. The construction of routing tables is the primary goal of routing protocols. Static routes are entries made in a routing table by non-automatic means and which are fixed rather than being the result of some network topology "discovery" procedure." ; :prefLabel "Routing table" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data access method" ; :definition "Data access typically refers to software and activities related to storing, retrieving, or acting on data housed in a database or other repository. Two fundamental types of data access exist: 1. * sequential access (as in magnetic tape, for example) 2. * random access (as in indexed media) Historically, each repository (including each different database, file system, etc.), might require the use of different methods and languages, and many of these repositories stored their content in different and incompatible formats." ; :prefLabel "Data access" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Competitive bid", "Competitive bidding", "Procure", "Procure to Pay", "Procurement manager", "Procures", "Tendered", "Tenderer", "Tenderers", "Tendering" ; :definition "Procurement is the act of finding, acquiring, buying goods, services or works from an external source, often via a tendering or competitive bidding process. The process is used to ensure the buyer receives goods, services or works the best possible price, when aspects such as quality, quantity, time, and location are compared. Corporations and public bodies often define processes intended to promote fair and open competition for their business while minimizing risk, such as exposure to fraud and collusion." ; :prefLabel "Procurement" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Consortium (computer game)", "Consortium (video game series)", "Consortium: The Tower", "Consortium: The Tower Prophecy" ; :definition "Consortium is a first-person shooter role-playing video game developed by Interdimensional Games. The game is set almost entirely on a futuristic aircraft called Zenlil, manned by a crew with chess-themed ranks. The game was principally financed by the Canada Media Fund by awarding a grant for $500,000 CAD in 2010. After a first failed Kickstarter campaign in 2012, $70,435 USD was raised through Kickstarter on April 18, 2013. Consortium was released on January 8, 2014." ; :prefLabel "Consortium" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LP relaxation", "LP-relaxation" ; :definition "In mathematics, the linear programming relaxation of a 0-1 integer program is the problem that arises by replacing the constraint that each variable must be 0 or 1 by a weaker constraint, that each variable belong to the interval [0,1]. That is, for each constraint of the form of the original integer program, one instead uses a pair of linear constraints" ; :prefLabel "Linear programming relaxation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "*.*", "Star-dot-star", "Wild-card symbol", "Wildcard characters" ; :definition "In software, a wildcard character is a single character, such as an asterisk (*), used to represent a number of characters or an empty string. It is often used in file searches so the full name need not be typed." ; :prefLabel "Wildcard character" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "One-to-one" ; :definition "In systems analysis, a one-to-one relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities (see also entity–relationship model) A and B in which one element of A may only be linked to one element of B, and vice versa.For instance, think of A as countries, and B as capital cities. A country has only one capital city, and a capital city is the capital of only one country" ; :prefLabel "One-to-one (data model)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "OBO", "Open Biological Ontologies" ; :definition "Open Biomedical Ontologies (abbreviated OBO; formerly Open Biological Ontologies) is an effort to create controlled vocabularies for shared use across different biological and medical domains. As of 2006, OBO forms part of the resources of the U.S. National Center for Biomedical Ontology where it will form a central element of the NCBO's BioPortal." ; :prefLabel "Open Biomedical Ontologies" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "WSDM" ; :definition "Web Services Distributed Management (WSDM, pronounced wisdom) is a web service standard for managing and monitoring the status of other services. The goal of WSDM is to allow a well-defined network protocol for controlling any other service that is WSDM-compliant. For example, a third-party digital dashboard or network management system could be used to monitor the status or performance of other services, and potentially take corrective actions to restart services if failures occur. Some aspects of WSDM overlap or displace functionality of SNMP." ; :prefLabel "Web Services Distributed Management" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "L. Serafini" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 403 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Luciano Serafini" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. Van Erp", "Marieke Erp" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 76 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Marieke van Erp" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "R Studer", "R. Studer" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 744 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Rudi Studer" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "L Hardman", "L M Hardman", "L. Hardman", "Lynda Hardman" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 232 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Lynda Hardman" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Jose Iria", "José Enrique Antolín Iria" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 63 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "José Iria" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "T. De Nies", "T. Nies" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 15 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Tom De Nies" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "N Shadbolt", "N. R. Shadbolt", "N. Shadbolt", "Nigel R. Shadbolt" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 832 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Nigel Shadbolt" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "A R Bordes", "A. Bordes" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2158 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Antoine Bordes" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "R Verborgh", "R. Verborgh" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 147 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Ruben Verborgh" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "P. Groth", "P. T. Groth", "Paul Groth" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 564 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Paul T. Groth" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "V. Haarslev" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 331 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Volker Haarslev" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "D Strasunskas", "Darijus Strašunskas" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 13 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Darijus Strasunskas" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "P. Casado Cimiano", "P. Cimiano", "Philipp Cimiano" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 893 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Philipp Cimiano" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "F Ciravegna", "F. Ciravegna", "Fabio Ciravegna" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 283 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Fabio Ciravegna" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M Grobelnik", "M. Grobelnik", "Marko Grobelnik", "Marko. Grobelnik" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 227 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Marko Grobelnik" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Simone P. Ponzetto" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 580 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Simone Paolo Ponzetto" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S Hellmann", "S. Hellmann" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 790 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Sebastian Hellmann" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 42 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Antske Fokkens" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 659 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Mausam" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "W. Ijntema" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 14 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Wouter IJntema" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "E A Hyvönen", "E Hyvönen", "E. Hyvönen" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 149 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Eero Hyvönen" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Véronique Malaise" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 59 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Véronique Malaisé" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "R. G. Segers", "R. H. Segers" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 51 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Roxane Segers" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 156 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Dimitar Manov" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "H Wang", "H. W. Wang", "Hong Wei Wang", "Hong-wei Wang" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 52 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Hongwei Wang" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "W. Li" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 368 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Wenjie Li" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Particle filtering", "Particle filters", "SMC", "Sampling Importance Resampling", "Sequential Importance Sampling", "Sequential Monte Carlo method", "Sequential Monte Carlo methods", "Sequential importance resampling", "Sir (disambiguation)", "Sis" ; :definition "Particle filters or Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods are a set of genetic-type particle Monte Carlo methodologies to solve the filtering problem. The term "particle filters" was first coined in 1996 by Del Moral in reference to mean field interacting particle methods used in fluid mechanics since the beginning of the 1960s. The terminology "sequential Monte Carlo" was proposed by Liu and Chen in 1998." ; :prefLabel "Particle filter" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Autonomic", "Autonomic Systems", "Autonomic system", "Autonomic system (computing)", "Autonomy Oriented Computation", "Autonomy-oriented computation" ; :definition "Autonomic computing refers to the self-managing characteristics of distributed computing resources, adapting to unpredictable changes while hiding intrinsic complexity to operators and users. Started by IBM in 2001, this initiative ultimately aims to develop computer systems capable of self-management, to overcome the rapidly growing complexity of computing systems management, and to reduce the barrier that complexity poses to further growth. The system makes decisions on its own, using high-level policies; it will constantly check and optimize its status and automatically adapt itself to changing conditions. An autonomic computing framework is composed of autonomic components (AC) interacting with each other. An AC can be modeled in terms of two main control loops (local and global) with" ; :prefLabel "Autonomic computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dimension" ; :definition "The magnitude of something in a particular direction, especially length or width or height." ; :prefLabel "Dimensions" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ising", "Ising lattice", "Ising spin", "Ising spin model", "Peierls argument", "Peierls droplets", "Spin lattice" ; :definition "The Ising model (/ˈaɪsɪŋ/; German: [ˈiːzɪŋ]), named after the physicist Ernst Ising, is a mathematical model of ferromagnetism in statistical mechanics. The model consists of discrete variables that represent magnetic dipole moments of atomic spins that can be in one of two states (+1 or −1). The spins are arranged in a graph, usually a lattice, allowing each spin to interact with its neighbors. The model allows the identification of phase transitions, as a simplified model of reality. The two-dimensional square-lattice Ising model is one of the simplest statistical models to show a phase transition." ; :prefLabel "Ising model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FPI", "Fixed point algorithm", "Fixed point iteration", "Fixed point iteration method", "Fixed point method", "Fixpoint algorithm", "Fixpoint iteration", "Picard iteration" ; :definition "In numerical analysis, fixed-point iteration is a method of computing fixed points of iterated functions. More specifically, given a function defined on the real numbers with real values and given a point in the domain of , the fixed point iteration is which gives rise to the sequence which is hoped to converge to a point . If is continuous, then one can prove that the obtained is a fixed point of , i.e., More generally, the function can be defined on any metric space with values in that same space." ; :prefLabel "Fixed-point iteration" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Accumulation of errors", "Cumulative error", "Error propagation", "Law of propagation of errors", "Propagated error", "Propagation of error", "Propagation of errors resulting from algebraic manipulations", "Propagation of uncertainties", "Propogation of error", "Theory of errors", "Uncertainty propagation", "Uncertainty propagation software" ; :definition "In statistics, propagation of uncertainty (or propagation of error) is the effect of variables' uncertainties (or errors, more specifically random errors) on the uncertainty of a function based on them. When the variables are the values of experimental measurements they have uncertainties due to measurement limitations (e.g., instrument precision) which propagate to the combination of variables in the function." ; :prefLabel "Propagation of uncertainty" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BPI", "BPI Project" ; :definition "Business process interoperability (BPI) is a property referring to the ability of diverse business processes to work together, to so called "inter-operate". It is a state that exists when a business process can meet a specific objective automatically utilizing essential human labor only. Typically, BPI is present when a process conforms to standards that enable it to achieve its objective regardless of ownership, location, make, version or design of the computer systems used." ; :prefLabel "Business process interoperability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hierarchical data", "Hierarchical data model", "Hierarchical database", "Hierarchical database management system", "Hierarchical model", "Hierarchical models", "List of hierarchical database management systems", "Tree database" ; :definition "A hierarchical database model is a data model in which the data is organized into a tree-like structure. The data is stored as records which are connected to one another through links. A record is a collection of fields, with each field containing only one value. The entity type of a record defines which fields the record contains. A record in the hierarchical database model corresponds to a row (or tuple) in the relational database model and an entity type corresponds to a table (or relation)." ; :prefLabel "Hierarchical database model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Android App Catalog", "Android App Store", "Android Market", "Android Market Place", "Android Market Security Tool", "Android Marketplace", "Android appstore", "Android movies", "Android's App Store", "Androids App Store", "Google Bouncer", "Google Music Beta", "Google Play (store)", "Google Play Devices", "Google Play Store", "Google movies", "Google play", "Music Beta", "Music Beta by Google", "Music by Google", "Music.google.com", "Play", "Play.Google.com", "Playstore" ; :definition "Google Play is a digital distribution service, including a digital media store, the Google Play Store (originally the Android Market), operated and developed by Google. It serves as the official app store for the Android operating system, allowing users to browse and download applications developed with the Android SDK and published through Google. Google Play also serves as a digital media store, offering music, magazines, books, movies, and television programs. It previously offered Google hardware devices for purchase until the introduction of a separate online hardware retailer, Google Store, on March 11, 2015." ; :prefLabel "Play Store" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "scored", "scores", "scoring" ; :definition "A number or range of numeric values measuring performance, function, quality, or ability." ; :prefLabel "Score" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".fig", "Fig" ; :definition "Xfig is a free and open source vector graphics editor which runs under the X Window System on most UNIX-compatible platforms. In Xfig, figures may be drawn using objects such as circles, boxes, lines, spline curves, text, etc. It is also possible to import images in formats such as GIF, JPEG, EPS, PostScript, etc. Those objects can be created, deleted, moved or modified. Attributes such as colors or line styles can be selected in various ways. For text, 35 fonts are available." ; :prefLabel "Xfig" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Division", "Division (digital)", "Division (electronics)", "Goldschmidt division", "Newton Raphson division", "Newton-Raphson division", "Newton–Raphson division", "Non-restoring division", "Restoring Division", "SRT", "SRT division" ; :definition "A division algorithm is an algorithm which, given two integers N and D, computes their quotient and/or remainder, the result of division. Some are applied by hand, while others are employed by digital circuit designs and software. Discussion will refer to the form , where * N = Numerator (dividend) * D = Denominator (divisor) is the input, and * Q = Quotient * R = Remainder is the output." ; :prefLabel "Division algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Amaya (browser)", "Amaya (web browser)", "Amaya browser", "Amaya web browser" ; :definition "Amaya (formerly Amaya World) is a free and open source WYSIWYG web authoring tool with browsing abilities. It was created by a structured editor project at the INRIA, a French national research institution, and later adopted by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) as their testbed for web standards; a role it took over from the Arena web browser. Since the last release in January 2012, INRIA and the W3C have stopped supporting the project and active development has ceased." ; :prefLabel "Amaya" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abstract interface", "Abstraction (disambiguation)", "Abstraction level", "Architectural layer", "I/O abstraction", "Layer", "Layer (abstraction)", "Layer (software)", "Layer of abstraction", "Layers of abstraction" ; :definition "In computing, an abstraction layer or abstraction level is a way of hiding the implementation details of a particular set of functionality, allowing the separation of concerns to facilitate interoperability and platform independence. Software models that use layers of abstraction include the OSI 7-layer model for computer network protocols, the OpenGL graphics drawing library, and the byte stream input/output (I/O) model originated from Unix and adopted by MS-DOS, Linux, and most other modern operating systems." ; :prefLabel "Abstraction layer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HABTM" ; :definition "In systems analysis, a many-to-many relationship is a type of cardinality that refers to the relationship between two entities A and B in which A may contain a parent instance for which there are many children in B and vice versa. For example, think of A as Authors, and B as Books. An Author can write several Books, and a Book can be written by several Authors. In web application frameworks such as CakePHP and Ruby on Rails, a many-to-many relationship between database tables in a model is sometimes referred to as a HasAndBelongsToMany (HABTM) relationship." ; :prefLabel "Many-to-many (data model)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Java Agent DEvelopment framework" ; :definition "Java Agent DEvelopment Framework, or JADE, is a software framework for the development of intelligent agent, implemented in Java. JADE system supports coordination between several agents FIPA and provides a standard implementation of the communication language FIPA-ACL, which facilitates the communication between agents and allows the services detection of the system. JADE was originally developed by Telecom Italia and is distributed as free software." ; :prefLabel "JADE" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Noise-shaped dither", "TNS", "Temporal noise shaping" ; :definition "Noise shaping is a technique typically used in digital audio, image, and video processing, usually in combination with dithering, as part of the process of quantization or bit-depth reduction of a digital signal. Its purpose is to increase the apparent signal-to-noise ratio of the resultant signal. It does this by altering the spectral shape of the error that is introduced by dithering and quantization; such that the noise power is at a lower level in frequency bands at which noise is considered to be more undesirable and at a correspondingly higher level in bands where it is considered to be less undesirable. A popular noise shaping algorithm used in image processing is known as ‘Floyd Steinberg dithering’; and many noise shaping algorithms used in audio processing are based on an ‘Absolu" ; :prefLabel "Noise shaping" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Article discovery", "Content discovery" ; :definition "A content discovery platform is an implemented software recommendation platform which uses recommender system tools. It utilizes user metadata in order to discover and recommend appropriate content, whilst reducing ongoing maintenance and development costs. A content discovery platform delivers personalized content to websites, mobile devices and set-top boxes. A large range of content discovery platforms currently exist for various forms of content ranging from news articles and academic journal articles to television. As operators compete to be the gateway to home entertainment, personalized television is a key service differentiator. Academic content discovery has recently become another area of interest, with several companies being established to help academic researchers keep up to d" ; :prefLabel "Content discovery platform" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chemical & Earth Sciences", "Current Contents Collections", "Current Contents/Physical" ; :definition "Current Contents is a rapid alerting service database from the Institute for Scientific Information, now part of Thomson Reuters, that is published online and in several different printed subject sections." ; :prefLabel "Current Contents" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Big Step Semantics", "Big step operational semantics", "Big-step operational semantics", "Big-step semantics", "Natural semantics", "Reduction context", "Reduction semantics", "SOS (disambiguation)", "Small Step Semantics", "Small step operational semantics", "Small-step operational semantics", "Small-step semantics", "Structural operational semantics", "Structured operational semantics" ; :definition "Operational semantics are a category of formal programming language semantics in which certain desired properties of a program, such as correctness, safety or security, are verified by constructing proofs from logical statements about its execution and procedures, rather than by attaching mathematical meanings to its terms (denotational semantics). Operational semantics are classified in two categories: structural operational semantics (or small-step semantics) formally describe how the individual steps of a computation take place in a computer-based system. By opposition natural semantics (or big-step semantics) describe how the overall results of the executions are obtained. Other approaches to providing a formal semantics of programming languages include axiomatic semantics and denotati" ; :prefLabel "Operational semantics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DBL", "DBLP Computer Science Bibliography", "Digital Bibliography & Library Project", "Digital Bibliography and Library Project" ; :definition "DBLP is a computer science bibliography website. Starting in 1993 at the University of Trier, Germany, it grew from a small collection of HTML files and became an organization hosting a database and logic programming bibliography site. DBLP listed more than 3.4 million journal articles, conference papers, and other publications on computer science in July 2016, up from about 14,000 in 1995. All important journals on computer science are tracked. Proceedings papers of many conferences are also tracked. It is mirrored at three sites across the Internet." ; :prefLabel "DBL-Browser" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data archive", "Data archives", "Data archiving", "Data repository", "Scholarly data archiving", "Scientific data archiving" ; :definition "Research data archiving is the long-term storage of scholarly research data, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and life sciences. The various academic journals have differing policies regarding how much of their data and methods researchers are required to store in a public archive, and what is actually archived varies widely between different disciplines. Similarly, the major grant-giving institutions have varying attitudes towards public archival of data. In general, the tradition of science has been for publications to contain sufficient information to allow fellow researchers to replicate and therefore test the research. In recent years this approach has become increasingly strained as research in some areas depends on large datasets which cannot easily be replicated ind" ; :prefLabel "Research data archiving" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "little", "littles", "minute", "minutes", "smaller", "smalling" ; :definition "Limited in number, quantity, magnitude or extent." ; :prefLabel "Small" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Structured walkthrough", "Walkthrough" ; :definition "In software engineering, a walkthrough or walk-through is a form of software peer review "in which a designer or programmer leads members of the development team and other interested parties through a software product, and the participants ask questions and make comments about possible errors, violation of development standards, and other problems"." ; :prefLabel "Software walkthrough" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FemtoLisp", "JuMP", "Julia (disambiguation)", "Julia language", "Julia programming language", "Julialang" ; :definition "Julia is a high-level dynamic programming language designed to address the requirements of high-performance numerical and scientific computing while also being effective for general-purpose programming, web use or as a specification language. Distinctive aspects of Julia's design include a type system with parametric types in a fully dynamic programming language and multiple dispatch as its core programming paradigm. It allows concurrent, parallel and distributed computing, and direct calling of C and Fortran libraries without glue code." ; :prefLabel "Julia" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Edge triggered interrupt", "Hardware interrupt", "INT", "IRQ affinity", "Interrupt (computing)", "Interrupt handling", "Interrupt line", "Interrupt mask", "Interrupt mechanism", "Interrupted", "Interrupting", "Interrupts", "Interupt", "Level triggered interrupt", "Maskable interrupt", "Maskable interrupts", "Masked interrupt", "RFS", "RPS", "Receive flow steering", "Receive packet steering", "Shared interrupt", "Software Interrupt", "Spurious", "Spurious interrupt" ; :definition "In system programming, an interrupt is a signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention. An interrupt alerts the processor to a high-priority condition requiring the interruption of the current code the processor is executing. The processor responds by suspending its current activities, saving its state, and executing a function called an interrupt handler (or an interrupt service routine, ISR) to deal with the event. This interruption is temporary, and, after the interrupt handler finishes, the processor resumes normal activities. There are two types of interrupts: hardware interrupts and software interrupts." ; :prefLabel "Interrupt" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hit", "Hit (web request)", "Hit ratio", "Page hit", "Page hits", "Unique hits", "Web hit" ; :definition "A hit is a request to a web server for a file, like a web page, image, JavaScript, or Cascading Style Sheet. When a web page is downloaded from a server the number of "hits" or "page hits" is equal to the number of files requested. Therefore, one page load does not always equal one hit because often pages are made up of other images and other files which stack up the number of hits counted. Because one page load does not equal one hit, it is an inaccurate measure of a website's popularity or web traffic. A more accurate measure of web traffic is how many page views a web site has." ; :prefLabel "Hit (Internet)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IH", "Inhalation", "Inhale", "Inhaled", "Inhaling", "Inspiration", "Inspired", "Respiratory", "Respiratory Inspiration", "breathing", "breathing in", "breathing inspiration", "in breathing", "inhal", "inhalations", "inspir", "inspiration (breathing)", "inspirations", "inspiratory", "respiratory aspiration" ; :definition "To draw in with the breath through the nose or mouth." ; :prefLabel "Inspiration function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Long Tail Theory", "Long Tail effect", "Long tail (disambiguation)", "Long-tail", "Long-tailed distribution", "Longtail", "Longtails", "Pareto tail", "Pareto tails", "Power-law tail", "Power-law tails", "The Long Tail effect", "The long tail" ; :definition "In statistics and business, a long tail of some distributions of numbers is the portion of the distribution having a large number of occurrences far from the "head" or central part of the distribution. The distribution could involve popularities, random numbers of occurrences of events with various probabilities, etc. The term is often used loosely, with no definition or arbitrary definition, but precise definitions are possible." ; :prefLabel "Long tail" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A semantic grid is an approach to grid computing in which information, computing resources and services are described using the semantic data model. In this model, the data and metadata are expressed through facts (small sentences), becoming directly understandable for humans. This makes it easier for resources to be discovered and combined automatically to create virtual organizations (VOs). The descriptions constitute metadata and are typically represented using the technologies of the Semantic Web, such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF)." ; :prefLabel "Semantic grid" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AMD ZeroCore Power", "Ace (disambiguation)", "Asynchronous Compute Engine", "GCN", "GCN 1.0", "GCN 1.1", "GCN 1.2", "Graphics Core Next 1.0", "Graphics Core Next 1.1", "Graphics Core Next 1.2", "Polaris (microarchitecture)", "Shader processing units", "ZeroCore Power" ; :definition "Graphics Core Next (GCN) is the codename for both a series of microarchitectures as well as for an instruction set. GCN was developed by AMD for their GPUs as the successor to TeraScale microarchitecture/instruction set. The first product featuring GCN was launched in 2011. GCN is a RISC SIMD (or rather SIMT) microarchitecture contrasting the VLIW SIMD architecture of TeraScale. GCN requires considerably more transistors than TeraScale, but offers advantages for GPGPU computation. It makes the compiler simpler and should also lead to better utilization. GCN implements HyperZ." ; :prefLabel "Graphics Core Next" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Constructor overloading", "Method overload", "Method overloading", "Overload", "Overload (programming)", "Overload resolution", "Overloaded function", "Overloading" ; :definition "In some programming languages, function overloading or method overloading is the ability to create multiple methods of the same name with different implementations. Calls to an overloaded function will run a specific implementation of that function appropriate to the context of the call, allowing one function call to perform different tasks depending on context." ; :prefLabel "Function overloading" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Babelfy is an algorithm for the disambiguation of text written in any language. Specifically, Babelfy performs the tasks of multilingual Word Sense Disambiguation (i.e., the disambiguation of common nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs) and Entity Linking (i.e. the disambiguation of mentions to encyclopedic entities like people, companies, places, etc.). Babelfy is based on the BabelNet multilingual semantic network and performs disambiguation and entity linking in three steps:" ; :prefLabel "Babelfy" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science", "FOCS", "FOCS (disambiguation)", "IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science", "Symposium on Switching Circuit Theory and Logical Design", "Symposium on Switching and Automata Theory" ; :definition "FOCS, the Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, is an academic conference in the field of theoretical computer science. FOCS is sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society. As writes, FOCS and its annual Association for Computing Machinery counterpart STOC (the Symposium on Theory of Computing) are considered the two top conferences in theoretical computer science, considered broadly: they “are forums for some of the best work throughout theory of computing that promote breadth among theory of computing researchers and help to keep the community together.” includes regular attendance at FOCS and STOC as one of several defining characteristics of theoretical computer scientists." ; :prefLabel "Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interdomain" ; :definition "Inter-domain is data flow control and interaction between Primary Domain Controller (PDC) computers. This type of computer uses various computer protocols and services to operate. It is most commonly used to multicast between internet domains." ; :prefLabel "Inter-domain" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Influences and interpretations of The Matrix", "Matrix", "Matrix (fictional universe)", "Matrix (franchise)", "Matrix (series)", "Matrix (simulated reality)", "Matrix series", "Matrix trilogy", "Matrix universe", "Matrix(created universe)", "The Matrix (fictional universe)", "The Matrix (film series)", "The Matrix (series)", "The Matrix Comics", "The Matrix Philosophy", "The Matrix Resurrection", "The Matrix Trilogy", "The Matrix franchise", "The Matrix influences and interpretations", "The Matrix sequels", "The Matrix series", "The Ultimate Matrix Collection", "The Zion Archive", "The path of the One", "Turings all the way down", "Ultimate Matrix Collection" ; :definition "The Matrix is a science fiction action media franchise created by The Wachowski Brothers and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. The series began with the feature film The Matrix (1999), and continued with two sequels, The Matrix Reloaded (2003) and The Matrix Revolutions (2003). The characters and settings of the films are further explored in other media set in the same fictional universe, including animation, comics, and video games." ; :prefLabel "The Matrix" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Beth", "E W Beth", "E. W. Beth", "E.W. Beth", "Evert W. Beth", "Willem" ; :definition "Evert Willem Beth (7 July 1908 – 12 April 1964) was a Dutch philosopher and logician, whose work principally concerned the foundations of mathematics." ; :prefLabel "Evert Willem Beth" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Animatic", "Design comics", "Photomatic", "Story board", "Story-boarding", "Storyboard (disambiguation)", "Storyboarding", "Storyboards", "Webb Smith" ; :definition "A storyboard is a graphic organizer in the form of illustrations or images displayed in sequence for the purpose of pre-visualizing a motion picture, animation, motion graphic or interactive media sequence. The storyboarding process, in the form it is known today, was developed at Walt Disney Productions during the early 1930s, after several years of similar processes being in use at Walt Disney and other animation studios." ; :prefLabel "Storyboard" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alpha (disambiguation)", "Alpha Blend", "Alpha Blending", "Alpha Channel", "Alpha Transparency", "Alpha blend compositing", "Alpha blending channel", "Alpha channels", "Alpha composition", "Alpha matte", "Alpha-blending", "Alpha-channel", "Alphamap", "Blending", "Matte channel", "Porter duff", "Porter-Duff" ; :definition "In computer graphics, alpha compositing is the process of combining an image with a background to create the appearance of partial or full transparency. It is often useful to render image elements in separate passes, and then combine the resulting multiple 2D images into a single, final image called the composite. For example, compositing is used extensively when combining computer-rendered image elements with live footage." ; :prefLabel "Alpha compositing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Factor Graphs" ; :definition "A factor graph is a bipartite graph representing the factorization of a function. In probability theory and its applications, factor graphs are used to represent factorization of a probability distribution function, enabling efficient computations, such as the computation of marginal distributions through the sum-product algorithm. One of the important success stories of factor graphs and the sum-product algorithm is the decoding of capacity-approaching error-correcting codes, such as LDPC and turbo codes." ; :prefLabel "Factor graph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Table", "Tables" ; :definition "Presentations of nonstatistical data in tabular form." ; :prefLabel "Data Table" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Jump list", "Skip lists", "Skip search", "Skiplist", "Skiplists" ; :definition "In computer science, a skip list is a data structure that allows fast search within an ordered sequence of elements. Fast search is made possible by maintaining a linked hierarchy of subsequences, with each successive subsequence skipping over fewer elements than the previous one. Searching starts in the sparsest subsequence until two consecutive elements have been found, one smaller and one larger than or equal to the element searched for. Via the linked hierarchy, these two elements link to elements of the next sparsest subsequence, where searching is continued until finally we are searching in the full sequence. The elements that are skipped over may be chosen probabilistically or deterministically, with the former being more common." ; :prefLabel "Skip list" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Certainty equivalents", "EU theory", "Expected", "Expected utility", "Expected utility theorem", "Expected utility theory", "Moral expectation", "Neumann-Morgenstern utility", "Neumann–Morgenstern utility", "Nuemann-Morgenstern Utility", "VNM", "Von Neumann-Morgenstern Utility", "Von Neumann-Morgenstern utility function" ; :definition "In economics, game theory, and decision theory the expected utility hypothesis, concerning people's preferences with regard to choices that have uncertain outcomes (gambles), states that if specific axioms are satisfied, the subjective value associated with an individual's gamble is the statistical expectation of that individual's valuations of the outcomes of that gamble. Initiated by Daniel Bernoulli in 1738, this hypothesis has proved useful to explain some popular choices that seem to contradict the expected value criterion (which takes into account only the sizes of the payouts and the probabilities of occurrence), such as occur in the contexts of gambling and insurance. Until the mid-twentieth century, the standard term for the expected utility was the moral expectation, contrasted w" ; :prefLabel "Expected utility hypothesis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Network provisioning", "Provisioning (disambiguation)", "Service provisioning" ; :definition "In telecommunication, provisioning involves the process of preparing and equipping a network to allow it to provide (new) services to its users. In National Security/Emergency Preparedness telecommunications services, "provisioning" equates to "initiation" and includes altering the state of an existing priority service or capability. Organizationally, a CIO typically manages provisioning, necessarily involving human resources and IT departments cooperating to:" ; :prefLabel "Provisioning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CCD Noise", "Noise (disambiguation)", "Noise (photography)", "Sensor noise", "Visual noise" ; :definition "Image noise is random (not present in the object imaged) variation of brightness or color information in images, and is usually an aspect of electronic noise. It can be produced by the sensor and circuitry of a scanner or digital camera. Image noise can also originate in film grain and in the unavoidable shot noise of an ideal photon detector. Image noise is an undesirable by-product of image capture that adds spurious and extraneous information." ; :prefLabel "Image noise" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Novelty detector", "Novelty detectors" ; :definition "Novelty detection is the identification of new or unknown data that a machine learning system has not been trained with and was not previously aware of, with the help of either statistical or machine learning based approaches." ; :prefLabel "Novelty detection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Commit", "Commit (SQL)" ; :definition "In computer science and data management, a commit is the making of a set of tentative changes permanent. A popular usage is at the end of a transaction. A commit is an act of committing." ; :prefLabel "Commit (data management)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computer log management and intelligence, log analysis (or system and network log analysis) is an art and science seeking to make sense out of computer-generated records (also called log or audit trail records). The process of creating such records is called data logging. Typical reasons why people perform log analysis are: * Compliance with security policies * Compliance with audit or regulation * System troubleshooting * Forensics (during investigations or in response to subpoena) * Security incident response * Understanding online user behavior" ; :prefLabel "Log analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binary log", "Binary logging", "Checkpoint record", "Database journal", "Database log", "Journal (computing)", "Journal (disambiguation)", "Log", "Transaction journal", "Transaction logging" ; :definition "In the field of databases in computer science, a transaction log (also transaction journal, database log, binary log or audit trail) is a history of actions executed by a database management system to guarantee ACID properties over crashes or hardware failures. Physically, a log is a file listing changes to the database, stored in a stable storage format. This term is not to be confused with other, human-readable logs that a database management system usually provides. In database management systems, a journal is the record of data altered by a given process." ; :prefLabel "Transaction log" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Platform for Privacy Preferences", "Platform for Privacy Preferences Project" ; :definition "The Platform for Privacy Preferences Project (P3P) is a protocol allowing websites to declare their intended use of information they collect about web browser users. Designed to give users more control of their personal information when browsing, P3P was developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and officially recommended on April 16, 2002. Development ceased shortly thereafter and there have been very few implementations of P3P. Microsoft Internet Explorer and Edge were the only major browsers to support P3P. The president of TRUSTe has stated that P3P has not been implemented widely due to the difficulty and lack of value." ; :prefLabel "P3P" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abyss (Runescape)", "Abyssal Whip", "Agility (RuneScape)", "Al Kharid", "Al-Kharid", "Ardougne", "Armadyl", "Asgarnia", "Castle wars", "Catherby", "Construction (Runescape)", "Cooking (RuneScape)", "Corporeal Beast", "Crafting (RuneScape)", "DarkScape", "DeviousMUD", "Dungeoneering", "Dwarven Mine", "East Ardougne", "Elvarg", "Entrana", "Etceteria", "Falador", "Fishing (Runescape)", "Gielinor", "Godsword", "Guthix", "Kandarin", "Karamja", "Keldagrim", "King Black Dragon", "Kingdom of Asgarnia", "Lady Keli", "Land of runescape", "Lumbridge", "Misthalin", "Morytania", "Old School RuneScape", "Prayer (RuneScape)", "RS", "Rellekka", "Rnescape", "Roonscape", "Rune (disambiguation)", "Rune Scape", "Rune scimitar", "RuneScape 2", "RuneScape 3", "RuneScape Community", "RuneScape HD", "RuneScape Moderators", "RuneScape Old School", "RuneScape Player Killing", "RuneScape Videos", "RuneScape Wiki", "RuneScape armor", "RuneScape dungeons", "RuneScape economy", "RuneScape firemaking", "RuneScape moderator", "RuneScape pking", "RuneScape thieving", "RuneScript", "Runecape", "Runecrafting", "Runecrafting (RuneScape)", "Runehq", "Runescape Classic", "Runescape Guilds", "Runescape Player Mods", "Runescape Power Leveling", "Runescape armour", "Runescape clan", "Runescape combat", "Runescape currency", "Runescape game", "Runescape gods", "Runescape high detail", "Runescape history and development", "Runescape leveling", "Runescape locations", "Runescape moderation", "Runescape modrators", "Runescape mods", "Runescape monsters", "Runescape quest list", "Runescape quests", "Runescape rangers", "Runescape skills", "Runescape weapon types", "Runescape weapons", "Runescape(RS)", "Runescape.co.uk", "Runescape.com", "Runescape/", "Runescape2", "Runescapes", "Runescappe", "Runescaspe", "Runesccape", "Runescpae", "Runite", "Runscape", "Saradomin", "Scape", "Smithing (RuneScape)", "Special Attacks (RuneScape)", "Stronghold of Security", "Taverly", "The Red Axe (Consortium)", "Tirannwn", "Tzhaar", "Tztok-jad", "Varrock", "Wilderness (Runescape)", "Www.runescape.com", "Yanille", "Zamorack", "Zanaris" ; :definition "RuneScape is a fantasy MMORPG developed and published by Jagex, released originally in January 2001. RuneScape can be used as a graphical browser game implemented on the client-side in Java, and incorporates 3D rendering. Although since the release of the NXT client in April 2016, a non-browser based version of the game that is written in C++ is also available. The game has had over 200 million accounts created and is recognised by the Guinness World Records as the world's largest free MMORPG and the most-updated game." ; :prefLabel "RuneScape" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Classical information", "Information (disambiguation)", "Information physics" ; :definition "In physics, physical information refers generally to the information that is contained in a physical system. Its usage in quantum mechanics (i.e. quantum information) is important, for example in the concept of quantum entanglement to describe effectively direct or causal relationships between apparently distinct or spatially separated particles. When clarifying the subject of information, care should be taken to distinguish between the following specific cases:" ; :prefLabel "Physical information" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Serialisable Snapshot Isolation", "Serializable snapshot isolation", "Write skew" ; :definition "In databases, and transaction processing (transaction management), snapshot isolation is a guarantee that all reads made in a transaction will see a consistent snapshot of the database (in practice it reads the last committed values that existed at the time it started), and the transaction itself will successfully commit only if no updates it has made conflict with any concurrent updates made since that snapshot." ; :prefLabel "Snapshot isolation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Key", "Key animation", "Key frames", "Keyframe", "Keyframe animation", "Keyframes", "Keyframing" ; :definition "A key frame in animation and filmmaking is a drawing that defines the starting and ending points of any smooth transition. The drawings are called "frames" because their position in time is measured in frames on a strip of film. A sequence of key frames defines which movement the viewer will see, whereas the position of the key frames on the film, video, or animation defines the timing of the movement. Because only two or three key frames over the span of a second do not create the illusion of movement, the remaining frames are filled with inbetweens." ; :prefLabel "Key frame" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cisco serial port", "Data Set Ready", "EIA--232", "EIA-232", "EIA/TIA-232", "EIA/TIA-574", "EIA232", "Eia Rs-232C", "RI", "RS 232", "RS-232 RTS/CTS", "RS-232 devices", "RTS/CTS", "Ring indicator", "Rs-232c", "Rs232", "Rs232C", "Serial port pinouts", "TIA-574", "V.24" ; :definition "In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment or data communication equipment), such as a modem. The RS-232 standard is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997." ; :prefLabel "RS-232" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dictionary.com", "LLC", "Lenguaje Lexico", "Reference (disambiguation)", "Reference (website)", "Thesaurus.com" ; :definition "Reference.com is an online encyclopedia, thesaurus, and dictionary. The site also provides machine translation and web search. Reference.com was launched by InReference, Inc in February, 1997. The site was later acquired by Lexico Publishing Group, LLC. In 2005, Lexico announced that Reference.com would begin offering searches of Wikipedia content. In mid-2007, the site typically ranked in the mid-200s among the most popular websites on the Internet. The popularity of Dictionary.com had been greatly boosted by Google's practice of offering a link at the top of their search results that go to the Dictionary.com definition. This exclusive relationship was terminated without explanation to the public when the Google links were redirected to definitions at Answers.com. (In December 2009, the A" ; :prefLabel "Reference.com" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GIS", "GIS (geographic information system)", "Geographic", "Geographic Information System", "Geographical", "Geographical Information", "Geographical Information System", "Geographical Information Systems", "Information System", "Information Systems", "System", "Systems", "geographic information system (GIS)" ; :definition "A system of hardware, software, and geographic data designed to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze and display data that are linked to location.(from http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec1451/005.htm and http://newscenter.cancer.gov/pressreleases/gisqa.html)" ; :prefLabel "Geographic Information Systems" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BIM", "Bim (Real Property)", "Bim (disambiguation)", "Building Information Model", "Building Information Modelling", "Computer based construction", "OpenBIM", "Virtual Building" ; :definition "Building information modeling (BIM) is a process involving the generation and management of digital representations of physical and functional characteristics of places. Building information models (BIMs) are files (often but not always in proprietary formats and containing proprietary data) which can be extracted, exchanged or networked to support decision-making regarding a building or other built asset. Current BIM software is used by individuals, businesses and government agencies who plan, design, construct, operate and maintain diverse physical infrastructures, such as water, refuse, electricity, gas, communication utilities, roads, bridges, ports, tunnels, etc." ; :prefLabel "Building information modeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CADR (computing system)", "LISP machines", "LispM", "MIT CADR" ; :definition "Lisp machines are general-purpose computers designed to efficiently run Lisp as their main software language, usually through hardware support. They are an example of a high-level language computer architecture, and in a sense, they were the first commercial single-user workstations. Despite being modest in number (perhaps 7,000 units total as of 1988), Lisp machines commercially pioneered many now-commonplace technologies – including effective garbage collection, laser printing, windowing systems, computer mice, high-resolution bit-mapped graphics, computer graphic rendering, and networking innovations like Chaosnet. Several companies built and sold Lisp Machines in the 1980s: Symbolics (3600, 3640, XL1200, MacIvory, and other models), Lisp Machines Incorporated (LMI Lambda), Texas Instru" ; :prefLabel "Lisp machine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Graphical output device", "List of output devices", "Output devices", "Output hardware" ; :definition "An output device is any piece of computer hardware item which utilizes whatever data and commands from your computer in order to perform a task. This leads to the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form." ; :prefLabel "Output device" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Exploratory", "Exploratory Search Systems" ; :definition "Exploratory search is a specialization of information exploration which represents the activities carried out by searchers who are: * unfamiliar with the domain of their goal (i.e. need to learn about the topic in order to understand how to achieve their goal) * or unsure about the ways to achieve their goals (either the technology or the process) * or unsure about their goals in the first place." ; :prefLabel "Exploratory search" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "WOT" ; :definition "The Web of Things (WoT) is a term used to describe approaches, software architectural styles and programming patterns that allow real-world objects to be part of the World Wide Web. Similarly to what the Web (Application Layer) is to the Internet (Network Layer), the Web of Things provides an Application Layer that simplifies the creation of Internet of Things applications." ; :prefLabel "Web of Things" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "I/O Address", "I/O methods", "I/O port", "I/O ports", "IO address", "IO port", "MMIO", "Memory mapped I/O", "Memory mapped IO", "Memory-mapped IO", "PMIO", "Port (disambiguation)", "Port I/O", "Port IO", "Port mapped I/O", "Port mapped IO", "Port-mapped I/O", "Port-mapped IO" ; :definition "Memory-mapped I/O (MMIO) and port-mapped I/O (PMIO) (which is also called isolated I/O) are two complementary methods of performing input/output (I/O) between the CPU and peripheral devices in a computer. An alternative approach is using dedicated I/O processors, commonly known as channels on mainframe computers, which execute their own instructions." ; :prefLabel "Memory-mapped I/O" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JMS", "JSR 914", "Java messaging service" ; :definition "The Java Message Service (JMS) API is a Java Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) API for sending messages between two or more clients. It is an implementation to handle the Producer-consumer problem. JMS is a part of the Java Platform, Enterprise Edition, and is defined by a specification developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 914. It is a messaging standard that allows application components based on the Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) to create, send, receive, and read messages. It allows the communication between different components of a distributed application to be loosely coupled, reliable, and asynchronous." ; :prefLabel "Java Message Service" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "A computer program that divides code up into functional components.(WordNet)" ; :prefLabel "Parser" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Review (disambiguation)", "SLR", "SR", "Structured literature review", "Systematic Reviews", "Systematic literature review", "Systemic review" ; :definition "A systematic review is a type of literature review that collects and critically analyzes multiple research studies or papers. A review of existing studies is often quicker and cheaper than embarking on a new study. Researchers use methods that are selected before one or more research questions are formulated, and then they aim to find and analyze studies that relate to and answer those questions. Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials are key in the practice of evidence-based medicine." ; :prefLabel "Systematic review" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Association", "Associations", "association [mental function]" ; :definition "A functional relationship between psychological phenomena of such nature that the presence of one tends to evoke the other; also, the process by which such a relationship is established." ; :prefLabel "Mental association" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dmake", "GNU make", "Gmake", "Make (Unix)", "Make software", "Mk", "Mk (Plan 9)", "Mk (software)", "Nmake" ; :definition "In software development, Make is a build automation tool that automatically builds executable programs and libraries from source code by reading files called Makefiles which specify how to derive the target program. Though integrated development environments and language-specific compiler features can also be used to manage a build process, Make remains widely used, especially in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. Besides building programs, Make can be used to manage any project where some files must be updated automatically from others whenever the others change." ; :prefLabel "Make" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Assimilation", "Assimilation (meteorology)" ; :definition "A numerical model determines how a model state at a particular time changes into the model state at a later time. Even if the numerical model were a perfect representation of an actual system (which of course can rarely if ever be the case) in order to make a perfect forecast of the future state of the actual system the initial state of the numerical model would also have to be a perfect representation of the actual state of the system." ; :prefLabel "Data assimilation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cond", "Conditional", "Conditional (programming", "Conditional (programming)", "Conditional expression", "Else", "Else (programming)", "Else if", "Elseif", "Elsif", "If", "If (programming)", "If else", "If statement", "If then statement", "If-else-if ladder", "If-then (programming)", "If-then statement", "If-then-else", "If-then-else (programming)", "If:", "Selection statement" ; :definition "In computer science, conditional statements, conditional expressions and conditional constructs are features of a programming language, which perform different computations or actions depending on whether a programmer-specified boolean condition evaluates to true or false. Apart from the case of branch predication, this is always achieved by selectively altering the control flow based on some condition. Although dynamic dispatch is not usually classified as a conditional construct, it is another way to select between alternatives at runtime." ; :prefLabel "Conditional (computer programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GPL (disambiguation)", "General purpose programming language", "General-purpose", "General-purpose (programming language)", "General-purpose programming languages" ; :definition "In computer software, a general-purpose programming language is a programming language designed to be used for writing software in a wide variety of application domains (a general-purpose language). In many ways a general-purpose language only has this status because it does not include language constructs designed to be used within a specific application domain (e.g., a page description language contains constructs intended to make it easier to write programs that control the layout of text and graphics on a page). The following are some general-purpose languages:" ; :prefLabel "General-purpose programming language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Closed walk", "Cycle", "Cycle (graph)", "Cycle detection (graph theory)", "Directed cycle", "Graph cycle", "Simple cycle" ; :definition "In graph theory, there are several different types of objects called cycles, principally a closed walk and a simple cycle; also, e.g., an element of the cycle space of the graph." ; :prefLabel "Cycle (graph theory)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bigram frequency", "Bigram frequency attack", "Bigrams", "Gappy bigram", "Gappy bigrams", "Head word bigram", "Head word bigrams", "Headword bigram", "Headword bigrams", "Skip bigram", "Skip bigrams", "Skipping bigram", "Skipping bigrams" ; :definition "A bigram or digram is a sequence of two adjacent elements from a string of tokens, which are typically letters, syllables, or words. A bigram is an n-gram for n=2. The frequency distribution of every bigram in a string is commonly used for simple statistical analysis of text in many applications, including in computational linguistics, cryptography, speech recognition, and so on. Gappy bigrams or skipping bigrams are word pairs which allow gaps (perhaps avoiding connecting words, or allowing some simulation of dependencies, as in a dependency grammar). That is, the probability of a token" ; :prefLabel "Bigram" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cipher (disambiguation)", "Cipher machine", "Cipherable", "Ciphered", "Ciphering", "Ciphers", "Decipherable", "Encipher", "Enciphered", "Enciphering", "Encipherment", "Encipherments", "Enciphers", "Indecipherable" ; :definition "In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption—a series of well-defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An alternative, less common term is encipherment. To encipher or encode is to convert information into cipher or code. In common parlance, 'cipher' is synonymous with 'code', as they are both a set of steps that encrypt a message; however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography, especially classical cryptography. Most modern ciphers can be categorized in several ways" ; :prefLabel "Cipher" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Distributed algorithms" ; :definition "A distributed algorithm is an algorithm designed to run on computer hardware constructed from interconnected processors. Distributed algorithms are used in many varied application areas of distributed computing, such as telecommunications, scientific computing, distributed information processing, and real-time process control. Standard problems solved by distributed algorithms include leader election, consensus, distributed search, spanning tree generation, mutual exclusion, and resource allocation." ; :prefLabel "Distributed algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EXTRACTOR" ; :definition "An orthopedic manual surgical instrument is a nonpowered hand-held device intended for medical purposes to manipulate tissue, or for use with other devices in orthopedic surgery. This generic type of device includes the cerclage applier, awl, bender, drill brace, broach, burr, corkscrew, countersink, pin crimper, wire cutter, prosthesis driver, extractor, file, fork, needle holder, impactor, bending or contouring instrument, compression instrument, passer, socket positioner, probe, femoral neck punch, socket pusher, reamer, rongeur, scissors, screwdriver, bone skid, staple driver, bone screw starter, surgical stripper, tamp, bone tap, trephine, wire twister, and wrench." ; :prefLabel "Extractors" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IBM T.J. Watson Research Center", "IBM Thomas J Watson Research Center", "IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center", "IBM Watson Research Center", "IBM Watson Research Lab", "IBM Yorktown", "IBM Yorktown Heights", "T. J. Watson Research Center", "T.J.Watson Research Center", "Thomas Watson Research Center", "Watson", "Watson Research Laboratories", "Watson Scientific Computing Laboratory" ; :definition "The Thomas J. Watson Research Center is the headquarters for IBM Research. The center comprises two sites, with its main laboratory in Yorktown Heights, New York, U.S., 38 miles (61 km) north of New York City and offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts." ; :prefLabel "Thomas J. Watson Research Center" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Atlassian Confluence", "Confluence (Atlassian software)", "Confluence (disambiguation)", "Confluence (team collaboration software)" ; :definition "Confluence is team collaboration software. Written in Java and mainly used in corporate environments, it is developed and marketed by Atlassian. Confluence is sold as either on-premises software or as a software as a service." ; :prefLabel "Confluence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Colombia Supercomputer", "Columbia", "Columbia supercomputer", "NASA Project Columbia" ; :definition "Named in honor of the crew who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, Columbia was a supercomputer built by Silicon Graphics (SGI) for the National Aeornautics and Space Administration (NASA). It was decommissioned March 15, 2013 after over three billion CPU hours and nearly nine years of service." ; :prefLabel "Columbia (supercomputer)" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Flow algorithm", "Integral flow theorem", "Max flow", "Max flow problem", "Max-flow", "Max-flow problem", "Maxflow", "Maximal flow", "Maximal flow problem", "Maximum flow", "Maximum-flow problem" ; :definition "In optimization theory, maximum flow problems involve finding a feasible flow through a single-source, single-sink flow network that is maximum. The maximum flow problem can be seen as a special case of more complex network flow problems, such as the circulation problem. The maximum value of an s-t flow (i.e., flow from source s to sink t) is equal to the minimum capacity of an s-t cut (i.e., cut severing s from t) in the network, as stated in the max-flow min-cut theorem." ; :prefLabel "Maximum flow problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bi-directional search" ; :definition "Bidirectional search is a graph search algorithm that finds a shortest path from an initial vertex to a goal vertex in a directed graph. It runs two simultaneous searches: one forward from the initial state, and one backward from the goal, stopping when the two meet in the middle. The reason for this approach is that in many cases it is faster: for instance, in a simplified model of search problem complexity in which both searches expand a tree with branching factor b, and the distance from start to goal is d, each of the two searches has complexity O(bd/2) (in Big O notation), and the sum of these two search times is much less than the O(bd) complexity that would result from a single search from the beginning to the goal." ; :prefLabel "Bidirectional search" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Colorshots", "Film screenshot", "Film screenshots", "Screen cap", "Screen dump", "Screen dumps", "Screen grab", "Screen grabber", "Screen shot", "Screen shots", "Screencap", "Screencaps", "Screengrabs", "Screenies", "Screenshot software", "Screenshots", "Screenshotting", "Screeny", "Take transparent screenshots in windows", "Transparent screenshots in windows" ; :definition "A screenshot is an image taken by a person to record the visible items displayed on the monitor, television, or other visual output device in use. Usually, this is a digital image using the operating system or software running on the computer, but it can also be a capture made by a camera or a device intercepting the video output of the display." ; :prefLabel "Screenshot" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clip", "Clip culture", "Clips culture", "Film clip", "Film clips", "Funny video", "Funny videos", "Internet Videos", "Internet video clip", "Internet video clips", "Movie clip", "Movie clips", "Online clip", "Online clips", "Online video", "Online video clip", "Online video clips", "Online videos", "Short video", "Stupid video", "StupidVideos", "Trailer (video)", "Trailer (videos)", "Trailers (video)", "Trailers (videos)", "Video (disambiguation)", "Video Clips", "Video journal", "Video online", "Video vault", "VideoClip", "Videoblogger", "Videobloggers", "Videoblogs", "Videoclips", "Videos online", "Vlog communities", "Vlog community", "Web video", "Web videos", "Webvideo" ; :definition "Video clips are short clips of video, usually part of a longer recording. The term is also more loosely used to mean any short video less than the length of a traditional television program." ; :prefLabel "Video clip" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Information exchange is an informal term that can either refer to bidirectional information transmission/information transfer in telecommunications and computer science or communication seen from a system-theoretic or information-theoretic point of view. As "information" in this context invariably 2كبنااا refers to (electronic) data that encodes and represents the information at hand, a broader treatment can be found under data exchange. Information exchange is also used to describe the process of learning and the efficiency of the learning." ; :prefLabel "Information exchange" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver" ; :definition "In artificial intelligence, STRIPS (Stanford Research Institute Problem Solver) is an automated planner developed by Richard Fikes and Nils Nilsson in 1971 at SRI International. The same name was later used to refer to the formal language of the inputs to this planner. This language is the base for most of the languages for expressing automated planning problem instances in use today; such languages are commonly known as action languages. This article only describes the language, not the planner." ; :prefLabel "STRIPS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mutex", "Mutex lock", "Mutual exclusion rule", "Mutually-exclusive" ; :definition "In computer science, mutual exclusion is a property of concurrency control, which is instituted for the purpose of preventing race conditions; it is the requirement that one thread of execution never enter its critical section at the same time that another concurrent thread of execution enters its own critical section. The requirement of mutual exclusion was first identified and solved by Edsger W. Dijkstra in his seminal 1965 paper titled Solution of a problem in concurrent programming control, which is credited as the first topic in the study of concurrent algorithms." ; :prefLabel "Mutual exclusion" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code hygiene", "Code optimization", "Code optimizer", "Computer Optimization", "Computer programming optimization", "Memory Optimization", "Optimisation (computer science)", "Optimization (computer science)", "Optimization (disambiguation)", "Pessimization", "Premature optimisation", "Premature optimization", "Program optimisation", "Software Value Optimisation", "Software optimisation", "Software optimization", "Software slug", "System optimization" ; :definition "In computer science, program optimization or software optimization is the process of modifying a software system to make some aspect of it work more efficiently or use fewer resources. In general, a computer program may be optimized so that it executes more rapidly, or is capable of operating with less memory storage or other resources, or draw less power." ; :prefLabel "Program optimization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Maximal", "Maximal sets" ; :definition "In recursion theory, the mathematical theory of computability, a maximal set is a coinfinite recursively enumerable subset A of the natural numbers such that for every further recursively enumerable subset B of the natural numbers, either B is cofinite or B is a finite variant of A or B is not a superset of A. This gives an easy definition within the lattice of the recursively enumerable sets." ; :prefLabel "Maximal set" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EIS", "Enterprise information systems" ; :definition "An enterprise information system (EIS) is any kind of information system which improves the functions of an enterprise business processes by integration. This means typically offering high quality of service, dealing with large volumes of data and capable of supporting some large and possibly complex organization or enterprise. An EIS must be able to be used by all parts and all levels of an enterprise." ; :prefLabel "Enterprise information system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Copyrights", "copyrighted", "copyrighting" ; :definition "It is a form of protection provided by law. In the United States this protection is granted to authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works. (from Circular of the United States Copyright Office, 6/30/2008)" ; :prefLabel "Copyright" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Modularity matrix" ; :definition "Modularity is one measure of the structure of networks or graphs. It was designed to measure the strength of division of a network into modules (also called groups, clusters or communities). Networks with high modularity have dense connections between the nodes within modules but sparse connections between nodes in different modules. Modularity is often used in optimization methods for detecting community structure in networks. However, it has been shown that modularity suffers a resolution limit and, therefore, it is unable to detect small communities. Biological networks, including animal brains, exhibit a high degree of modularity." ; :prefLabel "Modularity (networks)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Inoperable", "Operable" ; :definition "Operability is the ability to keep an equipment, a system or a whole industrial installation in a safe and reliable functioning condition, according to pre-defined operational requirements. In a computing systems environment with multiple systems this includes the ability of products, systems and business processes to work together to accomplish a common task such as finding and returning availability of inventory for flight. Operability is considered one of the ilities and is closely related to reliability, supportability and maintainability." ; :prefLabel "Operability" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Word alignment" ; :definition "Bitext word alignment or simply word alignment is the natural language processing task of identifying translation relationships among the words (or more rarely multiword units) in a bitext, resulting in a bipartite graph between the two sides of the bitext, with an arc between two words if and only if they are translations of one another. Word alignment is typically done after sentence alignment has already identified pairs of sentences that are translations of one another." ; :prefLabel "Bitext word alignment" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Some branches of economics and game theory deal with indivisible goods – discrete items that can be traded only as a whole. For example, in combinatorial auctions there is a finite set of items, and every agent can buy a subset of the items, but an item cannot be divided between two or more agents. It is usually assumed that every agent assigns subjective utility to every subset of the items. This can be represented by one of two ways: * An ordinal utility preference relation, usually marked by . The fact that an agent prefers a set to a set is written . If the agent only weakly prefers and , where" ; :prefLabel "Utility functions on indivisible goods" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Similarity learning is an area of supervised machine learning in artificial intelligence. It is closely related to regression and classification, but the goal is to learn from examples a similarity function that measures how similar or related two objects are. It has applications in ranking, in recommendation systems, visual identity tracking, face verification and speaker verification." ; :prefLabel "Similarity learning" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Information Systems is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering data-intensive technologies underlying database systems, business processes, social media, and data science. It is published 8 times a year by Elsevier and the editors-in-chief are Felix Naumann (Hasso Plattner Institute), Dennis Shasha (New York University), and Gottfried Vossen (University of Münster)." ; :prefLabel "Information Systems" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acceptance-rejection method", "Adaptive rejection sampling", "Rejection", "Rejection method" ; :definition "In mathematics, rejection sampling is a basic technique used to generate observations from a distribution. It is also commonly called the acceptance-rejection method or "accept-reject algorithm" and is a type of Monte Carlo method. The method works for any distribution in with a density. Rejection sampling is based on the observation that to sample a random variable one can perform a uniformly random sampling of the 2D cartesian graph, and keep the samples in the region under the graph of its density function. Note that this property can be extended to N-dimension functions." ; :prefLabel "Rejection sampling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Autonomi", "Autonomous", "Autonomous behaviour", "Autonomous government", "Autonomy (disambiguation)", "Autonomy of rational beings", "National autonomy", "Otonomi", "Respect for the autonomy of rational beings" ; :definition "Autonomy (Ancient Greek: αὐτονομία autonomia from αὐτόνομος autonomos from αὐτο- auto- "self" and νόμος nomos, "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's own law") is a concept found in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy. Within these contexts, it is the capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision." ; :prefLabel "Autonomy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hands-on" ; :definition "Hands-On Computing is a branch of Human-Computer Interaction research, which focuses on computer interfaces that respond to human touch or expression, allowing the machine and the user to interact physically. Hands-on computing can make complicated computer tasks more natural to users by attempting to respond to motions and interactions that are natural to human behavior. Thus hands-on computing is a component of user-centered design, focusing on how users physically respond to virtual environments." ; :prefLabel "Hands-on computing" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Documented" ; :prefLabel "Document completion status - Documented" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Quantum linear superposition", "Quantum superpositions", "Superposition", "Superposition of states" ; :definition "Quantum superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics. It states that, much like waves in classical physics, any two (or more) quantum states can be added together ("superposed") and the result will be another valid quantum state; and conversely, that every quantum state can be represented as a sum of two or more other distinct states. Mathematically, it refers to a property of solutions to the Schrödinger equation; since the Schrödinger equation is linear, any linear combination of solutions will also be a solution. and .Here is the state that will always convert to 1." ; :prefLabel "Quantum superposition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MLPPP", "MP", "Multilink", "Multilink PPP", "Multilink Protocol", "P2PP", "PPP", "PPP connection", "Point to point protocol", "Point-to-point", "Pppoi" ; :definition "In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a data link (layer 2) protocol used to establish a direct connection between two nodes. It can provide connection authentication, transmission encryption (using ECP, ), and compression. Two derivatives of PPP, Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) and Point-to-Point Protocol over ATM (PPPoA), are used most commonly by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to establish a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Internet service connection with customers." ; :prefLabel "Point-to-Point Protocol" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CARBOB", "California Predictive Model", "Predictive Models", "Predictive advertising", "Predictive modeling" ; :definition "Predictive modeling uses statistics to predict outcomes. Most often the event one wants to predict is in the future, but predictive modelling can be applied to any type of unknown event, regardless of when it occurred. For example, predictive models are often used to detect crimes and identify suspects, after the crime has taken place. In many cases the model is chosen on the basis of detection theory to try to guess the probability of an outcome given a set amount of input data, for example given an email determining how likely that it is spam." ; :prefLabel "Predictive modelling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bibliometric", "Bibliometry" ; :definition "Bibliometrics is statistical analysis of written publications, such as books or articles. Bibliometric methods are frequently used in the field of library and information science, including scientometrics. For instance, bibliometrics are used to provide quantitative analysis of academic literature or for evaluating budgetary spending. Citation analysis is a commonly used bibliometric method which is based on constructing the citation graph, a network or graph representation of the citations between documents. Many research fields use bibliometric methods to explore the impact of their field, the impact of a set of researchers, or the impact of a particular paper. Bibliometrics also has a wide range of other applications, such as in descriptive linguistics, the development of thesauri, and" ; :prefLabel "Bibliometrics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Amiga Workbench" ; :definition "Workbench is the graphical file manager of AmigaOS developed by Commodore International for their Amiga line of computers. Workbench provides the user with a graphical interface to work with file systems and launch applications. It uses a workbench metaphor (in place of the more common desktop metaphor) for representing file system organisation. Confusingly, "Workbench" was also the name originally given to the entire Amiga operating system up until version 3.1. From release 3.5 the operating system was renamed "AmigaOS" and subsequently "Workbench" refers to the native file manager only." ; :prefLabel "Workbench" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apple TV OS", "Apple iTV", "AppleTV", "IBox", "ITV (Apple product)", "ITV (Apple)", " TV", "tv" ; :definition "Apple TV (stylized as tv) is a digital media player and a microconsole developed and sold by Apple Inc. It is a small network appliance and entertainment device that can receive digital data from a number of sources and stream it to a capable television." ; :prefLabel "Apple TV" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Scenario (disambiguation)", "User scenario", "User scenarios" ; :definition "In computing, a scenario (UK /sɪˈnɑːrioʊ/, US /sᵻˈnɛərioʊ/; from Italian: that which is pinned to the scenery; pronounced [ʃeˈnaːrjo]) is a narrative of foreseeable interactions of user roles (known in the Unified Modeling Language as 'actors') and the technical system, which usually includes computer hardware and software. Increasingly, scenarios are used directly to define the wanted behaviour of software: replacing or supplementing traditional functional requirements. Scenarios are often defined in use cases, which document alternative and overlapping ways of reaching a goal." ; :prefLabel "Scenario (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Subset" ; :definition "A subdivision of a larger group with members often exhibiting similar characteristics." ; :prefLabel "Subgroup" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Graph nonisomorphism problem", "Isomorphic graph", "Isomorphic graphs", "Isomorphism (disambiguation)", "Non-isomorphic graphs", "Nonisomorphism problem" ; :definition "In graph theory, an isomorphism of graphs G and H is a bijection between the vertex sets of G and H such that any two vertices u and v of G are adjacent in G if and only if ƒ(u) and ƒ(v) are adjacent in H. This kind of bijection is commonly described as "edge-preserving bijection", in accordance with the general notion of isomorphism being a structure-preserving bijection. If an isomorphism exists between two graphs, then the graphs are called isomorphic and denoted as The two graphs shown below are isomorphic, despite their different looking drawings." ; :prefLabel "Graph isomorphism" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Paper prototype", "Paper prototypes" ; :definition "In human–computer interaction, paper prototyping is a widely used method in the user-centered design process, a process that helps developers to create software that meets the user's expectations and needs—in this case, especially for designing and testing user interfaces. It is throwaway prototyping and involves creating rough, even hand-sketched, drawings of an interface to use as prototypes, or models, of a design. While paper prototyping seems simple, this method of usability testing can provide a great deal of useful feedback which will result in the design of better products. This is supported by many usability professionals." ; :prefLabel "Paper prototyping" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data driven science", "Data-driven science", "Research 2.0", "Science2.0" ; :definition "Science 2.0 is a suggested new approach to science that uses information-sharing and collaboration made possible by network technologies. It is similar to the open research and open science movements and is inspired by Web 2.0 technologies. Science 2.0 stresses the benefits of increased collaboration between scientists. Science 2.0 uses collaborative tools like wikis, blogs and video journals to share findings, raw data and "nascent theories" online. Science 2.0 benefits from openness and sharing, regarding papers and research ideas and partial solutions." ; :prefLabel "Science 2.0" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CONNECT BY", "CONNECT BY ISCYCLE", "CONNECT BY ISLEAF", "CONNECT BY ROOT", "CTE", "Common table expression", "Common table expressions", "Hierarchical and fixpoint queries in SQL", "Hierarchical query", "Recursion in SQL", "Recursive WITH", "Recursive subquery factoring", "SYS CONNECT BY PATH", "Subquery factoring", "WITH RECURSIVE", "With (SQL)" ; :definition "A hierarchical query is a type of SQL query that handles hierarchical model data. They are special case of more general recursive fixpoint queries, which compute transitive closures. In standard SQL:1999 hierarchical queries are implemented by way of recursive (CTEs). Unlike the Oracle extension described below, the recursive CTEs were designed with fixpoint semantics from the beginning. The recursive CTEs from the standard were relatively close to the existing implementation in IBM DB2 version 2. Recursive CTEs are also supported by Microsoft SQL Server (since SQL Server 2008 R2), Firebird 2.1, PostgreSQL 8.4+, SQLite 3.8.3+, Oracle 11g Release 2, IBM Informix version 11.50+ and CUBRID. Tableau and TIBCO Spotfire do not support CTEs." ; :prefLabel "Hierarchical and recursive queries in SQL" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "EuroWordNet is a system of semantic networks for European languages, based on WordNet. Each language develops its own wordnet but they are interconnected with interlingual links stored in the Interlingual Index (ILI). Unlike the original Princeton WordNet, most of the other wordnets are not freely available." ; :prefLabel "EuroWordNet" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "Greatest in size of those under consideration." ; :prefLabel "Largest" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Convergence order", "Convergence rate", "Cubic convergence", "Linear convergence", "Order of convergence", "Q-linear", "Quadratic convergence", "Quadratically convergent", "R-linear", "Speed of convergence", "Sublinear convergence", "Superlinear convergence" ; :definition "In numerical analysis, the speed at which a convergent sequence approaches its limit is called the rate of convergence. Although strictly speaking, a limit does not give information about any finite first part of the sequence, this concept is of practical importance if we deal with a sequence of successive approximations for an iterative method, as then typically fewer iterations are needed to yield a useful approximation if the rate of convergence is higher. This may even make the difference between needing ten or a million iterations insignificant." ; :prefLabel "Rate of convergence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Modality", "Modality (human-computer interaction)" ; :definition "In the context of human–computer interaction, a modality is the classification of a single independent channel of sensory input/output between a computer and a human.A system is designated unimodal if it has only one modality implemented, and multimodal if it has more than one. When multiple modalities are available for some tasks or aspects of a task, the system is said to have overlapping modalities. If multiple modalities are available for a task, the system is said to have redundant modalities. Multiple modalities can be used in combination to provide complementary methods that may be redundant but convey information more effectively. Modalities can be generally defined in two forms: human-computer and computer-human modalities." ; :prefLabel "Modality (human–computer interaction)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HTML META", "HTML metadata", "META tag", "Meta (disambiguation)", "Meta elements", "Meta keywords", "Meta tags", "Meta-description", "Meta-tag", "Metatag", "Metatags", "NOODP", "Robots meta tag", "XHTML metadata" ; :definition "Meta elements are tags used in HTML and XHTML documents to provide structured metadata about a Web page. They are part of a web page's head section. Multiple Meta elements with different attributes can be used on the same page. Meta elements can be used to specify page description, keywords and any other metadata not provided through the other head elements and attributes. The meta element has two uses: either to emulate the use of an HTTP response header field, or to embed additional metadata within the HTML document." ; :prefLabel "Meta element" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Decentralized Model", "Decentralized System" ; :definition "A decentralised system in systems theory is a system in which lower level components operate on local information to accomplish global goals. The global pattern of behaviour is an emergent property of dynamical mechanisms that act upon local components, such as indirect communication, rather than the result of a central ordering influence (see centralised system)." ; :prefLabel "Decentralised system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Situated cognition is a theory that posits that knowing is inseparable from doing by arguing that all knowledge is situated in activity bound to social, cultural and physical contexts. Under this assumption, which requires an epistemological shift from empiricism, situativity theorists suggest a model of knowledge and learning that requires thinking on the fly rather than the storage and retrieval of conceptual knowledge. In essence, cognition cannot be separated from the context. Instead knowing exists, in situ, inseparable from context, activity, people, culture, and language. Therefore, learning is seen in terms of an individual's increasingly effective performance across situations rather than in terms of an accumulation of knowledge, since what is known is co-determined by the agent a" ; :prefLabel "Situated cognition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NII" ; :definition "The National Information Infrastructure (NII) was the product of the High Performance Computing Act of 1991. It was a telecommunications policy buzzword, which was popularized during the Clinton Administration under the leadership of Vice-President Al Gore." ; :prefLabel "National Information Infrastructure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Browsing engine", "Layout engine (software)", "Rendering engines", "Web engine", "Web rendering" ; :definition "A web browser engine (sometimes called layout engine or rendering engine) is a program that renders marked up content (such as HTML, XML, image files, etc.) and formatting information (such as CSS, XSL, etc.)." ; :prefLabel "Web browser engine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Information FrameWork (IFW) is an enterprise architecture framework, populated with a comprehensive set of banking specific business models. It was developed as an alternative to the Zachman Framework by Roger Evernden. The banking specific business models represent good practice in banking and is a natural extension to the Component Business Model." ; :prefLabel "Information Framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Unique Identifier(UID)", "Unique Object Identifier", "Unique identifiers" ; :definition "With reference to a given (possibly implicit) set of objects, a unique identifier (UID) is any identifier which is guaranteed to be unique among all identifiers used for those objects and for a specific purpose. There are three main types of unique identifiers, each corresponding to a different generation strategy: The above methods can be combined, hierarchically or singly, to create other generation schemes which guarantee uniqueness. In many cases, a single object may have more than one unique identifier, each of which identifies it for a different purpose." ; :prefLabel "Unique identifier" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Redundancy", "Redundancy (computer science)", "Redundant engineering", "Redundant server", "Voting logic" ; :definition "In engineering, redundancy is the duplication of critical components or functions of a system with the intention of increasing reliability of the system, usually in the form of a backup or fail-safe. In many safety-critical systems, such as fly-by-wire and hydraulic systems in aircraft, some parts of the control system may be triplicated, which is formally termed triple modular redundancy (TMR). An error in one component may then be out-voted by the other two. In a triply redundant system, the system has three sub components, all three of which must fail before the system fails. Since each one rarely fails, and the sub components are expected to fail independently, the probability of all three failing is calculated to be extraordinarily small; often outweighed by other risk factors, such a" ; :prefLabel "Redundancy (engineering)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data preprocessing" ; :definition "Data pre-processing is an important step in the data mining process. The phrase "garbage in, garbage out" is particularly applicable to data mining and machine learning projects. Data-gathering methods are often loosely controlled, resulting in out-of-range values (e.g., Income: −100), impossible data combinations (e.g., Sex: Male, Pregnant: Yes), missing values, etc. Analyzing data that has not been carefully screened for such problems can produce misleading results. Thus, the representation and quality of data is first and foremost before running an analysis." ; :prefLabel "Data pre-processing" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PV", "Page clicks", "Page impression", "Page views", "Pageview", "Pageview (disambiguation)", "Pageviews", "View" ; :definition "A page view (PV) or page impression is a request to load a single HTML file (web page) of an Internet site. On the World Wide Web, a page request would result from a web surfer clicking on a link on another "page" pointing to the page in question. This is in contrast to a hit, which refers to a request for any file from a web server. There may, therefore, be many hits per page view since an HTML page can contain multiple files—images, CSS, etc.On balance, page views refer to a number of pages viewed or clicked on the site during the given time." ; :prefLabel "Page view" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Investor's regret", "Minimax regret", "Regret (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Regret is the negative emotion experienced when learning that an alternative course of action would have resulted in a more favorable outcome. The theory of regret aversion or anticipated regret proposes that when facing a decision, individuals may anticipate the possibility of feeling regret after the uncertainty is resolved and thus incorporate in their choice their desire to eliminate or reduce this possibility." ; :prefLabel "Regret (decision theory)" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital Government", "E government", "E-Gov", "E-Government Readiness Index", "EGov", "EGovernment", "Electronic Governance", "Electronic Government", "Gov 2.0", "Government 2.0", "Government computerization", "Government website", "Internet government", "Internet-based government", "MGovernment", "Mobile government", "Online Government" ; :definition "E-government (short for electronic government) is the use of electronic communications devices, computers and the Internet to provide public services to citizens. According to Jeong, 2007 the term consists of the digital interactions between a citizen and her government (C2G), between governments and other government agencies (G2G), between government and citizens (G2C), between government and employees (G2E), and between government and businesses/commerces (G2B). E-government delivery models can be broken down into the following categories: This interaction consists of citizens communicating with all levels of government (city, state/province, national, and international), facilitating citizen involvement in governance using information and communication technology (ICT) and business proc" ; :prefLabel "E-government" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Advertisement display", "Banner advertising", "Display", "Display ad", "Display advertisement", "Display media", "ROP", "Run of Press" ; :definition "Display advertising is advertising on websites. It includes many different formats and contains items such as text, images, flash, video, and audio. The main purpose of display advertising is to deliver general advertisements and brand messages to site visitors. According to eMarketer, Facebook and Twitter will take 33% of display ad spending market share by 2017. Also, desktop display advertising has eclipsed search ad buying in 2014, with mobile ad spending to overtake display in 2015." ; :prefLabel "Display advertising" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CiteSeer.IST", "Citeseer", "ResearchIndex" ; :definition "CiteSeer was a public search engine and digital library for scientific and academic papers, primarily in the fields of computer and information science, that has been replaced by CiteSeerX. Many consider it to be the first academic paper search engine. It became public in 1998 and had many new features unavailable in academic search engines at that time. These included:" ; :prefLabel "CiteSeerX" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Eric (IDE)", "Eric (Software)", "Eric Python IDE" ; :definition "eric is a free integrated development environment (IDE) used for computer programming. eric is a full featured IDE, providing by default all necessary tools needed for the writing of code and for the professional management of a software project. eric is written in the programming language Python and its primary use is for developing software written in Python. Nevertheless, eric also supports many other programming languages, whereby the level of support of Ruby is almost as high as for Python." ; :prefLabel "eric" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Named graphs", "Quad store", "Quadstore" ; :definition "Named graphs are a key concept of Semantic Web architecture in which a set of Resource Description Framework statements (a graph) are identified using a URI, allowing descriptions to be made of that set of statements such as context, provenance information or other such metadata. Named graphs are a simple extension of the RDF data model through which graphs can be created but the model lacks an effective means of distinguishing between them once published on the Web at large." ; :prefLabel "Named graph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "APCVD", "Atmospheric Pressure CVD", "Atomic Layer CVD", "CVD", "Chemical deposition", "Chemical vapor deposition of diamond", "Chemical vapor disposition", "Chemical vapour deposition", "Chemical vapour deposition of diamond", "Deposition", "LPCVD", "LTO", "Low Pressure CVD", "Low Temperature Oxide", "Low pressure chemical vapor deposition", "MPCVD", "Metal-Organic CVD", "Microwave Plasma-assisted CVD", "PEVCD", "RPECVD", "RTCVD", "Rapid Thermal CVD", "Remote Plasma Enhanced CVD", "Spray pyrolysis", "UHVCVD", "Ultra-High Vacuum CVD", "Vapour deposition" ; :definition "Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a chemical process used to produce high quality, high-performance, solid materials. The process is often used in the semiconductor industry to produce thin films. In typical CVD, the wafer (substrate) is exposed to one or more volatile precursors, which react and/or decompose on the substrate surface to produce the desired deposit. Frequently, volatile by-products are also produced, which are removed by gas flow through the reaction chamber." ; :prefLabel "Chemical vapor deposition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Word Sense Induction", "Word sense discrimination" ; :definition "In computational linguistics, word-sense induction (WSI) or discrimination is an open problem of natural language processing, which concerns the automatic identification of the senses of a word (i.e. meanings). Given that the output of word-sense induction is a set of senses for the target word (sense inventory), this task is strictly related to that of word-sense disambiguation (WSD), which relies on a predefined sense inventory and aims to solve the ambiguity of words in context." ; :prefLabel "Word-sense induction" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Multiviews Without Rotation", "Ortho", "Orthographic", "Orthographic projection (geometry)", "Orthographic projections", "Orthographic representation", "Projection" ; :definition "Orthographic projection (or orthogonal projection) is a means of representing a three-dimensional object in two dimensions. It is a form of parallel projection, where all the projection lines are orthogonal to the projection plane, resulting in every plane of the scene appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface. A lens providing an orthographic projection is known as an (object-space) telecentric lens." ; :prefLabel "Orthographic projection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A point of interest", "POI (Point of Interest)", "Place of interest", "Poi", "Point-of-Interest", "Points of interest" ; :definition "A point of interest, or POI, is a specific point location that someone may find useful or interesting. An example is a point on the Earth representing the location of the Space Needle, or a point on Mars representing the location of the mountain, Olympus Mons. Most consumers use the term when referring to hotels, campsites, fuel stations or any other categories used in modern (automotive) navigation systems. In medical fields such as histology/pathology/histopathology, points of interest are selected from the general background in a field of view; for example, among hundreds of normal cells, the pathologist may find 3 or 4 neoplastic cells that stand out from the others upon staining." ; :prefLabel "Point of interest" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CNL", "Controlled language", "Simplified languages" ; :definition "Controlled natural languages (CNLs) are subsets of natural languages that are obtained by restricting the grammar and vocabulary in order to reduce or eliminate ambiguity and complexity. Traditionally, controlled languages fall into two major types: those that improve readability for human readers (e.g. non-native speakers),and those that enable reliable automatic semantic analysis of the language." ; :prefLabel "Controlled natural language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Knowledge Organization Systems" ; :definition "Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) is a generic term used in knowledge organization about authority files, classification schemes, thesauri, topic maps, ontologies etc." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge organization system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Calgary Challenge", "Data compression/lossless", "Loseless", "Lossless", "Lossless codec", "Lossless compression benchmarks", "Lossless data compression", "Lossless encoder", "Lossless encoding", "Lossless format", "Losslessly", "Magic compression algorithm", "Maximum Compression Benchmark", "Reversible compression" ; :definition "Lossless compression is a class of data compression algorithms that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data. By contrast, lossy compression permits reconstruction only of an approximation of the original data, though this usually improves compression rates (and therefore reduces file sizes)." ; :prefLabel "Lossless compression" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Citizen scientist", "Citizen scientists", "Citizen-science", "Citizenscience", "Civic science", "Crowd science", "Crowd-sourced science", "Networked science" ; :definition "The term CS has multiple origins as well as differing concepts. It was first defined independently in the mid-1990s by Rick Bonney in the U.S.A. and Alan Irwin in the U.K. Alan Irwin defines CS when referring to: "His developing concepts of scientific citizenship which foregrounds the necessity of opening up science and science policy processes to the public". Rick Bonney defines CS when referring to: "Public-participation engagement and science communication projects"." ; :prefLabel "Citizen science" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GPS (disambiguation)", "GPS Phone", "GPS device", "GPS navigation", "GPS navigation devices", "GPS navigation system", "GPS navigational device", "GPS navigator", "GPS navigators", "GPS receiver", "GPS receivers", "GPSr", "Global Positioning System navigation device", "Global Positioning System receiver", "High Sensitivity GPS", "Mobile GPS navigation", "Mobile phone-based navigation", "Route Avoidance", "Sequential receivers", "Voice guided navigation" ; :definition "A GPS navigation device or GPS receiver, and when used for vehicle navigation commonly referred to simply as a GPS, is a device that is capable of receiving information from GPS satellites and then to accurately calculate its geographical location. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) made up of a network of a minimum of 24, but currently 30, satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense." ; :prefLabel "GPS navigation device" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".blogspot.com", "Blog Spot", "BlogSpot", "Bloggable", "Blogger (Google)", "Blogger (website)", "Blogger Brasil", "Blogger.co.uk", "Blogger.com", "Blogspot (service)", "Blogspot.com", "Genius Labs", "Google Blog", "Google Blogger", "Google blogs", "History of Blogger" ; :definition "Blogger is a blog-publishing service that allows multi-user blogs with time-stamped entries. It was developed by Pyra Labs, which was bought by Google in 2003. Generally, the blogs are hosted by Google at a subdomain of blogspot.com. Blogs can also be hosted in the registered custom domain of the blogger (like www.example.com). A user can have up to 100 blogs per account." ; :prefLabel "Blogger" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deadly Diamond of Death", "Diamond inheritance", "Diamond of Death", "Diamond of doom", "Diamond problem", "Inheritance diamond", "Inheritance diamonds", "MI", "Multi-inheritance", "Single inheritance", "Troublesome diamond" ; :definition "Multiple inheritance is a feature of some object-oriented computer programming languages in which an object or class can inherit characteristics and features from more than one parent object or parent class. It is distinct from single inheritance, where an object or class may only inherit from one particular object or class." ; :prefLabel "Multiple inheritance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bento (disambiguation)", "Bento Note", "Modular construction" ; :definition "Modular design, or "modularity in design", is a design approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts called modules or skids, that can be independently created and then used in different systems. A modular system can be characterized by functional partitioning into discrete scalable, reusable modules, rigorous use of well-defined modular interfaces, and making use of industry standards for interfaces. Modular design often lack of optimization and due his success to the concept of product platform that has been developed in automotive and electronic industry,." ; :prefLabel "Modular design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Purchase", "Purchases" ; :definition "Purchasing refers to a business or organization attempting to acquire goods or services to accomplish the goals of its enterprise. Though there are several organizations that attempt to set standards in the purchasing process, processes can vary greatly between organizations. Typically the word “purchasing” is not used interchangeably with the word “procurement”, since procurement typically includes expediting, supplier quality, and transportation and logistics (T&L) in addition to purchasing." ; :prefLabel "Purchasing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Common web", "Indexable web", "Lightnet", "Visible Web" ; :definition "The Surface Web (also called the Visible Web, Clearnet, Indexed Web, Indexable Web or Lightnet,) is that portion of the World Wide Web that is readily available to the general public and searchable with standard web search engines. It is the opposite of the deep web. According to one source, as of June 14, 2015, Google's index of the surface web contains about 14.5 billion pages." ; :prefLabel "Surface web" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bellman", "Bellman Principle of Optimality", "Bellman equations", "Bellman optimality principle", "Bellman's Principle of Optimality", "Bellman's optimality principle", "Bellman-Equation", "Dynamic programming equation", "Intertemporal optimisation", "Intertemporal optimization", "Policy function", "Principle of Optimality", "Value function" ; :definition "A Bellman equation, named after its discoverer, Richard Bellman, also known as a dynamic programming equation, is a necessary condition for optimality associated with the mathematical optimization method known as dynamic programming. It writes the value of a decision problem at a certain point in time in terms of the payoff from some initial choices and the value of the remaining decision problem that results from those initial choices. This breaks a dynamic optimization problem into simpler subproblems, as Bellman's "Principle of Optimality" prescribes." ; :prefLabel "Bellman equation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Knowledge engineer/version 2", "Knowledge engineers" ; :definition "A knowledge engineer integrates knowledge into computer systems in order to solve complex problems normally requiring a high level of human expertise." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge engineer" ; :related , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ICML" ; :definition "The International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) is the leading international academic conference in machine learning, attracting annually more than 2000 participants from all over the world. It is supported by the International Machine Learning Society (IMLS).The conference attracts leading innovations in the field of machine learning. ICML is a top tier conference, and is one of the two most influential conferences in Machine Learning (along with Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems)." ; :prefLabel "International Conference on Machine Learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bottom-up", "Bottom-up parser" ; :definition "In computer science, parsing reveals the grammatical structure of linear input text, as a first step in working out its meaning. Bottom-up parsing identifies and processes the text's lowest-level small details first, before its mid-level structures, and leaving the highest-level overall structure to last." ; :prefLabel "Bottom-up parsing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A sublanguage is a subset of a language. Sublanguages occur in natural language, computer language, and relational databases." ; :prefLabel "Sublanguage" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CTFT", "TFT", "Thin Film Transistor", "Thin film transistors" ; :definition "A thin-film transistor (TFT) is a special kind of field-effect transistor made by depositing thin films of an active semiconductor layer as well as the dielectric layer and metallic contacts over a supporting (but non-conducting) substrate. A common substrate is glass, because the primary application of TFTs is in liquid-crystal displays. This differs from the conventional transistor, where the semiconductor material typically is the substrate, such as a silicon wafer." ; :prefLabel "Thin-film transistor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A priori algorithm" ; :definition "Apriori is an algorithm for frequent item set mining and association rule learning over transactional databases. It proceeds by identifying the frequent individual items in the database and extending them to larger and larger item sets as long as those item sets appear sufficiently often in the database. The frequent item sets determined by Apriori can be used to determine association rules which highlight general trends in the database: this has applications in domains such as market basket analysis." ; :prefLabel "Apriori algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Console", "Hand held console", "Hand held game console", "Hand-held console", "Hand-held games console", "Handheld (gaming)", "Handheld Video Game Console", "Handheld console", "Handheld cosole", "Handheld game consoles", "Handheld game device", "Handheld game system", "Handheld game systems", "Handheld games console", "Handheld gaming", "Handheld gaming console", "Handheld market", "Portable game console", "Portable game system", "Portable handheld console" ; :definition "A handheld game console is a small, portable self-contained video game console with a built-in screen, game controls, and speakers. Handheld game consoles are smaller than home video game consoles and contain the console, screen, speakers, and controls in one unit, allowing people to carry them and play them at any time or place. Nintendo is credited with popularizing the handheld console concept with the release of the Game Boy in 1989 and as of 2014 continues to dominate the handheld console market with their 3DS systems." ; :prefLabel "Handheld game console" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Backward inorder traversal", "Converse Postorder", "Endorder", "In-order iteration", "In-order traversal", "In-order walk", "Infix traversal", "Inorder", "Inorder traversal", "Inorder tree walk", "Inorder walk", "Level order", "Post-order traversal", "Post-order walk", "Postfix traversal", "Postorder", "Postorder iteration", "Postorder traversal", "Postorder tree walk", "Postorder walk", "Pre-order traversal", "Pre-order walk", "Prefix traversal", "Preorder iteration", "Preorder traversal", "Preorder tree walk", "Preorder walk", "Traversal", "Tree search", "Tree search algorithm", "Tree traversals", "Tree walk", "Tree-search algorithm", "Walking the tree" ; :definition "In computer science, tree traversal (also known as tree search) is a form of graph traversal and refers to the process of visiting (checking and/or updating) each node in a tree data structure, exactly once. Such traversals are classified by the order in which the nodes are visited. The following algorithms are described for a binary tree, but they may be generalized to other trees as well." ; :prefLabel "Tree traversal" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "History of the WWW", "History of the Web", "History of the World-Wide Web", "Info.cern.ch", "WWW history", "WWW's history", "Web Evolution", "Web history", "World wide web history", "World-Wide Web creation" ; :definition "The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as e-mail also does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web." ; :prefLabel "History of the World Wide Web" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AIDS", "AIDS disorders", "AUTOIMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME", "Acquired", "Acquired Immune Deficiency", "Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome", "Acquired Immuno-Deficiency", "Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome", "Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes", "Acquired Immunodeficiency", "Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease", "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome", "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome [Disease/Finding]", "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes", "Acquired immune deficiency syndrome", "IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME ACQUIRED ", "IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME ACQUIRED AIDS", "Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome", "Immuno-Deficiency Syndromes", "Immunodeficiency Syndrome", "Immunodeficiency Syndromes", "Immunologic Deficiency Syndrome", "Syndrome", "Syndromes", "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)" ; :definition "A syndrome resulting from the acquired deficiency of cellular immunity caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It is characterized by the reduction of the Helper T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes. Symptoms include generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and chronic diarrhea. Patients with AIDS are especially susceptible to opportunistic infections (usually pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections, tuberculosis, candida infections, and cryptococcosis), and the development of malignant neoplasms (usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Kaposi sarcoma). The human immunodeficiency virus is transmitted through sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles, or transfusion of contaminated blood." ; :prefLabel "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Online search is the process of interactively searching for and retrieving requested information via a computer from databases that are online. Interactive searches became possible in the 1980s with the advent of faster databases and smart terminals. In contrast, computerized batch searching was prevalent in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, searches through web search engines constitute the majority of online . Online searches often supplement reference transactions." ; :prefLabel "Online search" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Common content", "Content", "Open Licence", "Open content license", "Open content movement", "Open license", "Open licenses", "Open licensing", "Open-content", "OpenContent" ; :definition "Open content is a neologism coined by David Wiley in 1998 which describes a creative work that others can copy or modify. The term evokes the related concept of open source software." ; :prefLabel "Open content" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CSCW", "Computer Supported Cooperative Work" ; :definition "The term computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) was first coined by Irene Greif and Paul M. Cashman in 1984, at a workshop attended by individuals interested in using technology to support people in their work. At about this same time, in 1987 Dr. Charles Findley presented the concept of Collaborative Learning-Work.According to Carstensen and Schmidt, CSCW addresses "how collaborative activities and their coordination can be supported by means of computer systems." On the one hand, many authors consider that CSCW and groupware are synonyms. On the other hand, different authors claim that while groupware refers to real computer-based systems, CSCW focuses on the study of tools and techniques of groupware as well as their psychological, social, and organizational effects. The definition" ; :prefLabel "Computer-supported cooperative work" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aligned" ; :definition "The act of adjusting or aligning objects in relation to each other; the result of this activity." ; :prefLabel "Alignment" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EXPRESS-G", "Express", "ISO 10303-11" ; :definition "EXPRESS is a standard data modeling language for product data. EXPRESS is formalized in the ISO Standard for the Exchange of Product model STEP (ISO 10303), and standardized as ISO 10303-11." ; :prefLabel "EXPRESS (data modeling language)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "YANG is a data modeling language for the definition of data sent over the NETCONF network configuration protocol. The name is an acronym for "Yet Another Next Generation". The YANG data modeling language was developed by the NETMOD working group in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and was published as in October 2010. The data modeling language can be used to model both configuration data as well as state data of network elements. Furthermore, YANG can be used to define the format of event notifications emitted by network elements and it allows data modelers to define the signature of remote procedure calls that can be invoked on network elements via the NETCONF protocol. The language being protocol independent can then be converted into any encoding format, e.g. XML or JSON," ; :prefLabel "YANG" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alacrity Golf", "Bird Knight", "Brave Kaha", "Chintendo vii", "Come On", "Come On (game)", "Fever Move", "Fusion: 30-In-1 Portable Arcade", "Lightning Plan", "MaJong13", "Mr Onion", "Pinball Fish", "Smart Dart", "Squirrel Bobble", "Zone (game consoles)", "Zone (video game company)", "Zone 40", "Zone Fusion", "Zone Fusion: 30-In-1 Portable Arcade", "Zone Mini" ; :definition "JungleTac's Sport Vii (Chinese: 威力棒; pinyin: Wēilì bàng; lit. "Power Stick") is a Shanzhai video game console similar in aspect to Nintendo's Wii. It was originally released in China in 2007. The Vii was not intended to be a seventh-generation console like the Wii, and was instead part of the dedicated console genre of inexpensive consoles with built-in games. It is based on the 16-bit Sunplus SPG CPU. In 2008, the Vii was released in Japan under the name V-Sports (Sport Vii)." ; :prefLabel "Vii" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Literal", "Literal (computer science)", "Object literal" ; :definition "In computer science, a literal is a notation for representing a fixed value in source code. Almost all programming languages have notations for atomic values such as integers, floating-point numbers, and strings, and usually for booleans and characters; some also have notations for elements of enumerated types and compound values such as arrays, records, and objects. An anonymous function is a literal for the function type. int a = 1; String s = "cat"; {"cat","dog"} {name:"cat",length:57}" ; :prefLabel "Literal (computer programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Forecasting", "Predictions and Projections", "Projected", "Projection", "forecast", "forecasts", "projections" ; :definition "The prediction or projection of the nature of future problems or existing conditions based upon the extrapolation or interpretation of existing scientific data or by the application of scientific methodology." ; :prefLabel "Projections and Predictions" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dynamics", "SD", "System dynamic", "Systems dynamics" ; :definition "System dynamics (SD) is an approach to understanding the nonlinear behaviour of complex systems over time using stocks, flows, internal feedback loops, and time delays." ; :prefLabel "System dynamics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FMA", "Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology" ; :definition "The Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology (FMA) is a reference ontology for the domain of anatomy. It is a symbolic representation of the canonical, phenotypic structure of an organism; a spatial-structural ontology of anatomical entities and relations which form the physical organization of an organism at all salient levels of granularity. FMA is developed and maintained by the Structural Informatics Group at the University of Washington." ; :prefLabel "Foundational Model of Anatomy" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bandit (disambiguation)", "Bandit model", "Bandit problem", "Bandit process", "Contextual bandit algorithm", "E-greedy strategy", "Epsilon-greedy strategy", "K armed bandit", "K-armed bandit", "Mab", "Multi armed bandit", "Multi-armed bandit problem", "Multi-armed bandits", "Multiarmed bandit", "Multi–armed bandit", "N armed bandit", "N-armed bandit", "Two armed bandit", "Two-armed bandit" ; :definition "In probability theory, the multi-armed bandit problem (sometimes called the K- or N-armed bandit problem) is a problem in which a gambler at a row of slot machines (sometimes known as "one-armed bandits") has to decide which machines to play, how many times to play each machine and in which order to play them. When played, each machine provides a random reward from a probability distribution specific to that machine. The objective of the gambler is to maximize the sum of rewards earned through a sequence of lever pulls." ; :prefLabel "Multi-armed bandit" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In graph theory, an induced subgraph of a graph is another graph, formed from a subset of the vertices of the graph and all of the edges connecting pairs of vertices in that subset." ; :prefLabel "Induced subgraph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Definition (disambiguation)", "Inductive definition", "Recursively define" ; :definition "A recursive definition (or inductive definition) in mathematical logic and computer science is used to define the elements in a set in terms of other elements in the set (Aczel 1978:740ff). A recursive definition of a function defines values of the functions for some inputs in terms of the values of the same function for other inputs. For example, the factorial function n! is defined by the rules 0! = 1. (n+1)! = (n+1)·n!. The recursion theorem states that such a definition indeed defines a function. The proof uses mathematical induction." ; :prefLabel "Recursive definition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Regulated", "Regulations" ; :definition "Exercise of the authority to restrict or supervise a practice or the conduct of a facility or organization. (AN: not to be used for gene regulation or any biological practices)" ; :prefLabel "Regulation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Node", "noded", "nodes" ; :definition "Any bulge or swelling of an anatomical structure or part." ; :prefLabel "Anatomic Node" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cleaning" ; :definition "Plasma cleaning involves the removal of impurities and contaminants from surfaces through the use of an energetic plasma or Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma created from gaseous species. Gases such as argon and oxygen, as well as mixtures such as air and hydrogen/nitrogen are used. The plasma is created by using high frequency voltages (typically kHz to >MHz) to ionise the low pressure gas (typically around 1/1000 atmospheric pressure), although atmospheric pressure plasmas are now also common." ; :prefLabel "Plasma cleaning" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Policy (disambiguation)", "Privacy policies" ; :definition "A privacy policy is a statement or a legal document (in privacy law) that discloses some or all of the ways a party gathers, uses, discloses, and manages a customer or client's data. It fulfills a legal requirement to protect a customer or client's privacy. Personal information can be anything that can be used to identify an individual, not limited to but including name, address, date of birth, marital status, contact information, ID issue and expiry date, financial records, credit information, medical history, where one travels, and intentions to acquire goods and services. In the case of a business it is often a statement that declares a party's policy on how it collects, stores, and releases personal information it collects. It informs the client what specific information is collected," ; :prefLabel "Privacy policy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Legacy Programmer", "Legacy coding", "Legacy programming" ; :definition "Legacy code is source code that relates to a no-longer supported or manufactured operating system or other computer technology. The term was first used by Computer Scientist George Olivetti to describe code maintained by an administrator that did not develop the code. The term can also mean code inserted into modern software for the purpose of maintaining an older or previously supported feature — for example supporting a serial interface even though many modern systems do not have a serial port. It may also be in the form of supporting older file formats that may have been encoding in non-ASCII characters, such as EBCDIC" ; :prefLabel "Legacy code" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Deep linguistic processing is a natural language processing framework which draws on theoretical and descriptive linguistics. It models language predominantly by way of theoretical syntactic/semantic theory (e.g. CCG, HPSG, LFG, TAG, the Prague School). Deep linguistic processing approaches differ from "shallower" methods in that they yield more expressive and structural representations which directly capture long-distance dependencies and underlying predicate-argument structures. The knowledge-intensive approach of deep linguistic processing requires considerable computational power, and has in the past sometimes been judged as being intractable. However, research in the early 2000s had made considerable advancement in efficiency of deep processing. Today, efficiency is no longer a major pr" ; :prefLabel "Deep linguistic processing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Belief oriented", "Belief-oriented", "Belieforiented", "Rational", "Rational (disambiguation)", "Rational decision", "Rational economic actor", "Rational point of view", "Rational thinking", "Rational thought", "Wertrational" ; :definition "Rationality is the quality or state of being reasonable, based on facts or reason. Rationality implies the conformity of one's beliefs with one's reasons to believe, or of one's actions with one's reasons for action. "Rationality" has different specialized meanings in economics, sociology, psychology, evolutionary biology, and political science." ; :prefLabel "Rationality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IS" ; :definition "In statistics, importance sampling is a general technique for estimating properties of a particular distribution, while only having samples generated from a different distribution than the distribution of interest. It is related to umbrella sampling in computational physics. Depending on the application, the term may refer to the process of sampling from this alternative distribution, the process of inference, or both." ; :prefLabel "Importance sampling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Referential transparancy", "Referential transparency (computer science)", "Referential transparency (disambiguation)", "Referentially opaque", "Referentially transparent", "Transparency", "Transparency (referential)" ; :definition "Referential transparency and referential opacity are properties of parts of computer programs. An expression is said to be referentially transparent if it can be replaced with its corresponding value without changing the program's behavior. As a result, evaluating a referentially transparent function gives the same value for same arguments. Such functions are called pure functions. An expression that is not referentially transparent is called referentially opaque." ; :prefLabel "Referential transparency" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cost-based query optimizer", "Query optimisation", "Query optimizer" ; :definition "Query optimization is a function of many relational database management systems. The query optimizer attempts to determine the most efficient way to execute a given query by considering the possible query plans. Generally, the query optimizer cannot be accessed directly by users: once queries are submitted to database server, and parsed by the parser, they are then passed to the query optimizer where optimization occurs. However, some database engines allow guiding the query optimizer with hints." ; :prefLabel "Query optimization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MAR", "MCAR", "Missing at random", "Missing completely at random", "Missing value", "Missing values", "Missingness" ; :definition "In statistics, missing data, or missing values, occur when no data value is stored for the variable in an observation. Missing data are a common occurrence and can have a significant effect on the conclusions that can be drawn from the data. Data often are missing in research in economics, sociology, and political science because governments choose not to, or fail to, report critical statistics. Sometimes missing values are caused by the researcher—for example, when data collection is done improperly or mistakes are made in data entry." ; :prefLabel "Missing data" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Neural Networks (Journal)", "Neural network (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Neural Networks is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal and an official journal of the International Neural Network Society, European Neural Network Society, and Japanese Neural Network Society. It was established in 1988 and is published by Elsevier. The journal covers all aspects of research on artificial neural networks. The founding editor-in-chief was Stephen Grossberg (Boston University), the current editors-in-chief are DeLiang Wang (Ohio State University) and Kenji Doya (Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology). The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 1.927." ; :prefLabel "Neural Networks" ; :related , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "R. Valencia-garcia", "Rafael Valencia-garcia", "Rafael Valencia-garćıa" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 73 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Rafael Valencia-García" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "R. Garcia", "R. García", "Roberto Franco Mendez García", "Roberto Garcia", "Roberto García" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 39 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Roberto García" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "C M Welty", "C. A. Welty", "C. Welty", "Christopher A. Welty", "Christopher Welty" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 612 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Chris Welty" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "R Gil", "R Olivo Gil", "R. Gil", "Rosa Gil" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Rosa Gil" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "T Y Chua", "T. S. Chua", "T. Y. Chua", "Tat-seng Chua" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1926 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Tat-Seng Chua" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Jens Lehmann" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1849 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Jens Lehmann" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Weihong Huang" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "G Rizzo", "G. Rizzo", "Giuseppe Rizzo" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 109 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Giuseppe Rizzo" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "J Golbeck", "J. Golbeck" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 784 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Jennifer Golbeck" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "C Bizer" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3267 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Christian Bizer" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "D. Jurafsky", "Daniel Jurafsky", "Daniel S. Jurafsky" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3325 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Dan Jurafsky" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. Surdeanu" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1091 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Mihai Surdeanu" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "A. Hogenboom" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 31 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Alexander Hogenboom" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 54 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Egoitz Laparra" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Y Borodin", "Y. I Borodin" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 34 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Yevgen Borodin" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "V. S. Uren", "Victoria S. Uren", "Victoria Uren" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 196 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Victoria S. Uren" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "K. Schouten" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 16 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Kim Schouten" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "F Perdrix", "F. Perdrix" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 4 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Ferran Perdrix" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Yihong Ding" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 21 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Yihong Ding" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. J. Witbrock", "Michael John Witbrock", "Michael Witbrock" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 148 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Michael J. Witbrock" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "G Schreiber", "G. M. Schreiber", "G. Schreiber" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 520 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Guus Schreiber" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Wim Peters" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 134 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Wim Peters" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "A Weichselbraun", "A. Weichselbraun" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Albert Weichselbraun" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acclimation", "Adaption", "adaptation", "adaptations" ; :definition "The physiological process through which an organism grows accustomed to a new environment." ; :prefLabel "Acclimatization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer banking", "Cyberbank", "E-banking", "Electronic banking", "Home banking", "Internet banking", "Net banking", "On-line banking", "Online bank", "Online banks", "Online lenders", "Virtual banking" ; :definition "Online banking, also known as internet banking, e-banking or virtual banking, is an electronic payment system that enables customers of a bank or other financial institution to conduct a range of financial transactions through the financial institution's website. The online banking system will typically connect to or be part of the core banking system operated by a bank and is in contrast to branch banking which was the traditional way customers accessed banking services." ; :prefLabel "Online banking" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Semantic analytics is the use of ontologies to analyze content in web resources. This field of research combines text analytics and Semantic Web technologies like RDF. Some academic research groups that have active project in this area include Kno.e.sis center at Wright State University among others." ; :prefLabel "Semantic analytics" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Living laboratory" ; :definition "A living lab is a research concept. A living lab is a user-centred, open-innovation ecosystem, often operating in a territorial context (e.g. city, agglomeration, region), integrating concurrent research and innovation processes within a public-private-people partnership." ; :prefLabel "Living lab" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "File access permission", "File access permissions", "File permission", "File permissions", "File privilege", "File privileges", "File system access permissions", "Filesystem permissions", "Group permissions", "Linux file permission", "Permission", "RO", "Read rights", "Read-only access", "Read-only attribute", "Read-only rights", "Read-while-write", "Read/write rights", "Unix permission", "Unix permissions", "User-level security", "Write access" ; :definition "Most file systems have methods to assign permissions or access rights to specific users and groups of users. These systems control the ability of the users to view, change, navigate, and execute the contents of the file system." ; :prefLabel "File system permissions" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Semantic matching is a technique used in computer science to identify information which is semantically related. Given any two graph-like structures, e.g. classifications, taxonomies database or XML schemas and ontologies, matching is an operator which identifies those nodes in the two structures which semantically correspond to one another. For example, applied to file systems it can identify that a folder labeled “car” is semantically equivalent to another folder “automobile” because they are synonyms in English. This information can be taken from a linguistic resource like WordNet." ; :prefLabel "Semantic matching" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Learning theory", "Learning theory (statistics)", "SLT", "Statistical learning theory (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Statistical learning theory is a framework for machine learningdrawing from the fields of statistics and functional analysis. Statistical learning theory deals with the problem of finding a predictive function based on data. Statistical learning theory has led to successful applications in fields such as computer vision, speech recognition, bioinformatics and baseball." ; :prefLabel "Statistical learning theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Similarity search is the most general term used for a range of mechanisms which share the principle of searching (typically, very large) spaces of objects where the only available comparator is the similarity between any pair of objects. This is becoming increasingly important in an age of large information repositories where the objects contained do not possess any natural order, for example large collections of images, sounds and other sophisticated digital objects." ; :prefLabel "Similarity search" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NAF", "Negation by failure" ; :definition "Negation as failure (NAF, for short) is a non-monotonic inference rule in logic programming, used to derive (i.e. that is assumed not to hold) from failure to derive . Note that can be different from the statement of the logical negation of , depending on the completeness of the inference algorithm and thus also on the formal logic system. Negation as failure has been an important feature of logic programming since the earliest days of both Planner and Prolog. In Prolog, it is usually implemented using Prolog's extralogical constructs." ; :prefLabel "Negation as failure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-commerce payment systems", "On-line payment system", "Online billing", "Online money transfers", "Online payment", "Online payment system" ; :definition "An e-commerce payment system facilitates the acceptance of electronic payment for online transactions. Also known as a sample of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), e-commerce payment systems have become increasingly popular due to the widespread use of the internet-based shopping and banking. The speed and simplicity with which cyber-mediary accounts can be established and used have contributed to their widespread use, although the risk of abuse, theft and other problems—with disgruntled users frequently accusing the mediaries themselves of wrongful behavior—is associated with them." ; :prefLabel "E-commerce payment system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Desktop theme", "Desktop themes", "Theme", "Theme (computer)", "Theme pack", "Themes (computing)" ; :definition "In computing, a theme is a preset package containing graphical appearance details. A theme usually comprises a set of shapes and colors for the graphical control elements, the window decoration and the window. Themes are used to customize the look and feel of a piece of computer software or of an operating system." ; :prefLabel "Theme (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brains", "Chinese Room Argument", "Many mansions", "Many mansions reply", "Minds", "Searle's Chinese room", "Searle's room", "Strong AI hypothesis", "Strong AI thesis", "and Programs" ; :definition "The Chinese room argument holds that a program cannot give a computer a "mind", "understanding" or "consciousness", regardless of how intelligently or human-like the program may make the computer behave. The argument was first presented by philosopher John Searle in his paper, "Minds, Brains, and Programs", published in Behavioral and Brain Sciences in 1980. It has been widely discussed in the years since. The centerpiece of the argument is a thought experiment known as the Chinese room (described in detail below)." ; :prefLabel "Chinese room" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "64kbps", "Asynchronous Transfer Module", "Bdsl", "DSL (disambiguation)", "DSL gateway", "Digital subscriber line (DSL)", "Dsl", "GDSL", "Universal DSL", "Vadsl", "Very High Speed ADSL", "XDSL" ; :definition "Digital subscriber line (DSL; originally digital subscriber loop) is a family of technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone lines. In telecommunications marketing, the term DSL is widely understood to mean asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), the most commonly installed DSL technology, for Internet access. DSL service can be delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service on the same telephone line. This is possible because DSL uses higher frequency bands for data. On the customer premises, a DSL filter on each non-DSL outlet blocks any high-frequency interference to enable simultaneous use of the voice and DSL services." ; :prefLabel "Digital subscriber line" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2 dimensional screen", "2D texture", "3D paint tool", "3D scene", "3D unit vector", "3d camera coordinate system", "3d graphics pipelines", "3d world coordinate system", "4 x 4 transformation matrix", "4x4 matrices", "4x4 matrix", "4×4 matrices", "4×4 matrix", "7e3", "AZDO", "Alpha channel", "Analytic model", "Array textures", "Baking (computer graphics)", "Bit depth (computer graphics)", "Bit depth (image)", "Bones (skeletal animation)", "Clip plane", "Clip window", "Color channels", "Color resolution", "Command buffer", "Command list", "Computer graphics engines", "Degenerate triangles", "Depth value", "Depth values", "Detail texture", "Detail textures", "Drawcall", "Edge vector", "Fixed function unit", "Fixed function units", "Fixed-function pipeline", "Forward rendering", "Frustum culling", "G-buffer", "Geometry (computer graphics)", "Graphical shader", "Graphics API", "Grid cell indices", "Image channel", "Image generation", "Image generator", "Immediate mode rendering", "Impostor (computer graphics)", "Impostor rendering", "Incremental error algorithm", "Index buffer", "Intersection test", "K-DOP", "Light vector", "Linear Dodge", "Low level rendering APIs", "Lumel", "Modeling primitives", "Modelling primitive", "Modelling primitive (computer graphics)", "Occlusion queries", "Occlusion query", "Outcodes (computer graphics)", "Packed pixel format", "Parameter gradient", "Physically correct rendering", "Planar image format", "Point sprites", "Predicated rendering", "Premultiplied alpha", "Premultiplied by alpha", "RGB color value", "RGB color values", "RGB image", "Recursive subdivision", "Render mapping", "Render pass", "Render state", "Render states", "Render target", "Render to texture", "Rendering API", "Rendering command", "Rendering commands", "Rendering pass", "Rendering primitive", "Rendering primitive (computer graphics)", "Rendering primtive", "Rendering resource", "Rendering resources", "Repeating texture", "Repeating textures", "SSDO", "Screen space", "Screen space directional occlusion", "Screen-space", "Shading calculation", "Shadow buffer", "Shadow map", "Sliver triangle", "Specular exponent", "State changes (computer graphics)", "Surface normal vector", "Swizzled texture", "Test for overlap", "Texture buffer", "Texture buffers", "Texture cache", "Texture sampling", "Texture sampling unit", "Tiled forward rendering", "Transform feedback", "Triangle primitive", "Triangle setup", "Triangle setup engine", "Triangle setup unit", "Triangulation (computer graphics)", "Trivial accept", "Trivial reject", "Trivial rejection", "Trivially accepted", "Trivially rejected", "UV coordinate", "UV coordinates", "Unified memory", "Vector maths libraries", "Vector maths library", "Vertex Buffer", "Vertex buffers", "Vertex cache", "Vertex weighting", "View transformation", "View vector", "Volume texture", "Weight map", "Weight maps", "World coordinates" ; :definition "This is a glossary of terms relating computer graphics. For more general computer hardware terms, see glossary of computer hardware terms." ; :prefLabel "Glossary of computer graphics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".jnlp", "JNLP", "JSR 56", "JWS", "Java Network Launching Protocol", "Java Webstart", "JavaWS", "Jnlp file", "Web Start", "Webstart" ; :definition "In computing, Java Web Start (also known as JavaWS, javaws or JAWS) is a framework developed by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle) that allows users to start application software for the Java Platform directly from the Internet using a web browser. Some key benefits of this technology include seamless version updating for globally distributed applications and greater control of memory allocation to the Java virtual machine." ; :prefLabel "Java Web Start" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Correlation code", "Correlation coding", "Correlation encoding", "Independent-spike code", "Independent-spike coding", "Independent-spike encoding", "Neural code", "Neural encoding", "Neuroelectrodynamics", "Neuronal code", "Neuronal coding", "Phase-of-firing code", "Population code", "Population coding", "Population encoding", "Rate code", "Rate coding", "Rate encoding", "Sparse code", "Sparse coding", "Sparse encoding", "Sparseness", "Temporal code", "Temporal coding", "Temporal encoding" ; :definition "Neural coding is a neuroscience related field concerned with characterizing the relationship between the stimulus and the individual or ensemble neuronal responses and the relationship among the electrical activity of the neurons in the ensemble. Based on the theory thatsensory and other information is represented in the brain by networks of neurons, it is thought that neurons can encode both digital and analog information." ; :prefLabel "Neural coding" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Regularization" ; :definition "In the field of statistical learning theory, matrix regularization generalizes notions of vector regularization to cases where the object to be learned is a matrix. The purpose of regularization is to enforce conditions, for example sparsity or smoothness, that can produce stable predictive functions. For example, in the more common vector framework, Tikhonov regularization optimizes over to find a vector, , that is a stable solution to the regression problem. When the system is described by a matrix rather than a vector, this problem can be written as has been extended to a matrix norm on ." ; :prefLabel "Matrix regularization" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Owl", "Owls" ; :definition "An order of BIRDS with the common name owls characterized by strongly hooked beaks, sharp talons, large heads, forward facing eyes, and facial disks. While considered nocturnal RAPTORS, some owls do hunt by day." ; :prefLabel "Strigiformes" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Horizontal polarization", "Horizontally polarized", "Light Polarization", "Light polarisation", "PPL", "Plane polarized light", "Plane-polarized light", "Poincaré sphere", "Poincaré sphere (optics)", "Polarisation (waves)", "Polarised light", "Polarization", "Polarization ellipticity", "Polarization of light", "Polarization of waves", "Polarized light", "Polarized sunglasses", "Sky polarization", "State of polarization", "Unpolarized light", "Vertical polarization" ; :definition "Polarization (also polarisation) is a parameter applying to waves that specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillation. Electromagnetic waves such as light exhibit multiple polarizations, as do many other types of waves such as gravitational waves and sound waves in solids. On the other hand, sound waves in a gas or liquid only oscillate in the wave's direction of propagation, and the oscillation of ocean waves is always in the vertical direction. In these cases one doesn't normally speak of "polarization" since the oscillation's direction is not in question." ; :prefLabel "Polarization (waves)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Agreement limit", "Digit preference", "IRR", "Inter-annotator agreement", "Inter-judge reliability", "Inter-observer reliability", "Inter-observer variability", "Inter-rater agreement", "Inter-rater variability", "Interrater agreement", "Interrater reliability", "Intra-observer variability", "Limit of agreement", "Limits of agreement", "Observer variability" ; :definition "In statistics, inter-rater reliability, inter-rater agreement, or concordance is the degree of agreement among raters. It gives a score of how much homogeneity, or consensus, there is in the ratings given by judges. It is useful in refining the tools given to human judges, for example by determining if a particular scale is appropriate for measuring a particular variable. If various raters do not agree, either the scale is defective or the raters need to be re-trained." ; :prefLabel "Inter-rater reliability" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "MovieLens is a recommender system and virtual community website that recommends movies for its users to watch, based on their film preferences using collaborative filtering. GroupLens Research, a research lab in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Minnesota, created MovieLens in 1997 to gather research data on personalized recommendations." ; :prefLabel "MovieLens" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptive filtering" ; :definition "An adaptive filter is a system with a linear filter that has a transfer function controlled by variable parameters and a means to adjust those parameters according to an optimization algorithm. Because of the complexity of the optimization algorithms, almost all adaptive filters are digital filters. Adaptive filters are required for some applications because some parameters of the desired processing operation (for instance, the locations of reflective surfaces in a reverberant space) are not known in advance or are changing. The closed loop adaptive filter uses feedback in the form of an error signal to refine its transfer function." ; :prefLabel "Adaptive filter" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Association table", "Associative entities", "Bridge table", "Cross-reference table", "Intersection table", "Join table", "Junction table", "Link Table", "Linking table", "Many-to-many resolver", "Map Table", "Mapping table" ; :definition "As mentioned above, associative entities are implemented in a database structure using associative tables, which are tables that can contain references to columns from the same or different database tables within the same database. Concept of a mapping table An associative (or junction) table maps two or more tables together by referencing the primary keys of each data table. In effect, it contains a number of foreign keys, each in a many-to-one relationship from the junction table to the individual data tables. The PK of the associative table is typically composed of the FK columns themselves." ; :prefLabel "Associative entity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tracking", "Tracking Device", "Tracking systems" ; :definition "Generally a tracking system is used for the observing of persons or objects on the move and supplying a timely ordered sequence of respective location data to a model e.g. capable to serve for depicting the motion on a display capability." ; :prefLabel "Tracking system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Object detection is a computer technology related to computer vision and image processing that deals with detecting instances of semantic objects of a certain class (such as humans, buildings, or cars) in digital images and videos. Well-researched domains of object detection include face detection and pedestrian detection. Object detection has applications in many areas of computer vision, including image retrieval and video surveillance." ; :prefLabel "Object detection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ground instance", "Substitution", "Substitution instance" ; :definition "Substitution is a fundamental concept in logic.A substitution is a syntactic transformation on formal expressions.To apply a substitution to an expression means to consistently replace its variable, or placeholder, symbols by other expressions.The resulting expression is called a substitution instance of the original expression." ; :prefLabel "Substitution (logic)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Beagle (GNOME)", "Beagle (disambiguation)", "Beagle Desktop Search", "Beagle search", "Beagle search tool", "Beagled" ; :definition "Beagle is a search system for Linux and other Unix-like systems, enabling the user to search documents, chat logs, email and contact lists. It is not actively developed. Beagle grew out of Dashboard, an early Mono-based application for watching and presenting useful information from a user's computer. It is written in C# using Mono and uses a port of Lucene to C# called Lucene.Net as its indexer. Beagle includes a Gtk#-based user interface, and integrates with Galago for presence information." ; :prefLabel "Beagle" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sciences", "Scientific" ; :definition "The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.(Compact Oxford English Dictionary)" ; :prefLabel "Science" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pre-computation", "Pre-computed", "Pre-computing", "Precomputed", "Precomputing" ; :definition "In algorithms, precomputation is the act of performing an initial computation before run time to generate a lookup table that can be used by an algorithm to avoid repeated computation each time it is executed. Precomputation is often used in algorithms that depend on the results of expensive computations that don't depend on the input of the algorithm. A trivial example of precomputation is the use of hardcoded mathematical constants, such as π and e, rather than computing their approximations to the necessary precision at run time." ; :prefLabel "Precomputation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "First-order", "First-order abstract syntax" ; :definition "In computer science, the abstract syntax of data is its structure described as a data type (possibly, but not necessarily, an abstract data type), independent of any particular representation or encoding. This is particularly used in the representation of text in computer languages, which are generally stored in a tree structure as an abstract syntax tree. Abstract syntax, which only consists of the structure of data, is contrasted with concrete syntax, which also includes information about the representation. For example, concrete syntax includes features like parentheses (for grouping) or commas (for lists) which are not included in the abstract syntax, as they are implicit in the structure." ; :prefLabel "Abstract syntax" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Secondary Sources", "Secondary literature", "Secondary scientific literature", "Source" ; :definition "In scholarship, a secondary source is a document or recording that relates or discusses information originally presented elsewhere. A secondary source contrasts with a primary source, which is an original source of the information being discussed; a primary source can be a person with direct knowledge of a situation, or a document created by such a person. However, as discussed in detail in the section below on , how to classify a source is not always an obvious decision." ; :prefLabel "Secondary source" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ATOMIK", "Asetniop", "Bépo", "COLEMAK", "Colemak keyboard", "Colemak keyboard layout", "Colemak layout", "Colmak", "Du-Beolsik", "Dubeolsik", "Hangul keyboard", "Hangul keyboard layout", "Hangul layout", "International keyboard", "International keyboard layout", "International keyboard layouts", "Keyboard Layout", "Keyboard Layouts", "Keyboard entry method", "Keyboard input", "Keyboard layout changer", "Keyboard overlay", "Keymap", "Korean keyboard", "Korean keyboard layout", "Layout", "Neo", "Neo (keyboard layout)", "Neo keyboard", "Neo keyboard layout", "Neo layout", "New Standard Keyboard", "On-Screen Windows Keyboard", "Overlay", "Plover (disambiguation)", "Plover (software)", "QZERTY", "Russian keyboard", "Sebeolsik 390", "Sebeolsik Noshift", "Signs on keyboard", "The Plover Project", "ĄŻERTY", "ĄŽERTY" ; :definition "A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional arrangement of the keys, legends, or key-meaning associations (respectively) of a computer, typewriter, or other typographic keyboard. Mechanical layout The placements and keys of a keyboard. Visual layout The arrangement of the legends (labels, markings, engravings) that appear on the keys of a keyboard. Functional layout The arrangement of the key-meaning associations, determined in software, of all the keys of a keyboard." ; :prefLabel "Plover" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Query", "Querystring", "URL query" ; :definition "On the World Wide Web, a query string is the part of a uniform resource locator (URL) containing data that does not fit conveniently into a hierarchical path structure. The query string commonly includes fields added to a base URI by a Web browser or other client application, for example as part of an HTML form." ; :prefLabel "Query string" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bicluster", "Co-clustering", "Coclustering", "Two-mode clustering" ; :definition "Biclustering, block clustering, co-clustering, or two-mode clustering is a data mining technique which allows simultaneous clustering of the rows and columns of a matrix.The term was first introduced by Mirkin, although the technique was originally introduced much earlier (i.e., by J.A. Hartigan). Given a set of rows in columns (i.e., an matrix), the biclustering algorithm generates biclusters – a subset of rows which exhibit similar behavior across a subset of columns, or vice versa." ; :prefLabel "Biclustering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ISO/IEC 13250", "ISO/IEC 13250:2003", "TMMN", "Topic", "Topic Map", "Topic Map Martian Notation", "Topic Maps Martian Notation", "Topicmap", "Topicmaps", "XML Topic Maps" ; :definition "Topic Maps is a standard for the representation and interchange of knowledge, with an emphasis on the findability of information. Topic maps were originally developed in the late 1990s as a way to represent back-of-the-book index structures so that multiple indexes from different sources could be merged. However, the developers quickly realized that with a little additional generalization, they could create a meta-model with potentially far wider application. The ISO standard is formally known as ISO/IEC 13250:2003. A topic map represents information using" ; :prefLabel "Topic Maps" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "%22cooperative control%22", "Consensus (computing)", "Consensus (disambiguation)", "Consensus problem", "Crash-stop", "Distributed consensus" ; :definition "A fundamental problem in distributed computing and multi-agent systems is to achieve overall system reliability in the presence of a number of faulty processes. This often requires processes to agree on some data value that isneeded during computation. Examples of applications of consensus include whether to commit a transaction to a database, agreeing on the identity of a leader, state machine replication, and atomic broadcasts. The real world applications include clock synchronization, PageRank, opinion formation, power smart grids, state estimation, control of UAVs, load balancing and so on." ; :prefLabel "Consensus (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Improper part", "Mereological fusion", "Part", "Part (mathematics)", "Proper part" ; :definition "In philosophy and mathematical logic, mereology (from the Greek μέρος, root: μερε(σ)-, "part" and the suffix -logy "study, discussion, science") is the study of parts and the wholes they form. Whereas set theory is founded on the membership relation between a set and its elements, mereology emphasizes the meronomic relation between entities, which—from a set-theoretic perspective—is closer to the concept of inclusion between sets." ; :prefLabel "Mereology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Library" ; :definition "Collections of systematically acquired and organized information resources, and usually providing assistance to users. (ERIC Thesaurus, http://www.eric.ed.gov/ accessed 2/1/2008)" ; :prefLabel "Libraries" ; :related , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Neural network technology" ; :definition "Neural network software is used to simulate, research, develop, and apply artificial neural networks, software concepts adapted from biological neural networks, and, in some cases, a wider array of adaptive systems such as artificial intelligence and machine learning." ; :prefLabel "Neural network software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code profiler", "Code profiling", "Profiled code", "Profiler (computer science)", "Profiler (computing)", "Profiling", "Profiling (software)", "Software performance analysis", "Software profiling", "Traceback analysis" ; :definition "In software engineering, profiling ("program profiling", "software profiling") is a form of dynamic program analysis that measures, for example, the space (memory) or time complexity of a program, the usage of particular instructions, or the frequency and duration of function calls. Most commonly, profiling information serves to aid program optimization." ; :prefLabel "Profiling (computer programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Domain engineering, also called product line engineering, is the entire process of reusing domain knowledge in the production of new software systems. It is a key concept in systematic software reuse. A key idea in systematic software reuse is the domain. Most organizations work in only a few domains. They repeatedly build similar systems within a given domain with variations to meet different customer needs. Rather than building each new system variant from scratch, significant savings may be achieved by reusing portions of previous systems in the domain to build new ones." ; :prefLabel "Domain engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "TV-Anytime is a set of specifications for the controlled delivery of multimedia content to a user's local storage. It seeks to exploit the evolution in convenient, high capacity storage of digital information to provide consumers with a highly personalized TV experience. Users will have access to content from a wide variety of sources, tailored to their needs and personal preferences. TV-Anytime specifications are specified by the TV-Anytime Forum." ; :prefLabel "TV-Anytime" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concave program", "Convex", "Convex minimization", "Convex optimisation", "Convex optimization problem", "Convex optimization theory", "Convex problem", "Convex program", "Convex programming" ; :definition "Convex minimization, a subfield of optimization, studies the problem of minimizing convex functions over convex sets. The convexity property can make optimization in some sense "easier" than the general case - for example, any local minimum must be a global minimum. Given a real vector space together with a convex, real-valued function defined on a convex subset of , the problem is to find any point in for which the number is smallest, i.e., a point such that for all . The convexity of" ; :prefLabel "Convex optimization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Smart devices", "Smart mobile device", "Smart mobile devices" ; :definition "A smart device is an electronic device, generally connected to other devices or networks via different wireless protocols such as Bluetooth, NFC, Wi-Fi, 3G, etc., that can operate to some extent interactively and autonomously. Several notable types of smart devices are smartphones, phablets and tablets, smartwatches, smart bands and smart key chains. The term can also refer to a device that exhibits some properties of ubiquitous computing, including—although not necessarily—artificial intelligence." ; :prefLabel "Smart device" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Characteristic table", "Characteristic tables", "STT", "State table", "State tables", "State transition", "State transition tables", "Transition table" ; :definition "In automata theory and sequential logic, a state transition table is a table showing what state (or states in the case of a nondeterministic finite automaton) a finite semiautomaton or finite state machine will move to, based on the current state and other inputs. A state table is essentially a truth table in which some of the inputs are the current state, and the outputs include the next state, along with other outputs. A state table is one of many ways to specify a state machine, other ways being a state diagram, and a characteristic equation." ; :prefLabel "State transition table" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Profile", "Uml profile" ; :definition "A profile in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) provides a generic extension mechanism for customizing UML models for particular domains and platforms. Extension mechanisms allow refining standard semantics in strictly additive manner, preventing them from contradicting standard semantics." ; :prefLabel "Profile (UML)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tag", "Tree adjoining grammar", "Tree adjoining grammars" ; :definition "Tree-adjoining grammar (TAG) is a grammar formalism defined by Aravind Joshi. Tree-adjoining grammars are somewhat similar to context-free grammars, but the elementary unit of rewriting is the tree rather than the symbol. Whereas context-free grammars have rules for rewriting symbols as strings of other symbols, tree-adjoining grammars have rules for rewriting the nodes of trees as other trees (see tree (graph theory) and tree (data structure))." ; :prefLabel "Tree-adjoining grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Royce", "W W Royce", "W. W. Royce", "W.W. Royce", "Winston Royce", "Winston W Royce" ; :definition "Winston Walker Royce (August 15, 1929 – June 7, 1995) was an American computer scientist, director at Lockheed Software Technology Center in Austin, Texas. He was a pioneer in the field of software development, known for his 1970 paper from which the Waterfall model for software development was mistakenly drawn." ; :prefLabel "Winston W. Royce" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Situated agent" ; :definition "In artificial intelligence and cognitive science, the term situated refers to an agent which is embedded in an environment. The term situated is commonly used to refer to robots, but some researchers argue that software agents can also be situated if: * they exist in a dynamic (rapidly changing) environment, which * they can manipulate or change through their actions, and which * they can sense or perceive." ; :prefLabel "Situated" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Converge PL" ; :definition "Converge is a dynamic object-oriented programming language with compile-time meta-programming facilities. Developed by the British computer scientist Laurence Tratt, Converge was originally intended for implementing model transformations in the context of Model-Driven Software Development approaches such as OMG's Model Driven Architecture (MDA). As a language, Converge is designed to offer the features of ICON in a visual style suited to Python developers." ; :prefLabel "Converge" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FLogic" ; :definition "F-logic (frame logic) is a knowledge representation and ontology language. F-logic combines the advantages of conceptual modeling with object-oriented, frame-based languages and offers a declarative, compact and simple syntax, as well as the well-defined semantics of a logic-based language. Features include, among others, object identity, complex objects, inheritance, polymorphism, query methods, encapsulation. F-logic stands in the same relationship to object-oriented programming as classical predicate calculus stands to relational database programming." ; :prefLabel "F-logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Economies", "Societies and Nations", "The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business", "Wisdom of Crowds", "Wisdom of the crowds" ; :definition "The Wisdom of Crowds: Why the Many Are Smarter Than the Few and How Collective Wisdom Shapes Business, Economies, Societies and Nations, published in 2004, is a book written by James Surowiecki about the aggregation of information in groups, resulting in decisions that, he argues, are often better than could have been made by any single member of the group. The book presents numerous case studies and anecdotes to illustrate its argument, and touches on several fields, primarily economics and psychology." ; :prefLabel "The Wisdom of Crowds" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Neural machine translation (NMT) is the approach to machine translation in which a large neural network is trained to maximize translation performance. It is a radical departure from the phrase-based statistical translation approaches, in which a translation system consists of subcomponents that are separately optimized. A bidirectional recurrent neural network (RNN), known as an encoder, is used by the neural network to encode a source sentence for a second RNN, known as a decoder, that is used to predict words in the target language." ; :prefLabel "Neural machine translation" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LOADER.EXE", "Loader", "MS Windows ME", "MS-DOS 8.0", "MSW ME", "Me", "Microsoft Windows 4.9", "Microsoft Windows 4.90", "Microsoft Windows ME", "Microsoft Windows ME Millennium Edition", "The History of ME", "Win ME", "WinME", "Windows 4.9", "Windows 4.90", "Windows Georgia", "Windows Millenium", "Windows Millennium", "Windows Millennium Edition", "Windows millenium edition", "WindowsME" ; :definition "Windows Millennium Edition, or Windows ME (marketed with the pronunciation of the pronoun "me", but commonly pronounced as an initialism, "M-E"), is a graphical operating system from Microsoft released to manufacturing in June 2000, and launched in September 2000. It was the last operating system released in the Windows 9x series." ; :prefLabel "Windows ME" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "S-Abf", "Sys Req", "Sys Rq", "Sys req key", "Sys rq key", "SysReq", "SysReq key", "SysRq key", "Sysrq", "System request key" ; :definition "System request (often abbreviated SysRq or Sys Req) is a key on personal computer keyboards that has no standard use. Introduced by IBM with the PC/AT, it was intended to be available as a special key to directly invoke low-level operating system functions with no possibility of conflicting with any existing software. A special BIOS routine — software interrupt 0x15, subfunction 0x85 — was added to signal the OS when SysRq was pushed or released. Unlike most keys, when it is pressed nothing is stored in the keyboard buffer." ; :prefLabel "System request" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aircraft heading", "Course", "Crab angle", "Heading", "Navigation route", "Navigational track", "Track (navigation)", "Tracklog", "True course" ; :definition "In navigation, an object's course is the direction over the ground along which the object is currently moving." ; :prefLabel "Course (navigation)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KWIC", "KWIC index", "Keyword In Context", "Permuted index" ; :definition "KWIC is an acronym for Key Word In Context, the most common format for concordance lines. The term KWIC was first coined by Hans Peter Luhn. The system was based on a concept called keyword in titles which was first proposed for Manchester libraries in 1864 by Andrea Crestadoro. A KWIC index is formed by sorting and aligning the words within an article title to allow each word (except the stop words) in titles to be searchable alphabetically in the index. It was a useful indexing method for technical manuals before computerized full text search became common. * Keyword alongside context (KWAC)" ; :prefLabel "Key Word in Context" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Machine-to-Machine", "OM2M" ; :definition "Machine to machine refers to direct communication between devices using any communications channel, including wired and wireless. Machine to machine communication can include industrial instrumentation, enabling a sensor or meter to communicate the data it records (such as temperature, inventory level, etc.) to application software that can use it (for example, adjusting an industrial process based on temperature or placing orders to replenish inventory). Such communication was originally accomplished by having a remote network of machines relay information back to a central hub for analysis, which would then be rerouted into a system like a personal computer." ; :prefLabel "Machine to machine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Curation" ; :definition "Data curation is a broad term used to indicate processes and activities related to the organization and integration of data collected from various sources, annotation of the data, and publication and presentation of the data such that the value of the data is maintained over time, and the data remains available for reuse and preservation. Data curation includes "all the processes needed for principled and controlled data creation, maintenance, and management, together with the capacity to add value to data". In science, data curation may indicate the process of extraction of important information from scientific texts, such as research articles by experts, to be converted into an electronic format, such as an entry of a biological database." ; :prefLabel "Data curation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Column select", "Column selection", "Multi-select", "Multiple selection", "Multiple selections", "Rectangular block selection", "Rectangular select", "Rectangular selection", "Selection", "Text selection" ; :definition "In computing and user interface engineering, a selection is a list of items on which user operations will take place. The user typically adds items to the list manually, although the computer may create a selection automatically. Selections are enacted through combinations of key presses on a keyboard, with a precision pointing device (mouse or touchpad and cursor, stylus), or by hand on a touchscreen device. The simultaneous selection of a group of items (either elements in a list, or discontinuous regions in a text) is called a multiple selection." ; :prefLabel "Selection (user interface)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IP Media", "IP TV", "IP Television", "IP-TV", "IPTelevision", "Internet Protocol Television", "Internet Video on Demand", "Internet protocol TV", "Internet video-on-demand", "Iptvwebcast", "TelcoTV" ; :definition "Internet Protocol television (IPTV) is a system through which television services are delivered using the Internet protocol suite over a packet-switched network such as a LAN or the Internet, instead of being delivered through traditional terrestrial, satellite signal, and cable television formats. Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the media in smaller batches, directly from the source. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data (such as a movie) before the entire file has been transmitted. This is known as streaming media." ; :prefLabel "IPTV" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Education", "education level", "educational process", "educations", "learning", "level of education", "schooling" ; :definition "Acquisition of knowledge as a result of instruction in a formal course of study." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge acquisition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Continuation (disambiguation)", "Continuations", "Escape continuation", "First-class continuation", "First-class continuations", "First-class control", "First-class control construct", "Nonlocal goto (computer science)" ; :definition "In computer science and computer programming, a continuation is an abstract representation of the control state of a computer program. A continuation reifies the program control state, i.e. the continuation is a data structure that represents the computational process at a given point in the process's execution; the created data structure can be accessed by the programming language, instead of being hidden in the runtime environment. Continuations are useful for encoding other control mechanisms in programming languages such as exceptions, generators, coroutines, and so on." ; :prefLabel "Continuation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Feigenbaum test", "Subject matter" ; :definition "A subject matter expert Turing test is a variation of the Turing test where a computer system attempts to replicate an expert in a given field such as chemistry or marketing. It is also known as a Feigenbaum test and was proposed by Edward Feigenbaum in a 2003 paper. The concept is also described by Ray Kurzweil in his 2005 book The Singularity is Near. Kurzweil argues that machines who pass this test are an inevitable consequence of Moore's Law." ; :prefLabel "Subject matter expert Turing test" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BioNLP" ; :definition "Biomedical text mining (also known as BioNLP) refers to text mining applied to texts and literature of the biomedical and molecular biology domain. It is a rather recent research field on the edge of natural language processing, bioinformatics, medical informatics and computational linguistics. There is an increasing interest in text mining and information extraction strategies applied to the biomedical and molecular biology literature due to the increasing number of electronically available publications stored in databases such as PubMed." ; :prefLabel "Biomedical text mining" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Functional element" ; :definition "Functional genomics is a field of molecular biology that attempts to make use of the vast wealth of data produced by genomic and transcriptomic projects (such as genome sequencing projects and RNA-seq) to describe gene (and protein) functions and interactions. Unlike genomics, functional genomics focuses on the dynamic aspects such as gene transcription, translation, regulation of gene expression and protein–protein interactions, as opposed to the static aspects of the genomic information such as DNA sequence or structures. Functional genomics attempts to answer questions about the function of DNA at the levels of genes, RNA transcripts, and protein products. A key characteristic of functional genomics studies is their genome-wide approach to these questions, generally involving high-throu" ; :prefLabel "Functional genomics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptonym", "Assumptive text", "Cellodrome", "Predictive search", "Predictive text entry", "Predictive texting", "Predictive word", "T-9 function", "T9 input", "T9onym", "T9onyms", "Textonym" ; :definition "Predictive text is an input technology used where one key or button represents many letters, such as on the numeric keypads of mobile phones and in accessibility technologies. Each key press results in a prediction rather than repeatedly sequencing through the same group of "letters" it represents, in the same, invariable order. Predictive text could allow for an entire word to be input by single keypress. Predictive text makes efficient use of fewer device keys to input writing into a text message, an e-mail, an address book, a calendar, and the like." ; :prefLabel "Predictive text" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CIDOC CRM", "CIDOC-CRM", "CRM", "Conceptual", "ISO 21127" ; :definition "The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) provides an extensible ontology for concepts and information in cultural heritage and museum documentation. It is the international standard (ISO 21127:2014) for the controlled exchange of cultural heritage information. Galleries, libraries, archives, museums (GLAMs), and other cultural institutions are encouraged to use the CIDOC CRM to enhance accessibility to museum-related information and knowledge." ; :prefLabel "CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "List of video file formats", "Media file formats", "Video file", "Video file formats", "Video file type", "Video file types", "Video files" ; :definition "A video file format is a type of file format for storing digital video data on a computer system. Video is almost always stored in compressed form to reduce the file size. A video file normally consists of a container format (e.g. Matroska) containing video data in a video coding format (e.g. VP9) alongside audio data in an audio coding format (e.g. Opus). The container format can also contain synchronization information, subtitles, and metadata such as title. A standardized (or in some cases de facto standard) video file type such as .webm is a profile specified by a restriction on which container format and which video and audio compression formats are allowed." ; :prefLabel "Video file format" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lateral", "Lateral logic", "Lateral thinker", "Lateral thought" ; :definition "Lateral thinking is solving problems through an indirect and creative approach, using reasoning that is not immediately obvious and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step-by-step logic. The term was coined in 1967 by Edward de Bono." ; :prefLabel "Lateral thinking" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Thumb (disambiguation)", "Thumbnail image", "Thumbnailing", "Thumbnails", "Video thumbnail", "Webnail" ; :definition "Thumbnails are reduced-size versions of pictures or videos, used to help in recognizing and organizing them, serving the same role for images as a normal text index does for words. In the age of digital images, visual search engines and image-organizing programs normally use thumbnails, as do most modern operating systems or desktop environments, such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, KDE (Linux) and GNOME (Linux)." ; :prefLabel "Thumbnail" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HMR", "Hierarchical linear model", "Hierarchical linear modeling", "Hierarchical linear modelling", "Hierarchical linear models", "Hierarchical multiple regression", "Hierarchical regression", "Multi-level analysis", "Multi-level model", "Multi-level models", "Multilevel analysis", "Multilevel modeling", "Multilevel modelling", "Multilevel models", "Random coefficient model" ; :definition "Multilevel models (also known as hierarchical linear models, nested data models, mixed models, random coefficient, random-effects models, random parameter models, or split-plot designs) are statistical models of parameters that vary at more than one level. An example could be a model of student performance that contains measures for individual students as well as measures for classrooms within which the students are grouped. These models can be seen as generalizations of linear models (in particular, linear regression), although they can also extend to non-linear models. These models became much more popular after sufficient computing power and software became available." ; :prefLabel "Multilevel model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mecatronics", "Mechatronic", "Mechatronic engineering", "Mechatronics Engineering", "Mechatronics engineer", "Nanomechatronics", "Tron (disambiguation)", "Tronix" ; :definition "Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field of science that includes a combination of mechanical engineering, electronics, computer engineering, telecommunications engineering, systems engineering and control engineering. As technology advances, the subfields of engineering multiply and adapt. Mechatronics' aim is a design process that unifies these subfields. Originally, mechatronics just included the combination of mechanics and electronics, hence the word is a combination of mechanics and electronics; however, as technical systems have become more and more complex the definition has been broadened to include more technical areas." ; :prefLabel "Mechatronics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ilities", "Ility", "List of System Quality Attributes", "NFR", "Non-Functional Requirements", "Nonfunctional requirements", "Quality attributes", "Quality of service requirements" ; :definition "In systems engineering and requirements engineering, a non-functional requirement is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviors. They are contrasted with functional requirements that define specific behavior or functions. The plan for implementing functional requirements is detailed in the system design. The plan for implementing non-functional requirements is detailed in the system architecture, because they are usually Architecturally Significant Requirements." ; :prefLabel "Non-functional requirement" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DISORDER NERVOUS SYSTEM", "Disease", "Diseases", "Disorder", "Disorder of Nervous System", "Disorder of nervous system NOS", "Disorders", "NERVOUS DISORDERS", "NEUROLOGIC DISORDER NOS", "Nerve Diseases", "Nervous System", "Nervous System Disease", "Nervous System Diseases [Disease/Finding]", "Nervous System Disorders", "Nervous system diseases", "Nervous system--Diseases", "Neurologic", "Neurologic Diseases", "Neurologic Disorder", "Neurologic Disorders", "Neurological", "Neurological Disorder", "Neurological Disorders", "Unspecified disorders of nervous system", "diseases of the nervous system", "disorders nervous systems", "disorders of the nervous system", "neurological disease" ; :definition "Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle." ; :prefLabel "nervous system disorder" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A recursive neural network (RNN) is a kind of deep neural network created by applying the same set of weights recursively over a structure, to produce a structured prediction over variable-length input, or a scalar prediction on it, by traversing a given structure in topological order. RNNs have been successful in learning sequence and tree structures in natural language processing, mainly phrase and sentence continuous representations based on word embedding. RNNs have first been introduced to learn distributed representations of structure, such as logical terms." ; :prefLabel "Recursive neural network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Direct access", "Direct access (computing)", "Random I/O", "Random access file", "Random read", "Random write", "Random-access", "Random-access storage" ; :definition "In computer science, random access (more precisely and more generally called direct access) is the ability to access an item of data at any given coordinates in a population of addressable elements. As a rule, the assumption is that each element can be accessed roughly as easily and efficiently as any other, no matter how many elements may be in the set, nor how many coordinates may be available for addressing the data. For example, data might be stored notionally in a single sequence like a row, in two dimensions like rows and columns on a surface, or in multiple dimensions. However, given all the coordinates, a program can access each record about as quickly and easily as any other, and in particular, access it in time to be of value to the user. In this sense the choice of data item is" ; :prefLabel "Random access" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Carl Mark Force IV", "Dun-Huang", "Silk Road (anonymous marketplace)", "Silk Road (bitcoin)", "Silk Road (black market)", "Silk Road (disambiguation)", "Silk Road (online marketplace)", "Silk Road (website)", "Silk Road 2.0", "Silk Road 3", "Silk Road 3 Reloaded", "Silk Road 3.0", "Silk Road Reloaded", "Silk Road site", "Silk road marketplace", "Silk road website", "The Silk Road (anonymous marketplace)", "USA v. Ulbricht" ; :definition "Silk Road was an online black market and the first modern darknet market, best known as a platform for selling illegal drugs. As part of the dark web, it was operated as a Tor hidden service, such that online users were able to browse it anonymously and securely without potential traffic monitoring. The website was launched in February 2011; development had begun six months prior. Initially there were a limited number of new seller accounts available; new sellers had to purchase an account in an auction. Later, a fixed fee was charged for each new seller account." ; :prefLabel "Silk Road" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bootstrap (statistics)", "Bootstrap method", "Bootstrap sample", "Bootstrap sampling", "Bootstrapping (disambiguation)", "The bootstrap" ; :definition "In statistics, bootstrapping can refer to any test or metric that relies on random sampling with replacement. Bootstrapping allows assigning measures of accuracy (defined in terms of bias, variance, confidence intervals, prediction error or some other such measure) to sample estimates. This technique allows estimation of the sampling distribution of almost any statistic using random sampling methods. Generally, it falls in the broader class of resampling methods." ; :prefLabel "Bootstrapping (statistics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bit interleaving", "Bit-interleaving", "Channel coding", "Coding", "ECC", "Error Correcting Code", "Error correcting codes", "Error correcting coding", "Error correction code", "Error correction codes", "Error correction coding", "Error-correcting code", "Error-correcting codes", "Error-correcting coding", "Error-correction code", "Error-correction coding", "FEC", "FEC code", "Forward error correction code", "Forward error correction codes", "Forward error recovery", "Interleaver" ; :definition "In telecommunication, information theory, and coding theory, forward error correction (FEC) or channel coding is a technique used for controlling errors in data transmission over unreliable or noisy communication channels.The central idea is the sender encodes the message in a redundant way by using an error-correcting code (ECC).The American mathematician Richard Hamming pioneered this field in the 1940s and invented the first error-correcting code in 1950: the Hamming (7,4) code." ; :prefLabel "Forward error correction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "URL", "uniform resource locator (URL)", "uniformResourceLocator" ; :definition "The global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web." ; :prefLabel "Uniform Resource Locator" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data silos", "Functional silo", "Silo (disambiguation)", "Silo effect", "Silo mentality", "Silo thinking", "Silo vision" ; :definition "An information silo is an insular management system incapable of reciprocal operation with other, related information systems. Information silo occurs whenever a data system is incompatible or not integrated with other data systems. This incompatibility may occur in the technical architecture, in the application architecture, or in the data architecture of any data system. However, since it has been shown that established data modeling methods are the root cause of the data integration problem, most data systems are at least incompatible in the data architecture layer." ; :prefLabel "Information silo" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Tree", "Trees" ; :definition "Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches." ; :prefLabel "Trees (plant)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "T byte", "T-byte", "TB", "TByte", "Tbytes", "Tbytes/sec", "Tera", "Tera byte", "Tera-Byte", "Terabytes", "Terrabyte" ; :definition "The terabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix tera represents the fourth power of 1000, and means 1012 in the International System of Units (SI), and therefore one terabyte is one trillion (short scale) bytes. The unit symbol for the terabyte is TB. 1 TB = 1000000000000bytes = 1012bytes = 1000gigabytes." ; :prefLabel "Terabyte" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CRT television", "Outdoor television", "Outdoor tv", "Rear screen-projection TV", "Retroprojector", "TV receiver", "TV set", "Television (disambiguation)", "Television receiver", "Television screen", "Television set (disambiguation)", "Television sets", "📺" ; :definition "A television set, more commonly called a television, TV, TV set, television receiver, or telly, is a device that combines a tuner, display, and loudspeakers for the purpose of viewing television. Introduced in the late 1920s in mechanical form, television sets became a popular consumer product after World War II in electronic form, using cathode ray tubes. The addition of color to broadcast television after 1953 further increased the popularity of television sets in the 1960s, and an outdoor antenna became a common feature of suburban homes. The ubiquitous television set became the display device for the first recorded media in the 1970s, such as Betamax, VHS and later DVD. It was also the display device for the first generation of home computers (e.g., Timex Sinclair 1000) and video game" ; :prefLabel "Television set" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "General", "Taxonomies", "Taxonomy" ; :definition "The theories and techniques of naming, describing, and classifying organisms, and the study of the relationships of taxa.(from On-line Medical Dictionary)" ; :prefLabel "Taxonomy" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A b test", "A-b test", "A/B test", "A/B tests", "A/b experiments", "Ab testing", "Split test", "Split testing" ; :definition "In marketing and business intelligence, A/B testing is a term for a randomized experiment with two variants, A and B, which are the control and variation in the controlled experiment. A/B testing is a form of statistical hypothesis testing with two variants leading to the technical term, two-sample hypothesis testing, used in the field of statistics. Other terms used for this method include bucket tests and split-run testing. These terms can have a wider applicability to more than two variants, but the term A/B testing is also frequently used in the context of testing more than two variants. In online settings, such as web design (especially user experience design), the goal of A/B testing is to identify changes to web pages that increase or maximize an outcome of interest (e.g., click-thr" ; :prefLabel "A/B testing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Internet Website", "Website", "www-website" ; :definition "A collection of web pages and other files." ; :prefLabel "Web Site" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computational resources", "Memory space", "Memory space (computational resource)", "Resource (disambiguation)" ; :definition "In computational complexity theory, a computational resource is a resource used by some computational models in the solution of computational problems. The simplest computational resources are computation time, the number of steps necessary to solve a problem, and memory space, the amount of storage needed while solving the problem, but many more complicated resources have been defined." ; :prefLabel "Computational resource" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Service-orientation is a design paradigm for computer software in the form of services. The principles of service-oriented design stress the separation of concerns in the software. Applying service-orientation results in units of software partitioned into discrete, autonomous, and network-accessible units, each designed to solve an individual concern. These units qualify as services." ; :prefLabel "Service-orientation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Informatics", "informatic" ; :definition "An occupational discipline which unites information science with computer science. It is concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of data, and the use of such data." ; :prefLabel "Informatics (discipline)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arroword", "Arrowords", "Codecracker", "Cross word", "Crossword (disambiguation)", "Crossword puzzle", "Crossword puzzles", "Crosswords", "Cruciverbalism", "Cruciverbalist", "Cruzadex", "Diagramless", "Diagramless crossword", "Fill in crossword", "Scandinavian crossword", "Xword" ; :definition "A crossword is a word puzzle that normally takes the form of a square or a rectangular grid of white and black shaded squares. The goal is to fill the white squares with letters, forming words or phrases, by solving clues which lead to the answers. In languages that are written left-to-right, the answer words and phrases are placed in the grid from left to right and from top to bottom. The shaded squares are used to separate the words or phrases." ; :prefLabel "Crossword" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Absolute and relative ethic value", "Absolute ethic value", "Absolute value (disambiguation)", "Absolute value (ethics)", "Absolute value (philosophy)", "Average ethic value", "Average ethic value intensity", "Average value intensity", "Cultural values", "Ethic good", "Ethic or philosophic good", "Ethic or philosophic value", "Ethic valuation", "Ethic value", "Ethic value average", "Ethic value duration", "Ethic value equality", "Ethic values", "Ethic valuing", "Ethic whole value", "Ethical value", "Ethical values", "Ethonomics", "Human values", "Intensity", "Negative ethic or philosophic value", "Personal and cultural value", "Personal and cultural values", "Personal or cultural value", "Personal philosophic value", "Personal value system", "Philosophic or ethic value", "Philosophic value", "Philosophical value", "Positive and negative value", "Protected values", "Protected values as deontological rules", "Relative", "Relative ethic value", "Relative value", "Relative value (ethics)", "Relative value (philosophy)", "Social value", "Social values", "Societal values", "Total absolute value", "Total ethic value", "Total philosophic value", "Total whole value", "Valuation", "Valuation (ethics)", "Value", "Value (ethics and philosophy)", "Value (personal and cultural)", "Value (philosophy)", "Value duration", "Value intensity", "Value system", "Value systems", "Values", "Values (ethics)", "Values (philosophy)", "Whole value" ; :definition "In ethics, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining what actions are best to do or what way is best to live (deontology), or to describe the significance of different actions (axiology). It may be described as treating actions themselves as abstract objects, putting value to them. It deals with right conduct and good life, in the sense that a highly, or at least relatively highly, valuable action may be regarded as ethically "good" (adjective sense), and an action of low in value, or somewhat relatively low in value, may be regarded as "bad". What makes an action valuable may in turn depend on the ethic values of the objects it increases, decreases or alters. An object with "ethic value" may be termed an "ethic or philosophic good" (noun s" ; :prefLabel "Value (ethics)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BWBP", "Barrington", "Barrington's theorem", "Class NC", "NC", "NC (class)", "NC (complexity", "NC = P problem", "NC hierarchy", "NC1 (complexity)", "Nick's Class" ; :definition "In complexity theory, the class NC (for "Nick's Class") is the set of decision problems decidable in polylogarithmic time on a parallel computer with a polynomial number of processors. In other words, a problem is in NC if there exist constants c and k such that it can be solved in time O(logc n) using O(nk) parallel processors. Stephen Cook coined the name "Nick's class" after Nick Pippenger, who had done extensive research on circuits with polylogarithmic depth and polynomial size. RNC is a class extending NC with access to randomness." ; :prefLabel "NC (complexity)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Search media" ; :definition "In Internet marketing, search advertising is a method of placing online advertisements on web pages that show results from search engine queries. Through the same search-engine advertising services, ads can also be placed on Web pages with other published content." ; :prefLabel "Search advertising" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Function", "Functions", "Organoleptic", "Sensation", "Sensations", "Sensory", "Sensory Function", "Sensory Functions", "Sensory perception", "aesthesia", "functions sensory", "perception by sense", "sense", "senses", "sensory system function", "the senses" ; :definition "The process in which specialized SENSORY RECEPTOR CELLS transduce peripheral stimuli (physical or chemical) into NERVE IMPULSES which are then transmitted to the various sensory centers in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM." ; :prefLabel "Esthesia" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The noise can be seen as all the differences between the surface form of a coded representation of the text and the intended, correct, or original text. It can be due to e.g. typographic errors or colloquialisms always present in natural language and usually lowers the data quality in a way that makes the text less accessible to automated processing by computers such as natural language processing. The noise can also get introduced through an extraction process (i.e. transcription, OCR) from media other than original electronic texts." ; :prefLabel "Noisy text" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DLP", "DLP TV", "DLP projector", "DLP rear Projection tv", "Digital Light Processing (Texas Instruments)", "Digital light processor", "Rainbow Effect", "TI Digital Light Processing" ; :definition "Digital Light Processing (DLP) is a display device based on optical micro-electro-mechanical technology that uses a digital micromirror device. It was originally developed in 1987 by Dr. Larry Hornbeck of Texas Instruments. While the DLP imaging device was invented by Texas Instruments, the first DLP-based projector was introduced by Digital Projection Ltd in 1997. Digital Projection and Texas Instruments were both awarded Emmy Awards in 1998 for the DLP projector technology. DLP is used in a variety of display applications from traditional static displays to interactive displays and also non-traditional embedded applications including medical, security, and industrial uses." ; :prefLabel "Digital Light Processing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dark internet", "Darknet Web", "Darkweb", "Hidden Internet", "Hidden web", "Internet below the Internet", "Internet beneath the Internet", "Onionland", "Secret internet", "The Dark Web", "The Deep Web", "The Internet below the Internet", "Trojanforge" ; :definition "The dark web is the World Wide Web content that exists on darknets, overlay networks which use the public Internet but which require specific software, configurations or authorization to access. The dark web forms a small part of the deep web, the part of the Web not indexed by search engines, although sometimes the term "deep web" is mistakenly used to refer specifically to the dark web." ; :prefLabel "Dark web" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IEEE 830", "Req spec", "Requirements specification", "SRS" ; :definition "A software requirements specification (SRS) is a description of a software system to be developed. It lays out functional and non-functional requirements, and may include a set of use cases that describe user interactions that the software must provide. The SRS may be one of a contract deliverable Data Item Descriptions or have other forms of organizationally-mandated content." ; :prefLabel "Software requirements specification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AFFS", "Advanced Fringe Field Switching", "Bistable display", "Color LCD", "Computer display/LCD", "Display", "FFS", "Flexible liquid crystal display", "Fringe Field Switching", "LC display", "LCD", "LCD (disambiguation)", "LCD Screen", "LCD computer monitor", "LCD displays", "LCD module", "LCD monitors", "LCD panel", "LCD panels", "LCD screens", "Lcd display", "Liquid Crystal display", "Liquid crystal displays", "Mura defect", "Mura effect" ; :definition "A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual display that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly.LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays, as in a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements." ; :prefLabel "Liquid-crystal display" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Need to know basis", "Need-to-know" ; :definition "The term "need to know", when used by government and other organizations (particularly those related to the military or espionage), describes the restriction of data which is considered very sensitive. Under need-to-know restrictions, even if one has all the necessary official approvals (such as a security clearance) to access certain information, one would not be given access to such information, or read into a clandestine operation, unless one has a specific need to know; that is, access to the information must be necessary for the conduct of one's official duties." ; :prefLabel "Need to know" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PSR", "Phrase structure", "Phrase structure rule", "Phrase-structure rule", "Phrase-structure rules", "Rule", "Syntactic rule" ; :definition "Phrase structure rules are a type of rewrite rule used to describe a given language's syntax, and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar, being first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1957. They are used to break down a natural language sentence into its constituent parts, also known as syntactic categories, including both lexical categories (parts of speech) and phrasal categories. A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar. Phrase structure rules as they are commonly employed operate according to the constituency relation, and a grammar that employs phrase structure rules is therefore a constituency grammar; as such, it stands in contrast to dependency grammars, which are based on the dependency relation." ; :prefLabel "Phrase structure rules" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "WA", "WAPP", "What's App", "WhatsApp Inc.", "WhatsApp Web", "Whatsapp", "Whatsapp.com" ; :definition "WhatsApp Messenger is a proprietary, cross-platform, encrypted instant messaging client for smartphones. It uses the Internet to send text messages, documents, PDF files, GIF images, video, user location and audio messages to other users using standard cellular mobile numbers. As of February 2016, WhatsApp had a user base of one billion, making it the most popular messaging application. WhatsApp Inc., based in Mountain View, California, was acquired by Facebook Inc. on February 19, 2014, for approximately US$19.3 billion." ; :prefLabel "WhatsApp Messenger" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business needs", "Business requirement", "Business requirements document" ; :definition "Business requirements must be delivered to provide value. Products, systems, software, and processes are the ways how to deliver, satisfy, or meet the business requirements wants. Consequently, the topic of business requirements often arises in the context of developing or procuring software or other system; but business requirements exist much more broadly. That is, 'business' can be at work or personal, for profit or non-profit. Confusion arises for three main reasons." ; :prefLabel "Business requirements" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Frame", "frame [medical device]", "frames" ; :definition "An enclosing border." ; :prefLabel "Frame (physical object)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Evaluate", "Evaluated", "Evaluation Procedure", "Evaluations", "Investigation", "effectiveness assessment", "efficacy assessment" ; :definition "Systematic, objective appraisal of the significance, effectiveness, and impact of activities or condition according to specified objectives and criteria." ; :prefLabel "Evaluation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Activity recognition aims to recognize the actions and goals of one or more agents from a series of observations on the agents' actions and the environmental conditions. Since the 1980s, this research field has captured the attention of several computer science communities due to its strength in providing personalized support for many different applications and its connection to many different fields of study such as medicine, human-computer interaction, or sociology." ; :prefLabel "Activity recognition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SWC" ; :definition "An SWC file is a package of precompiled Flash symbols and ActionScript code that allows a Flash or Flex developer to distribute classes and assets, or to avoid recompiling symbols and code that will not change. SWC files can be generated by the Adobe Flash Professional authoring tool, and by Flash Builder (or its companion compiler MXMLC). They are sometimes referred to as class libraries and cannot be directly executed by the Flash Player." ; :prefLabel "Adobe SWC file" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blue print", "Blue printer", "Blueprint (disambiguation)", "Blueprints", "Openplan" ; :definition "A blueprint is a reproduction of a technical drawing, documenting an architecture or an engineering design, using a contact print process on light-sensitive sheets. Introduced in the 19th century, the process allowed rapid and accurate reproduction of documents used in construction and industry. The blue-print process was characterized by light colored lines on a blue background, a negative of the original. The process was unable to reproduce color or shades of grey. The term blueprint is also used less formally to refer to any floor plan (and even more informally, any type of plan)." ; :prefLabel "Blueprint" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Animal habitats", "Breeding ground", "Breeding grounds", "Habit (disambiguation)", "Habitat (disambiguation)", "Habitat (ecology)", "Habitats", "Micro-habitat", "Micro-habitats", "Microenvironment", "Microenvironment (ecology)", "Microhabitat", "Microhabitats", "Monotypic habitat", "Natural habitat", "Nesting ground", "Polytypic", "Polytypic habitat", "Wildlife habitat" ; :definition "A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant, or other type of organism. The term typically refers to the zone in which the organism lives and where it can find food, shelter, protection and mates for reproduction. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds a species population." ; :prefLabel "Habitat" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Document ranking", "Ranking function" ; :definition "Ranking of query results is one of the fundamental problems in information retrieval (IR), the scientific/engineering discipline behind search engines. Given a query q and a collection D of documents that match the query, the problem is to rank, that is, sort, the documents in D according to some criterion so that the "best" results appear early in the result list displayed to the user. Classically, ranking criteria are phrased in terms of relevance of documents with respect to an information need expressed in the query." ; :prefLabel "Ranking (information retrieval)" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HTPS", "HTTP SSL", "HTTP Secure", "HTTP TLS", "HTTP over SSL", "HTTP over TLS", "HTTPS Secure", "HTTPS URI", "HTTPS URL", "HTTPS connection", "HTTPS web", "HTTPS website", "HTTPS:/", "HTTTPS", "Htpps", "Htps:", "Htps://", "Https scheme", "Https.", "Https:", "Https: URI scheme", "Https://", "Https;", "HyperText Transfer Protocol with Privacy", "Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Secure)", "Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure", "Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer", "Port 443", "Secure Servers", "Secure server", "Secure website" ; :definition "HTTPS (also called HTTP over TLS, HTTP over SSL, and HTTP Secure) is a protocol for secure communication over a computer network which is widely used on the Internet. HTTPS consists of communication over Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) within a connection encrypted by Transport Layer Security or its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer. The main motivation for HTTPS is authentication of the visited website and protection of the privacy and integrity of the exchanged data." ; :prefLabel "HTTPS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Absolute location", "Geographic place", "Geographical location", "Geographical place", "Location", "Location (geogrpahy)", "Location (topography)", "Locations", "Place", "Place (geography)" ; :definition "The terms location and place in geography are used to identify a point or an area on the Earth's surface or elsewhere. The term location generally implies a higher degree of certainty than place, which often indicates an entity with an ambiguous boundary, relying more on human or social attributes of place identity and sense of place than on geometry. The distinction between space and place is considered a central concern of geography, and has been addressed by scholars such as Yi-Fu Tuan and John Agnew." ; :prefLabel "Location (geography)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The World Wide Web has become a major delivery platform for a variety of complex and sophisticated enterprise applications in several domains. In addition to their inherent multifaceted functionality, these Web applications exhibit complex behaviour and place some unique demands on their usability, performance, security and ability to grow and evolve. However, a vast majority of these applications continue to be developed in an ad-hoc way, contributing to problems of usability, maintainability, quality and reliability. While Web development can benefit from established practices from other related disciplines, it has certain distinguishing characteristics that demand special considerations. In recent years, there have been developments towards addressing these considerations." ; :prefLabel "Web engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Closed architecture", "Open/closed architecture" ; :definition "Open architecture is a type of computer architecture or software architecture that is designed to make adding, upgrading and swapping components easy. For example, the IBM PC and Apple IIe have an open architecture supporting plug-in cards, whereas the Apple IIc and Amiga 500 computers have a closed architecture. Open architecture systems may use a standardized system bus such as S-100, PCI or ISA or they may incorporate a proprietary bus standard such as that used on the Apple II, with up to a dozen slots that allow multiple hardware manufacturers to produce add-ons, and for the user to freely install them. By contrast, closed architectures, if they are expandable at all, have one or two "expansion ports" using a proprietary connector design that may require a license fee from the manufac" ; :prefLabel "Open architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Trust" ; :definition "In information security, computational trust is the generation of trusted authorities or user trust through cryptography. In centralised systems, security is typically based on the authenticated identity of external parties. Rigid authentication mechanisms, such as Public Key Infrastructures (PKIs) or Kerberos have allowed this model to be extended to distributed systems within a few closely collaborating domains or within a single administrative domain. During recent years, computer science has moved from centralised systems to distributed computing. This evolution has several implications for security models, policies and mechanisms needed to protect users’ information and resources in an increasingly interconnected computing infrastructure." ; :prefLabel "Computational trust" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EM Algorithm", "EM clustering", "EM-algorithm", "Expectation", "Expectation Maximisation", "Expectation Maximization", "Expectation maximization algorithm", "Expectation maximization method", "Expectation maximization principle", "Expectation-Maximization Clustering", "Expectation-maximisation", "Expectation-maximisation algorithm", "Expectation-maximization", "Expectation-maximization algorithm", "Expectation-maximization method", "Maximization" ; :definition "In statistics, an expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is an iterative method for finding maximum likelihood or maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimates of parameters in statistical models, where the model depends on unobserved latent variables. The EM iteration alternates between performing an expectation (E) step, which creates a function for the expectation of the log-likelihood evaluated using the current estimate for the parameters, and a maximization (M) step, which computes parameters maximizing the expected log-likelihood found on the E step. These parameter-estimates are then used to determine the distribution of the latent variables in the next E step." ; :prefLabel "Expectation–maximization algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Intensional" ; :definition "Intensional logic is an approach to predicate logic that extends first-order logic, which has quantifiers that range over the individuals of a universe (extensions), by additional quantifiers that range over terms that may have such individuals as their value (intensions). The distinction between intensional and extensional entities is parallel to the distinction between sense and reference." ; :prefLabel "Intensional logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Immediate value", "R-value (computer science)", "Value", "Value (computer programming)", "Value (programming)" ; :definition "In computer science, a value is an expression which cannot be evaluated any further (a normal form). The members of a type are the values of that type. For example, the expression 1 + 2 is not a value as it can be reduced to the expression 3. This expression cannot be reduced any further (and is a member of the type Nat) and therefore is a value. The "value of a variable" is given by the corresponding mapping in the environment. In languages with assignable variables it becomes necessary to distinguish between the r-value (or contents) and the l-value (or location) of a variable." ; :prefLabel "Value (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Expert", "Expert System", "System", "Systems", "based knowledge systems", "expert system (information source)", "intelligent information systems", "knowledge based system" ; :definition "Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved." ; :prefLabel "Expert Systems" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Flat shading", "Lighting model", "Powder shading", "Shaded", "Smooth shading" ; :definition "Shading refers to depicting depth perception in 3D models or illustrations by varying levels of darkness." ; :prefLabel "Shading" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Applied discrete math", "Decision math", "Decision maths", "Discreet math", "Discreet mathematics", "Discrete", "Discrete data", "Discrete math", "Discrete maths", "Discrete structure", "Discrete structures", "Discrete unit", "Finite math" ; :definition "Discrete mathematics is the study of mathematical structures that are fundamentally discrete rather than continuous. In contrast to real numbers that have the property of varying "smoothly", the objects studied in discrete mathematics – such as integers, graphs, and statements in logic – do not vary smoothly in this way, but have distinct, separated values. Discrete mathematics therefore excludes topics in "continuous mathematics" such as calculus and analysis. Discrete objects can often be enumerated by integers. More formally, discrete mathematics has been characterized as the branch of mathematics dealing with countable sets (sets that have the same cardinality as subsets of the natural numbers, including rational numbers but not real numbers). However, there is no exact definition of t" ; :prefLabel "Discrete mathematics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CQ" ; :definition "In database theory, a conjunctive query is a restricted form of first-order queries. Many first-order queries can be written as conjunctive queries. In particular, a large part of queries issued on relational databases can be expressed in this way. Conjunctive queries also have a number of desirable theoretical properties that larger classes of queries (e.g., the relational algebra queries) do not share." ; :prefLabel "Conjunctive query" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interference", "Interference in mobile communications", "Telecommunication interference" ; :definition "In communications and electronics, especially in telecommunications, interference is anything which modifies, or disrupts a signal as it travels along a channel between a source and a receiver. The term typically refers to the addition of unwanted signals to a useful signal. Common examples are: Interference is typically but not always distinguished from noise, for example white thermal noise. Radio resource management aims at reducing and controlling the co-channel and adjacent-channel interference." ; :prefLabel "Interference (communication)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Self-describing", "Self-documenting" ; :definition "In computer programming, self-documenting (or self-describing) source code and user interfaces follow naming conventions and structured programming conventions that enable use of the system without prior specific knowledge. In web development, self-documenting refers to a website that exposes the entire process of its creation through public documentation, and whose public documentation is part of the development process." ; :prefLabel "Self-documenting code" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Open world (disambiguation)", "Open world assumption", "Open-world semantics", "Owa" ; :definition "In a formal system of logic used for knowledge representation, the open-world assumption is the assumption that the truth value of a statement may be true irrespective of whether or not it is known to be true. It is the opposite of the closed-world assumption, which holds that any statement that is true is also known to be true. Example Statement: "Mary" "is a citizen of" "France" Question: Is Paul a citizen of France? "Closed world" (for example SQL) answer: No. "Open world" answer: Unknown." ; :prefLabel "Open-world assumption" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CIM", "Computer integrated manufacturing", "Computer-integrated manufacturer" ; :definition "Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control the entire production process. This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each other and initiate actions. Although manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone by the integration of computers, the main advantage is the ability to create automated manufacturing processes. Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes, based on real-time input from sensors. It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing." ; :prefLabel "Computer-integrated manufacturing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".log", "Action Log", "Data log", "Data loggers", "Data logging", "Data recorder", "Data-logger", "Datalogger", "Error log", "Log", "Log files", "LogMessage", "Logger", "Logging Tool" ; :definition "A data logger (also datalogger or data recorder) is an electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors. Increasingly, but not entirely, they are based on a digital processor (or computer). They generally are small, battery powered, portable, and equipped with a microprocessor, internal memory for data storage, and sensors. Some data loggers interface with a personal computer, and use software to activate the data logger and view and analyze the collected data, while others have a local interface device (keypad, LCD) and can be used as a stand-alone device." ; :prefLabel "Data logger" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computed goto", "GO TO", "Go To Statement Considered Harmful", "Goto (command)", "Goto (disambiguation)", "Goto considered harmful", "Goto statement", "Jump to", "Label Value Operator", "Label referece operator", "Label reference operator" ; :definition "Goto (goto, GOTO, GO TO or other case combinations, depending on the programming language) is a statement found in many computer programming languages. It performs a one-way transfer of control to another line of code; in contrast a function call normally returns control. The jumped-to locations are usually identified using labels, though some languages use line numbers. At the machine code level, a goto is a form of branch or jump statement. Many languages support the goto statement, and many do not (see )." ; :prefLabel "Goto" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer tablet", "Digitising tablet", "Digitizer tablet", "Digitizing Tablet", "Digitizing pad", "Drawing tablet", "Graphic tablet", "Graphics pad", "Graphics tablet-screen hybrid", "Graphics tablet/screen hybrid", "Gtablet", "Hybrid graphics tablet/screen", "Pad", "Pen tablet", "Tablet", "Tablet screen", "Tablet screen hybrid", "Tablet/screen hybrid" ; :definition "A graphics tablet (also known as a digitizer, drawing tablet, digital drawing tablet, pen tablet, or digital art board) is a computer input device that enables a user to hand-draw images, animations and graphics, with a special pen-like stylus, similar to the way a person draws images with a pencil and paper. These tablets may also be used to capture data or handwritten signatures. It can also be used to trace an image from a piece of paper which is taped or otherwise secured to the tablet surface. Capturing data in this way, by tracing or entering the corners of linear poly-lines or shapes, is called digitizing." ; :prefLabel "Graphics tablet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D imaging" ; :definition "In computer vision and computer graphics, 3D reconstruction is the process of capturing the shape and appearance of real objects.This process can be accomplished either by active or passive methods. If the model is allowed to change its shape in time, this is referred to as non-rigid or spatio-temporal reconstruction." ; :prefLabel "3D reconstruction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A.V. Software", "AV", "Anti virus", "Anti virus programs", "Anti virus-software", "Anti-Virus", "Anti-Virus software", "Anti-viral software", "Anti-virus product", "Anti-virus program", "Anti-virus programs", "Anti-virus signature update", "Anti-virus signature updates", "AntiMalware", "Antivirues", "Antivirus", "Antivirus program", "Antivirus programs", "Antivirus scanner", "Antivirüs", "Antyvirus", "Gateway antivirus", "Malware scanner", "Real time protection", "Real-time", "Real-time protection", "Real-time protection (antispyware)", "Realtime Protection", "Resident Shield", "Signature based detection", "Spy blocker", "Spyware blocker", "Virus checker", "Virus definition", "Virus definitions", "Virus killer", "Virus protection", "Virus removal tool", "Virus scan", "Virus scanner", "Virus scanners", "Virus-killer", "Viruskiller", "Virusscan" ; :definition "Antivirus or anti-virus software (often abbreviated as AV), sometimes known as anti-malware software, is computer software used to prevent, detect and remove malicious software. Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove computer viruses, hence the name. However, with the proliferation of other kinds of malware, antivirus software started to provide protection from other computer threats. In particular, modern antivirus software can protect from: malicious browser helper objects (BHOs), browser hijackers, ransomware, keyloggers, backdoors, rootkits, trojan horses, worms, malicious LSPs, dialers, fraudtools, adware and spyware. Some products also include protection from other computer threats, such as infected and malicious URLs, spam, scam and phishing attacks, online" ; :prefLabel "Antivirus software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Flask (programming)", "Flask (software)" ; :definition "Flask is a micro web framework written in Python and based on the Werkzeug toolkit and Jinja2 template engine. It is BSD licensed. The latest stable version of Flask is 0.11 as of June 2016. Applications that use the Flask framework include Pinterest, LinkedIn, and the community web page for Flask itself." ; :prefLabel "Flask" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Proportional sample", "Strata (statistics)", "Stratification (statistics)", "Stratified random sample", "Stratified random sampling", "Stratified sample", "StratifiedSampling", "Stratum (statistics)" ; :definition "In statistics, stratified sampling is a method of sampling from a population. In statistical surveys, when subpopulations within an overall population vary, it is advantageous to sample each subpopulation (stratum) independently. Stratification is the process of dividing members of the population into homogeneous subgroups before sampling. The strata should be mutually exclusive: every element in the population must be assigned to only one stratum. The strata should also be collectively exhaustive: no population element can be excluded. Then simple random sampling or systematic sampling is applied within each stratum. This often improves the representativeness of the sample by reducing sampling error. It can produce a weighted mean that has less variability than the arithmetic mean of a si" ; :prefLabel "Stratified sampling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Human-computer interaction/cognitive walkthrough", "Walkthrough" ; :definition "The cognitive walkthrough method is a usability inspection method used to identify usability issues in interactive systems, focusing on how easy it is for new users to accomplish tasks with the system. Cognitive walkthrough is task-specific, whereas heuristic evaluation takes a holistic view to catch problems not caught by this and other usability inspection methods.The method is rooted in the notion that users typically prefer to learn a system by using it to accomplish tasks, rather than, for example, studying a manual. The method is prized for its ability to generate results quickly with low cost, especially when compared to usability testing, as well as the ability to apply the method early in the design phases, before coding even begins." ; :prefLabel "Cognitive walkthrough" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abstract", "Abstracting", "Abstracts" ; :definition "Works consisting of lists of publications on a subject and that provide full annotated bibliographical information together with substantive summaries or condensations of the facts, ideas, or opinions presented in each publication listed. (From LC Subject Cataloging Manual)" ; :prefLabel "Abstract Summary" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-service" ; :definition "The concept of e-service (short for electronic service) represents one prominent application of utilizing the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in different areas. However, providing an exact definition of e-service is hard to come by as researchers have been using different definitions to describe e-service. Despite these different definitions, it can be argued that they all agree about the role of technology in facilitating the delivery of services which make them more of electronic services." ; :prefLabel "E-services" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dice (disambiguation)", "Dice coefficient", "Dice's coefficient", "Sorensen similarity index", "Sorensen-Dice coefficient", "Sorensen–Dice coefficient", "Sorenson index", "Sørensen similarity index", "Sørensen-Dice coefficent", "Sørensen-Dice coefficient", "Sørensen–Dice coefficent" ; :definition "The Sørensen–Dice index, also known by other names (see Names, below), is a statistic used for comparing the similarity of two samples. It was independently developed by the botanists Thorvald Sørensen and Lee Raymond Dice, who published in 1948 and 1945 respectively.The Sørensen–Dice is also known as F1 score or Dice similarity coefficient (DSC)." ; :prefLabel "Sørensen–Dice coefficient" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ontology based data integration" ; :definition "Ontology based Data Integration involves the use of ontology(s) to effectively combine data or information from multiple heterogeneous sources. It is one of the multiple data integration approaches and may be classified as Global-As-View (GAV). The effectiveness of ontology based data integration is closely tied to the consistency and expressivity of the ontology used in the integration process." ; :prefLabel "Ontology-based data integration" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Magic methods", "Meta-object", "Meta-object protocol", "Metaobject Protocol", "Tinyclos" ; :definition "In computer science, a metaobject is an object that manipulates, creates, describes, or implements objects (including itself). The object that the metaobject pertains to is called the base object. Some information that a metaobject might define includes the base object's type, interface, class, methods, attributes, parse tree, etc. Metaobjects are examples of the computer science concept of reflection, where a system has access (usually at run time) to its own internal structure. Reflection enables a system to essentially rewrite itself on the fly, to alter its own implementation as it executes." ; :prefLabel "Metaobject" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Human (disambiguation)", "Persona Synthetics" ; :definition "Humans (stylised as HUM∀NS) is a British-American science fiction television series that debuted on 14 June 2015 on Channel 4 and AMC. Written by the British team Sam Vincent and Jonathan Brackley, based on the award-winning Swedish science fiction drama Real Humans, the series explores the themes of artificial intelligence and robotics, focusing on the social, cultural, and psychological impact of the invention of anthropomorphic robots called "synths". The series is produced jointly by AMC, Channel 4 and Kudos. Eight episodes were produced for the first series, which concluded on 2 August 2015. The second eight-episode series is scheduled to premiere in the UK on 30 October 2016." ; :prefLabel "Humans" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A voice browser is a software application that presents an interactive voice user interface to the user in a manner analogous to the functioning of a web browser interpreting Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Dialog documents interpreted by voice browser are often encoded in standards-based markup languages, such as Voice Dialog Extensible Markup Language (VoiceXML), a standard by the World Wide Web Consortium. Systems that present a voice browser to a user, typically provide interfaces to the public switched telephone network or to a private branch exchange." ; :prefLabel "Voice browser" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application Development Framework", "Framework" ; :definition "In computer programming, an application framework consists of a software framework used by software developers to implement the standard structure of an application. Application frameworks became popular with the rise of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), since these tended to promote a standard structure for applications. Programmers find it much simpler to create automatic GUI creation tools when using a standard framework, since this defines the underlying code structure of the application in advance. Developers usually use object-oriented programming techniques to implement frameworks such that the unique parts of an application can simply inherit from pre-existing classes in the framework." ; :prefLabel "Application framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Foundation", "foundation [organization]" ; :definition "Organizations established by endowments with provision for future maintenance." ; :prefLabel "Foundations" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Level of representation", "Representation", "Representation (psychology)", "Representation level", "Representational theory of mind" ; :definition "A mental representation (or cognitive representation), in philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality, or else a mental process that makes use of such a symbol: "a formal system for making explicit certain entities or types of information, together with a specification of how the system does this." Mental representations also allow you to experience things right in front of you—though the process of how the brain interprets the representational content is debated." ; :prefLabel "Mental representation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Structured content is information or content that is organized in a predictable way and is usually classified with metadata. XML is a common storage format, but structured content can also be stored in other standard or proprietary formats." ; :prefLabel "Structured content" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KI" ; :definition "Knowledge integration is the process of synthesizing multiple knowledge models (or representations) into a common model (representation). Compared to information integration, which involves merging information having different schemas and representation models, knowledge integration focuses more on synthesizing the understanding of a given subject from different perspectives. The Web-based Inquiry Science Environment (WISE), from the University of California at Berkeley has been developed along the lines of knowledge integration theory." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge integration" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RANSAC" ; :definition "Random sample consensus (RANSAC) is an iterative method to estimate parameters of a mathematical model from a set of observed data that contains outliers, when outliers are to be accorded no influence on the values of the estimates. Therefore, it also can be interpreted as an outlier detection method. It is a non-deterministic algorithm in the sense that it produces a reasonable result only with a certain probability, with this probability increasing as more iterations are allowed. The algorithm was first published by Fischler and Bolles at SRI International in 1981.They used RANSAC to solve the Location Determination Problem (LDP), where the goal is to determine the points in the space that project onto an image into a set of landmarks with known locations." ; :prefLabel "Random sample consensus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Editor (disambiguation)", "HTML editors", "HTML-Editor", "Html edit", "Web authoring software", "Web editor", "Web page editor" ; :definition "An HTML editor is a computer program for editing HTML, the markup of a webpage. Although the HTML markup of a web page can be written with any text editor, specialized HTML editors can offer convenience and added functionality. For example, many HTML editors work not only with HTML, but also with related technologies such as CSS, XML and JavaScript or ECMAScript. In some cases they also manage communication with remote web servers via FTP and WebDAV, and version control systems such as Subversion or Git." ; :prefLabel "HTML editor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computational networks, the activation function of a node defines the output of that node given an input or set of inputs. A standard computer chip circuit can be seen as a digital network of activation functions that can be "ON" (1) or "OFF" (0), depending on input. This is similar to the behavior of the linear perceptron in neural networks. However, it is the nonlinear activation function that allows such networks to compute nontrivial problems using only a small number of nodes. In artificial neural networks this function is also called transfer function (not to be confused with a linear system’s transfer function)." ; :prefLabel "Activation function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "UBY is a large-scale lexical-semantic resource for natural language processing (NLP) developed at the Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab (UKP) in the department of Computer Science of the Technische Universität Darmstadt .UBY is based on the ISO standard Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) and combines information from several expert-constructed and collaboratively constructed resources for English and German." ; :prefLabel "UBY" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "App Engine", "Appengine", "Appspot", "Appspot.com", "GAE", "GAE/J", "Google AppEngine", "Google Application Engine", "Gql" ; :definition "Google App Engine (often referred to as GAE or simply App Engine) is a platform as a service (PaaS) cloud computing platform for developing and hosting web applications in Google-managed data centers. Applications are sandboxed and run across multiple servers. App Engine offers automatic scaling for web applications—as the number of requests increases for an application, App Engine automatically allocates more resources for the web application to handle the additional demand." ; :prefLabel "Google App Engine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DEBILITY", "Debility", "GENERALIZED", "Generalized weakness", "STRENGTH LOSS OF", "WEAKNESS", "WEAKNESS GENERALIZED", "asthenic", "feel weak", "feeling weak", "feeling weakness", "feels weak", "general weakness", "lassitude", "loss of strength", "loss strength", "of strength loss", "strength loss", "unspecified", "weak", "weak feeling", "weaknesses" ; :definition "The property of lacking physical strength." ; :prefLabel "Weakness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "%25 error", "Absolute Uncertainty", "Absolute error", "Error (disambiguation)", "Limiting error", "Percent Error", "Percent deviation", "Percentage error", "Relative error", "Relative uncertainty" ; :definition "The approximation error in some data is the discrepancy between an exact value and some approximation to it. An approximation error can occur because 1. * the measurement of the data is not precise due to the instruments. (e.g., the accurate reading of a piece of paper is 4.5 cm but since the ruler does not use decimals, you round it to 5 cm.) or 2. * approximations are used instead of the real data (e.g., 3.14 instead of π). In the mathematical field of numerical analysis, the numerical stability of an algorithm in numerical analysis indicates how the error is propagated by the algorithm." ; :prefLabel "Approximation error" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chronic Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder", "Combined", "Combined Multiple Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder", "Combined Vocal and Multiple Motor", "Combined Vocal and Multiple Motor Tic Disorder", "GILLES DE LA TOURETTE", "GTS", "Gilles de la Tourette's Disease", "Gilles de la Tourette's disorder", "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome", "Guinon's disease", "Motor-verbal tic disorder", "Multiple Motor and Vocal Tic Disorder", "SYNDROME GILLES DE LA TOURETTE", "SYNDROME TOURETTE", "Syndrome", "TOURETTE SYNDROME", "TS", "Tic Disorder", "Tourette", "Tourette Disease", "Tourette Disorder", "Tourette Syndrome [Disease/Finding]", "Tourette's Disease", "Tourette's Syndrome", "Tourette's disorder", "Tourettes Disease", "Tourettes Disorder", "Tourettes Syndrome", "de gilles la tourette", "de gilles la tourettes", "disorder tourette", "gilles de la tourette disorder", "maladie des tics", "motor-verbal tic disorders", "syndrome tourette's", "syndrome tourettes", "syndrome tourettes's", "syndromes tourette", "syndromes tourettes", "tic de Guinon", "tourette's syndrome gilles de la" ; :definition "A neuropsychological disorder related to alterations in DOPAMINE metabolism and neurotransmission involving frontal-subcortical neuronal circuits. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics need to be present with TICS occurring many times a day, nearly daily, over a period of more than one year. The onset is before age 18 and the disturbance is not due to direct physiological effects of a substance or a another medical condition. The disturbance causes marked distress or significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. (From DSM-IV, 1994; Neurol Clin 1997 May;15(2):357-79)" ; :prefLabel "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Levehstein distance", "Levenshtein algorithm", "Levenshtein string distance", "Optimal string alignment", "String edit distance" ; :definition "In computer science, edit distance is a way of quantifying how dissimilar two strings (e.g., words) are to one another by counting the minimum number of operations required to transform one string into the other. Edit distances find applications in natural language processing, where automatic spelling correction can determine candidate corrections for a misspelled word by selecting words from a dictionary that have a low distance to the word in question. In bioinformatics, it can be used to quantify the similarity of DNA sequences, which can be viewed as strings of the letters A, C, G and T." ; :prefLabel "Edit distance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Unicast routing protocol", "Unicasting" ; :definition "In computer networking, unicast transmission is the sending of messages to a single network destination identified by a unique address." ; :prefLabel "Unicast" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computation problem", "Computational problems", "Problem (disambiguation)" ; :definition "In theoretical computer science, a computational problem is a mathematical object representing a collection of questions that computers might be able to solve. For example, the problem of factoring "Given a positive integer n, find a nontrivial prime factor of n." A computational problem can be viewed as an infinite collection of instances together with a solution for every instance. For example, in the factoring problem, the instances are the integers n, and solutions are prime numbers p that describe nontrivial prime factors of n." ; :prefLabel "Computational problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automatic login", "L-O-G-I-N", "Log in", "Log off", "Log on", "Log out", "Log-in", "Log-out", "Logged in", "Logged-in", "Logging (computer security)", "Logging in", "Logging out", "Login (disambiguation)", "Login (magazine)", "Login box", "Login prompt", "Login screen", "Login system", "Logoff", "Logon banner", "Logon screen", "Logout", "Sign in", "Signing in", "User Login" ; :definition "In computer security, logging in, (or logging on or signing in or signing on), is the process by which an individual gains access to a computer system by identifying and authenticating themselves. The user credentials are typically some form of "username" and a matching "password", and these credentials themselves are sometimes referred to as a login, (or a logon or a sign in or a sign on). In practice, modern secure systems also often require a second factor for extra security. When access is no longer needed, the user can log out (log off, sign out or sign off)." ; :prefLabel "Login" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SQL query", "SQL window function", "Select", "Select sql", "Sql select", "Window function (SQL)" ; :definition "The SQL SELECT statement returns a result set of records from one or more tables. A SELECT statement retrieves zero or more rows from one or more database tables or database views. In most applications, SELECT is the most commonly used data manipulation language (DML) command. As SQL is a declarative programming language, SELECT queries specify a result set, but do not specify how to calculate it. The database translates the query into a "query plan" which may vary between executions, database versions and database software. This functionality is called the "query optimizer" as it is responsible for finding the best possible execution plan for the query, within applicable constraints." ; :prefLabel "Select (SQL)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Category goodness" ; :definition "Category utility is a measure of "category goodness" defined in and . It attempts to maximize both the probability that two objects in the same category have attribute values in common, and the probability that objects from different categories have different attribute values. It was intended to supersede more limited measures of category goodness such as "cue validity" (; ) and "collocation index" (). It provides a normative information-theoretic measure of the predictive advantage gained by the observer who possesses knowledge of the given category structure (i.e., the class labels of instances) over the observer who does not possess knowledge of the category structure. In this sense the motivation for the category utility measure is similar to the information gain metric used in decisi" ; :prefLabel "Category utility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "An Introduction to J2ME", "Foundation Profile", "J2ME", "JME", "JSME", "JSR 68", "Java 2 Platform", "Java Micro Edition", "Java me", "JavaME", "Kjava", "Micro Edition", "Mobile Java", "Personal Basis Profile" ; :definition "Java Platform, Micro Edition, or Java ME, is a Java platform designed for embedded systems (such as mobile devices, for example). Target devices range from industrial controls to mobile phones (especially feature phones) and set-top boxes. Java ME was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition (J2ME). As of 22 December 2006, the Java ME source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License, and is released under the project name phoneME." ; :prefLabel "Java Platform, Micro Edition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Inferred typing", "Typability", "Typability problem", "Type reconstruction", "Type recontruction" ; :definition "Type inference refers to the automatic deduction of the data type of an expression in a programming language. If some, but not all, type annotations are already present, it is termed type reconstruction. The reverse operation of type inference is called type erasure." ; :prefLabel "Type inference" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "T Finin", "T. Finin", "Tim Finin", "Tim Finin Finin", "Timothy Finin", "Timothy W Finin", "Timothy Wilking Finin" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1794 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Timothy W. Finin" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "J. Mahmud", "Jalal Mahmud", "Jalal U. Mahmud" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 93 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Jalal Mahmud" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M Guo", "M. Guo", "Minyi Guo" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 407 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Minyi Guo" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 6 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Stein L. Tomassen" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "O Et-zioni", "Oren Etzioni" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2427 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Oren Etzioni" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S Handschuh", "S. Handschuh" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 321 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Siegfried Handschuh" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "N. Fernández García" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 27 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Norberto Fernández García" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "A. Palmero Aprosio" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 35 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Alessio Palmero Aprosio" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 94 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Ricardo Usbeck" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "D. L. Van Deursen", "D. Van Deursen" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 55 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Davy Van Deursen" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "A. E. Kiryakov", "A. Kiryakov" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 229 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Atanas Kiryakov" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Vuong M. Ngo" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "I. Ling Hsu", "Iching Hsu" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 12 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "I-Ching Hsu" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "T M Mitchell", "T. M. Mitchell", "T. Mitchell", "Tom M Mitchell", "Tom M. Mitchell", "Tom Mitchell" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2009 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Tom Michael Mitchell" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. M. Zhao", "Miao Miao Zhao" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 126 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Miao Zhao" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Customers' Afternoon Letter", "Joseph B. White", "Opinion Journal", "The Asia Wall Street Journal", "The Wall St. Journal", "The Wall Street Journal.", "The Wall Street Journals", "The Wallstreet Journal.", "The fox Street Journal", "WSJ (disambiguation)", "WSJ.com", "Wall St Journal", "Wall St. Journal", "Wall Str. J.", "Wall Street (disambiguation)", "Wall Street Journal", "Wall Street Journal News", "Wallstreet journal", "Wsj" ; :definition "The Wall Street Journal is a business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company, a division of News Corp, along with its Asian and European editions. The newspaper is published in the broadsheet format. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation. According to the Alliance for Audited Media, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.4 million copies (including nearly 900,000 digital subscriptions) as of March 2013, compared with USA Today's 1.7 million." ; :prefLabel "The Wall Street Journal" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computer science, a deterministic algorithm is an algorithm which, given a particular input, will always produce the same output, with the underlying machine always passing through the same sequence of states. Deterministic algorithms are by far the most studied and familiar kind of algorithm, as well as one of the most practical, since they can be run on real machines efficiently. Formally, a deterministic algorithm computes a mathematical function; a function has a unique value for any input in its domain, and the algorithm is a process that produces this particular value as output." ; :prefLabel "Deterministic algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3-DES", "3DES-EDE", "3des", "DES-EDE", "DESede", "Des3", "Double DES", "TDEA", "TDES", "Triple DEA", "Triple Data Encryption Algorithm", "Triple Data Encryption Standard", "Triple-DES", "TripleDES" ; :definition "In cryptography, Triple DES (3DES), officially the Triple Data Encryption Algorithm (TDEA or Triple DEA), is a symmetric-key block cipher, which applies the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher algorithm three times to each data block." ; :prefLabel "Triple DES" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(1R,2R,4S)-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-2,5,7-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-4-[[2,3,6-trideoxy-4-O-[2,6-dideoxy-4-O-[(2R,trans)-tetrahydro-6-methyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl]-3-(dimethylamino)-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl]oxy]-1-naphthacenecarboxylic acid methyl ester", "(1R-(1alpha,2beta,4beta))-", "1-Naphthacenecarboxylic acid,(2-ethyl-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-2,5,7-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-4-((2,3,6-trideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-4-O-((2R-trans)-tetrahydro-6-methyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)", "1-Naphthacenecarboxylic acid,(2-ethyl-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-2,5,7-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-4-((2,3,6-trideoxy-4-O-(2,6-dideoxy-4-O-((2R-trans)-tetrahydro-6-methyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl)-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)-3-(dimethylamino)-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-", "1-naphthacenecarboxylic acid", "2-ethyl-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-2,5", "7-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-4-[[2,3,6-trideoxy-4-O-[2,6-dideoxy-4-O-((2R-trans)-tetrahydro-6-methyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl) -.alpha.-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl]-3-(dimethylamino)-.alpha.-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl]oxy]-", "7-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-4-[[2,3,6-trideoxy-4-O-[2,6-dideoxy-4-O-((2R-trans)-tetrahydro-6-methyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl) -alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl]-3-(dimethylamino)-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl]oxy]-", "ACM", "ACM-A", "Aclacinomycin A", "Aclacinomycin-A", "Aclarubicin [Chemical/Ingredient]", "[1R-(1alpha,2beta,4beta)]-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-2,5,7-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-4-[[2,3,6-trideoxy-4-O-[2,6-dideoxy-4-O-[(2R-trans)-tetrahydeo-6-methyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl]-3-(dimethylamino-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-", "[1R-(1alpha,2beta,4beta)]-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4,6,11-hexahydro-2,5,7-trihydroxy-6,11-dioxo-4-[[2,3,6-trideoxy-4-O-[2,6-dideoxy-4-O-[(2R-trans)-tetrahydro-6-methyl-5-oxo-2H-pyran-2-yl]-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl]-3-(dimethylamino-alpha-L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-1-naphthacenecarboxylic acid methyl ester", "methyl ester", "methyl ester,(1R-(1.alpha.,2.beta.,4.beta.))-(9CI)", "methyl ester,(1R-(1alpha,2beta,4beta))-(9CI)" ; :definition "An oligosaccharide anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces galilaeus. Aclarubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerases I and II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. Aclarubicin is antagonistic to other agents that inhibit topoisomerase II, such as etoposide, teniposide and amsacrine. This agent is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin and daunorubicin." ; :prefLabel "Aclarubicin" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Frequency moment", "Streaming algorithms", "Streamlizing algorithms" ; :definition "In computer science, streaming algorithms are algorithms forprocessing data streams in which the input is presented as a sequence ofitems and can be examined in only a few passes (typically just one). Thesealgorithms have limited memory available to them (much less than the inputsize) and also limited processing time per item. These constraints may mean that an algorithm produces an approximate answer based on a summary or "sketch" of the data stream in memory." ; :prefLabel "Streaming algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Astrophotography image registration", "Coregistration", "Image matching", "Registration (computer vision)" ; :definition "Image registration is the process of transforming different sets of data into one coordinate system. Data may be multiple photographs, data from different sensors, times, depths, or viewpoints. It is used in computer vision, medical imaging, military automatic target recognition, and compiling and analyzing images and data from satellites. Registration is necessary in order to be able to compare or integrate the data obtained from these different measurements." ; :prefLabel "Image registration" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cloud Security" ; :definition "Cloud computing security or, more simply, cloud security is an evolving sub-domain of computer security, network security, and, more broadly, information security. It refers to a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls deployed to protect data, applications, and the associated infrastructure of cloud computing." ; :prefLabel "Cloud computing security" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computational complexity theory and computability theory, a search problem is a type of computational problem represented by a binary relation. If R is a binary relation such that field(R) ⊆ Γ+ and T is a Turing machine, then T calculates R if: * If x is such that there is some y such that R(x, y) then T accepts x with output z such that R(x, z) (there may be multiple y, and T need only find one of them) * If x is such that there is no y such that R(x, y) then T rejects x" ; :prefLabel "Search problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Knowledge processor" ; :definition "Knowledge modeling is a process of creating a computer interpretable model of knowledge or standard specifications about a kind of process and/or about a kind of facility or product. The resulting knowledge model can only be computer interpretable when it is expressed in some knowledge representation language or data structure that enables the knowledge to be interpreted by software and to be stored in a database or data exchange file.Knowledge-based engineering or knowledge-aided design is a process of computer-aided usage of such knowledge models for the design of products, facilities or processes. The design of products or facilities then uses the knowledge model to guide the creation of the facility or product that need to be designed. In other words, it used knowledge about a kind of" ; :prefLabel "Knowledge modeling" ; :related , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Entropic uncertainty principle", "Gabor limit", "HUP", "HUP (physics)", "Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle", "Heisenberg indeterminacy principle", "Heisenberg inequalities", "Heisenberg inequality", "Heisenberg principle", "Heisenberg uncertainly relation", "Heisenberg uncertainty", "Heisenberg uncertainty principal", "Heisenberg uncertainty relation", "Heisenberg uncertainty relations", "Heisenberg's Indeterminacy Principle", "Heisenberg's Principle of Uncertainty", "Heisenberg's inequality", "Heisenberg's principle", "Heisenberg's uncertainty principle", "Heisenberg-Gabor limit", "Heisenberg–Gabor limit", "Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle", "Heisenburg Uncertainty Principle", "Heisenburg principle", "Hiesenberg principle", "Hiesenburg principle", "Hizenburg principle", "Indeterminacy principle", "Principle of Tolerance", "Principle of Uncertainty", "Principle of indeterminacy", "Quantum theory of measurement", "Quantum uncertainty", "Robertson-Schrodinger relation", "Robertson-Schroedinger relation", "Robertson-Schrödinger relation", "Robertson–Schrödinger relation", "The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle", "The Uncertainty Principle", "TheUncertaintyPrinciple", "Uncertaincy principle", "Uncertainity principle", "Uncertainly principle", "Uncertainty principal", "Uncertainty principle (disambiguation)", "Uncertainty principle derivations", "Uncertainty principle in harmonic analysis", "Uncertainty relation", "Uncertainty theorems in harmonic analysis" ; :definition "In quantum mechanics, the uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, is any of a variety of mathematical inequalities asserting a fundamental limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle, known as complementary variables, such as position x and momentum p, can be known. (ħ is the reduced Planck constant, h / 2π). , their standard deviations in an ensemble of individual measurements on similarly prepared systems, then "There are, in principle, no restrictions on the precisions of individual measurements and ".)" ; :prefLabel "Uncertainty principle" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anti spam", "Anti-spam", "Anti-spam techniques (e-mail)", "Anti-spam techniques (email)", "Antispam", "Defense against spamming", "Gateway antispam", "Port 25 blocking", "Spam Solutions", "Spam blacklist", "Spam control", "Spam detection", "Spam filtering", "Stopping Spam", "Stopping e-mail abuse" ; :definition "Various anti-spam techniques are used to prevent email spam (unsolicited bulk email). No technique is a complete solution to the spam problem, and each has trade-offs between incorrectly rejecting legitimate email (false positives) vs. not rejecting all spam (false negatives) – and the associated costs in time and effort. Anti-spam techniques can be broken into four broad categories: those that require actions by individuals, those that can be automated by email administrators, those that can be automated by email senders and those employed by researchers and law enforcement officials." ; :prefLabel "Anti-spam techniques" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In Computer Science, an ABox is an "assertion component"—a fact associated with a terminological vocabulary within a knowledge base. The terms ABox and TBox are used to describe two different types of statements in ontologies. TBox statements describe a system in terms of controlled vocabularies, for example, a set of classes and properties. ABox are TBox-compliant statements about that vocabulary. TBox statements are sometimes associated with object-oriented classes and ABox statements associated with instances of those classes. Together ABox and TBox statements make up a knowledge base." ; :prefLabel "Abox" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BTS", "Bug Tracker", "Bug database", "Bug report", "Bug tracking", "Bug-tracking system", "Bugtracker", "Defect tracking system" ; :definition "A bug tracking system or defect tracking system is a software application that keeps track of reported software bugs in software development projects. It may be regarded as a type of issue tracking system. Many bug tracking systems, such as those used by most open source software projects, allow end-users to enter bug reports directly. Other systems are used only internally in a company or organization doing software development. Typically bug tracking systems are integrated with other software project management applications." ; :prefLabel "Bug tracking system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ILP" ; :definition "Inductive logic programming (ILP) is a subfield of machine learning which uses logic programming as a uniform representation for examples, background knowledge and hypotheses. Given an encoding of the known background knowledge and a set of examples represented as a logical database of facts, an ILP system will derive a hypothesised logic program which entails all the positive and none of the negative examples. * Schema: positive examples + negative examples + background knowledge ⇒ hypothesis." ; :prefLabel "Inductive logic programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Archives" ; :prefLabel "archive" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Content delivery", "Content distribution", "Digital delivery", "Digital distribution platform", "Digital software distribution", "Distribution", "ESD", "Electronic Software Delivery", "Electronic Software Distribution", "Online distribution", "Online distribution software" ; :definition "Digital distribution (also called content delivery, online distribution, or electronic software distribution (ESD), among others) is the delivery or distribution of media content such as audio, video, software and video games. The term is generally used to describe distribution over an online delivery medium, such as the Internet, thus bypassing physical distribution methods, such as paper, compact discs, and VHS videocassettes. The term online distribution is typically applied to freestanding products; downloadable add-ons for other products are more commonly known as downloadable content. With the advancement of network bandwidth capabilities, online distribution became prominent in the 21st century." ; :prefLabel "Digital distribution" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Industrial applications of microwave", "MW", "Micro-wave", "Microwave Applications", "Microwave Radiation", "Microwave energy", "Microwave system", "Microwave tube", "Microwave window", "Microwaves", "Microwaves (disambiguation)", "Mircowave", "P band", "Wave (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from one meter to one millimeter; with frequencies between 300 MHz (100 cm) and 300 GHz (0.1 cm). This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF (millimeter waves), and various sources use different boundaries. In all cases, microwave includes the entire SHF band (3 to 30 GHz, or 10 to 1 cm) at minimum, with RF engineering often restricting the range between 1 and 100 GHz (300 and 3 mm)." ; :prefLabel "Microwave" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Google Spaces" ; :definition "Spaces is a proprietary cross-platform application for group discussions and messaging developed by Google. The app is intended as a content sharing platform where users can create a "space", invite their friends for discussion, and share videos, images, text, and other media. Google services such as the web browser Chrome, search engine Google Search, and video sharing platform YouTube are built into the app to allow users to source content from them. Launched on May 16, 2016, it is available to download on Windows, Mac, Android, and iOS operating systems." ; :prefLabel "Spaces" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Human self reflection", "Introspect", "Introspection (disambiguation)", "Introspectionism", "Philosophical introspection", "Reflective process", "Reflexive thinking", "Reflexive thought" ; :definition "Introspection is the examination of one's own conscious thoughts and feelings. In psychology the process of introspection relies exclusively on observation of one's mental state, while in a spiritual context it may refer to the examination of one's soul. Introspection is closely related to human self-reflection and is contrasted with external observation." ; :prefLabel "Introspection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Healthcare Documentation (Medical Transcription)", "MT", "Medical transcriptionist", "Transcript (medical)", "Transcription" ; :definition "Medical transcription, also known as MT, is an allied health profession, which deals in the process of transcription, or converting voice-recorded reports as dictated by physicians or other healthcare professionals, into text format." ; :prefLabel "Medical transcription" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Handheld operating system", "Mobile OS", "Mobile Platform", "Mobile hOS", "Mobile operating system tablet computers", "Mobile operating systems", "Mobile platforms", "Mobile so", "Smartphone Operating Systems", "Smartphone operating system", "Various mobile operating systems" ; :definition "A mobile operating system (or mobile OS) is an operating system for smartphones, tablets, PDAs, or other mobile devices. While computers such as typical laptops are mobile, the operating systems usually used on them are not considered mobile ones, as they were originally designed for desktop computers that historically did not have or need specific "mobile" features. This distinction is becoming blurred in some newer operating systems that are hybrids made for both uses." ; :prefLabel "Mobile operating system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nasal demon", "Nasal demons", "UB", "Undefined", "Undefined behaviour" ; :definition "In computer programming, undefined behavior (UB) is the result of executing computer code that does not have a prescribed behavior by the language specification the code adheres to, for the current state of the program (e.g. memory). This happens when the translator of the source code makes certain assumptions, but these assumptions are not satisfied during execution." ; :prefLabel "Undefined behavior" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apple-control-reset", "Autobooting", "Boot (computing)", "Boot (disambiguation)", "Boot ROM", "Boot device", "Boot drive", "Boot loader", "Boot loaders", "Boot menu", "Boot monitor", "Boot process", "Boot program", "Boot sequence", "Boot software", "Boot time", "Boot up", "Boot-up", "Boot-up period", "Bootable", "Booting device", "Booting up", "Bootloader", "Bootloaders", "Bootstrap loader", "Bootstrap program", "Bootstrap routine", "Bootup", "Cold Boot", "Cold reset", "Computer reboot", "Copy-initialization", "Direct-initialization", "Hard boot", "Hard-Reset", "IPL", "Initial Program Loader", "Initial program load", "List of Acquisitions by Hard-Reset", "Loader", "Monitor", "Open apple-control-reset", "Openapple-control-reset", "PC Boot Process", "Quick boot", "Random reboot", "Rebooting (computer)", "SPL", "Second-stage boot loader", "Secondary boot loader", "Secondary program loader", "Soft boot", "Soft-reset", "System boot", "System reboot", "System startup", "Warm start", "X-loader" ; :definition "In computing, booting (or booting up) is the initialization of a computerized system. The system can be a computer or a computer appliance. The booting process can be "hard", after electrical power to the CPU is switched from off to on (in order to diagnose particular hardware errors), or "soft", when those power-on self-tests (POST) can be avoided. Soft booting can be initiated by hardware such as a button press, or by software command. Booting is complete when the normal, operative, runtime environment is attained." ; :prefLabel "Booting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Objectivity" ; :definition "Objectivity/DB is a commercial object database produced by Objectivity, Inc. It allows applications to make standard C++, C#, Java, or Python objects persistent without having to convert the data objects into the rows and columns used by a relational database management system (RDBMS). Objectivity/DB supports the most popular object oriented languages plus SQL/ODBC and XML. It runs on Linux, Macintosh, UNIX and Windows platforms. All of the languages and platforms interoperate, with the Objectivity/DB kernel taking care of compiler and hardware platform differences." ; :prefLabel "Objectivity/DB" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptive level-of-detail", "Clod", "Continuous level of detail", "Detail", "Distance-indexed detail scaling", "Level of detail (programming)", "Level-of-detail", "Lod (disambiguation)", "Lots of ducks" ; :definition "In Delgado , accounting for Level of detail involves decreasing the complexity of a 3D model representation as it moves away from the viewer or according to other metrics such as object importance, viewpoint-relative speed or position.Level of detail techniques increase the efficiency of rendering by decreasing the workload on graphics pipeline stages, usually vertex transformations.The reduced visual quality of the model is often unnoticed because of the small effect on object appearance when distant or moving fast." ; :prefLabel "Level of detail" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binary sequence", "Bit stream", "Bit-stream", "Bitstream (disambiguation)", "Byte stream", "Byte-stream", "Bytestream", "Octet stream", "Octet-stream" ; :definition "A bitstream (or bit stream), also known as binary sequence, is a sequence of bits. A bytestream is a sequence of bytes. Typically, each byte is from a range of 256 distinct values (octets), and so the term octet stream is sometimes used to refer to the same thing. An octet may be encoded as a sequence of 8 bits in multiple different ways (see endianness) so there is no unique and direct translation between bytestreams and bitstreams." ; :prefLabel "Bitstream" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Academic OSINT", "Business OSINT", "Civil OSINT", "Government OSINT", "Government OSINT Tribe", "Law Enforcement OSINT", "Media OSINT", "Military OSINT", "Military OSINT Tribe", "Non-Government Organization OSINT", "Non-Governmental Organization OSINT", "OSINT", "Open Source Intelligence", "Open source (disambiguation)", "Open source information", "Open source intelligence services", "Open source spying", "Overt intelligence" ; :definition "Open-source intelligence (OSINT) is intelligence collected from publicly available sources. In the intelligence community (IC), the term "open" refers to overt, publicly available sources (as opposed to covert or clandestine sources); it is not related to open-source software or public intelligence." ; :prefLabel "Open-source intelligence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blue Gene L", "Blue Gene/L", "Blue Gene/P", "Blue Gene/Q", "BlueGene L", "BlueGene/C", "BlueGene/L", "BlueGene/P", "BlueGeneL", "Bluegene", "IBM Blue Gene", "IBM Blue Gene/L", "IBM Blue Gene/L prototype", "IBM Blue Gene/Q", "IBM Gene Blue" ; :definition "Blue Gene is an IBM project aimed at designing supercomputers that can reach operating speeds in the PFLOPS (petaFLOPS) range, with low power consumption. The project created three generations of supercomputers, Blue Gene/L, Blue Gene/P, and Blue Gene/Q. Blue Gene systems have often led the TOP500 and Green500 rankings of the most powerful and most power efficient supercomputers, respectively. Blue Gene systems have also consistently scored top positions in the Graph500 list. The project was awarded the 2009 National Medal of Technology and Innovation." ; :prefLabel "Blue Gene" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interactive visualisation", "Visualization" ; :definition "Interactive visualization or interactive visualisation is a branch of graphic visualization in computer science that involves studying how humans interact with computers to create graphic illustrations of information and how this process can be made more efficient. For a visualization to be considered interactive it must satisfy two criteria:" ; :prefLabel "Interactive visualization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Advertised promise", "Post-condition", "Postconditions" ; :definition "In computer programming, a postcondition is a condition or predicate that must always be true just after the execution of some section of code or after an operation in a formal specification. Postconditions are sometimes tested using assertions within the code itself. Often, postconditions are simply included in the documentation of the affected section of code." ; :prefLabel "Postcondition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code reflection", "Compile time reflection", "Compile-time reflection", "Computational reflection", "Inspection (computer programming)", "Reflection", "Reflection (computation)", "Reflection (computer science)", "Reflection (computing)", "Reflection (programming)", "Reflection API", "Reflection oriented programming", "Reflection-oriented programming", "Reflective programming", "Reflexive Programming" ; :definition "In computer science, reflection is the ability of a computer program to examine, introspect, and modify its own structure and behavior at runtime." ; :prefLabel "Reflection (computer programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data Intensive Computing", "Data intensive", "Data intensive apps", "Data intensive science", "Data intensive task", "Data intensive tasks", "Data-intensive", "Data-intensive application", "Data-intensive applications", "Data-intensive mathematical computations", "Data-intensive research", "Data-intensive science", "Data-intensive task", "Data-intensive tasks" ; :definition "Data-intensive computing is a class of parallel computing applications which use a data parallel approach to processing large volumes of data typically terabytes or petabytes in size and typically referred to as big data. Computing applications which devote most of their execution time to computational requirements are deemed compute-intensive, whereas computing applications which require large volumes of data and devote most of their processing time to I/O and manipulation of data are deemed data-intensive." ; :prefLabel "Data-intensive computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GBP (disambiguation)", "Generalised belief propagation", "Generalised belief propogation", "Generalized belief propagation", "Generalized belief propogation", "LBP", "Loopy belief propagation", "Max-sum algorithm", "Sum product algorithm", "Sum product rule", "Sum-product algorithm" ; :definition "Belief propagation, also known as sum-product message passing, is a message passing algorithm for performing inference on graphical models, such as Bayesian networks and Markov random fields. It calculates the marginal distribution for each unobserved node, conditional on any observed nodes. Belief propagation is commonly used in artificial intelligence and information theory and has demonstrated empirical success in numerous applications including low-density parity-check codes, turbo codes, free energy approximation, and satisfiability." ; :prefLabel "Belief propagation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "REL (disambiguation)", "Rel" ; :definition "A Rights Expression Language or REL is a machine-processable language used to express copyright or similar status of data (metadata usable for search, compatibility tracking or DRM). Most REL are expressible in XML, but this is not a requirement and any format could be used. Some use RDF and RDF Schema. Although RELs may be processed directly, they will most commonly be encountered when embedded as metadata within other documents, such as eBooks, image, audio or video files." ; :prefLabel "Rights Expression Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Function signature", "Method signature", "Signature (computer science)", "Signature (disambiguation)", "Signature (programming)", "Type annotation" ; :definition "In computer science, a type signature or type annotation defines the inputs and outputs for a function, subroutine or method. A type signature includes the number of arguments, the types of arguments and the order of the arguments contained by a function. A type signature is typically used during overload resolution for choosing the correct definition of a function to be called among many overloaded forms." ; :prefLabel "Type signature" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ceil", "Ceil (math)", "Ceil (programming)", "Ceil function", "Ceiling (disambiguation)", "Ceiling function", "Entier", "Entier function", "Floor & ceiling functions", "Floor (disambiguation)", "Floor (mathematics)", "Floor (programming)", "Floor and ceiling", "Floor ceiling", "Floor function", "Floor()", "Fractional part function", "Fractional part of a number", "Fractional parts", "Greatest integer", "Greatest integer function", "Greatest-integer function", "Integer part", "Integral part", "Integral value", "Roof function", "⌈", "⌈x⌉", "⌉", "⌊", "⌊x⌋", "⌋" ; :definition "In mathematics and computer science, the floor and ceiling functions map a real number to the largest previous or the smallest following integer, respectively. More precisely, floor(x) = is the largest integer less than or equal to x and ceiling(x) = is the smallest integer greater than or equal to x." ; :prefLabel "Floor and ceiling functions" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Modular serializability", "Multidatabase serializability" ; :definition "In concurrency control of databases, transaction processing (transaction management), and other transactional distributed applications, Global serializability (or Modular serializability) is a property of a global schedule of transactions. A global schedule is the unified schedule of all the individual database (and other transactional object) schedules in a multidatabase environment (e.g., federated database). Complying with global serializability means that the global schedule is serializable, has the serializability property, while each component database (module) has a serializable schedule as well. In other words, a collection of serializable components provides overall system serializability, which is usually incorrect. A need in correctness across databases in multidatabase systems" ; :prefLabel "Global serializability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Production", "Production (formal languages)", "Production rule (formal languages)", "Productions (computer science)" ; :definition "A production or production rule in computer science is a rewrite rule specifying a symbol substitution that can be recursively performed to generate new symbol sequences. A finite set of productions is the main component in the specification of a formal grammar (specifically a generative grammar). The other components are a finite set of nonterminal symbols, a finite set (known as an alphabet) of terminal symbols that is disjoint from and a distinguished symbol that is the start symbol. In an unrestricted grammar, a production is of the form where and may not be the empty string. If , or where" ; :prefLabel "Production (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "David Y. Hudson", "Libsdl", "SDL", "SDL Collide", "SDL image", "SDL net", "SDL.NET", "Simple Direct Media Layer", "Simple DirectMedia Library" ; :definition "Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) is a cross-platform software development library designed to provide a hardware abstraction layer to computer multimedia hardware components. Software developers can use it to write high-performance computer games and other multimedia applications that can run on many operating systems such as Android, iOS, Linux, Mac OS X, Windows and other platforms. SDL manages video, audio, input devices, CD-ROM, threads, shared object loading, networking and timers. For 3D graphics it can handle an OpenGL or Direct3D context." ; :prefLabel "Simple DirectMedia Layer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automatic language identification", "Identification", "Language detection", "Language guessing", "Language identifying" ; :definition "In natural language processing, language identification or language guessing is the problem of determining which natural language given content is in. Computational approaches to this problem view it as a special case of text categorization, solved with various statistical methods." ; :prefLabel "Language identification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Configuration Management (ITIL)", "ICT infrastructure", "IMS", "IT Infrastructure Library", "ITIL glossary", "ITIL v2", "ITIL v3", "Information Management Service", "Information Management Services", "Information Technology Infrastructure Library", "Information Technology Infrastructure Library Version 3", "Infrastructure Management service", "Infrastructure management services", "Known Error Database", "SLM", "Service Delivery", "Service Level Management", "Service Level Management (ITIL)", "Transition Engineer" ; :definition "ITIL, formerly an acronym for Information Technology Infrastructure Library, is a set of practices for IT service management (ITSM) that focuses on aligning IT services with the needs of business. In its current form (known as ITIL V3), ITIL is published as a series of five core volumes, each of which covers a different ITSM lifecycle stage. Although ITIL underpins ISO/IEC 20000 (previously BS 15000), the International Service Management Standard for IT service management, there are some differences between the ISO 20000 standard and the ITIL framework." ; :prefLabel "ITIL" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Service discoverability", "Service discoverability principle" ; :definition "Discoverability is the ability of something, especially a piece of content or information, to be found. Discoverability is a concern in library and information science, many aspects of digital media, software and web development, and in marketing, since a thing cannot be used if people cannot find it or don't understand what it's for. Metadata, or "information about information," such as a book's title, a product's description, or a website's keywords, affects how discoverable something is. Organizing information by putting it into alphabetical order or including it in a search engine is an example of how to improve discoverability. Discoverability is related to, but different from, accessibility and usability, other qualities that affect the usefulness of a piece of information." ; :prefLabel "Discoverability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Telecom - interconnect" ; :definition "In telecommunications, interconnection is the physical linking of a carrier's network with equipment or facilities not belonging to that network. The term may refer to a connection between a carrier's facilities and the equipment belonging to its customer, or to a connection between two (or more) carriers. In United States regulatory law, interconnection is specifically defined (47 C.F.R. 51.5) as "the linking of two or more networks for the mutual exchange of traffic."" ; :prefLabel "Interconnection" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Learning Disorder", "Learning Disorders [Disease/Finding]", "Learning differences", "Learning disorder NOS", "academic skills disorder" ; :definition "Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These disorders may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA." ; :prefLabel "Learning Disorders" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CCG" ; :definition "Combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) is an efficiently parsable, yet linguistically expressive grammar formalism. It has a transparent interface between surface syntax and underlying semantic representation, including predicate-argument structure, quantification and information structure. The formalism generates constituency-based structures (as opposed to dependency-based ones) and is therefore a type of phrase structure grammar (as opposed to a dependency grammar)." ; :prefLabel "Combinatory categorial grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LSH", "Locality Sensitive Hashing" ; :definition "Locality-sensitive hashing (LSH) reduces the dimensionality of high-dimensional data. LSH hashes input items so that similar items map to the same “buckets” with high probability (the number of buckets being much smaller than the universe of possible input items). LSH differs from conventional and cryptographic hash functions because it aims to maximize the probability of a “collision” for similar items.Locality-sensitive hashing has much in common with data clustering and nearest neighbor search." ; :prefLabel "Locality-sensitive hashing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attack resistant trust metric", "Attack-resistant trust metric", "Karma (online communities)", "Trust", "Trust metrics" ; :definition "In psychology and sociology, a trust metric is a measurement of the degree to which one social actor (an individual or a group) trusts another social actor. Trust metrics may be abstracted in a manner that can be implemented on computers, making them of interest for the study and engineering of virtual communities, such as Friendster and LiveJournal." ; :prefLabel "Trust metric" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Una", "Unique Names Assumption" ; :definition "The unique name assumption is a simplifying assumption made in some ontology languages and description logics. In logics with the unique name assumption, different names always refer to different entities in the world. The standard ontology language OWL does not make this assumption, but provides explicit constructs to express whether two names denote the same or distinct entities." ; :prefLabel "Unique name assumption" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Microsoft WSE", "WSE", "WSE 1.0", "WSE 2.0", "WSE 3.0", "WSE1.0", "WSE2", "WSE2.0", "WSE3.0", "Wse3" ; :definition "Web Services Enhancements (WSE) is an obsolete add-on to the Microsoft .NET Framework, which includes a set of classes that implement additional WS-* web service specifications chiefly in areas such as security, reliable messaging, and sending attachments. Web services are business logic components which provide functionality via the Internet using standard protocols such as HTTP. Web services communicate via either SOAP or REST messages. WSE provides extensions to the SOAP protocol and allows the definition of custom security, reliable messaging, policy, etc. Developers can add these capabilities at design time using code or at deployment time through the use of a policy file." ; :prefLabel "Web Services Enhancements" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Internet industry", "OSP", "Online Services", "Online service", "Online service providers", "Proprietary online service", "Proprietary online service provider", "Vertical online service", "Vertical online service provider" ; :definition "An online service provider can, for example, be an Internet service provider, an email provider, a news provider (press), an entertainment provider (music, movies), a search engine, an e-commerce site, an online banking site, a health site, an official government site, a wiki, or an Usenet newsgroup. In its original more limited definition, it referred only to a commercial computer communication service in which paid members could dial via a computer modem the service's private computeer network and access various services and information resources such a bulletin boards, downloadable files and programs, news articles, chat rooms, and electronic mail services. The term "online service" was also used in references to these dial-up services. The traditional dial-up online service differed fr" ; :prefLabel "Online service provider" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Database Mining", "Graph mining", "Structured data mining", "Tree mining" ; :definition "Structure mining or structured data mining is the process of finding and extracting useful information from semi-structured data sets. Graph mining, sequential pattern mining and molecule mining are special cases of structured data mining." ; :prefLabel "Structure mining" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "386SPART.PAR", "File page", "Frame", "Linux swap", "Memory swapping", "PF", "Page file", "Page file usage", "Page in", "Page memory", "Page out", "Page swapping", "Page swapping memory", "Pageable memory", "Paged memory", "Pagefile", "Pagefile.sys", "Paging file", "Paging space", "Sharing in paging system", "Swap disk", "Swap file", "Swap memory", "Swap partition", "Swap space", "Swap volume", "Swapfile", "Swapping (memory management)", "Swapspace", "WIN386.SWP" ; :definition "In computer operating systems, paging is a memory management scheme by which a computer stores and retrieves data from secondary storage for use in main memory. In this scheme, the operating system retrieves data from secondary storage in same-size blocks called pages. Paging is an important part of virtual memory implementations in modern operating systems, using secondary storage to let programs exceed the size of available physical memory." ; :prefLabel "Paging" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pay for inclusion", "SEM", "Search marketing", "Sponsored Search" ; :definition "Search engine marketing (SEM) is a form of Internet marketing that involves the promotion of websites by increasing their visibility in search engine results pages (SERPs) primarily through paid advertising. SEM may incorporate search engine optimization (SEO), which adjusts or rewrites website content and site architecture to achieve a higher ranking in search engine results pages to enhance pay per click (PPC) listings." ; :prefLabel "Search engine marketing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Visualization" ; :definition "Software visualization or software visualisation refers to the visualization of information of and related to software systems—either the architecture of its source code or metrics of their runtime behavior- and their development process by means of static, interactive or animated 2-D or 3-D visual representations of their structure, execution, behavior, and evolution." ; :prefLabel "Software visualization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CDM", "Conceptual", "Conceptual data model" ; :definition "A conceptual schema is a high-level description of a business's informational needs. It typically includes only the main concepts and the main relationships among them. Typically this is a first-cut model, with insufficient detail to build an actual database.This level describes the structure of the whole database for a group of users. The conceptual model is also known as the data model as data model can be used to describe the conceptual schema when a database system is implemented. It hides the internal details of physical storage and targets on describing entities, datatype, relationships and constraints." ; :prefLabel "Conceptual schema" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GML" ; :definition "Generative Modelling Language (GML) in computer graphics and generative computer programming is a very simple programming language for the concise description of complex 3D shapes. It follows the "Generative Modelling" paradigm, where complex datasets are represented by "lists of operations" rather than by lists of objects, which is for instance the case in a relational database." ; :prefLabel "Generative Modelling Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Reference (disambiguation)", "Reference book", "Reference books", "Reference document", "Reference textbooks", "Reference texts", "Reference works", "Refernce textbooks" ; :definition "A reference work is a book or periodical (or its electronic equivalent) to which one can refer for information. The information is intended to be found quickly when needed. Reference works are usually referred to for particular pieces of information, rather than read beginning to end. The writing style used in these works is informative; the authors avoid use of the first person, and emphasize facts. Many reference works are compiled by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors rather than by an individual author. Indices are commonly provided in many types of reference work. Updated editions are usually published as needed, in some cases annually (e.g. Whitaker's Almanack, Who's Who). Reference works include dictionaries, thesauruses, encyclopedias, almanacs," ; :prefLabel "Reference work" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Image annotation" ; :definition "Automatic image annotation (also known as automatic image tagging or linguistic indexing) is the process by which a computer system automatically assigns metadata in the form of captioning or keywords to a digital image. This application of computer vision techniques is used in image retrieval systems to organize and locate images of interest from a database. Some annotation engines are online, including the ALIPR.com real-time tagging engine developed by Pennsylvania State University researchers, and Behold." ; :prefLabel "Automatic image annotation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer collaboration system", "Multi user", "Multi-user operating system", "Multi-user systems", "Multiple users", "Multiuser", "Multiuser systems", "Single user", "Single users", "Single-user", "Single-users", "Singleuser", "Singleusers" ; :definition "Multi-user software is software that allows access by multiple users of a computer. Time-sharing systems are multi-user systems. Most batch processing systems for mainframe computers may also be considered "multi-user", to avoid leaving the CPU idle while it waits for I/O operations to complete. However, the term "multitasking" is more common in this context. Management systems are implicitly designed to be used by multiple users, typically one system administrator or more and an end-user community." ; :prefLabel "Multi-user" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Math", "Mathematic", "Mathematical", "mathematics (field)" ; :definition "The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)" ; :prefLabel "Mathematics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cgml", "Coordinate Reference System in GML", "Coordinates in GML", "GML", "GML FAQ for RSS Geeks and others", "GML Features and Geometry Properties", "GML Information Sources", "GML Profiles", "GML and Coordinate Systems", "GML geometries", "ISO 19136" ; :definition "The Geography Markup Language (GML) is the XML grammar defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) to express geographical features. GML serves as a modeling language for geographic systems as well as an open interchange format for geographic transactions on the Internet. Key to GML's utility is its ability to integrate all forms of geographic information, including not only conventional "vector" or discrete objects, but coverages (see also GMLJP2) and sensor data." ; :prefLabel "Geography Markup Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CycL language" ; :definition "CycL in computer science and artificial intelligence is an ontology language used by Doug Lenat's Cyc artificial intelligence project. Ramanathan V. Guha was instrumental in the design of early versions of the language. There is a close variant of CycL known as MELD. The original version of CycL was a frame language, but the modern version is not. Rather, it is a declarative language based on classical first-order logic, with extensions for modal operators and higher order quantification." ; :prefLabel "CycL" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cobham thesis", "Cobham-Edmonds thesis", "Cobham–Edmonds thesis", "Tractable", "Tractable problem" ; :definition "Cobham's thesis, also known as Cobham–Edmonds thesis (named after Alan Cobham and Jack Edmonds), asserts that computational problems can be feasibly computed on some computational device only if they can be computed in polynomial time; that is, if they lie in the complexity class P. Formally, to say that a problem can be solved in polynomial time is to say that there exists an algorithm that, given an n-bit instance of the problem as input, can produce a solution in time O(nc), where c is a constant that depends on the problem but not the particular instance of the problem." ; :prefLabel "Cobham's thesis" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anonymous Hosting", "Host ISP", "Host site", "Hosting", "Online hosting", "WPP", "Web host", "Web host directory", "Web hosting", "Web hosting articles", "Web hosting company", "Web hosting services", "Web presence provider", "Web space", "Web-hosting", "WebHS", "Webhost", "Webhosting", "Website host", "Website hosting", "Website hosting service", "Website hosts", "Webspace" ; :definition "A web hosting service is a type of Internet hosting service that allows individuals and organizations to make their website accessible via the World Wide Web. Web hosts are companies that provide space on a server owned or leased for use by clients, as well as providing Internet connectivity, typically in a data center. Web hosts can also provide data center space and connectivity to the Internet for other servers located in their data center, called colocation, also known as Housing in Latin America or France." ; :prefLabel "Web hosting service" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Node", "Node (programming)" ; :definition "A node is a basic unit used in computer science. Nodes are devices or data points on a larger network. Devices such as a personal computer, cell phone, or printer are nodes. When defining nodes on the internet, a node is anything that has an IP address. Nodes are individual parts of a larger data structure, such as linked lists and tree data structures. Nodes contain data and also may link to other nodes. Links between nodes are often implemented by pointers." ; :prefLabel "Node (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MPI", "MPI-1", "MPI-2", "MPI-3", "MPI-IO", "Mpicc" ; :definition "Message Passing Interface (MPI) is a standardized and portable message-passing system designed by a group of researchers from academia and industry to function on a wide variety of parallel computing architectures. The standard defines the syntax and semantics of a core of library routines useful to a wide range of users writing portable message-passing programs in C, C++, and Fortran. There are several well-tested and efficient implementations of MPI, many of which are open-source or in the public domain. These fostered the development of a parallel software industry, and encouraged development of portable and scalable large-scale parallel applications." ; :prefLabel "Message Passing Interface" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bim (disambiguation)", "Binary MPEG format for XML" ; :definition "BiM (Binary MPEG format for XML) is an international standard defining a generic binary format for encoding XML documents. The technical specifications for BiM are found in: MPEG systems technologies - Part 1: Binary MPEG format for XML (ISO/IEC 23001-1) It is also known as MPEG-B Part 1." ; :prefLabel "BiM" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CDS", "CDSS", "Clincal decision support system", "Clinical Decision Support", "Computed diagnosis", "Machine differential diagnosis", "Medical decision support systems" ; :definition "A clinical decision support system (CDSS) is a health information technology system that is designed to provide physicians and other health professionals with clinical decision support (CDS), that is, assistance with clinical decision-making tasks. A working definition has been proposed by Robert Hayward of the Centre for Health Evidence: "Clinical Decision Support systems link health observations with health knowledge to influence health choices by clinicians for improved health care". CDSSs constitute a major topic in artificial intelligence in medicine." ; :prefLabel "Clinical decision support system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptive educational hypermedia", "Authoring of adaptive hypermedia" ; :definition "Adaptive hypermedia (AH) uses hypermedia which is adaptive according to a user model. In contrast to linear media, where all users are offered a standard series of hyperlinks, adaptive hypermedia (AH) tailors what the user is offered based on a model of the user's goals, preferences and knowledge, thus providing links or content most appropriate to the current user." ; :prefLabel "Adaptive hypermedia" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-Social science", "EScience" ; :definition "E-Science or eScience is computationally intensive science that is carried out in highly distributed network environments, or science that uses immense data sets that require grid computing; the term sometimes includes technologies that enable distributed collaboration, such as the Access Grid. The term was created by John Taylor, the Director General of the United Kingdom's Office of Science and Technology in 1999 and was used to describe a large funding initiative starting in November 2000. E-science has been more broadly interpreted since then, as "the application of computer technology to the undertaking of modern scientific investigation, including the preparation, experimentation, data collection, results dissemination, and long-term storage and accessibility of all materials generat" ; :prefLabel "E-Science" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Communities" ; :definition "A set of people with some shared element. The substance of shared element varies widely, from geography to a situation to interest to lives and values. The term is widely used to evoke sense of collectivity." ; :prefLabel "Community" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enterprise Integration Act", "Enterprise service", "Enterprise services", "Enterprise solutions" ; :definition "Enterprise integration is a technical field of enterprise architecture, which focused on the study of topics such as system interconnection, electronic data interchange, product data exchange and distributed computing environments. It is a concept in enterprise engineering to provide the right information at the right place and at the right time and thereby enable communication between people, machines and computers and their efficient co-operation and co-ordination." ; :prefLabel "Enterprise integration" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Modeling perspectives" ; :definition "A modeling perspective in information systems is a particular way to represent pre-selected aspects of a system. Any perspective has a different focus, conceptualization, dedication and visualization of what the model is representing. The traditional way to distinguish between modeling perspectives is structural, functional and behavioral/processual perspectives. This together with rule, object, communication and actor and role perspectives is one way of classifying modeling approaches." ; :prefLabel "Modeling perspective" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gram (disambiguation)", "Grams Helix", "Helix (tumbler)", "TorAds" ; :definition "Grams is a search engine for Tor based darknet markets launched in April 2014. The service allows users to search multiple markets for products like drugs and guns from a simple search interface. The services uses a custom API to scrape listings from several markets such as Alpha Bay and others, to return search listings. The site is described by the Global Drug Policy Observatory to have "transformed how people search the hidden web". 'InfoDesk' allows central content and identity management for vendors, reducing the complexity of around maintaining presences on multiple markets." ; :prefLabel "Grams" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TMR", "Triple redundancy", "Tripple Modular Redundancy" ; :definition "In computing, triple modular redundancy, sometimes called triple-mode redundancy, (TMR) is a fault-tolerant form of N-modular redundancy, in which three systems perform a process and that result is processed by a majority-voting system to produce a single output. If any one of the three systems fails, the other two systems can correct and mask the fault. The TMR concept can be applied to many forms of redundancy, such as software redundancy in the form of N-version programming, and is commonly found in fault-tolerant computer systems." ; :prefLabel "Triple modular redundancy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Communication net", "Communication network", "Communication networks", "Communications net", "Communications network", "Communications networks", "Network", "Telecommunication network", "Telecommunications networks", "Telecoms network" ; :definition "A telecommunications network is a collection of terminal nodes, links are connected so as to enable telecommunication between the terminals.The transmission links connect the nodes together. The nodes use circuit switching, message switching or packet switching to pass the signal through the correct links and nodes to reach the correct destination terminal. Each terminal in the network usually has a unique address so messages or connections can be routed to the correct recipients. The collection of addresses in the network is called the address space." ; :prefLabel "Telecommunications network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Wrapper", "Wrapper induction" ; :definition "Wrapper in data mining is a program that extracts content of a particular information source and translates it into a relational form. Many web pages present structured data - telephone directories, product catalogs, etc. formatted for human browsing using HTML language. Structured data are typically descriptions of objects retrieved from underlying databases and displayed in Web pages following some fixed templates. Software systems using such resources must translate HTML content into a relational form. Wrappers are commonly used as such translators. Formally, a wrapper is a function from a page to the set of tuples it contains." ; :prefLabel "Wrapper (data mining)" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information System", "Information Systems", "Radiologic", "Radiologic Information", "Radiologic Information System", "Radiologic Information Systems", "Radiology", "Radiology Information", "Radiology Information System", "System", "Systems", "radiology information system (RIS)" ; :definition "Information systems, usually computer-assisted, designed to store, manipulate, and retrieve information for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling administrative activities associated with the provision and utilization of radiology services and facilities." ; :prefLabel "Radiology Information Systems" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Link Grammar", "Link Parser", "LinkParser" ; :definition "Link grammar (LG) is a theory of syntax by Davy Temperley and Daniel Sleator which builds relations between pairs of words, rather than constructing constituents in a phrase structure hierarchy. Link grammar is similar to dependency grammar, but dependency grammar includes a head-dependent relationship, whereas Link Grammar makes the head-dependent relationship optional (links need not indicate direction). Colored Multiplanar Link Grammar (CMLG) is an extension of LG allowing crossing relations between pairs of words. The relationship between words is indicated with link types, thus making the Link grammar closely related to certain categorial grammars." ; :prefLabel "Link Grammar parser" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "4:1:1", "4:2:0", "4:2:2", "Chroma format", "Chroma sampling", "Chroma sampling format", "Chrominance format", "Color sampling", "Color sub-sampling", "Color subsampling", "Colour subsampling", "I420", "Subsampling", "YUV 4:1:1", "YUV 4:2:0", "YUV 4:2:2", "YUV 4:4:4" ; :definition "Chroma subsampling is the practice of encoding images by implementing less resolution for chroma information than for luma information, taking advantage of the human visual system's lower acuity for color differences than for luminance. It is used in many video encoding schemes — both analog and digital — and also in JPEG encoding." ; :prefLabel "Chroma subsampling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Boolean", "Boolean Expressions" ; :definition "In computer science, a Boolean expression is an expression in a programming language that produces a Boolean value when evaluated, i.e. one of true or false. A Boolean expression may be composed of a combination of the Boolean constants true or false, Boolean-typed variables, Boolean-valued operators, and Boolean-valued functions. Boolean expressions correspond to propositional formulas in logic and are a special case of Boolean circuits." ; :prefLabel "Boolean expression" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Calculus (disambiguation)", "Calculus of variation", "Minimum principle", "Strong extrema", "Variation", "Variation calculus", "Variational", "Variational Calculus", "Variational Method", "Variational method (disambiguation)", "Variational methods" ; :definition "Calculus of variations is a field of mathematical analysis that deals with maximizing or minimizing functionals, which are mappings from a set of functions to the real numbers. Functionals are often expressed as definite integrals involving functions and their derivatives. The interest is in extremal functions that make the functional attain a maximum or minimum value – or stationary functions – those where the rate of change of the functional is zero." ; :prefLabel "Calculus of variations" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Systemic", "Systemic thinking", "Systemism" ; :definition "In the context of systems science and systems philosophy, the term systemics refers to an initiative to study systems from a holistic point of view. It is an attempt at developing logical, mathematical, engineering and philosophical paradigms and frameworks in which physical, technological, biological, social, cognitive and metaphysical systems can be studied and modeled. The term "systemics" was coined in the 1970s by Mario Bunge and others, as an alternative paradigm for research related to general systems theory and systems science." ; :prefLabel "Systemics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cluster overhang", "Data Fragmentation", "External fragmentation", "File slack", "Frag", "Fragmentation", "Fragmentation (computer)", "Heap fragmentation", "Internal fragmentation", "Memory fragmentation", "Slack", "Slack space" ; :definition "In computer storage, fragmentation is a phenomenon in which storage space is used inefficiently, reducing capacity or performance and often both. The exact consequences of fragmentation depend on the specific system of storage allocation in use and the particular form of fragmentation. In many cases, fragmentation leads to storage space being "wasted", and in that case the term also refers to the wasted space itself. For other systems (e.g. the FAT file system) the space used to store given data (e.g. files) is the same regardless of the degree of fragmentation (from none to extreme)." ; :prefLabel "Fragmentation (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Indexes as Topic", "indexed", "indexes" ; :definition "A numerical scale used to compare variables with one another or with some reference number; a number used to select an element of a list, vector, array or other sequence." ; :prefLabel "Index" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ACE - a collaborative editor", "ACE editor", "Ace (disambiguation)" ; :definition "ACE (ACE - a collaborative editor) is a platform-independent, collaborative real-time editor. It is a real-time cooperative editing system that allows multiple geographically dispersed users to view and edit a shared text document at the same time." ; :prefLabel "ACE" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AM station", "AM stations", "Broadcast radio", "Commercial FMs", "Radio (disambiguation)", "Radio Broadcast", "Radio Station", "Radio Stations", "Radio broadcasts" ; :definition "Radio broadcasting is a unidirectional wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can be done via cable radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio, and internet radio via streaming media on the Internet. The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio." ; :prefLabel "Radio broadcasting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aust.", "Australian (disambiguation)", "The Australian (newspaper)", "The Australian Newspaper", "The Weekend Australian", "The Weekend Australian Magazine", "Theaustralian.com.au", "Weekend Australian", "Weekend Australian Magazine" ; :definition "The Australian is a broadsheet newspaper published in Australia from Monday to Saturday each week since 14 July 1964. The editor in chief is Paul Whittaker; the editor is John Lehmann and the editor-at-large is Paul Kelly. Available nationally (in each state and territory), The Australian is the biggest-selling national newspaper in the country, with a circulation of 116,655 on weekdays and 254,891 on weekends, figures substantially below those of top-selling papers in Sydney (The Daily Telegraph), Melbourne (The Herald Sun), and Brisbane (The Courier-Mail). Its chief rivals are the business-focused Australian Financial Review, and on weekends, The Saturday Paper. In May 2010, the newspaper launched the first Australian newspaper iPad app. The Australian is owned by News Corp Australia. Re" ; :prefLabel "The Australian" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Collective sensemaking", "Sense-making" ; :definition "Sensemaking is the process by which people give meaning to experience. While this process has been studied by other disciplines under other names for centuries, the term "sensemaking" has primarily marked three distinct but related research areas since the 1970s: Sensemaking was introduced to human–computer interaction by PARC researchers Russell, Stefik, Pirolli and Card in 1993, to information science by Brenda Dervin, and to organizational studies by Karl E. Weick." ; :prefLabel "Sensemaking" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Filters and pipes", "Pipe", "Pipe (computer science)", "Pipe and Filter Architecture", "Pipe and filter", "Pipe and filters", "Pipe-and-filter", "Pipeline", "Pipeline programming", "Pipes (computing)", "Pipes and Filters" ; :definition "In software engineering, a pipeline consists of a chain of processing elements (processes, threads, coroutines, functions, etc.), arranged so that the output of each element is the input of the next; the name is by analogy to a physical pipeline. Usually some amount of buffering is provided between consecutive elements. The information that flows in these pipelines is often a stream of records, bytes or bits, and the elements of a pipeline may be called filters; this is also called the pipes and filters design pattern. Connecting elements into a pipeline is analogous to function composition." ; :prefLabel "Pipeline (software)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Position tree", "Suffix (disambiguation)", "Suffix trie", "Suffixtree" ; :definition "In computer science, a suffix tree (also called PAT tree or, in an earlier form, position tree) is a compressed trie containing all the suffixes of the given text as their keys and positions in the text as their values. Suffix trees allow particularly fast implementations of many important string operations. The construction of such a tree for the string takes time and space linear in the length of . Once constructed, several operations can be performed quickly, for instance locating a substring in" ; :prefLabel "Suffix tree" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Correlation (disambiguation)", "Cross Correlator", "Cross correlation", "Cross-correlation coefficient", "Cross-correlation function", "Cross-correlations", "Normalized cross-correlation" ; :definition "In signal processing, cross-correlation is a measure of similarity of two series as a function of the lag of one relative to the other. This is also known as a sliding dot product or sliding inner-product. It is commonly used for searching a long signal for a shorter, known feature. It has applications in pattern recognition, single particle analysis, electron tomography, averaging, cryptanalysis, and neurophysiology. For continuous functions f and g, the cross-correlation is defined as: where denotes the complex conjugate of and is the lag. If and ." ; :prefLabel "Cross-correlation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "All IP", "ITU-T NGN", "NGN", "Next Generation", "Next Generation Networking", "Next Generation Networks", "Next generation network" ; :definition "The next-generation network (NGN) is body of key architectural changes in telecommunication core and access networks. The general idea behind the NGN is that one network transports all information and services (voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video) by encapsulating these into IP packets, similar to those used on the Internet. NGNs are commonly built around the Internet Protocol, and therefore the term all IP is also sometimes used to describe the transformation of formerly telephone-centric networks toward NGN." ; :prefLabel "Next-generation network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Linear Models" ; :definition "In statistics, the term linear model is used in different ways according to the context. The most common occurrence is in connection with regression models and the term is often taken as synonymous with linear regression model. However, the term is also used in time series analysis with a different meaning. In each case, the designation "linear" is used to identify a subclass of models for which substantial reduction in the complexity of the related statistical theory is possible." ; :prefLabel "Linear model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In philosophy, a core ontology is a basic and minimal ontology consisting only of the minimal concepts required to understand the other concepts. It must be based on a core glossary in some human language so humans can comprehend the concepts and distinctions made. Each natural language tends to rely on its own conceptual metaphor structure, and so tends to have its own core ontology (according to W. V. Quine). It could be said also to represent the moral core of a human linguistic culture, and to self-correct so as to better represent core cultural ideas." ; :prefLabel "Core ontology" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hyper heuristic", "Hyper-heuristics", "Hyperheuristic", "Hyperheuristics" ; :definition "A hyper-heuristic is a heuristic search method that seeks to automate, often by the incorporation of machine learning techniques, the process of selecting, combining, generating or adapting several simpler heuristics (or components of such heuristics) to efficiently solve computational search problems. One of the motivations for studying hyper-heuristics is to build systems which can handle classes of problems rather than solving just one problem." ; :prefLabel "Hyper-heuristic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conflict serializability", "Distributed serializability", "Recoverability", "Serializability (database systems)", "Serializability theory", "Serializable", "Serializable (databases)", "View serializability" ; :definition "In concurrency control of databases, transaction processing (transaction management), and various transactional applications (e.g., transactional memory and software transactional memory), both centralized and distributed, a transaction schedule is serializable if its outcome (e.g., the resulting database state) is equal to the outcome of its transactions executed serially, i.e., sequentially without overlapping in time. Transactions are normally executed concurrently (they overlap), since this is the most efficient way. Serializability is the major correctness criterion for concurrent transactions' executions. It is considered the highest level of isolation between transactions, and plays an essential role in concurrency control. As such it is supported in all general purpose database sys" ; :prefLabel "Serializability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KAON2", "Kaon (disambiguation)", "Text2Onto", "TextToOnto" ; :definition "KAON (Karlsruhe ontology) is an ontology infrastructure developed by the University of Karlsruhe and the Research Center for Information Technologies in Karlsruhe.Its first incarnation was developed in 2002 and supported an enhanced version of RDF ontologies.Several tools like the graphical ontology editor OIModeler or the KAON Server were based on KAON. There are ontology learning companion tools which take non-annotated natural language text as input: TextToOnto (KAON-based) and Text2Onto (KAON2-based). Text2Onto is based on the Probabilistic Ontology Model (POM)." ; :prefLabel "KAON" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Online Reputation Management", "Online reputation monitoring", "Orm", "Reputation (disambiguation)", "Reputational management", "SERM", "Search Engine Reputation Management", "Search engine image protection", "Seip", "Vulnerabilities of Reputation Management Systems", "Website reputation ratings" ; :definition "Reputation management refers to influencing and controlling an individual's or business's reputation. Originally a public relations term, the expansion of the internet and social media, along with reputation management companies, have made it primarily an issue of search results. Online reputation management, sometimes abbreviated as ORM, is primarily concerned with managing the results on websites that evaluate products and services and make recommendations and referrals. Ethical grey areas include mug shot removal sites, astroturfing review sites, censoring negative complaints or using search engine optimization tactics to influence results." ; :prefLabel "Reputation management" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cognititive space", "Cognitive modeling", "Cognitive modelling", "Cognitive models", "Cognitive space", "Model of cognition", "Models of cognition", "Psychological model" ; :definition "A cognitive model is an approximation to animal cognitive processes (predominantly human) for the purposes of comprehension and prediction. Cognitive models can be developed within or without a cognitive architecture, though the two are not always easily distinguishable." ; :prefLabel "Cognitive model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Problem solving", "solving problem" ; :definition "A learning situation involving more than one alternative from which a selection is made in order to attain a specific goal." ; :prefLabel "Problem Solving (mental process)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Schema", "Schematic diagram", "Schematic diagrams", "Schematic drawing", "Schematics" ; :definition "A schematic, or schematic diagram, is a representation of the elements of a system using abstract, graphic symbols rather than realistic pictures. A schematic usually omits all details that are not relevant to the information the schematic is intended to convey, and may add unrealistic elements that aid comprehension. For example, a subway map intended for passengers may represent a subway station with a dot; the dot doesn't resemble the actual station at all but gives the viewer information without unnecessary visual clutter. A schematic diagram of a chemical process uses symbols to represent the vessels, piping, valves, pumps, and other equipment of the system, emphasizing their interconnection paths and suppressing physical details. In an electronic circuit diagram, the layout of the sy" ; :prefLabel "Schematic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Temporal annotation is the study of how to automatically add semantic information regarding time to natural language documents. It plays a role in natural language processing and computational linguistics." ; :prefLabel "Temporal annotation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Unity (Game Engine)", "Unity 3D", "Unity 4", "Unity 5", "Unity Engine", "Unity Engine 4", "Unity Web Player", "Unity game engine", "Unity3D" ; :definition "Unity is a cross-platform game engine developed by Unity Technologies and used to develop video games for PC, consoles, mobile devices and websites. First announced only for OS X, at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference in 2005, it has since been extended to target 21 platforms. Nintendo provides free licenses of Unity 5 to all licensed Nintendo Developers along with their software development kits (SDKs) for the Wii U and Nintendo 3DS Family." ; :prefLabel "Unity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Service Oriented Device Architecture", "Service-oriented", "Soda" ; :definition "The purpose of service-oriented device architecture (SODA) is to enable devices to be connected to a service-oriented architecture (SOA). Currently, developers connect enterprise services to an enterprise service bus (ESB) using the various web service standards that have evolved since the advent of XML in 1998. With SODA, developers are able to connect devices to the ESB and users can access devices in exactly the same manner that they would access any other web service." ; :prefLabel "Service-oriented device architecture" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apple System 7", "Mac OS 7", "Mac OS 7.6", "Mac OS 7.6.1", "Mac System 7", "Mac os system 7", "Macintosh System 7", "Macos 7", "System 7 (Macintosh)", "System 7 (disambiguation)", "System 7.0.1", "System 7.1", "System 7.1.2", "System 7.5", "System 7.5.3", "System 7.5.5", "System 7.6", "System 7.6.1", "System 7.x", "System Software 7.5" ; :definition "System 7 (codenamed "Big Bang" and sometimes erroneously called Mac OS 7) is a single-user graphical user interface-based operating system for Macintosh computers and was part of the classic Mac OS line of operating systems. It was introduced on May 13, 1991, by Apple Computer. It succeeded System 6, and was the main Macintosh operating system until it was succeeded by Mac OS 8 in 1997. Features added with the System 7 release included virtual memory, personal file sharing, QuickTime, QuickDraw 3D, and an improved user interface." ; :prefLabel "System 7" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1998 Data Protection Act", "DPA", "Data Protection Act", "Data Protection Act 1984", "Data Protection Act of 1998", "SAR", "Subject access request", "UK Data Protection Act" ; :definition "The Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland which defines UK law on the processing of data on identifiable living people. It is the main piece of legislation that governs the protection of personal data in the UK. Although the Act itself does not mention privacy, it was enacted to bring British law into line with the 1995 EU Data Protection Directive, which required member states to protect people's fundamental rights and freedoms and in particular their right to privacy with respect to the processing of personal data. In practice it provides a way for individuals to control information about themselves. Most of the Act does not apply to domestic use, for example keeping a personal address book. Anyone holding perso" ; :prefLabel "Data Protection Act 1998" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RBAC", "RBS", "Role based access control", "Role based security", "Role-based access control list", "Role-based security" ; :definition "In computer systems security, role-based access control (RBAC) is an approach to restricting system access to authorized users. It is used by the majority of enterprises with more than 500 employees, and can implement mandatory access control (MAC) or discretionary access control (DAC). RBAC is sometimes referred to as role-based security." ; :prefLabel "Role-based access control" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Criticism of the Digital Millenium Copyright Act", "DCMA complaint", "DMCA", "Digital Milennium Copyright Act", "Digital Millenium Copyright Act", "Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998", "Millennium Copyright Protection Act", "Vessel Hull Design Protection Act" ; :definition "The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a United States copyright law that implements two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and dissemination of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent measures (commonly known as digital rights management or DRM) that control access to copyrighted works. It also criminalizes the act of circumventing an access control, whether or not there is actual infringement of copyright itself. In addition, the DMCA heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the Internet. Passed on October 12, 1998, by a unanimous vote in the United States Senate and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on October 28, 1998, the DMCA amended Title 17 of the United States Code to extend" ; :prefLabel "Digital Millennium Copyright Act" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PDB", "PDB pioneers", "RCSB" ; :definition "The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a crystallographic database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. The data, typically obtained by X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, or, increasingly, cryo-electron microscopy, and submitted by biologists and biochemists from around the world, are freely accessible on the Internet via the websites of its member organisations (PDBe, PDBj, and RCSB). The PDB is overseen by an organization called the Worldwide Protein Data Bank, wwPDB." ; :prefLabel "Protein Data Bank" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bus powered hub", "Bus-powered USB hub", "Bus-powered hub", "Dynamic-powered USB hub", "Dynamic-powered hub", "Hub", "Inverse USB hub", "MTT", "Multi-TT", "Multi-transaction translator", "Multiple USB transaction translators", "Multiple transaction translator", "Multiple transaction translators", "STT", "Self powered hub", "Self-powered USB hub", "Self-powered hub", "Sharing USB hub", "Single USB transaction translator", "Single transaction translator", "Single-TT", "TT", "Transaction translator", "USB MTT", "USB STT", "USB TT", "USB bus-powered hub", "USB dynamic-powered hub", "USB multi transaction translator", "USB self-powered hub", "USB single transaction translator", "USB transaction translator" ; :definition "A USB hub is a device that expands a single Universal Serial Bus (USB) port into several so that there are more ports available to connect devices to a host system, similar to a power strip. USB hubs are often built into equipment such as computers, keyboards, monitors, or printers. When such a device has many USB ports, they all usually stem from one or two internal USB hubs rather than each port having independent USB circuitry." ; :prefLabel "USB hub" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Internet Social Media", "Media", "Mediums", "Social", "Social Medium", "Social Mediums", "www-soc-med" ; :definition "Platforms that provide the ability and tools to create and publish information accessed via the INTERNET. Generally these platforms have three characteristics with content user generated, high degree of interaction between creator and viewer, and easily integrated with other sites." ; :prefLabel "Social Media" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".xmi", "XMI" ; :definition "The XML Metadata Interchange (XMI) is an Object Management Group (OMG) standard for exchanging metadata information via Extensible Markup Language (XML). It can be used for any metadata whose metamodel can be expressed in Meta-Object Facility (MOF). The most common use of XMI is as an interchange format for UML models, although it can also be used for serialization of models of other languages (metamodels)." ; :prefLabel "XML Metadata Interchange" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "10.4", "Mac OS 10.4", "Mac OS 10.4.11", "Mac OS X %22Tiger%22", "Mac OS X 10.4", "Mac OS X 10.4 %22Tiger%22", "Mac OS X 10.4.2 (8C46)", "Mac OS X 10.4.3", "Mac OS X 4", "Mac OS X v10.4", "Mac OS X v10.4 %22Tiger%22", "Mac OS X v10.4 Tiger", "Mac OS X v10.4.3", "Mac OS X version 10.4 Tiger", "Mac OS X.4", "Mac OS v10.4", "Mac OSX 10.4", "Mac os tiger", "Mac os x 10.4.8", "Mac os x tiger", "MacOS 10.4", "MacOS X 10.4", "Macintosh OS X v10.4", "Macintosh OS v.10.4 Tiger", "OS X 10.4", "OS X 10.4.9", "OS X Tiger", "OS X v10.4", "OSX 10.4", "Tiger (disambiguation)", "Tiger OS", "Tiger x86" ; :definition "Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger is the fifth major release of Mac OS X (now named macOS), Apple's desktop and server operating system for Mac computers. Tiger was released to the public on April 29, 2005 for USD $129.95 as the successor to Mac OS X Panther. Some of the new features included a fast searching system called Spotlight, a new version of the Safari web browser, Dashboard, a new ‘Unified’ theme, and improved support for 64-bit addressing on Power Mac G5s. Tiger shocked executives at Microsoft by offering a number of features, such as fast file searching and improved graphics processing, that Microsoft had spent several years struggling to add to Windows with acceptable performance." ; :prefLabel "Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Internal network", "Intra Net", "Intra-net", "Intranets", "Private IP network", "Private internet", "Standalone", "Standalone network" ; :definition "An intranet is a private network accessible only to an organization's staff. Generally a wide range of information and services from the organization's internal IT systems are available that would not be available to the public from the Internet. A company-wide intranet can constitute an important focal point of internal communication and collaboration, and provide a single starting point to access internal and external resources. In its simplest form an intranet is established with the technologies for local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs)." ; :prefLabel "Intranet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Nell" ; :definition "Never-Ending Language Learning system (NELL) is a semantic machine learning system developed by a research team at Carnegie Mellon University, and supported by grants from DARPA, Google, and the NSF, with portions of the system running on a supercomputing cluster provided by Yahoo!." ; :prefLabel "Never-Ending Language Learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Worst case complexity" ; :definition "In computer science, the worst-case complexity (usually denoted in asymptotic notation) measures the resources (e.g. running time, memory) an algorithm requires in the worst-case. It gives an upper bound on the resources required by the algorithm. In the case of running time, the worst-case time-complexity indicates the longest running time performed by an algorithm given any input of size n, and thus this guarantees that the algorithm finishes on time. Moreover, the order of growth of the worst-case complexity is used to compare the efficiency of two algorithms." ; :prefLabel "Worst-case complexity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computational models" ; :definition "A computational model is a mathematical model in computational science that requires extensive computational resources to study the behavior of a complex system by computer simulation. The system under study is often a complex nonlinear system for which simple, intuitive analytical solutions are not readily available. Rather than deriving a mathematical analytical solution to the problem, experimentation with the model is done by adjusting the parameters of the system in the computer, and studying the differences in the outcome of the experiments. Operation theories of the model can be derived/deduced from these computational experiments." ; :prefLabel "Computational model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "MYCIN was an early expert system that used artificial intelligence to identify bacteria causing severe infections, such as bacteremia and meningitis, and to recommend antibiotics, with the dosage adjusted for patient's body weight — the name derived from the antibiotics themselves, as many antibiotics have the suffix "-mycin". The Mycin system was also used for the diagnosis of blood clotting diseases.MYCIN was developed over five or six years in the early 1970s at Stanford University. It was written in Lisp as the doctoral dissertation of Edward Shortliffe under the direction of Bruce G. Buchanan, Stanley N. Cohen and others. It arose in the laboratory that had created the earlier Dendral expert system." ; :prefLabel "Mycin" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cartridge", "Cassette", "Cassette tape cartridge", "Data Tape Cartridge", "Data cartridge (tape)", "Data cassette", "Datacassette", "MT", "Magnetic Tape drives", "Storage tape", "Storage tapes", "Tape", "Tape data storage", "Tape storage" ; :definition "Magnetic tape data storage is a system for storing digital information on magnetic tape using digital recording. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes. The device that performs writing or reading of data is a tape drive. Autoloaders and tape libraries automate cartridge handling. For example, a common cassette-based format is Linear Tape-Open, which comes in a variety of densities and is manufactured by several companies." ; :prefLabel "Magnetic tape data storage" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Design (disambiguation)", "Design process (disambiguation)", "Engineering design", "The engineering design process" ; :definition "The engineering design process was a methodical series of steps that engineers use in creating functional products and processes. The process is highly iterative - parts of the process often need to be repeated many times before another can be entered - though the part(s) that get iterated and the number of such cycles in any given project may vary. The steps tend to get articulated, subdivided, and/or illustrated in different ways, but they generally reflect certain core principles regarding the underlying concepts and their respective sequence and interrelationship." ; :prefLabel "Engineering design process" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Heuristic", "Rule of Thumb" ; :definition "Experience-based techniques for problem-solving, learning, and discovery that find a solution which is not guaranteed to be optimal, but sufficient for a given set of goals." ; :prefLabel "Heuristics" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Marginal" ; :definition "In statistics, marginal models (Heagerty & Zeger, 2000) are a technique for obtaining regression estimates in multilevel modeling, also called hierarchical linear models.People often want to know the effect of a predictor/explanatory variable X, on a response variable Y. One way to get an estimate for such effects is through regression analysis." ; :prefLabel "Marginal model" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DISCO (web services)", "Discovery", "Discovery and Integration", "Federated web services", "Green Pages", "Green Pages (UDDI)", "UDDI", "Universal Description", "Universal Description Discovery & Integration", "Universal Description Discovery and Integration", "White Pages (UDDI)", "Yellow Pages (UDDI)", "and Integration" ; :definition "Publishing a Web service involves creating a software artifact and making it accessible to potential consumers. Web Service Providers augment a Web service endpoint with an interface description using the Web Services Description Language (WSDL) so that a consumer can use the service. Web services may also be discovered using multicast mechanisms like WS-Discovery, thus reducing the need for centralized registries in smaller networks." ; :prefLabel "Web Services Discovery" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".. (DOS)", "Computer directory", "Computer folder", "DNLC", "DOS ..", "Dir", "Directory", "Directory (computer)", "Directory (file systems)", "Directory Name Lookup Cache", "Directory table", "Directory tree", "File directory", "Folder", "Folder (computing)", "Folder name", "Linux kernel dcache", "Parent directory", "Recurse subdirectories", "Subdirectory", "Subfolder", "🖿", "🗀", "🗁" ; :definition "In computing, a directory is a file system cataloging structure which contains references to other computer files, and possibly other directories. On many computers, directories are known as folders, or drawers to provide some relevancy to a workbench or the traditional office file cabinet." ; :prefLabel "Directory (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data stores", "Datastore" ; :definition "A data store is a repository for persistently storing and managing collections of data which include not just repositories like databases, but also simpler store types such as simple files, emails etc. A database is a series of bytes that is managed by a database management system (DBMS). A file is a series of bytes that is managed by a file system. Thus, any database or file is a series of bytes that, once stored, is called a data store. MATLAB and Cloud Storage systems like VMware, Firefox OS use datastore as a term for abstracting collections of data inside their respective applications." ; :prefLabel "Data store" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Operational", "Operational definitions", "Operational description" ; :definition "An operational definition is the application of operationalization used in defining the terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine the nature of an item or phenomenon (e.g. a variable, term, or object) and its properties such as duration, quantity, extension in space, chemical composition, etc. Since the degree of operationalization can vary itself, it can result in a more or less operational definition. The procedures included in definitions should be repeatable by anyone or at least by peers." ; :prefLabel "Operational definition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hypertext/Typed link", "Link relations", "Link type", "Rel", "Rel attribute", "Semantic link", "Typed link" ; :definition "A link relation is a descriptive attribute attached to a hyperlink in order to define the type of the link, or the relationship between the source and destination resources. The attribute can be used by automated systems, or can be presented to a user in a different way. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has a registry of standardized link relations, and a procedure for extending it defined in . HTML 5 also defines valid link relations." ; :prefLabel "Link relation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The Boolean model of information retrieval (BIR) is a classical information retrieval (IR) model and, at the same time, the first and most adopted one. It is used by many IR systems to this day." ; :prefLabel "Standard Boolean model" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Language Disorder", "Language Disorders [Disease/Finding]", "Language disabilities", "Language impairment", "disabilities language", "disability language", "disorder language", "disorders language", "impairment language", "impairments language", "language disability", "language handicap" ; :definition "A category of disorders characterized by an impairment in the development of an individual's language capabilities, which is in contrast to his/her non-verbal intellect." ; :prefLabel "Language Disorders" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer/Time-sharing", "Time Sharing", "Time share computer system", "Time-sharing operating system", "Time-sharing system", "Timesharing" ; :definition "In computing, time-sharing is the sharing of a computing resource among many users by means of multiprogramming and multi-tasking at the same time. Its introduction in the 1960s and emergence as the prominent model of computing in the 1970s represented a major technological shift in the history of computing." ; :prefLabel "Time-sharing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Line work", "Object-oriented graphics", "Vecctorized", "Vector", "Vector art", "Vector drawing", "Vector drawings", "Vector graphic", "Vector graphics (disambiguation)", "Vector illustration", "Vector image", "Vector image format", "Vector images", "Vector software", "Vector version", "Vectorgraphic", "X-Y monitor", "Xy monitor" ; :definition "Vector graphics is the use of polygons to represent images in computer graphics. Vector graphics are based on vectors, which lead through locations called control points or nodes. Each of these points has a definite position on the x- and y-axes of the work plane and determines the direction of the path; further, each path may be assigned various attributes, including such values as stroke color, shape, curve, thickness, and fill." ; :prefLabel "Vector graphics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Template matching is a technique in digital image processing for finding small parts of an image which match a template image. It can be used in manufacturing as a part of quality control, a way to navigate a mobile robot, or as a way to detect edges in images." ; :prefLabel "Template matching" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Gensim is an open-source vector space modeling and topic modeling toolkit, implemented in the Python programming language. It uses NumPy, SciPy and optionally Cython for performance. It is specifically intended for handling large text collections, using efficient online, incremental algorithms. Gensim is commercially supported by the startup RaRe Technologies. Gensim has been used and cited in over 300 commercial as well as academic applications" ; :prefLabel "Gensim" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Relation", "Relation (database) (Template)", "Relation schema", "Relation scheme", "Relational scheme" ; :definition "In relational database theory, a relation, as originally defined by E. F. Codd, is a set of tuples (d1, d2, ..., dn), where each element dj is a member of Dj, a data domain. Codd's original definition notwithstanding, and contrary to the usual definition in mathematics, there is no ordering to the elements of the tuples of a relation. Instead, each element is termed an attribute value. An attribute is a name paired with a domain (nowadays more commonly referred to as a type or data type). An attribute value is an attribute name paired with an element of that attribute's domain, and a tuple is a set of attribute values in which no two distinct elements have the same name. Thus, in some accounts, a tuple is described as a function, mapping names to values." ; :prefLabel "Relation (database)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data scientist", "Data scientists", "Security data science" ; :definition "Data science is an interdisciplinary field about processes and systems to extract knowledge or insights from data in various forms, either structured or unstructured, which is a continuation of some of the data analysis fields such as statistics, machine learning, data mining, and predictive analytics, similar to Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD)." ; :prefLabel "Data science" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Change management process", "ECM", "Engineering change management" ; :definition "The change management process in systems engineering is the process of requesting, determining attainability, planning, implementing, and evaluating of changes to a system. Its main goals are to support the processing and traceability of changes to an interconnected set of factors." ; :prefLabel "Change management (engineering)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arithmetic precision", "DP", "Decimal place", "Decimal places", "Decimal precision", "Figure", "LSD (disambiguation)", "Least significant digit", "MSD", "Most significant digit", "Precision (arithmetic)", "Round (mathematics)", "SF", "Sig digs", "Sig fig", "Sig figs", "Sig-fig", "Sig-figs", "Sigfig", "Sigfigs", "Significance figures", "Significant digit", "Significant digits", "Significant figure", "Superfluous precision" ; :definition "The significant figures of a number are digits that carry meaning contributing to its measurement resolution. This includes all digits except: * All leading zeros; * Trailing zeros when they are merely placeholders to indicate the scale of the number (exact rules are explained at ); and * Spurious digits introduced, for example, by calculations carried out to greater precision than that of the original data, or measurements reported to a greater precision than the equipment supports." ; :prefLabel "Significant figures" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apodisation function", "Apodization function", "Barlett", "Barlett-Hann window", "Bartlett function", "Bartlett window", "Bartlett-Hann window", "Bessel", "Bessel window", "Blackman window", "Blackman-Harris window", "Blackman-Nuttall window", "Bohman window", "Boxcar window", "Cosine window", "De la Vallé Poussin window", "De la Vallée Poussin window", "Flat top window", "Gauss window", "Gaussian window", "Hamming function", "Hamming window", "Hammingwindow", "Hann-Poisson window", "Hanning filter", "Hann–Poisson window", "Multiple overlap window", "Noise bandwidth", "Noise equivalent bandwidth", "Rectangular window", "Sine window", "Tapering (signal processing)", "Tapering Function", "Triangular window", "Triple overlapped cosine window", "Tukey window", "Welch window", "Window (disambiguation)", "Window (signal processing)", "Window functions", "Windowed frame", "Windowing function", "Windowing functions" ; :definition "In signal processing, a window function (also known as an apodization function or tapering function) is a mathematical function that is zero-valued outside of some chosen interval. For instance, a function that is constant inside the interval and zero elsewhere is called a rectangular window, which describes the shape of its graphical representation. When another function or waveform/data-sequence is multiplied by a window function, the product is also zero-valued outside the interval: all that is left is the part where they overlap, the "view through the window"." ; :prefLabel "Window function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Federation (disambiguation)", "Network Federation" ; :definition "A federation is a group of computing or network providers agreeing upon standards of operation in a collective fashion. The term may be used when describing the inter-operation of two distinct, formally disconnected, telecommunications networks that may have different internal structures. The term may also be used when groups attempt to delegate collective authority of development to prevent fragmentation. In a telecommunication interconnection, the internal modus operandi of the different systems is irrelevant to the existence of a federation. Joining two distinct networks:" ; :prefLabel "Federation (information technology)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "OWL-S is an ontology built on top of Web Ontology Language (OWL) by the DARPA DAML program. It replaces the former DAML-S ontology. "OWL-S is an ontology, within the OWL-based framework of the Semantic Web, for describing Semantic Web Services. It will enable users and software agents to automatically discover, invoke, compose, and monitor Web resources offering services, under specified constraints."" ; :prefLabel "OWL-S" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Inferential" ; :definition "In ordinary computer programming, the programmer keeps the program's intended results in mind and painstakingly constructs a computer program to achieve those results. Inferential programming refers to (still mostly hypothetical) techniques and technologies enabling the inverse. Inferential programming would allow the programmer to describe the intended result to the computer using a metaphor such as a fitness function, a test specification, or a logical specification and then the computer would construct its own program to meet the supplied criteria." ; :prefLabel "Inferential programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "A. Messina", "Alberto Alessandro Messina" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 19 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Alberto Messina" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S Soderland", "S. M. Soderland" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1103 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Stephen Soderland" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S Auer", "S. Auer", "S. Müller Auer", "Soeren Auer" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1967 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Sören Auer" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "I Gregory Horrocks", "I Horrocks", "I. Horrocks", "Ian Horrocks" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3034 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Ian Horrocks" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S. Decker", "Stefan Josef Decker" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1175 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Stefan Decker" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "J A Hendler", "J Hendler", "J. Hendler", "James A Hendler", "James Hendler" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2820 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "James A. Hendler" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Ivan Cantador", "Ivan. Cantador" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 220 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Iván Cantador" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "G Salton", "G. Salton", "Gerard Salton" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 3432 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Gerard Salton" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 137 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Fuzheng Zhang" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 26 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Francesco Corcoglioniti" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "V. Tablan" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 462 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Valentin Tablan" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "J. Jose", "J. M. Jose", "J. María San José", "Joemon Jose", "Joemon M Jose" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 396 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Joemon M. Jose" . a , default3:Article, default1:Paper ; default2:contributor , , ; default2:date "2001" ; default2:subject ; default1:citationVelocity 245 ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1306 ; default1:url ; default1:venue "__MISSING__" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Downstream" ; :definition "In software development, downstream refers to a direction away from the original authors or maintainers of software that is distributed as source code, and is a qualification of a patch. For example, a patch sent downstream is offered to the developers or maintainers of a forked software project. If accepted, the developers or maintainers will include the patch in their software fork, either immediately or in a future release. For contrast, see Upstream (software development), code sent toward the original development team." ; :prefLabel "Downstream (software development)" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ROA", "Resource oriented architecture" ; :definition "In software engineering, a resource-oriented architecture (ROA) is a style of software architecture and programming paradigm for designing and developing software in the form of resources with "RESTful" interfaces. These resources are software components (discrete pieces of code and/or data structures) which can be reused for different purposes. ROA design principles and guidelines are used during the phases of software development and system integration." ; :prefLabel "Resource-oriented architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mapper", "Semantic mapping (data integration)", "Semantic maps" ; :definition "A semantic mapper is tool or service that aids in the transformation of data elements from one namespace into another namespace. A semantic mapper is an essential component of a semantic broker and one tool that is enabled by the Semantic Web technologies. Essentially the problems arising in semantic mapping are the same as in data mapping for data integration purposes, with the difference that here the semantic relationships are made explicit through the use of semantic nets or ontologies which play the role of data dictionaries in data mapping." ; :prefLabel "Semantic mapper" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MNL model", "Maxent model", "Maximum entropy", "Maximum entropy classifier", "Multinomial", "Multinomial logit", "Multinomial logit model", "Multinomial regression", "Polytomous logistic regression", "Softmax regression" ; :definition "In statistics, multinomial logistic regression is a classification method that generalizes logistic regression to multiclass problems, i.e. with more than two possible discrete outcomes. That is, it is a model that is used to predict the probabilities of the different possible outcomes of a categorically distributed dependent variable, given a set of independent variables (which may be real-valued, binary-valued, categorical-valued, etc.)." ; :prefLabel "Multinomial logistic regression" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Meta Character", "Meta-character", "Metacharacters" ; :definition "A metacharacter is a character that has a special meaning (instead of a literal meaning) to a computer program, such as a shell interpreter or a regular expression engine. In POSIX extended regular expressions, there are 14 metacharacters that must be preceded by a backslash "\\" in order to drop their special meaning and be treated literally inside an expression: the open/close square brackets, "[" and "]"; the backslash "\\"; the caret "^"; the dollar sign "$"; the period or dot "."; the vertical bar or pipe symbol "|"; the question mark "?"; the asterisk "*"; the plus-sign "+"; open/close curly braces, "{" and "}"; and open/close parenthesis, "(" and ")"." ; :prefLabel "Metacharacter" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In machine learning, sequence labeling is a type of pattern recognition task that involves the algorithmic assignment of a categorical label to each member of a sequence of observed values. A common example of a sequence labeling task is part of speech tagging, which seeks to assign a part of speech to each word in an input sentence or document. Sequence labeling can be treated as a set of independent classification tasks, one per member of the sequence. However, accuracy is generally improved by making the optimal label for a given element dependent on the choices of nearby elements, using special algorithms to choose the globally best set of labels for the entire sequence at once." ; :prefLabel "Sequence labeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application/ld+json" ; :definition "JSON-LD, or JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data, is a method of encoding Linked Data using JSON. It was a goal to require as little effort as possible from developers to transform their existing JSON to JSON-LD. This allows data to be serialized in a way that is similar to traditional JSON. It is a World Wide Web Consortium Recommendation. It was initially developed by the JSON for Linking Data Community Group before being transferred to the RDF Working Group for review, improvement, and standardization." ; :prefLabel "JSON-LD" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chunking", "Chunking (computational linguistics)", "Text chunker" ; :definition "Shallow parsing (also chunking, "light parsing") is an analysis of a sentence which first identifies constituent parts of sentences (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) and then links them to higher order units that have discrete grammatical meanings (noun groups or phrases,, verb groups, etc.). While the most elementary chunking algorithms simply link constituent parts on the basis of elementary search patterns (e.g. as specified by Regular Expressions), approaches that use machine learning techniques (classifiers, topic modeling, etc.) can take contextual information into account and thus compose chunks in such a way that they better reflect the semantic relations between the basic constituents. That is, these more advanced methods get around the problem that combinations of elementary const" ; :prefLabel "Shallow parsing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Network service discovery", "SDP", "Service Discovery Protocol", "Service discovery protocols" ; :definition "Service discovery protocols (SDP) are network protocols that allow automatic detection of devices and services offered by these devices on a computer network. Service discovery requires a common language to allow software agents to make use of one another's services without the need for continuous user intervention." ; :prefLabel "Service discovery" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CCM", "CORBA Component Model", "CORBA IDL", "CORBA architecture", "Corba", "Corbaloc", "IDL", "Incarnation (CORBA)", "OMA", "OMG IDL", "Object Management Architecture", "Objects by Value", "POA", "Portable Object Adapter", "Portable interceptors", "Servant (CORBA)", "Servant (disambiguation)", "VMCID" ; :definition "The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) is a standard defined by the Object Management Group (OMG) designed to facilitate the communication of systems that are deployed on diverse platforms. CORBA enables collaboration between systems on different operating systems, programming languages, and computing hardware. CORBA uses an object-oriented model although the systems that use CORBA do not have to be object-oriented. CORBA is an example of the distributed object paradigm." ; :prefLabel "Common Object Request Broker Architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "adopted" ; :prefLabel "Entity Name Part Qualifier - adopted" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MRD" ; :definition "Machine-readable dictionary (MRD) is a dictionary stored as machine (computer) data instead of being printed on paper. It is an electronic dictionary and lexical database. A machine-readable dictionary is a dictionary in an electronic form that can be loaded in a database and can be queried via application software. It may be a single language explanatory dictionary or a multi-language dictionary to support translations between two or more languages or a combination of both. Translation software between multiple languages usually apply bidirectional dictionaries. An MRD may be a dictionary with a proprietary structure that is queried by dedicated software (for example online via internet) or it can be a dictionary that has an open structure and is available for loading in computer database" ; :prefLabel "Machine-readable dictionary" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Management systems" ; :definition "A management system is the framework of policies, processes and procedures used by an organization to ensure that it can fulfill all the tasks required to achieve its objectives. These objectives will be a mix covering many aspects of the organization's operations (including financial success, safe operation, product quality, client relationships, legislative and regulatory conformance, worker management, etc.). For instance, an environmental management system enables organizations to improve their environmental performance and an occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS) enables an organization to control its occupational health and safety risks, etc." ; :prefLabel "Management system" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Atomic", "Atomic transaction", "Atomic update", "Atomicity", "Transaction" ; :definition "In database systems, atomicity (or atomicness; from Greek atomos, undividable) is one of the ACID transaction properties. An atomic transaction is an indivisible and irreducible series of database operations such that either all occur, or nothing occurs. A guarantee of atomicity prevents updates to the database occurring only partially, which can cause greater problems than rejecting the whole series outright. As a consequence, the transaction cannot be observed to be in progress by another database client. At one moment in time, it has not yet happened, and at the next it has already occurred in whole (or nothing happened if the transaction was cancelled in progress)." ; :prefLabel "Atomicity (database systems)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Difference equation", "Difference equations", "LRS", "Lhrr", "Linear Recurrence Sequence", "Linear recursive sequences", "Partial difference equation", "Recurrence", "Recurrence equation", "Recurrence equations", "Recurrence relations", "Recurrences", "Recurrent relation", "Recursion (mathematics)", "Recursion relation", "Recursion(Mathematics)", "Recursive Sequence", "Recursive relation" ; :definition "In mathematics, a recurrence relation is an equation that recursively defines a sequence or multidimensional array of values, once one or more initial terms are given: each further term of the sequence or array is defined as a function of the preceding terms. The term sometimes (and for the purposes of this article) refers to a specific type of recurrence relation. However, "difference equation" is frequently used to refer to any recurrence relation." ; :prefLabel "Recurrence relation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Batch", "Batch Job", "Batch computing", "Batch data entry", "Batch mode", "Batch process", "Batch program", "Batch programs", "Batch stream processing", "Batch system", "Batch-oriented", "Batchjob", "Job processing cycle" ; :definition "Batch processing is the execution of a series of jobs in a program on a computer without manual intervention (non-interactive). Strictly speaking, it is a processing mode: the execution of a series of programs each on a set or "batch" of inputs, rather than a single input (which would instead be a custom job). However, this distinction has largely been lost, and the series of steps in a batch process are often called a "job" or "batch job"." ; :prefLabel "Batch processing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D web", "Cyberworlds", "Electronic battlefield", "Game-based world", "In-game", "Ingame", "Intraverse", "MMOW", "MUVEs", "Massively multiplayer online world", "Multi-User Virtual Environment", "Muve", "On-world", "Online world", "Onworld", "Synthetic world", "Virtual Worlds", "Virtual city", "Virtual online worlds" ; :definition "A virtual world or massively multiplayer online world (MMOW) is a computer-based simulated environment populated by many users who can create a personal avatar, and simultaneously and independently explore the virtual world, participate in its activities and communicate with others. These avatars can be textual, two or three-dimensional graphical representations, or live video avatars with auditory and touch sensations. In general, virtual worlds allow for multiple users." ; :prefLabel "Virtual world" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Springer", "Springer vehicle" ; :definition "The Springer (complete name: Mittlerer Ladungsträger Springer, Sd.Kfz. 304) was a demolition vehicle of the German Wehrmacht in World War II." ; :prefLabel "Springer (tank)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".lasso", "Lasso (disambiguation)", "Lasso programming language", "LassoSoft" ; :definition "Lasso is an application server and server management interface used to develop internet applications and is a general-purpose, high-level programming language. Originally a web datasource connection tool, for Filemaker and later included in Apple Computer's FileMaker 4.0 and Claris Homepage as CDML, it has since evolved into a complex language used to develop and serve large-scale internet applications and web pages. Lasso can be compared to the server-side scripting languages PHP and Python, ColdFusion, Ruby, etc." ; :prefLabel "Lasso" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blagosphere", "Blog-O-Sphere", "Blogospace", "Blogspace", "Blogsphere" ; :definition "The blogosphere is made up of all blogs and their interconnections. The term implies that blogs exist together as a connected community (or as a collection of connected communities) or as a social networking service in which everyday authors can publish their opinions. Since the term has been coined, it has been referenced in a number of media and is also used to refer to the Internet." ; :prefLabel "Blogosphere" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Meta class", "Metaclass (disambiguation)", "Metaclasses" ; :definition "In object-oriented programming, a metaclass is a class whose instances are classes. Just as an ordinary class defines the behavior of certain objects, a metaclass defines the behavior of certain classes and their instances. Not all object-oriented programming languages support metaclasses. Among those that do, the extent to which metaclasses can override any given aspect of class behavior varies. Metaclasses can be implemented by having classes be first-class citizen, in which case a metaclass is simply an object that constructs classes. Each language has its own metaobject protocol, a set of rules that govern how objects, classes, and metaclasses interact." ; :prefLabel "Metaclass" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Black box (disambiguation)", "Black box (systems)", "Black box engineering", "Black box theory", "Black boxes", "Black-box", "Black-boxes", "Blackboxes" ; :definition "In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a device, system or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings. Its implementation is "opaque" (black). Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, or the human brain. 595x The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection, which is most commonly referred to as a white box (sometimes also known as a "clear box" or a "glass box")." ; :prefLabel "Black box" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Asynchronous replication", "Copy Services", "Data Redundancy", "Data reliability", "Data replication", "Database replication", "Master election", "Master-slave replication", "Replag", "Replicated database", "Replication", "Replication (computer science)", "Storage replication", "Synchronous replication" ; :definition "Replication in computing involves sharing information so as to ensure consistency between redundant resources, such as software or hardware components, to improve reliability, fault-tolerance, or accessibility." ; :prefLabel "Replication (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sequence mining" ; :definition "Sequential pattern mining is a topic of data mining concerned with finding statistically relevant patterns between data examples where the values are delivered in a sequence. It is usually presumed that the values are discrete, and thus time series mining is closely related, but usually considered a different activity. Sequential pattern mining is a special case of structured data mining." ; :prefLabel "Sequential pattern mining" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Disk snapshot", "Filesystem snapshot", "Snapshot", "Snapshot (virtualization)", "Volume manager snapshot" ; :definition "In computer systems, a snapshot is the state of a system at a particular point in time. The term was coined as an analogy to that in photography. It can refer to an actual copy of the state of a system or to a capability provided by certain systems." ; :prefLabel "Snapshot (computer storage)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Human Language Technologies", "Human Language Technology", "Language technologies" ; :definition "Language technology, often called human language technology (HLT), consists of natural language processing (NLP) and computational linguistics (CL) on the one hand, and speech technology on the other. It also includes many application oriented aspects of these. Language technology is closely connected to computer science and general linguistics." ; :prefLabel "Language technology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "/0", "1/0", "1÷0", "A/0", "Divide By Zero", "Divide by 0", "Divide by 0 error", "Divide by zero error", "Divide with zero", "Divide-by-zero", "Dividing by 0", "Dividing by zero", "Division by 0", "Division by zero (disambiguation)", "One over Zero", "X/0", "X÷0", "Zero denominator", "Zero divided by zero", "Zero division", "÷ 0", "÷0" ; :definition "In mathematics, division by zero is division where the divisor (denominator) is zero. Such a division can be formally expressed as a/0 where a is the dividend (numerator). In ordinary arithmetic, the expression has no meaning, as there is no number which, multiplied by 0, gives a (assuming a≠0), and so division by zero is undefined. Since any number multiplied by zero is zero, the expression 0/0 also has no defined value; when it is the form of a limit, it is an indeterminate form. Historically, one of the earliest recorded references to the mathematical impossibility of assigning a value to a/0 is contained in George Berkeley's criticism of infinitesimal calculus in The Analyst ("ghosts of departed quantities")." ; :prefLabel "Division by zero" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Full-stack developer", "GLASS (software bundle)", "Glass (disambiguation)", "LEAP (software bundle)", "Software stack", "Solutions stack", "Stack", "Technology stack", "WINS", "WINS (solution stack)", "Web stack" ; :definition "In computing, a solution stack or software stack is a set of software subsystems or components needed to create a complete platform such that no additional software is needed to support applications. Applications are said to "run on" or "run on top of" the resulting platform. Some definitions of a platform overlap with what is known as system software." ; :prefLabel "Solution stack" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1GB", "G-byte", "GB", "GByte", "GBytes", "Gbytes/sec", "Gegabyte", "Gig", "Giga byte", "Giga-Byte", "Gigabytes", "Gigbyte", "Gigobyte", "Jigabyte", "㎇" ; :definition "The gigabyte (/ˈɡɪɡəbaɪt/ GIG-ə-byt or /ˈdʒɪɡəbaɪt/) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units (SI), therefore one gigabyte is 1000000000bytes. The unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB. To address this ambiguity, the binary prefixes are standardized in the International System of Quantities, each binary prefix denoting an integer power of 1024. With these prefixes, a memory module that is labeled as having the size 1GB is designated as 1GiB (one gibibyte)." ; :prefLabel "Gigabyte" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Coupling (computer science)", "Coupling (disambiguation)", "Dependency", "Dependency (computer science)", "Dependency (software)", "Low-Coupling / High-Cohesion pattern", "Software dependency", "Subclass coupling" ; :definition "In software engineering, coupling is the degree of interdependence between software modules; a measure of how closely connected two routines or modules are; the strength of the relationships between modules. Coupling is usually contrasted with cohesion. Low coupling often correlates with high cohesion, and vice versa. Low coupling is often a sign of a well-structured computer system and a good design, and when combined with high cohesion, supports the general goals of high readability and maintainability." ; :prefLabel "Coupling (computer programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Sentence extraction is a technique used for automatic summarization of a text.In this shallow approach, statistical heuristics are used to identify the most salient sentences of a text. Sentence extraction is a low-cost approach compared to more knowledge-intensive deeper approaches which require additional knowledge bases such as ontologies or linguistic knowledge. In short "sentence extraction" works as a filter which allows only important sentences to pass." ; :prefLabel "Sentence extraction" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Hybrid logic refers to a number of extensions to propositional modal logic with more expressive power, though still less than first-order logic. In formal logic, there is a trade-off between expressiveness and computational tractability (how easy it is to compute/reason with logical languages). The history of hybrid logic began with Arthur Prior's work in tense logic. @i p is true if and only if p is true in the unique state named by the nominal i (i.e., the state where i is true). Hybrid logics with extra or other operators exist, but @ is more-or-less "standard."" ; :prefLabel "Hybrid logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Access", "Accessing the Internet", "Bandwidth constraints", "Broadband access", "Broadband internet", "Broadband internet access", "Connectivity", "Digital connectivity", "HSIA", "High Speed Internet Access", "High speed Internet", "High speed Internet connection", "High-speed broadband", "High-speed internet", "High-speed internet connection", "Iblast", "Internet access program", "Internet broadband", "Internet connection", "Internet connectivity", "Internet speed", "Internet usage", "Internet-Speed", "New Media Speed", "Types of broadband connections", "Via broadband", "Web access" ; :definition "Internet access is the process that enables individuals and organisations to connect to the Internet using computer terminals, computers, mobile devices, sometimes via computer networks. Once connected to the Internet, users can access Internet services, such as email and the World Wide Web. Internet service providers (ISPs) offer Internet access through various technologies that offer a wide range of data signaling rates (speeds)." ; :prefLabel "Internet access" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Veracity is an open source distributed version control system primarily written by SourceGear LLC which versions not only the artifacts placed under version control in the repository, but also associated data for features such as the integrated bug tracking system and agile build management tool. Written in C and Javascript, Veracity is released under the Apache License and has a publicly available code repository, however it is still mostly developed by SourceGear with limited community involvement." ; :prefLabel "Veracity" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pervasive" ; :definition "Pervasive informatics is the study of how information affects interactions with the built environments they occupy. The term and concept were initially introduced by Professor Kecheng Liu during a keynote speech at the SOLI 2008 international conference." ; :prefLabel "Pervasive informatics" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Markov assumption", "Markov-type property", "Strong Markov property" ; :definition "In probability theory and statistics, the term Markov property refers to the memoryless property of a stochastic process. It is named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov. A stochastic process has the Markov property if the conditional probability distribution of future states of the process (conditional on both past and present states) depends only upon the present state, not on the sequence of events that preceded it. A process with this property is called a Markov process. The term strong Markov property is similar to the Markov property, except that the meaning of "present" is defined in terms of a random variable known as a stopping time. Both the terms "Markov property" and "strong Markov property" have been used in connection with a particular "memoryless" property of the e" ; :prefLabel "Markov property" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A lexical database is a lexical resource which has an associated software environment database which permits access to its contents. The database may be custom-designed for the lexical information or a general-purpose database into which lexical information has been entered. Information typically stored in a lexical database includes lexical category and synonyms of words, as well as semantic and phonological relations between different words or sets of words." ; :prefLabel "Lexical database" ; :related , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ISO 10746", "ODP", "Open distributed processing", "RM ODP", "RMODP", "Reference Model for Open Distributed Processing", "X.901-904" ; :definition "Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) is a reference model in computer science, which provides a co-ordinating framework for the standardization of open distributed processing (ODP). It supports distribution, interworking, platform and technology independence, and portability, together with an enterprise architecture framework for the specification of ODP systems." ; :prefLabel "RM-ODP" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code generation", "Code generator", "Intermediate code generation" ; :definition "In computing, code generation is the process by which a compiler's code generator converts some intermediate representation of source code into a form (e.g., machine code) that can be readily executed by a machine." ; :prefLabel "Code generation (compiler)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ACOA", "Aco", "Ant colony algorithm", "Ant colony optimisation", "Ant colony optimization", "Ant colony optimization algorithm", "Ant system", "Michael LaLena" ; :definition "In computer science and operations research, the ant colony optimization algorithm (ACO) is a probabilistic technique for solving computational problems which can be reduced to finding good paths through graphs." ; :prefLabel "Ant colony optimization algorithms" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ERR5RS", "LAML", "R4RS", "R5RS", "R5RS Scheme", "R6RS", "R7RS", "RnRS", "Scheme (language)", "Scheme Links", "Scheme Programming language", "Scheme language", "Scheme progamming language" ; :definition "Scheme is a functional programming language and one of the two main dialects of the programming language Lisp. Unlike Common Lisp, the other main dialect, Scheme follows a minimalist design philosophy specifying a small standard core with powerful tools for language extension." ; :prefLabel "Scheme" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TimeLine", "timelines" ; :prefLabel "TimeLine Fluoride Releasing Resin" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Composite service", "SOMA (Service-Oriented Modelling and Architecture)", "Service oriented analysis and design", "Service oriented architecture modeling", "Service-Oriented Modeling and Architecture", "Service-Oriented Modelling Framework", "Service-oriented", "Service-oriented analysis and design", "Service-oriented model", "Service-oriented modeling (version 2)", "Service-oriented modeling framework", "Service-oriented modelling", "Service-oriented modelling and architecture", "Soa modeling", "Som" ; :definition "Service-oriented modeling is the discipline of modeling business and software systems, for the purpose of designing and specifying service-oriented business systems within a variety of architectural styles and paradigms, such as application architecture, service-oriented architecture, microservices, and cloud computing." ; :prefLabel "Service-oriented modeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deniz Efe Açıkgöz", "IDMb", "IMBD", "IMD b", "IMDB Pro", "IMDb Top 250", "IMDb.com", "IMDbPro", "IMdb", "Imdb 250", "Imdb.com", "Inc.", "International Movie Database", "Internet Movie Data Base", "Internet Movie Database", "Internet Movie Databse", "Internet movie", "Movie database", "The IMDB", "The Internet Movie Database", "The Internet Movie Database Top 250", "Top 250 movies on IMDb", "Www.imdb.com" ; :definition "The Internet Movie Database (abbreviated IMDb) is an online database of information related to films, television programs and video games, including cast, production crew, fictional characters, biographies, plot summaries, trivia and reviews. Actors and crew can post their own résumé and upload photos of themselves for a yearly fee. U.S. users can view over 6,000 movies and television shows from CBS, Sony, and various independent filmmakers." ; :prefLabel "Internet Movie Database (IMDb)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blocking", "Blocking (scheduling)" ; :definition "In computing, a process is an instance of a computer program that is being executed. A process always exists in exactly one process state.A process that is blocked is one that is waiting for some event, such as a resource becoming available or the completion of an I/O operation. In a multitasking computer system, individual tasks, or threads of execution, must share the resources of the system. These resources might be: * the CPU * network * memory * disk Deadlock means that processes pathologically wait for each other in a circle. As such it is not directly associated with blocking." ; :prefLabel "Blocking (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Actor model", "and physics", "and quantum physics", "mathematical logic" ; :definition "Indeterminacy in concurrent computation is concerned with the effects of indeterminacy in concurrent computation. Computation is an area in which indeterminacy is becoming increasingly important because of the massive increase in concurrency due to networking and the advent of many-core computer architectures. These computer systems make use of arbiters which give rise to indeterminacy." ; :prefLabel "Indeterminacy in concurrent computation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Semantic web publishing" ; :definition "Semantic publishing on the Web, or semantic web publishing, refers to publishing information on the web as documents accompanied by semantic markup. Semantic publication provides a way for computers to understand the structure and even the meaning of the published information, making information search and data integration more efficient. Although semantic publishing is not specific to the Web, it has been driven by the rising of the semantic web. In the semantic web, published information is accompanied by metadata describing the information, providing a "semantic" context." ; :prefLabel "Semantic publishing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biologically inspired algorithms", "Biologically inspired computing", "Biologically-inspired computing" ; :definition "Bio-inspired computing, short for biologically inspired computing, is a field of study that loosely knits together subfields related to the topics of connectionism, social behaviour and emergence. It is often closely related to the field of artificial intelligence, as many of its pursuits can be linked to machine learning. It relies heavily on the fields of biology, computer science and mathematics. Briefly put, it is the use of computers to model the living phenomena, and simultaneously the study of life to improve the usage of computers. Biologically inspired computing is a major subset of natural computation." ; :prefLabel "Bio-inspired computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cardinal scale", "Categorical rating", "Categorical-valued", "Classification scale", "Comparative scaling", "Interval measurement", "Interval scale", "Level", "Levels of measurement", "Nominal", "Nominal data", "Nominal distribution", "Nominal distributions", "Nominal measurement", "Nominal scale", "Nominal scales", "Nominal variable", "Noncomparative scaling", "Numeric data", "Numerical data", "Ordinal", "Ordinal classification", "Ordinal level", "Ordinal measurement", "Ordinal order", "Ordinal scale", "Ordinal scales", "Qualitative variable", "Quantitative data", "Rank order scale", "Ratio data", "Ratio measurement", "Ratio scale", "Scale (measurement)", "Scale of measure", "Scale of measurement", "Scales of measure", "Scales of measurement", "Statistical levels of measurement" ; :definition "Level of measurement or scale of measure is a classification that describes the nature of information within the numbers assigned to variables. Psychologist Stanley Smith Stevens developed the best known classification with four levels, or scales, of measurement: , , , and . Other classifications include those by Chrisman and by Mosteller and Tukey. This framework of distinguishing levels of measurement originated in psychology and is widely criticized by scholars in other disciplines." ; :prefLabel "Level of measurement" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clash of Ninja", "Clash of Ninja 2", "Clash of Ninja Revolution 3", "Clash of Ninja for wii", "CoNR2", "Con", "Gekito Ninja Taisen! Special", "Naruto Clash of Ninja", "Naruto Clash of Ninja 2", "Naruto Clash of Ninja European Version", "Naruto Clash of the Ninja", "Naruto Clash of the Ninja 2", "Naruto GNT", "Naruto GNT 2", "Naruto GNT 3", "Naruto GNT 4", "Naruto Gekito Ninja Taisen", "Naruto Gekito Ninja Taisen 2", "Naruto Gekito Ninja Taisen 3", "Naruto Gekito Ninja Taisen 4", "Naruto Gekitou Ninja Taisen", "Naruto Gekitou Ninja Taisen 2", "Naruto Gekitou Ninja Taisen 3", "Naruto Gekitou Ninja Taisen 4", "Naruto Gekitou Ninja Taisen 5", "Naruto Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX", "Naruto Gekitou Ninja Taisen Nintendo Gamecube", "Naruto Gekitou Ninja Taisen Nintendo Gamecube and Nintendo Wii", "Naruto Gekitou Ninja Taisen Nintendo Gamecube and Nintendo Wii Games", "Naruto Great Ninja War", "Naruto Great Ninja War 2", "Naruto Great Ninja War 3", "Naruto Great Ninja War 4", "Naruto Shippuden: Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX", "Naruto Shippuuden Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX", "Naruto Shippuuden: Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX", "Naruto Shippūden: Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX", "Naruto clash of ninja gamecube", "Naruto clash of ninja revolution", "Naruto clash of ninja revolution 2", "Naruto revolution 3", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja (Video Game)", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja (gamecube)", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja (series)", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja (version 2)", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja 2", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja 2 (video game)", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja 3", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja 4", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja European Version", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja MVZ", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja Revolution", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja Revolution 2", "Naruto: Clash of Ninja Wii", "Naruto: Clash of the Ninja", "Naruto: Clash of the Ninja 2", "Naruto: GNT", "Naruto: GNT 2", "Naruto: GNT 3", "Naruto: GNT 4", "Naruto: Gekito Ninja Taisen", "Naruto: Gekito Ninja Taisen 2", "Naruto: Gekito Ninja Taisen 3", "Naruto: Gekito Ninja Taisen 4", "Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen", "Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen 2", "Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen 3", "Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen 4", "Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen 5", "Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX", "Naruto: Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX 2", "Naruto: Gekitō Ninja Taisen! 3", "Naruto: Gekitō Ninja Taisen! 4", "Naruto: Great Ninja War", "Naruto: Great Ninja War 2", "Naruto: Great Ninja War 3", "Naruto: Great Ninja War 4", "Naruto: Shippuden Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX", "Naruto: Shippuuden Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX", "Naruto: Shippūden Gekitou Ninja Taisen EX", "Naruto: clash of ninja", "Naruto:Clash of Ninja", "Ninja Taisen" ; :definition "Naruto: Clash of Ninja, released in Japan as Naruto: Gekitō Ninja Taisen! (NARUTO -ナルト- 激闘忍者大戦!), is a series of 3D cel-shaded fighting games based on the popular manga and anime series Naruto by Masashi Kishimoto. They are developed by Eighting and published by D3 Publisher and Tomy. Various installments of the series have appeared on both Nintendo's GameCube, Wii and a pending platform. Four games are available for the GameCube, seven for the Wii and one speculated for the Wii U though its platform has not been confirmed yet. Naruto: Clash of Ninja, Clash of Ninja 2, Revolution, Revolution 2 and Revolution 3 are available in the US. Naruto: Clash of Ninja 2, Revolution and Revolution 2 are available in PAL regions. Naruto Shippuden: Clash of Ninja Revolution III was released in Europe on" ; :prefLabel "Naruto Shippuden: Clash of Ninja Revolution 3" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Behavior", "Behaviors", "Choice", "Choice Behaviors", "choice", "choice-making behavior", "choices", "making a choice" ; :definition "The act of making a selection among two or more alternatives, usually after a period of deliberation." ; :prefLabel "Choice Behavior" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Food traceability", "Traceable" ; :definition "Traceability is the ability to verify the history, location, or application of an item by means of documented recorded identification. Other common definitions include the capability (and implementation) of keeping track of a given set or type of information to a given degree, or the ability to chronologically interrelate uniquely identifiable entities in a way that is verifiable." ; :prefLabel "Traceability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Face localization", "Smile shutter" ; :definition "Face detection is a computer technology being used in a variety of applications that identifies human faces in digital images. Face detection also refers to the psychological process by which humans locate and attend to faces in a visual scene." ; :prefLabel "Face detection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Citation analysis is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in documents. It uses the pattern of citations, links from one document to another document, to reveal properties of the documents. A typical aim would be to identify the most important documents in a collection. A classic example is that of the citations between academic articles and books. The judgements produced by judges of law to support their decisions refer back to judgements made in earlier cases so is important. Another example is provided by patents which contain prior art, citation earlier patents relevant to the current claim." ; :prefLabel "Citation analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "C (disambiguation)", "Computable predicate", "Effectively computable", "Incomputable function", "Non-computable function", "Noncomputable function", "Partial computable function", "Provably total", "Total computable function", "Total recursive function", "Turing computable", "Uncomputable function" ; :definition "Computable functions are the basic objects of study in computability theory. Computable functions are the formalized analogue of the intuitive notion of algorithm, in the sense that a function is computable if there exists an algorithm that can do the job of the function, i.e. given an input of the function domain it can return the corresponding output. Computable functions are used to discuss computability without referring to any concrete model of computation such as Turing machines or register machines. Any definition, however, must make reference to some specific model of computation but all valid definitions yield the same class of functions.Particular models of computability that give rise to the set of computable functions are the Turing-computable functions and the μ-recursive func" ; :prefLabel "Computable function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enterprise Architecture Process", "Enterprise Lifecycle", "Enterprise Performance Life Cycle", "Life cycle" ; :definition "Enterprise life cycle (ELC) in enterprise architecture is the dynamic, iterative process of changing the enterprise over time by incorporating new business processes, new technology, and new capabilities, as well as maintenance, disposition and disposal of existing elements of the enterprise." ; :prefLabel "Enterprise life cycle" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "A fuzzy concept is a concept of which the boundaries of application can vary considerably according to context or conditions, instead of being fixed once and for all. This means the concept is vague in some way, lacking a fixed, precise meaning, without however being unclear or meaningless altogether. It has a definite meaning, which can become more precise only through further elaboration and specification, including a closer definition of the context in which the concept is used." ; :prefLabel "Fuzzy concept" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Teaching", "educate", "educated", "educating", "education", "educations", "instruction", "teach", "teachings" ; :definition "A formal and organized process of transmitting knowledge to a person or group." ; :prefLabel "Educational process of instructing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-signature", "Electronic signatures", "Esignature", "Secure electronic signature", "Signature (disambiguation)" ; :definition "An electronic signature, or e-signature, refers to data in electronic form, which is logically associated with other data in electronic form and which is used by the signatory to sign. This type of signature provides the same legal standing as a handwritten signature as long as it adheres to the requirements of the specific regulation it was created under (e.g., eIDAS in the European Union, NIST-DSS in the USA or ZertES in Switzerland)." ; :prefLabel "Electronic signature" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer input device", "Input", "Input devices", "Input hardware", "Input interface", "List of input devices" ; :definition "In computing, an input device is a peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a computer or information appliance. Examples of input devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks. Many input devices can be classified according to: Pointing devices, which are input devices used to specify a position in space, can further be classified according to:" ; :prefLabel "Input device" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HTTP POST", "HTTP POST request", "POST request", "Post" ; :definition "In computing, POST is one of many request methods supported by the HTTP protocol used by the World Wide Web. By design, the POST request method requests that a web server accept and store the data enclosed in the body of the request message. It is often used when uploading a file or submitting a completed web form." ; :prefLabel "POST (HTTP)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Frame (HTML)", "Frame (World Wide Web)", "Frameset", "Framing", "HTML frame", "HTML frames", "Netscape Frames", "Noframes", "Web frames" ; :definition "In the context of a web browser, a frame is a part of a web page or browser window which displays content independent of its container, with the ability to load content independently. The HTML or media elements that go in a frame may or may not come from the same web site as the other elements of content on display. In HTML, a frameset is a group of named frames to which web pages and media can be directed; an iframe provides for a frame to be placed inside the body of a document." ; :prefLabel "Framing (World Wide Web)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Graph exploration algorithm", "Graph search", "Graph search algorithm" ; :definition "In computer science, graph traversal (also known as graph search) refers to the process of visiting (checking and/or updating) each vertex in a graph. Such traversals are classified by the order in which the vertices are visited. Tree traversal is a special case of graph traversal." ; :prefLabel "Graph traversal" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In machine learning, the polynomial kernel is a kernel function commonly used with support vector machines (SVMs) and other kernelized models, that represents the similarity of vectors (training samples) in a feature space over polynomials of the original variables, allowing learning of non-linear models." ; :prefLabel "Polynomial kernel" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AE", "Artificial evolution", "EA (disambiguation)", "Evolutionary algorithms", "Evolutionary methods", "Evolutive algorithm" ; :definition "In artificial intelligence, an evolutionary algorithm (EA) is a subset of evolutionary computation, a generic population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm. An EA uses mechanisms inspired by biological evolution, such as reproduction, mutation, recombination, and selection. Candidate solutions to the optimization problem play the role of individuals in a population, and the fitness function determines the quality of the solutions (see also loss function). Evolution of the population then takes place after the repeated application of the above operators. Artificial evolution (AE) describes a process involving individual evolutionary algorithms; EAs are individual components that participate in an AE.." ; :prefLabel "Evolutionary algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Weights", "weighted", "weighting" ; :definition "The vertical force exerted by a mass as a result of gravity.(CDRH-GUDID)" ; :prefLabel "Weight" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "match", "matched" ; :prefLabel "MATCHING" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "AGROVOC (a portmanteau of agriculture and vocabulary) is a multilingual controlled vocabulary covering all areas of interest to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), including food, nutrition, agriculture, fisheries, forestry and the environment. The vocabulary consists of over 32,000 concepts with up to 40,000 terms in 23 languages: Arabic, Chinese, Czech, English, French, German, Hindi, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lao, Malay, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Slovak, Spanish, Telugu, Thai, Turkish and Ukrainian. It is a collaborative effort, edited by a community of experts and coordinated by FAO." ; :prefLabel "AGROVOC" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In information technology, data architecture is composed of models, policies, rules or standards that govern which data is collected, and how it is stored, arranged, integrated, and put to use in data systems and in organizations. Data is usually one of several architecture domains that form the pillars of an enterprise architecture or solution architecture." ; :prefLabel "Data architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Search session", "Session", "Session reconstruction", "Sessionisation", "Sessionization", "Visit", "Visit (internet)" ; :definition "Sessions, or visits, is a unit of measurement in web analytics, capturing either a user's actions within a particular time period, or a user's actions in completing a particular task. As well as being directly useful as a metric within web analytics, sessions are also used in operational analytics and to provide personalised features, such as user-specific recommendations for other pages or items to view. These uses are dependent on session reconstruction - taking a series of user events and splitting the series into a set of sessions - which tends to use one of two classes of methodologies: time-oriented approaches, which use user inactivity as a signal to end a session and begin a new one, and navigation-based approaches, which divide requests into sessions based on an unbroken chain of" ; :prefLabel "Session (web analytics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".BIN", "BIN (file format)", "Bin file", "Bin file format", "Binaries", "Binary", "Binary (computing)", "Binary (software)", "Binary encoding", "Binary file format", "Binary file transfer", "Binary files", "Binary format", "Binary-file", "Flat binary file", "Non-text file" ; :definition "A binary file is a computer file that is not a text file. The term "binary file" is often used as a term meaning "non-text file". Text file itself is a binary file and all computer files are binary files. Many binary file formats contain parts that can be interpreted as text; for example, some computer document files containing formatted text, such as older Microsoft Word document files, contain the text of the document but also contain formatting information in binary form." ; :prefLabel "Binary file" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "128-level RPN", "3-level RPN", "4-level RPN", "5-level RPN", "8-level RPN", "Advanced RPN", "Advanced Reverse Polish Notation", "Classical RPN", "Eight-level RPN", "Entry RPN", "Five-level RPN", "Four-level RPN", "Notation Polish reverse", "ONP", "ONP (notation)", "Odwrotna notacja polska", "Post fix notation", "Postfix form", "Postfix notation", "Postfix operator", "RPN", "RPN (notation)", "RPN calculator", "Reverse Polish", "Reverse-Polish", "Reverse-Polish notation", "Three-level RPN", "UPN (disambiguation)", "UPN (notation)", "Umgekehrte Polnische Notation", "Zciweisakul notation", "Zciweisakuł notation" ; :definition "Reverse Polish notation (RPN) is a mathematical notation in which every operator follows all of its operands, in contrast to Polish notation (PN), which puts the operator before its operands. It is also known as postfix notation and does not need any parentheses as long as each operator has a fixed number of operands. The description "Polish" refers to the nationality of logician Jan Łukasiewicz, who invented (prefix) Polish notation in the 1920s. Most of what follows is about binary operators. An example of a unary operator whose standard notation uses postfix is the factorial." ; :prefLabel "Reverse Polish notation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Prefix (computer science)", "Prefix (disambiguation)", "Prefix (formal languages)", "Prefix of a string", "Substr", "Subword", "Suffix (computer science)", "Suffix (disambiguation)", "Suffix (formal languages)", "Suffix of a string", "Superstring (formal languages)" ; :definition "A substring of a string is another string that occurs "in" . For example, "the best of" is a substring of "It was the best of times". This is not to be confused with subsequence, which is a generalization of substring. For example, "Itwastimes" is a subsequence of "It was the best of times", but not a substring. Prefix and suffix are special cases of substring. A prefix of a string is a substring of that occurs at the beginning of . A suffix of a string is a substring that occurs at the end of ." ; :prefLabel "Substring" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AI applications", "AI apps", "Application of artificial intelligence", "Applications of AI", "Applications of machine intelligence", "Artificial Intelligence in Medicine", "Artificial intelligence applications", "Automated assistant", "List of applications of artificial intelligence" ; :definition "AI researchers have created many tools to solve the most difficult problems in computer science. Many of their inventions have been adopted by mainstream computer science and are no longer considered a part of AI. (See AI effect). According to , p. 15), all of the following were originally developed in AI laboratories: time sharing,interactive interpreters,graphical user interfaces and the computer mouse,rapid development environments,the linked list data structure,automatic storage management,symbolic programming,functional programming,dynamic programming andobject-oriented programming." ; :prefLabel "Applications of artificial intelligence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital city", "Intelligent cities", "Intelligent city", "MESH city", "Mesh cities", "Smart cities", "Smartcity", "Spatial intelligence of cities", "U-City", "Ubiquitous City" ; :definition "A smart city is an urban development mission to integrate multiple information and communication technology (ICT) and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions in a secure fashion to manage a city’s assets – the city’s assets include, but are not limited to, local departments' information systems, schools, libraries, transportation systems, hospitals, power plants, water supply networks, waste management, law enforcement, and other community services. The goal of building a smart city is to improve quality of life by using urban informatics and technology to improve the efficiency of services and meet residents’ needs. ICT allows city officials to interact directly with the community and the city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city, how the city is evolving, and how to ena" ; :prefLabel "Smart city" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Baker-Gill-Solovay theorem", "Computer Science Oracle", "Computer Science Oracles", "Machine oracle", "Oracle (complexity)", "Oracle (computability)", "Oracle (computer science)", "Oracle (disambiguation)", "Oracle Machines", "Oracle Turing machine", "Oracle set", "Oracle tape", "Relativization", "Turing oracle" ; :definition "In complexity theory and computability theory, an oracle machine is an abstract machine used to study decision problems. It can be visualized as a Turing machine with a black box, called an oracle, which is able to solve certain decision problems in a single operation. The problem can be of any complexity class. Even undecidable problems, like the halting problem, can be used." ; :prefLabel "Oracle machine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concordance", "Concordance search", "Topical concordance" ; :definition "A concordance is an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work, listing every instance of each word with its immediate context. Only works of special importance have had concordances prepared for them, such as the Vedas, Bible, Qur'an or the works of Shakespeare or classical Latin and Greek authors, because of the time, difficulty, and expense involved in creating a concordance in the pre-computer era. A bilingual concordance is a concordance based on aligned parallel text." ; :prefLabel "Concordance (publishing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Doc comments", "Java Doc", "Javadocs" ; :definition "Javadoc (originally cased as JavaDoc) is a documentation generator created by Sun Microsystems for the Java language (now owned by Oracle Corporation) for generating API documentation in HTML format from Java source code. The HTML format is used to add the convenience of being able to hyperlink related documents together. Javadoc also provides an API for creating doclets and taglets, which allows you to analyze the structure of a Java application. This is how JDiff can generate reports of what changed between two versions of an API." ; :prefLabel "Javadoc" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Solver (computer science)" ; :definition "A solver is a piece of mathematical software, possibly in the form of a stand-alone computer program or as a software library, that 'solves' a mathematical problem. A solver takes problem descriptions in some sort of generic form and calculates their solution. In a solver, the emphasis is on creating a program or library that can easily be applied to other problems of similar type. Types of problems with existing dedicated solvers include:" ; :prefLabel "Solver" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-unification", "Martelli-Montanari algorithm", "Most general unifier", "Narrowing (computer science)", "Robinson's unification algorithm", "Syntactic unification", "Unification", "Unification (computing)", "Unification (logic)", "Unification (term rewriting)", "Unification algorithm" ; :definition "In logic and computer science, unification is an algorithmic process of solving equations between symbolic expressions. Depending on which expressions (also called terms) are allowed to occur in an equation set (also called unification problem), and which expressions are considered equal, several frameworks of unification are distinguished. If higher-order variables, that is, variables representing functions, are allowed in an expression, the process is called higher-order unification, otherwise first-order unification. If a solution is required to make both sides of each equation literally equal, the process is called syntactic or free unification, otherwise semantic or equational unification, or E-unification, or unification modulo theory." ; :prefLabel "Unification (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hierarchical Markov model", "Markov models" ; :definition "In probability theory, a Markov model is a stochastic model used to model randomly changing systems where it is assumed that future states depend only on the current state not on the events that occurred before it (that is, it assumes the Markov property). Generally, this assumption enables reasoning and computation with the model that would otherwise be intractable." ; :prefLabel "Markov model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Compiler directive", "Compiler directives", "Compiler pragma", "Directive", "Directive pragma", "Pragma (programming)", "Preprocessor directive", "Preprocessor directives", "Significant comment", "Significant comments" ; :definition "In computer programming, a directive pragma (from "pragmatic") is a language construct that specifies how a compiler (or assembler or interpreter) should process its input. Directives are not part of the language proper – they are not part of the grammar, and may vary from compiler to compiler – but instead function either as an in-band form of a command-line option, specifying compiler behavior, or are processed by a preprocessor. In some cases directives specify global behavior, while in other cases they only affect a local section, such as a block of programming code. In some cases, such as some C pragmas, directives are optional compiler hints, and may be ignored, but normally they are prescriptive, and must be followed. However, a directive does not perform any action in the language" ; :prefLabel "Directive (programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Axiom of induction", "Base case", "Base case (induction)", "Basis step", "By induction", "Complete induction", "Course of values induction", "Course-of-values induction", "Double induction", "Induction", "Induction (math)", "Induction (mathematics)", "Induction (maths)", "Induction hypothesis", "Induction proof", "Induction theorem", "Inductive hypothesis", "Inductive proof", "MI", "Math induction", "Math induction proof", "Mathematical", "Mathematical Proof By Induction", "Mathematical Proof Of Induction", "Mathematical induction Proof", "Method of induction", "Principle of induction", "Principle of mathematical induction", "Proof By Mathematical Induction", "Proof Of Induction", "Proof Of Mathematical Induction", "Proof by induction", "Strong induction", "Three forms of mathematical induction" ; :definition "Mathematical induction is a mathematical proof technique, most commonly used to establish a given statement for all natural numbers, although it can be used to prove statements about any well-ordered set. It is a form of direct proof, and it is done in two steps. The first step, known as the base case, is to prove the given statement for the first natural number. The second step, known as the inductive step, is to prove that the given statement for any one natural number implies the given statement for the next natural number. From these two steps, mathematical induction is the rule from which we infer that the given statement is established for all natural numbers." ; :prefLabel "Mathematical induction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CPU fabrication", "CPU manufacturing", "Chip fabrication", "Fab process", "Fabrication (semiconductor)", "Fabrication process", "IC assembly", "Integrated circuit fabrication", "Node (semiconductor fabrication)", "Semiconductor Water Fab", "Semiconductor Water Fabrication", "Semiconductor fabrication", "Semiconductor growth", "Semiconductor manufacturing", "Semiconductor manufacturing equipment", "Semiconductor manufacturing processes", "Semiconductor node", "Semiconductor process technology", "Silicon chip fabrication", "Technology node", "Water Fab", "Water Fabrication", "Water Semiconductor Fab", "Water semiconductor fabrication" ; :definition "Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and electronic devices. It is a multiple-step sequence of photo lithographic and chemical processing steps during which electronic circuits are gradually created on a wafer made of pure semiconducting material. Silicon is almost always used, but various compound semiconductors are used for specialized applications." ; :prefLabel "Semiconductor device fabrication" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "VERS", "Version NOS", "Versioned", "versions" ; :definition "A form or variant of a type or original; one of a sequence of copies of a program, each incorporating new modifications." ; :prefLabel "Version" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PU", "PU learning", "Unary classification" ; :definition "In machine learning, one-class classification, also known as unary classification, tries to identify objects of a specific class amongst all objects, by learning from a training set containing only the objects of that class. This is different from and more difficult than the traditional classification problem, which tries to distinguish between two or more classes with the training set containing objects from all the classes. An example is the classification of the operational status of a nuclear plant as 'normal': In this scenario, there are (fortunately) few or no examples of catastrophic system states, only the statistics of normal operation are known. The term One-class classification was coined by Moya & Hush (1996) and many applications can be found in scientific literature, for exam" ; :prefLabel "One-class classification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LIS", "Language Independent Specification", "Language-independent" ; :definition "A language-independent specification (LIS) is a programming language specification providing a common interface usable for defining semantics applicable toward arbitrary language bindings. LIS's are language-agnostic; they mitigate the risk that a certain language binding might reduce compatibility with other languages. An ideal LIS allows the language bindings to take advantage of features of a programming language uncompromisingly. Examples of LIS include Interface description language, Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator and Common Language Infrastructure." ; :prefLabel "Language-independent specification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comformity", "Conform", "Conforming", "Conformism", "Conformity (disambiguation)", "Conformity (psychology)", "Majority influence" ; :definition "Conformity is the act of matching attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors to group norms. Norms are implicit, specific rules, shared by a group of individuals, that guide their interactions with others. This tendency to conform occurs in small groups and/or society as a whole, and may result from subtle unconscious influences, or direct and overt social pressure. Conformity can occur in the presence of others, or when an individual is alone. For example, people tend to follow social norms when eating or watching television, even when alone." ; :prefLabel "Conformity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A while", "Awhile", "While (disambiguation)", "Whilst" ; :definition ""While" is a word in the English language that functions both as a noun and as a subordinating conjunction. Its meaning varies largely based on its intended function, position in the phrase and even the writer or speaker's regional dialect. As a conjunction, it is synonymous with the word "whilst", a form often considered archaic in American and Canadian English, as well as in some style guides on both sides of the Atlantic." ; :prefLabel "While" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Open knowledge is knowledge that one is free to use, reuse, and redistribute without legal, social or technological restriction. Open knowledge is a set of principles and methodologies related to the production and distribution of how knowledge works in an open manner. Knowledge is interpreted broadly to include data, content and general information." ; :prefLabel "Open knowledge" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Disease meme", "Evolution (disambiguation)", "Evolution of an idea", "Idea virus", "Meme (disambiguation)", "Meme concept", "Meme theory", "Memeology", "Memes", "Memetic drift", "Mental Virus", "Mimeme", "Viral art", "Viral memes" ; :definition "A meme (/ˈmiːm/ MEEM) is "an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture". A meme acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols, or practices that can be transmitted from one mind to another through writing, speech, gestures, rituals, or other imitable phenomena with a mimicked theme. Supporters of the concept regard memes as cultural analogues to genes in that they self-replicate, mutate, and respond to selective pressures." ; :prefLabel "Meme" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data Management", "Exploration and Mining group", "Gteko", "Microsoft New Faculty Fellowship", "Microsoft Research", "Microsoft Research Cambridge", "Microsoft Research Center", "Microsoft Research New England", "Microsoft Research Redmond", "Microsoft Station Q", "Redmond" ; :definition "Microsoft Research is the research division of Microsoft. It was formed in 1991, with the intent to advance state of the art computing and solve difficult world problems through technological innovation in collaboration with academic, government, and industry researchers. The Microsoft Research team employs more than 1,000 computer scientists, physicists, engineers, and mathematicians, including Turing Award winners, Fields Medal winners, MacArthur Fellows, and Dijkstra Prize winners." ; :prefLabel "Microsoft Research" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Das", "Data acquisition system", "USB-DAQ" ; :definition "Data acquisition is the process of sampling signals that measure real world physical conditions and converting the resulting samples into digital numeric values that can be manipulated by a computer. Data acquisition systems, abbreviated by the acronyms DAS or DAQ, typically convert analog waveforms into digital values for processing. The components of data acquisition systems include:" ; :prefLabel "Data acquisition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comment form", "History of new media", "Media", "New Media and Sports", "New media informatics" ; :definition "New media most commonly refers to content available on-demand through the Internet, accessible on any digital device, usually containing interactive user feedback and creative participation. Common examples of new media include websites such as online newspapers, blogs, wikis, video games and social media. A defining characteristic of new media is dialogue. New Media transmit content through connection and conversation. It enables people around the world to share, comment on, and discuss a wide variety of topics. Unlike any of past technologies, New Media is grounded on an interactive community." ; :prefLabel "New media" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Multi-task learning (MTL) is an approach to machine learning that learns a problem together with other related problems at the same time, using a shared representation. This often leads to a better model for the main task, because it allows the learner to use the commonality among the tasks. Therefore, multi-task learning is a kind of inductive transfer. This type of machine learning is an approach to inductive transfer that improves generalization by using the domain information contained in the training signals of related tasks as an inductive bias. It does this by learning tasks in parallel while using a shared representation; what is learned for each task can help other tasks be learned better." ; :prefLabel "Multi-task learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ISO 20922", "MQ Telemetry Transport", "MQTT-SN", "Message Queuing Telemetry Transport" ; :definition "MQTT (formerly MQ Telemetry Transport) is an ISO standard (ISO/IEC PRF 20922) publish-subscribe-based "lightweight" messaging protocol for use on top of the TCP/IP protocol. It is designed for connections with remote locations where a "small code footprint" is required or the network bandwidth is limited. The publish-subscribe messaging pattern requires a message broker. The broker is responsible for distributing messages to interested clients based on the topic of a message. Andy Stanford-Clark and Arlen Nipper of Cirrus Link Solutions authored the first version of the protocol in 1999." ; :prefLabel "MQTT" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comment", "Commentary", "Comments", "Editorial Comment", "Remark", "Remarks", "Viewpoint", "viewpoints" ; :definition "Work consisting of a critical or explanatory note written to discuss, support, or dispute an article or other presentation previously published. It may take the form of an article, letter, editorial, etc. It appears in publications under a variety of names: comment, commentary, editorial comment, viewpoint, etc." ; :prefLabel "Published Comment" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data plot", "Plot" ; :definition "A plot is a graphical technique for representing a data set, usually as a graph showing the relationship between two or more variables. The plot can be drawn by hand or by a mechanical or electronic plotter. Graphs are a visual representation of the relationship between variables, very useful for humans who can quickly derive an understanding which would not come from lists of values. Graphs can also be used to read off the value of an unknown variable plotted as a function of a known one. Graphs of functions are used in mathematics, sciences, engineering, technology, finance, and other areas." ; :prefLabel "Plot (graphics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blog traffic", "Traffic (disambiguation)", "Traffic overload", "Traffic statistics", "Traffic stats", "Web traffic statistics", "Web traffic stats", "Website traffic" ; :definition "Web traffic is the amount of data sent and received by visitors to a web site. This necessarily does not include the traffic generated by bots. Since the mid-1990s, web traffic has been the largest portion of Internet traffic. This is determined by the number of visitors and the number of pages they visit. Sites monitor the incoming and outgoing traffic to see which parts or pages of their site are popular and if there are any apparent trends, such as one specific page being viewed mostly by people in a particular country. There are many ways to monitor this traffic and the gathered data is used to help structure sites, highlight security problems or indicate a potential lack of bandwidth." ; :prefLabel "Web traffic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASP", "AnsProlog", "Answer set program", "Answer-set programming", "Lparse" ; :definition "Answer set programming (ASP) is a form of declarative programming oriented towards difficult (primarily NP-hard) search problems. It is based on the stable model (answer set) semantics of logic programming. In ASP, search problems are reduced to computing stable models, and answer set solvers — programs for generating stable models—are used to perform search. The computational process employed in the design of many answer set solvers is an enhancement of the DPLL algorithm and, in principle, it always terminates (unlike Prolog query evaluation, which may lead to an infinite loop)." ; :prefLabel "Answer set programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pool-based active learning" ; :definition "Active learning is a special case of semi-supervised machine learning in which a learning algorithm is able to interactively query the user (or some other information source) to obtain the desired outputs at new data points. In statistics literature it is sometimes also called optimal experimental design." ; :prefLabel "Active learning (machine learning)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dirichlet cell", "Dirichlet domain", "Dirichlet tesselation", "Dirichlet tessellation", "Thiessen method", "Thiessen polygon", "Thiessen polygons", "Voronai tessalonations", "Voronoi", "Voronoi cell", "Voronoi cells", "Voronoi decomposition", "Voronoi diagrams", "Voronoi map", "Voronoi net", "Voronoi partition", "Voronoi pattern", "Voronoi polygon", "Voronoi tesselation", "Voronoi tessellation", "Voronoid diagram" ; :definition "In mathematics, a Voronoi diagram is a partitioning of a plane into regions based on distance to points in a specific subset of the plane. That set of points (called seeds, sites, or generators) is specified beforehand, and for each seed there is a corresponding region consisting of all points closer to that seed than to any other. These regions are called Voronoi cells. The Voronoi diagram of a set of points is dual to its Delaunay triangulation." ; :prefLabel "Voronoi diagram" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MSD", "Mean Shortest Distance", "Strong set", "Trust", "WOT", "WoT: Web of Trust" ; :definition "In cryptography, a web of trust is a concept used in PGP, GnuPG, and other OpenPGP-compatible systems to establish the authenticity of the binding between a public key and its owner. Its decentralized trust model is an alternative to the centralized trust model of a public key infrastructure (PKI), which relies exclusively on a certificate authority (or a hierarchy of such). As with computer networks, there are many independent webs of trust, and any user (through their identity certificate) can be a part of, and a link between, multiple webs." ; :prefLabel "Web of trust" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extensible Access Control Markup Language", "PDP", "PEP", "Pip", "Policy Enforcement Point", "Policy Information Point", "XACML PDP", "Xacl" ; :definition "XACML stands for "eXtensible Access Control Markup Language". The standard defines a declarative fine-grained, attribute-based access control policy language, an architecture, and a processing model describing how to evaluate access requests according to the rules defined in policies." ; :prefLabel "XACML" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".dbk", "Docbook editors" ; :definition "DocBook is a semantic markup language for technical documentation. It was originally intended for writing technical documents related to computer hardware and software but it can be used for any other sort of documentation." ; :prefLabel "DocBook" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Global networks" ; :definition "A global network is any communication network which spans the entire Earth. The term, as used in this article refers in a more restricted way to bidirectional communication networks, and to technology-based networks. Early networks such as international mail and unidirectional communication networks, such as radio and television, are described elsewhere." ; :prefLabel "Global network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "C D Manning", "C. D. Manning", "Carol D Manning", "Carol D. Manning", "Carol Manning", "Christopher D Manning", "Christopher K Thomas D. E. Susan Manning", "Christopher Manning", "Discriminators Rather" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 11071 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Christopher D. Manning" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "G Gravier", "G. Gravier" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 315 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Guillaume Gravier" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:influentialCitationCount 132 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Piek T. J. M. Vossen" . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SOAP (protocol)", "SOAP request", "Simple Object Access Protocol", "Soap (disambiguation)", "Soap service" ; :definition "SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a protocol specification for exchanging structured information in the implementation of web services in computer networks. Its purpose is to induce extensibility, neutrality and independence. It uses XML Information Set for its message format, and relies on application layer protocols, most often Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), for message negotiation and transmission." ; :prefLabel "SOAP" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Auto Correlation", "Auto-correlation", "Autocorrelated", "Autocorrelation function", "Serial correlation", "Serial covariance", "Serial dependence" ; :definition "Autocorrelation, also known as serial correlation, is the correlation of a signal with itself at different points in time. Informally, it is the similarity between observations as a function of the time lag between them. It is a mathematical tool for finding repeating patterns, such as the presence of a periodic signal obscured by noise, or identifying the missing fundamental frequency in a signal implied by its harmonic frequencies. It is often used in signal processing for analyzing functions or series of values, such as time domain signals." ; :prefLabel "Autocorrelation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Class instance", "Class object", "Instance object", "Instance of a class", "Instances of a class", "Instantiation (computer science)", "Object instances" ; :definition "In object-oriented programming (OOP), an instance is a concrete occurrence of any object, existing usually during the runtime of a computer program. Formally, "instance" is synonymous with "object" as they are each a particular value (realization), and these may be called an instance object; "instance" emphasizes the distinct identity of the object. The creation of an instance is called instantiation. An important distinction is between the data type, which is interface, and the class, which is implementation." ; :prefLabel "Instance (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Double sigmoid", "Double sigmoid curve", "Hard sigmoid", "S-Curve", "S-shape curve", "S-shaped curve", "Sigmoid", "Sigmoid curve", "Sigmoidal curve", "Sigmoids", "Squashing function" ; :definition "A sigmoid function is a mathematical function having an "S" shaped curve (sigmoid curve). Often, sigmoid function refers to the special case of the logistic function shown in the first figure and defined by the formula Other examples of similar shapes include the Gompertz curve (used in modeling systems that saturate at large values of t) and the ogee curve (used in the spillway of some dams). Sigmoid functions have finite limits at negative infinity and infinity, most often going either from 0 to 1 or from −1 to 1, depending on convention." ; :prefLabel "Sigmoid function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Node", "Nodus" ; :definition "An area of great cellular activity and growth, where auxiliary buds develop into leaves or flowers." ; :prefLabel "Node - plant part" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Address space switch", "Context switching", "Process switch", "Process switching latency", "Switch (disambiguation)", "Thread switch", "Thread switching latency" ; :definition "In computing, a context switch is the process of storing and restoring the state (more specifically, the execution context) of a process or thread so that execution can be resumed from the same point at a later time. This enables multiple processes to share a single CPU and is an essential feature of a multitasking operating system." ; :prefLabel "Context switch" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Imitation Game", "Imitation Game (Turing test)", "The Turing Test", "Turing (disambiguation)", "Turing test (disambiguation)", "Turning Test", "Turring test" ; :definition "The Turing test is a test, developed by Alan Turing in 1950, of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behaviour equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine that is designed to generate human-like responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation is a machine, and all participants would be separated from one another. The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so that the result would not be dependent on the machine's ability to render words as speech. If the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine from the human (Turing originally suggested that the machine would convince" ; :prefLabel "Turing test" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Graph grammar", "Graph transformation" ; :definition "In computer science, graph transformation, or graph rewriting, concerns the technique of creating a new graph out of an original graph algorithmically. It has numerous applications, ranging from software engineering (software construction and also software verification) to layout algorithms and picture generation. Formally, a graph rewriting system usually consists of a set of graph rewrite rules of the form , with being called pattern graph (or left-hand side) and" ; :prefLabel "Graph rewriting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ILP", "Integer Programming Problem", "Integer constraint", "Integer linear optimization", "Integer linear programming", "Integer program" ; :definition "An integer programming problem is a mathematical optimization or feasibility program in which some or all of the variables are restricted to be integers. In many settings the term refers to integer linear programming (ILP), in which the objective function and the constraints (other than the integer constraints) are linear. Integer programming is NP-hard. A special case, 0-1 integer linear programming, in which unknowns are binary, and only the restrictions must be satisfied, is one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems." ; :prefLabel "Integer programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data member", "Field", "Field (computing)", "Fields (computing)", "Instance data" ; :definition "In computer science, data that has several parts, known as a record, can be divided into fields. Relational databases arrange data as sets of database records, also called rows. Each record consists of several fields; the fields of all records form the columns.Examples of fields: name,gender,hair colour." ; :prefLabel "Field (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Resultset" ; :definition "An SQL result set is a set of rows from a database, as well as metadata about the query such as the column names, and the types and sizes of each column. Depending on the database system, the number of rows in the result set may or may not be known. Usually, this number is not known up front because the result set is built on-the-fly. A result set is effectively a table. The ORDER BY clause can be used in a query to impose a certain sort condition on the rows. Without that clause, there is no guarantee whatsoever on the order in which the rows are returned." ; :prefLabel "Result set" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AST", "Abstract syntax tree representation", "Abstract syntax trees", "Syntax tree" ; :definition "In computer science, an abstract syntax tree (AST), or just syntax tree, is a tree representation of the abstract syntactic structure of source code written in a programming language. Each node of the tree denotes a construct occurring in the source code. The syntax is "abstract" in not representing every detail appearing in the real syntax. For instance, grouping parentheses are implicit in the tree structure, and a syntactic construct like an if-condition-then expression may be denoted by means of a single node with three branches." ; :prefLabel "Abstract syntax tree" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Circular list", "Circularly linked list", "Dynamic list", "Link", "Linked List in Pascal", "Linked lists", "LinkedList", "Singly linked list", "Singly-linked list", "Symmetrically linked list", "Tail sharing", "Tail-sharing", "Two-way linked list", "Two-way list" ; :definition "In computer science, a linked list is a linear collection of data elements, called nodes, each pointing to the next node by means of a pointer. It is a data structure consisting of a group of nodes which together represent a sequence. Under the simplest form, each node is composed of data and a reference (in other words, a link) to the next node in the sequence. This structure allows for efficient insertion or removal of elements from any position in the sequence during iteration. More complex variants add additional links, allowing efficient insertion or removal from arbitrary element references." ; :prefLabel "Linked list" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Statistical Computing Environment", "Statistical computing" ; :definition "Computational statistics, or statistical computing, is the interface between statistics and computer science. It is the area of computational science (or scientific computing) specific to the mathematical science of statistics. This area is also developing rapidly, leading to calls that a broader concept of computing should be taught as part of general statistical education." ; :prefLabel "Computational statistics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CMM", "CMM5", "CMMIsm Project Planning", "Capabilities Maturity Model", "Capability", "Capability meturity model", "Maturity", "Maturity model", "SEI software quality model" ; :definition "The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a development model created after study of data collected from organizations that contracted with the U.S. Department of Defense, who funded the research. The term "maturity" relates to the degree of formality and optimization of processes, from ad hoc practices, to formally defined steps, to managed result metrics, to active optimization of the processes. The model's aim is to improve existing software development processes, but it can also be applied to other processes." ; :prefLabel "Capability Maturity Model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PCFG", "Probabilistic context free grammar", "Probabilistic context-free grammar", "Probabilistic parsing", "Probabilized context-free grammar", "SCFG" ; :definition "PCFGs extend context-free grammars similar to how hidden Markov models extend regular grammars. Each production is assigned a probability. The probability of a derivation (parse) is the product of the probabilities of the productions used in that derivation. These probabilities can be viewed as parameters of the model, and for large problems it is convenient to learn these parameters via machine learning. A probabilistic grammar's validity is constrained by context of its training dataset." ; :prefLabel "Stochastic context-free grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RNN" ; :definition "The random neural network (RNN) is a mathematical representation of an interconnected network of neurons or cells which exchange spiking signals. It was invented by Erol Gelenbe and is linked to the G-network model of queueing networks as well as to Gene Regulatory Network models. Each cell state is represented by an integer whose value rises when the cell receives an excitatory spike and drops when it receives an inhibitory spike. The spikes can originate outside the network itself, or they can come from other cells in the networks. Cells whose internal excitatory state has a positive value are allowed to send out spikes of either kind to other cells in the network according to specific cell-dependent spiking rates. The model has a mathematical solution in steady-state which provides the" ; :prefLabel "Random neural network" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Artefact", "Artefacts", "Artifact", "Artifacts" ; :definition "Any visible result of a procedure which is caused by the procedure itself and not by the entity being analyzed. Common examples include histological structures introduced by tissue processing, radiographic images of structures that are not naturally present in living tissue, and products of chemical reactions that occur during analysis." ; :prefLabel "Morphologic artifacts" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information content", "Self inform", "Self information", "Self informed", "Self informing", "Self informs", "Self-entropy", "Self-inform", "Self-informed", "Self-informing", "Self-informs", "Selfinformation", "Surprisal", "Surprisals" ; :definition "In information theory, self-information or surprisal is a measure of the information content associated with an event in a probability space or with the value of a discrete random variable. It is expressed in a unit of information, for example bits, nats, or hartleys, depending on the base of the logarithm used in its calculation. The term self-information is also sometimes used as a synonym of the related information-theoretic concept of entropy. These two meanings are not equivalent, and this article covers the first sense only." ; :prefLabel "Self-information" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Authoratory", "MED", "MEDLARS", "MEDLARS (information retrieval)", "Medlar (disambiguation)", "Medline (disambiguation)" ; :definition "MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, or MEDLARS Online) is a bibliographic database of life sciences and biomedical information. It includes bibliographic information for articles from academic journals covering medicine, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and health care. MEDLINE also covers much of the literature in biology and biochemistry, as well as fields such as molecular evolution." ; :prefLabel "MEDLINE" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CRUD (acronym)", "CRUD (computing)", "CRUD interface", "Create", "Crud", "SCRUD", "and delete", "read", "update", "update & delete" ; :definition "In computer programming, create, read, update and delete (as an acronym CRUD) are the four basic functions of persistent storage. Alternate words are sometimes used when defining the four basic functions of CRUD, retrieve instead of read, modify instead of update, or destroy instead of delete. CRUD is also sometimes used to describe user interface conventions that facilitate viewing, searching, and changing information; often using computer-based forms and reports. The term was likely first popularized by James Martin in his 1983 book Managing the Data-base Environment. The acronym may be extended to CRUDL to cover listing of large data sets which bring additional complexity such as pagination when the data sets are too large to hold easily in memory." ; :prefLabel "Create, read, update and delete" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Definitions for Information seeking" ; :definition "Information seeking is the process or activity of attempting to obtain information in both human and technological contexts. Information seeking is related to, but different from, information retrieval (IR)." ; :prefLabel "Information seeking" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "B-trie", "Digital tree", "Prefix tree", "Tree (disambiguation)" ; :definition "In computer science, a trie, also called digital tree and sometimes radix tree or prefix tree (as they can be searched by prefixes), is a kind of search tree—an ordered tree data structure that is used to store a dynamic set or associative array where the keys are usually strings. Unlike a binary search tree, no node in the tree stores the key associated with that node; instead, its position in the tree defines the key with which it is associated. All the descendants of a node have a common prefix of the string associated with that node, and the root is associated with the empty string. Values are not necessarily associated with every node. Rather, values tend only to be associated with leaves, and with some inner nodes that correspond to keys of interest. For the space-optimized presentat" ; :prefLabel "Trie" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anomaly", "Deviation detection", "Exception detection" ; :definition "In data mining, anomaly detection (also outlier detection) is the identification of items, events or observations which do not conform to an expected pattern or other items in a dataset. Typically the anomalous items will translate to some kind of problem such as bank fraud, a structural defect, medical problems or errors in a text. Anomalies are also referred to as outliers, novelties, noise, deviations and exceptions." ; :prefLabel "Anomaly detection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Accessible web design", "Computer for the blind", "Website accessibility" ; :definition "Web accessibility refers to the inclusive practice of removing barriers that prevent interaction with, or access to websites, by people with disabilities. When sites are correctly designed, developed and edited, all users have equal access to information and functionality. The needs that Web accessibility aims to address include:" ; :prefLabel "Web accessibility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Commercial confidence", "Confidential", "Confidential (disambiguation)", "Confidential communication", "Confidential information", "Content confidentiality", "Data confidentiality", "Document confidentiality", "File confidentiality", "In commercial confidence", "In confidence", "Legal confidentiality", "Medical confidentiality", "Obligations of confidentiality", "Professional secrecy", "Strict confidence" ; :definition "Confidentiality involves a set of rules or a promise that limits access or places restrictions on certain types of information." ; :prefLabel "Confidentiality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Reference implementation (computing)", "Sample implementation" ; :definition "In the software development process, a reference implementation (or, less frequently, sample implementation or model implementation) is the standard from which all other implementations and corresponding customizations are derived. An improvement to a reference implementation reflects an unchanging specification. Conversely, a failed attempt at an implementation may prove that the specification is not suitable and needs improvement itself. Testing the implementation-vs.-specification relationship further enhances the production's inter-process efficiencies:" ; :prefLabel "Reference implementation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chomskyan linguistics", "EST", "Extended standard theory", "Generative linguistics", "Generative phonology", "Generative syntax", "Generativism", "Generativist", "Rest", "Revised extended standard theory", "ST", "Standard Theory" ; :definition "Generative grammar is a linguistic theory that considers grammar to be a system of rules that is intended to generate exactly those combinations of words which form grammatical sentences in a given language. The term was originally used in relation to the theories of grammar developed by Noam Chomsky, beginning in the late 1950s. Linguists who follow the generative approach, originated by Chomsky, have been called generativists. The generative school has focused on the study of syntax, but has also addressed other aspects of a language's structure, including morphology and phonology." ; :prefLabel "Generative grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Document database", "Document oriented database", "Document store", "JSON database", "List of document-oriented databases management products" ; :definition "A document-oriented database, or document store, is a computer program designed for storing, retrieving, and managing document-oriented information, also known as semi-structured data. Document-oriented databases are one of the main categories of NoSQL databases, and the popularity of the term "document-oriented database" has grown with the use of the term NoSQL itself. XML databases are a subclass of document-oriented databases that are optimized to work with XML documents. Graph databases are similar, but add another layer, the relationship, which allows them to link documents for rapid traversal." ; :prefLabel "Document-oriented database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Partial template specialisation", "Specialization" ; :definition "Partial template specialization is a particular form of class template specialization. Usually used in reference to the C++ programming language, it allows the programmer to specialize only some arguments of a class template, as opposed to explicit specialization, where all the template arguments are provided." ; :prefLabel "Partial template specialization" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The VerbNet project maps PropBank verb types to their corresponding Levin classes. It is a lexical resource that incorporates both semantic and syntactic information about its contents. VerbNet is part of the SemLink project in development at the University of Colorado." ; :prefLabel "VerbNet" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Full abstraction", "Full completeness", "Fully abstract", "History of denotational semantics", "Mathematical semantics", "Scott-Strachey semantics", "Scott–Strachey semantics" ; :definition "In computer science, denotational semantics (initially known as mathematical semantics or Scott–Strachey semantics) is an approach of formalizing the meanings of programming languages by constructing mathematical objects (called denotations) that describe the meanings of expressions from the languages. Other approaches to providing formal semantics of programming languages include axiomatic semantics and operational semantics." ; :prefLabel "Denotational semantics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Learning bias" ; :definition "The inductive bias (also known as learning bias) of a learning algorithm is the set of assumptions that the learner uses to predict outputs given inputs that it has not encountered. In machine learning, one aims to construct algorithms that are able to learn to predict a certain target output. To achieve this, the learning algorithm is presented some training examples that demonstrate the intended relation of input and output values. Then the learner is supposed to approximate the correct output, even for examples that have not been shown during training. Without any additional assumptions, this problem cannot be solved exactly since unseen situations might have an arbitrary output value. The kind of necessary assumptions about the nature of the target function are subsumed in the phrase i" ; :prefLabel "Inductive bias" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CodeBase", "DBASE II", "DBASE programming language", "DBase III", "DBase III Plus", "DBase IV", "Dbase 3", "Vulcan", "Vulcan (programming language)" ; :definition "dBase (also stylized dBASE) was one of the first database management systems for microcomputers, and the most successful in its day. The dBase system includes the core database engine, a query system, a forms engine, and a programming language that ties all of these components together. dBase's underlying file format, the .dbf file, is widely used in applications needing a simple format to store structured data." ; :prefLabel "dBase" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Backward reasoning", "Backwards reasoning", "Chaining (disambiguation)", "Goal-oriented inference", "Working backward from the goal" ; :definition "Backward chaining (or backward reasoning) is an inference method that can be described (in lay terms) as working backward from the goal(s). It is used in automated theorem provers, inference engines, proof assistants and other artificial intelligence applications. In game theory, its application to (simpler) subgames in order to find a solution to the game is called backward induction. In chess, it is called retrograde analysis, and it is used to generate tablebases for chess endgames for computer chess." ; :prefLabel "Backward chaining" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2-phase commit", "2PC", "Two phase commit", "Two-phase", "Two-phase commit", "Two-phase-commit protocol" ; :definition "In transaction processing, databases, and computer networking, the two-phase commit protocol (2PC) is a type of atomic commitment protocol (ACP). It is a distributed algorithm that coordinates all the processes that participate in a distributed atomic transaction on whether to commit or abort (roll back) the transaction (it is a specialized type of consensus protocol). The protocol achieves its goal even in many cases of temporary system failure (involving either process, network node, communication, etc. failures), and is thus widely used.However, it is not resilient to all possible failure configurations, and in rare cases, user (e.g., a system's administrator) intervention is needed to remedy an outcome. To accommodate recovery from failure (automatic in most cases) the protocol's parti" ; :prefLabel "Two-phase commit protocol" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ISO 24613", "ISO-LMF", "LMF", "Lexical" ; :definition "Language resource management - Lexical markup framework (LMF; ISO 24613:2008), is the ISO International Organization for Standardization ISO/TC37 standard for natural language processing (NLP) and machine-readable dictionary (MRD) lexicons.The scope is standardization of principles and methods relating to language resources in the contexts of multilingual communication and cultural diversity." ; :prefLabel "Lexical Markup Framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3 tier", "3 tier (computing)", "3 tier architecture", "3 tier architecture (computing)", "3-tier", "3-tier (computing)", "3-tier architecture", "3-tier architecture (computing)", "3-tiered application", "4-tier", "Middle tier", "Multi-tier", "Multi-tier application", "Multi-tier architecture", "Multitier", "Multitier application", "N tier", "N tier (computing)", "N tier architecture", "N tier architecture (computing)", "N-tier", "N-tier (computing)", "N-tier architecture", "N-tier architecture (computing)", "Three Layer architecture", "Three layer", "Three tier", "Three tier (computing)", "Three tier architecture", "Three tier architecture (computing)", "Three-layer", "Three-tier", "Three-tier (computing)", "Three-tier architecture", "Three-tier architecture (computing)", "Three-tiered application", "Tier", "Tier (computing)" ; :definition "In software engineering, multitier architecture (often referred to as n-tier architecture) is a client–server architecture in which presentation, application processing, and data management functions are physically separated. The most widespread use of multitier architecture is the three-tier architecture." ; :prefLabel "Multitier architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deterministic finite automata string search", "Exact string matching", "Matching", "Search string", "String matching", "String matching algorithm", "String matching algorithms", "String search", "String search algorithm", "String search algorithms", "String searching", "String searching algorithms", "Substring search", "Text match", "Text searching" ; :definition "In computer science, string searching algorithms, sometimes called string matching algorithms, are an important class of string algorithms that try to find a place where one or several strings (also called patterns) are found within a larger string or text. Let Σ be an alphabet (finite set). Formally, both the pattern and searched text are vectors of elements of Σ. The Σ may be a usual human alphabet (for example, the letters A through Z in the Latin alphabet). Other applications may use binary alphabet (Σ = {0,1}) or DNA alphabet (Σ = {A,C,G,T}) in bioinformatics." ; :prefLabel "String searching algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extrapolate", "Extrapolated", "Extrapolating", "Extrapolation method", "Extrapolation methods", "Linear extrapolation" ; :definition "In mathematics, extrapolation is the process of estimating, beyond the original observation range, the value of a variable on the basis of its relationship with another variable. It is similar to interpolation, which produces estimates between known observations, but extrapolation is subject to greater uncertainty and a higher risk of producing meaningless results. Extrapolation may also mean extension of a method, assuming similar methods will be applicable. Extrapolation may also apply to human experience to project, extend, or expand known experience into an area not known or previously experienced so as to arrive at a (usually conjectural) knowledge of the unknown (e.g. a driver extrapolates road conditions beyond his sight while driving). The extrapolation method can be applied in th" ; :prefLabel "Extrapolation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BEAST (Browser Exploit Against SSL/TLS)", "BEAST (computer security)", "BEAST (security exploit)", "BEAST attack", "Beast", "Certificate pinning", "Key pinning", "Perspectives Project", "Public-key pinning", "SNP", "SSL", "SSL 1.0", "SSL 2", "SSL 2.0", "SSL 3.0", "SSL encryption", "SSL handshake", "SSL v1", "SSL v2", "SSL v3", "SSL/TLS", "SSL3", "SSLv3", "Secure Network Programming (API)", "Secure Network Programming API", "Secure socket layer", "Secure sockets layer", "Secured Socket Layer", "Site certificate", "TLS", "TLS 1.0", "TLS 1.1", "TLS 1.2", "TLS 1.3", "TLS False Start", "TLS handshake", "TLS protocol", "TLS/SSL", "TLSV", "TLSv1", "Transfer layer security", "Transport Layer Security Protocol", "Transport Layer Security-SSL", "Transport Layer Security/Secure Sockets Layer", "Transport layer encryption" ; :definition "Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), both frequently referred to as "SSL", are cryptographic protocols that provide communications security over a computer network. Several versions of the protocols find widespread use in applications such as web browsing, email, Internet faxing, instant messaging, and voice-over-IP (VoIP). Major websites use TLS to secure all communications between their servers and web browsers. The TLS protocol comprises two layers: the and the ." ; :prefLabel "Transport Layer Security" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EC 2.7.1.112", "EC 2.7.10.1", "EK6", "ELK", "EPH Tyrosine Kinase 2", "EPH-Like Kinase 6", "EphB1", "EphB1 Protein", "Ephrin Receptor EphB1", "Ephrin Type-B Receptor 1", "HEK6", "NET", "Neuronally Expressed Eph-Related Tyrosine Kinase", "Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Receptor EPH-2" ; :definition "Ephrin type-B receptor 1 (984 aa, ~110 kDa) is encoded by the human EPHB1 gene. This protein plays a role in both ephrin-B binding and tyrosine phosphorylation." ; :prefLabel "Ephrin Type-B Receptor 1, human" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Wisdom Web" ; :definition "Web intelligence is the area of scientific research and development that explores the roles and makes use of artificial intelligence and information technology for new products, services and frameworks that are empowered by the World Wide Web. The term was coined in a paper written by Ning Zhong, Jiming Liu Yao and Y.Y. Ohsuga in the Computer Software and Applications Conference in 2000." ; :prefLabel "Web intelligence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cancelled ISBN", "E-ISBN", "EISBN", "ESBN", "IBSN", "ISB Number", "ISBN", "ISBN (code)", "ISBN 10", "ISBN 13", "ISBN number", "ISBN-10", "ISBN-A", "ISBN13", "ISBNs", "ISO 2108", "Ibsn barcode", "International ISBN Agency", "International Standard Book Number (ISBN)", "International Standard for Book Numbering", "International Standard of Book Numbering", "Isbn-13", "SBN", "SBN (code)", "Standard Book Number", "Standard Book Numbering" ; :definition "The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. For example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, and 10 digits long if assigned before 2007. The method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country." ; :prefLabel "International Standard Book Number" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CWA", "Careful Closed World Assumption", "Closed World Assumption", "Extended Closed World Assumption", "Extended Generalized Closed World Assumption", "Generalized Closed World Assumption" ; :definition "The closed-world assumption (CWA), in a formal system of logic used for knowledge representation, is the presumption that a statement that is true is also known to be true. Therefore, conversely, what is not currently known to be true, is false. The same name also refers to a logical formalization of this assumption by Raymond Reiter. The opposite of the closed-world assumption is the open-world assumption (OWA), stating that lack of knowledge does not imply falsity. Decisions on CWA vs. OWA determine the understanding of the actual semantics of a conceptual expression with the same notations of concepts. A successful formalization of natural language semantics usually cannot avoid an explicit revelation of whether the implicit logical backgrounds are based on CWA or OWA." ; :prefLabel "Closed-world assumption" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Boosted trees", "Gbdt", "Gradient Boosted Regression Trees", "Gradient Boosting Machines", "Gradient boosted decision tree", "Gradient boosted decision trees", "Gradient boosted tree", "Gradient boosted trees", "Gradient boosting machine", "Gradient tree boosting", "Stochastic gradient boosting", "TreeBoost", "TreeNet" ; :definition "Gradient boosting is a machine learning technique for regression and classification problems, which produces a prediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models, typically decision trees. It builds the model in a stage-wise fashion like other boosting methods do, and it generalizes them by allowing optimization of an arbitrary differentiable loss function." ; :prefLabel "Gradient boosting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "multilingual", "multilinguals" ; :definition "The ability to speak, read, or write several languages or many languages with some facility. Bilingualism is the most common form. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)" ; :prefLabel "Multilingualism" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "K (disambiguation)", "K-byte", "KB", "KByte", "KBytes", "Kbytes/sec", "Kilo byte", "Kilo-Byte", "Kilobytes", "㎅" ; :definition "The kilobyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The International System of Units (SI) defines the prefix kilo as 1000 (103); therefore one kilobyte is 1000 bytes. The unit symbol for the kilobyte is kB. In information technology, particularly in reference to main memory capacity, kilobyte is traditionally used to denote 1024 (210) bytes. This arises from the powers-of-two sizing common to such memory in digital circuitry. In this context, the symbols K and KB are often used when 1024 bytes is meant." ; :prefLabel "Kilobyte" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Auroc", "C-statistic", "Characteristic", "ROC Analysis", "ROC plot", "Receiver operating characteristic curve", "Receiver operating curve", "Receiver operator characteristic", "Receiver operator curve", "Receiver-Operator Characteristic", "Reciever operating curve", "Roc", "Roc curve" ; :definition "In statistics, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC), or ROC curve, is a graphical plot that illustrates the performance of a binary classifier system as its discrimination threshold is varied. The curve is created by plotting the true positive rate (TPR) against the false positive rate (FPR) at various threshold settings. The true-positive rate is also known as sensitivity, recall or probability of detection in machine learning. The false-positive rate is also known as the fall-out or probability of false alarm and can be calculated as (1 − specificity). The ROC curve is thus the sensitivity as a function of fall-out. In general, if the probability distributions for both detection and false alarm are known, the ROC curve can be generated by plotting the cumulative distribution functio" ; :prefLabel "Receiver operating characteristic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".x3d", ".x3db", ".x3dbz", ".x3dv", ".x3dvz", ".x3dz", "Extensible 3D", "Extensible 3D Graphics", "ISO/IEC 19775-1", "X3D Applet", "X3DOM" ; :definition "(X3D should not be confused with 3DXML, which is a proprietary 3D file format.) X3D is a royalty-free ISO standard XML-based file format for representing 3D computer graphics. It is successor to the Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML). X3D features extensions to VRML (e.g. CAD, geospatial, humanoid animation, NURBS etc.), the ability to encode the scene using an XML syntax as well as the Open Inventor-like syntax of VRML97, or binary formatting, and enhanced application programming interfaces (APIs). X3D can work with other open source standards including XML, DOM and XPath." ; :prefLabel "X3D" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Preferred data element", "Synonym set", "Synset", "Synsets" ; :definition "In metadata a synonym ring or synset, is a group of data elements that are considered semantically equivalent for the purposes of information retrieval. These data elements are frequently found in different metadata registries. Although a group of terms can be considered equivalent, metadata registries store the synonyms at a central location called the preferred data element. According to WordNet, a synset or synonym set is defined as a set of one or more synonyms that are interchangeable in some context without changing the truth value of the proposition in which they are embedded." ; :prefLabel "Synonym ring" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attacking users", "Attacks against information systems", "Computer Crimes", "Computer abuse", "Computer crime", "Computer crime legislation", "Computer criminal", "Computer criminology", "Computer-related crime", "Crime that involves a computer", "Cyber", "Cyber Crime", "Cyber Criminology", "Cyber crimes", "Cyber criminal", "Cyber criminals", "Cyber fraud", "Cyber harassment", "Cyber-crime", "Cybercriminal", "Cyberextortion", "Cyberharassment", "E-crime", "Electronic breaking and entering", "Electronic crime", "Harassment by computer", "High tech crime", "Internet crime", "Internet crimes", "Online crime", "Online harassment" ; :definition "Cybercrime, or computer crime, is crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may have been used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar define cybercrimes as: "Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet (Chat rooms, emails, notice boards and groups) and mobile phones (SMS/MMS)". Such crimes may threaten a nation's security and financial health. Issues surrounding these types of crimes have become high-profile, particularly those surrounding hacking, copyright infringement, child pornograp" ; :prefLabel "Cybercrime" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "SensorThings API is an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard providing an open and unified framework to interconnect IoT sensing devices, data, and applications over the Web. It is an open standard addressing the syntactic interoperability and semantic interoperability of the Internet of Things. It complements the existing IoT networking protocols such CoAP, MQTT, HTTP, 6LowPAN. While the above-mentioned IoT networking protocols are addressing the ability for different IoT systems to exchange information, OGC SensorThings API is addressing the ability for different IoT systems to use and understand the exchanged information. As an OGC standard, SensorThings API also allows easy integration into existing Spatial Data Infrastructures or Geographic Information Systems." ; :prefLabel "SensorThings API" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".def", "Instruction relaxation", "LD", "Ld (Unix)", "Link edit", "Link editor", "Link-time", "Linkage editor", "Linker", "Linker (computer)", "Linker relaxation", "Linking (computing)", "Linking loader", "Module-definition file", "Relaxing linker" ; :definition "In computing, a linker or link editor is a computer program that takes one or more object files generated by a compiler and combines them into a single executable file, library file, or another object file. A simpler version that writes its output directly to memory is called the loader, though loading is typically considered a separate process." ; :prefLabel "Linker (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Feature", "Features (Computer vision)", "Image feature" ; :definition "In computer vision and image processing, a feature is a piece of information which is relevant for solving the computational task related to a certain application. This is the same sense as feature in machine learning and pattern recognition generally, though image processing has a very sophisticated collection of features. Features may be specific structures in the image such as points, edges or objects. Features may also be the result of a general neighborhood operation or feature detection applied to the image." ; :prefLabel "Feature (computer vision)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AT", "Access technology", "Adaptive design", "Adaptive designs", "Adaptive technology", "Assistive device", "Assistive technologies", "AssistiveTechnology", "Reading technology", "Therapeutic appliances", "Welfare technology" ; :definition "Assistive technology is an umbrella term that includes assistive, adaptive, and rehabilitative devices for people with disabilities and also includes the process used in selecting, locating, and using them. Assistive technology promotes greater independence by enabling people to perform tasks that they were formerly unable to accomplish, or had great difficulty accomplishing, by providing enhancements to, or changing methods of interacting with, the technology needed to accomplish such tasks." ; :prefLabel "Assistive technology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Affengriff (hotkey)", "Alt control delete", "Control alt delete", "Control+Alt+Delete", "Control-Alt-Del", "Control-Alt-Delete (disambiguation)", "Control-Shift-Esc", "Control-Shift-Escape", "Control-alternate-delete", "Ctrl alt del", "Ctrl alt delete", "Ctrl+Alt+Del", "Ctrl+Alt+Delete", "Ctrl-Alt-Del", "Ctrl-Alt-Esc", "Ctrl-alt-delete", "Local reboot", "Openapple-Control-Reset", "STRG+ALT+DEL", "Strg+Alt+Entf", "Strg-Alt-Del", "Strg-Alt-Entf", "Three-finger salute (computing)" ; :definition "Control-Alt-Delete (often abbreviated to Ctrl+Alt+Del, also known as the "three-finger salute") is a computer keyboard command on IBM PC compatible computers, invoked by pressing the Delete key while holding the Control and Alt keys: Ctrl+Alt+Delete. The function of the key combination differs depending on the context but it generally interrupts or facilitates interrupting a function. For instance, in pre-boot environment (before an operating system starts) or in DOS, Windows 3.0 and earlier versions of Windows or OS/2, the key combination reboots the computer. Starting with Windows 3.1, the command invokes a task manager or security related component that facilitates ending a Windows session." ; :prefLabel "Control-Alt-Delete" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D fabrication", "Garpa", "Rapid Prototype Manufacture", "Rapid prototype", "Rp" ; :definition "Rapid prototyping is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data.Construction of the part or assembly is usually done using 3D printing or "additive layer manufacturing" technology." ; :prefLabel "Rapid prototyping" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dependence", "Dependencies (Psychology)", "Dependency", "Dependency (Psychology)", "dependency [psychology]" ; :definition "The tendency of an individual or individuals to rely on others for advice, guidance, or support." ; :prefLabel "emotional dependency" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code segments", "Memory segment", "Segment", "Segment (memory)", "Segment register", "Segmentation", "Segmentation (memory)", "Segmented address space", "Segmented addressing", "Segmented memory", "Text segments" ; :definition "Memory segmentation is the division of a computer's primary memory into segments or sections. In a computer system using segmentation, a reference to a memory location includes a value that identifies a segment and an offset(memory location) within that segment. Segments or sections are also used in object files of compiled programs when they are linked together into a program image and when the image is loaded into memory." ; :prefLabel "Memory segmentation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Description language", "SDL", "WS Description", "WSDL (disambiguation)", "Web Services Definition Language", "Web Services Description Language-2", "Wsdl" ; :definition "The Web Services Description Language (WSDL /ˈwɪz dəl/) is an XML-based interface definition language that is used for describing the functionality offered by a web service. The acronym is also used for any specific WSDL description of a web service (also referred to as a WSDL file), which provides a machine-readable description of how the service can be called, what parameters it expects, and what data structures it returns. Therefore, its purpose is roughly similar to that of a method signature in a programming language." ; :prefLabel "Web Services Description Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "First Class Functions", "First class function", "First class procedure", "First class procedures", "First-class functions", "First-class procedure", "Function reference" ; :definition "In computer science, a programming language is said to have first-class functions if it treats functions as first-class citizens. Specifically, this means the language supports passing functions as arguments to other functions, returning them as the values from other functions, and assigning them to variables or storing them in data structures. Some programming language theorists require support for anonymous functions (function literals) as well. In languages with first-class functions, the names of functions do not have any special status; they are treated like ordinary variables with a function type. The term was coined by Christopher Strachey in the context of "functions as first-class citizens" in the mid-1960s." ; :prefLabel "First-class function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data flow", "Data-flow", "Flow", "Flow of data" ; :definition "Dataflow is a term used in computing, and may have various shades of meaning." ; :prefLabel "Dataflow" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ROI", "Regions of interest", "Voi (disambiguation)", "Volume of Interest" ; :definition "A region of interest (often abbreviated ROI), is a selected subset of samples within a dataset identified for a particular purpose. The concept of a ROI is commonly used in many application areas. For example, in medical imaging, the boundaries of a tumor may be defined on an image or in a volume, for the purpose of measuring its size. The endocardial border may be defined on an image, perhaps during different phases of the cardiac cycle, for example end-systole and end-diastole, for the purpose of assessing cardiac function. In geographical information systems (GIS), a ROI can be taken literally as a polygonal selection from a 2D map. In computer vision and optical character recognition, the ROI defines the borders of an object under consideration. In many applications, symbolic (textual)" ; :prefLabel "Region of interest" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Character-based user interface", "Terminal user interface", "Text based interface", "Text user interface", "Text-based interface", "Text-only", "Textual user interface", "Tui" ; :definition "Text-based user interface (TUI), also called textual user interface or terminal user interface, is a retronym that was coined sometime after the invention of graphical user interfaces, to distinguish a text-based interface that processes events from command-line interfaces that operate sequentially. An advanced TUI may, like GUIs, use the entire screen area and accept mouse input. A TUI does not necessarily provide line-by-line output, although TUIs only use text, symbols and colors available on a given text environment. VisiCalc and the Emacs and vi visual editors are the earliest examples of TUIs." ; :prefLabel "Text-based user interface" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Behavioral", "Behaviors", "Conation", "Conduct", "behavioral response to stimulus", "behaviour", "behavioural response to stimulus", "comportment", "conducting", "conducts" ; :definition "The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli. [GOC:ems, GOC:jl, ISBN:0395448956, PMID:20160973]" ; :prefLabel "Behavior" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conceptual definition", "Theoretical concept", "Theoretical construct" ; :definition "A theoreticals (or conceptual) definition is an abstract concept that defines a term in an academic discipline. Without a falsifiable operational definition, conceptual definitions assume both knowledge and acceptance of the theories that it depends on. A hypothetical construct may serve as a theoretical definition, as can a stipulative definition." ; :prefLabel "Theoretical definition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".fit", ".fits", ".fts", "Fits file", "Flexible Image Transport System" ; :definition "Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) is an open standard defining a digital file format useful for storage, transmission and processing of scientific and other images. FITS is the most commonly used digital file format in astronomy. Unlike many image formats, FITS is designed specifically for scientific data and hence includes many provisions for describing photometric and spatial calibration information, together with image origin metadata." ; :prefLabel "FITS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Kif", "SUO-KIF" ; :definition "Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF) is a computer language designed to enable systems to share and re-use information from knowledge-based systems. KIF is similar to frame languages such as KL-One and LOOM but unlike such language its primary role is not intended as a framework for the expression or use of knowledge but rather for the interchange of knowledge between systems. The designers of KIF likened it to PostScript. PostScript was not designed primarily as a language to store and manipulate documents but rather as an interchange format for systems and devices to share documents. In the same way KIF is meant to facilitate sharing of knowledge across different systems that use different languages, formalisms, platforms, etc." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge Interchange Format" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Compliance testing", "Conformance", "Type testing" ; :definition "Conformance testing or type testing is testing to determine whether a product or system or just a medium complies with the requirements of a specification, contract or regulation. This may apply to various technical terms as well as to pure formal terms with respect to obligations of the contractors. Testing is often either logical testing or physical testing. The test procedures may involve other criteria from mathematical testing or chemical testing. Beyond simple conformance other requirements for efficiency, interoperability or compliance may apply." ; :prefLabel "Conformance testing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aligning sequences", "Alignment", "Bioinformatics sequence alignment", "CIGAR string", "Cigar (disambiguation)", "DNA Alignment", "Maximal unique match", "Mum (disambiguation)", "Protein sequence alignment", "Sequence identity", "Sequence similarity search" ; :definition "In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences. Aligned sequences of nucleotide or amino acid residues are typically represented as rows within a matrix. Gaps are inserted between the residues so that identical or similar characters are aligned in successive columns.Sequence alignments are also used for non-biological sequences, such as calculating the edit distance cost between strings in a natural language or in financial data." ; :prefLabel "Sequence alignment" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Affiliated advertising", "Content recommendation", "Contextual", "Contextual ad", "Contextual advertisement", "Paid search", "Paid search affiliate", "Targetted advertising" ; :definition "Contextual advertising is a form of targeted advertising for advertisements appearing on websites or other media, such as content displayed in mobile browsers. The advertisements themselves are selected and served by automated systems based on the identity of the user and the content displayed." ; :prefLabel "Contextual advertising" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SNLP", "Statistical Natural Language Processing", "Statistical grammar" ; :definition "A stochastic grammar (statistical grammar) is a grammar framework with a probabilistic notion of grammaticality: * Stochastic context-free grammar * Statistical parsing * Data-oriented parsing * Hidden Markov model * Estimation theory The technology for statistical NLP comes mainly from machine learning and data mining, both of which are fields of artificial intelligence that involve learning from data." ; :prefLabel "Stochastic grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aggregate", "Aggregation Functions" ; :definition "In database management an aggregate function is a function where the values of multiple rows are grouped together as input on certain criteria to form a single value of more significant meaning or measurement such as a set, a bag or a list. Common aggregate functions include : * Average() (i.e., arithmetic mean) * Count() * Maximum() * nanmean() (mean ignoring NaN values, also known as "nil" or "null") * Median() * Minimum() * Mode() * Sum() Aggregate functions are common in numerous programming languages, spreadsheets, and relational algebra." ; :prefLabel "Aggregate function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Re", "Requirement engineering", "Requirements engineer" ; :definition "Requirements engineering (RE) refers to the process of defining, documenting and maintaining requirements to the sub-fields of systems engineering and software engineering concerned with this process. The first use of the term requirements engineering was probably in 1979 in a TRW technical report but did not come into general use until the 1990s with the publication of an IEEE Computer Society tutorial and the establishment of a conference series on requirements engineering that has evolved into the current International Requirements Engineering Conference." ; :prefLabel "Requirements engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Absolute extreme", "Absolute extremum", "Extreme record", "Extreme value", "Extremum", "Global extremum", "Global maximum", "Global minimum", "Global optimum", "Globally optimal", "Local extrema", "Local extremum", "Local maxima", "Local maximum", "Local minima", "Local minimum", "Max", "Max and min", "Maxima", "Maxima & minima", "Maximize", "Maximum", "Maximum (mathematics)", "Maximum and minimum", "Maximums and minimums", "Miminum", "Min", "Min and max", "Minim", "Minima", "Minima and maxima", "Minimum", "Minimum (disambiguation)", "Minimum (mathematics)", "Relative Maxima", "Relative extrema", "Relative maximum" ; :definition "In mathematical analysis, the maxima and minima (the respective plurals of maximum and minimum) of a function, known collectively as extrema (the plural of extremum), are the largest and smallest value of the function, either within a given range (the local or relative extrema) or on the entire domain of a function (the global or absolute extrema). Pierre de Fermat was one of the first mathematicians to propose a general technique, adequality, for finding the maxima and minima of functions." ; :prefLabel "Maxima and minima" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Swoogle provides services to human users through a browser interface and to software agents via RESTful web services. Several techniques are used to rank query results inspired by the PageRank algorithm developed at Googlebut adapted to the semantics and use patterns found in semantic web documents. Swoogle was developed at and is hosted by the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC) with funding from the US DARPA and National Science Foundation agencies. It is PhD thesis work of Li Ding advised by Professor Tim Finin" ; :prefLabel "Swoogle" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information", "Information System", "System", "Systems", "system information" ; :definition "Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information." ; :prefLabel "Information Systems" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Allergies", "Allergy", "Drug", "Drug Allergies", "Drug Hypersensitivities", "Drug Hypersensitivity", "Drug Hypersensitivity [Disease/Finding]", "Drug allergy NOS", "Drug hypersensitivity NOS", "Hypersensitivities", "Hypersensitivity", "Medication allergy", "allergic drug reaction", "allergic drug reactions", "allergic drugs reaction", "allergic drugs reactions", "allergic reaction drug", "allergic reaction to drug", "allergies drug", "allergies drugs", "allergies medication", "allergies medications", "allergy drug", "allergy drugs", "allergy medication", "allergy medications", "drug allergic reaction", "drugs allergic reaction", "drugs hypersensitivity" ; :definition "Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally." ; :prefLabel "Drug Allergy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AC", "Artificial consciousness (disambiguation)", "Artificial consciousness in fiction", "List of fictional works featuring artificial consciousness", "Machine Consciousness", "Simulated consciousness", "Synthesised consciousness", "Synthetic consciousness" ; :definition "Artificial consciousness (AC), also known as machine consciousness (MC) or synthetic consciousness (; ), is a field related to artificial intelligence and cognitive robotics. The aim of the theory of artificial consciousness is to "define that which would have to be synthesized were consciousness to be found in an engineered artifact" (). Artificial consciousness concepts are also pondered in the philosophy of artificial intelligence through questions about mind, consciousness, and mental states." ; :prefLabel "Artificial consciousness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CBIR", "CBVIR", "Content Based Image Retrieval System", "Content based image retrieval", "Content-based visual information retrieval", "QBIC", "Query by image content", "Similar image search" ; :definition "Content-based image retrieval (CBIR), also known as query by image content (QBIC) and content-based visual information retrieval (CBVIR) is the application of computer vision techniques to the image retrieval problem, that is, the problem of searching for digital images in large databases (see this survey for a recent scientific overview of the CBIR field). Content-based image retrieval is opposed to traditional concept-based approaches (see Concept-based image indexing)." ; :prefLabel "Content-based image retrieval" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Judgement", "Judgments", "judgements" ; :definition "The process of discovering or asserting an objective or intrinsic relation between two objects or concepts; a faculty or power that enables a person to make judgments; the process of bringing to light and asserting the implicit meaning of a concept; a critical evaluation of a person or situation." ; :prefLabel "Judgment" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comparison of early computing machines", "Computer development", "Computer generation", "Computer generations", "Computer history", "Creation of the computer", "Earliest computer", "Early computing devices", "First computer", "First generation computer", "First-generation computer", "Fourth generation computer", "Fourth-generation computer", "Generations of computers", "History of computer", "History of computer development", "History of computer developments", "History of computer hardware", "History of computer harwdare", "History of computers", "History of computing technology", "History of the computer", "Interconnected era", "Second generation computer", "Second-generation computer", "The Five Generations of Computers", "The third generation of computers", "World first computer", "World's first computer" ; :definition "The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. Before the 20th century, most calculations were done by humans. Early mechanical tools to help humans with digital calculations, such as the abacus, were called "calculating machines", by proprietary names, or even as they are now, calculators. The machine operator was called the computer." ; :prefLabel "History of computing hardware" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Daily Universal Register", "Ireland edition", "Irish edition", "Logography (printing)", "London Times", "The London Times", "The Saturday Times Magazine", "The Times", "The Times (London)", "The Times (United Kingdom)", "The Times (disambiguation)", "The Times Online", "The Times newspaper", "The Times of London", "Thetimes.co.uk", "Times (London)", "Times (UK)", "Times (United Kingdom)", "Times (newspaper)", "Times of London", "Times online", "Times2", "TimesOnline", "Timesonline.co.uk", "White Times" ; :definition "The Times is a British daily (Monday to Saturday) national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, adopting its current name on on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by the News Corp group headed by Rupert Murdoch. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967." ; :prefLabel "The Times" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(maintenance (software)", "Maintenance", "Maintenance (software)", "Maintenance of software", "Program maintenance", "SM" ; :definition "Software maintenance in software engineering is the modification of a software product after delivery to correct faults, to improve performance or other attributes. A common perception of maintenance is that it merely involves fixing defects. However, one study indicated that over 80% of maintenance effort is used for non-corrective actions. This perception is perpetuated by users submitting problem reports that in reality are functionality enhancements to the system. More recent studies put the bug-fixing proportion closer to 21%." ; :prefLabel "Software maintenance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Porter Stemmer", "Porter stemmer algorithm", "Porter's algorithm", "Stem-word", "Stemming Algorithms", "Stemming algorithm", "Word normalization", "Word stemming" ; :definition "In linguistic morphology and information retrieval, stemming is the process of reducing inflected (or sometimes derived) words to their word stem, base or root form—generally a written word form. The stem need not be identical to the morphological root of the word; it is usually sufficient that related words map to the same stem, even if this stem is not in itself a valid root. Algorithms for stemming have been studied in computer science since the 1960s. Many search engines treat words with the same stem as synonyms as a kind of query expansion, a process called conflation." ; :prefLabel "Stemming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "EDP", "Event dispatcher", "Event driven application", "Event driven development", "Event driven programming", "Event driven programming language", "Event wiring", "Event-based programming", "Event-driven", "Event-driven application", "OnKey", "X event" ; :definition "In computer programming, Event-Driven programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events such as user actions (mouse clicks, key presses), sensor outputs, or messages from other programs/threads. Event-driven programming is the dominant paradigm used in graphical user interfaces and other applications (e.g. JavaScript web applications) that are centered on performing certain actions in response to user input." ; :prefLabel "Event-driven programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Google Picasa", "Google picassa", "Google+ Photos", "Hello (software)", "Hello by Picasa", "Neven Vision", "Picasa 2", "Picasa 2.7", "Picasa 3.0", "Picasa Web Albums Uploader", "Picasa2", "PicasaWeb", "Picassa", "Pikasa" ; :definition "Picasa was an image organizer and image viewer for organizing and editing digital photos, plus an integrated photo-sharing website, originally created by a company named Lifescape (which at that time may have resided at Idealab) in 2002. In July 2004, Google acquired Picasa from Lifescape and began offering it as freeware. "Picasa" is a blend of the name of Spanish painter Pablo Picasso, the phrase mi casa (Spanish for "my house") and "pic" for pictures." ; :prefLabel "Picasa" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Edge crossing", "Graph drawing software", "Graph layout", "Graph software", "Graph visualization", "Network Diagram", "Network visualisation", "Network visualization" ; :definition "Graph drawing is an area of mathematics and computer science combining methods from geometric graph theory and information visualization to derive two-dimensional depictions of graphs arising from applications such as social network analysis, cartography, linguistics, and bioinformatics." ; :prefLabel "Graph drawing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SQA", "SW QA", "SW Quality Assurance", "Software QA", "Software Quality Assurance Group" ; :definition "Software quality assurance (SQA) consists of a means of monitoring the software engineering processes and methods used to ensure quality. The methods by which this is accomplished are many and varied, and may include ensuring conformance to one or more standards, such as ISO 9000 or a model such as CMMI. Software quality assurance, according to ISO/IEC 15504 v.2.5 (SPICE), is a supporting process that has to provide the independent assurance in which all the work products, activities and processes comply with the predefined plans and ISO 15504." ; :prefLabel "Software quality assurance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comprise", "Contain", "Contained", "Containing", "Contains" ; :definition "Include or hold; have within or as a component." ; :prefLabel "Contain (action)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Machine Sight", "Vision", "Visual navigation" ; :definition "Machine vision (MV) is the technology and methods used to provide imaging-based automatic inspection and analysis for such applications as automatic inspection, process control, and robot guidance in industry. The scope of MV is broad. MV is related to, though distinct from, computer vision." ; :prefLabel "Machine vision" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bootstrap compiler", "Bootstrapping (disambiguation)", "Compiler bootstrapping" ; :definition "In computer science, bootstrapping is the process of writing a compiler (or assembler) in the source programming language that it intends to compile. Applying this technique leads to a self-hosting compiler. An initial minimal core version of the compiler is generated in a different language; from that point, successive expanded versions of the compiler are run using the minimal core of the language." ; :prefLabel "Bootstrapping (compilers)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Coordinate (disambiguation)", "Coordinates (geographic)", "Coordinates (geographical)", "Coords", "GCS", "Geo Position", "Geo co-ordinates", "Geo coordinates", "Geo-co-ordinates", "Geo-coordinates", "Geocoordinate", "Geographic References", "Geographic co-ordinates", "Geographic cooerdinate system", "Geographic coordinate", "Geographic coordinate systems", "Geographic coordinates", "Geographic coördinate system", "Geographic location", "Geographic reference point", "Geographic reference points", "Geographical area", "Geographical co-ordinates", "Geographical coordinate system", "Geographical coordinates", "Global Coordinated System", "Globe coordinates", "Grid coordinates", "Lat lon", "Lat-lon", "Lat-long", "Latitude and longitude", "Longitude and latitude", "World longtitude and latitude maps" ; :definition "A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system that enables every location on the Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are often chosen such that one of the numbers represents vertical position, and two or three of the numbers represent horizontal position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation. To specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection." ; :prefLabel "Geographic coordinate system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ITRM", "Information risk management" ; :definition "IT risk management is the application of risk management methods to Information technology in order to manage IT risk, i.e.: The business risk associated with the use, ownership, operation, involvement, influence and adoption of IT within an enterprise or organization IT risk management can be considered a component of a wider enterprise risk management system.(faisal) The establishment, maintenance and continuous update of an ISMS provide a strong indication that a company is using a systematic approach for the identification, assessment and management of information security risks." ; :prefLabel "IT risk management" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Schema" ; :definition "Schema.org is an initiative launched on 2 June 2011 by Bing, Google and Yahoo! (the operators of the then world's largest search engines) to “create and support a common set of schemas for structured data markup on web pages.” In November 2011 Yandex (whose search engine is the largest one in Russia) joined the initiative. They propose using the schema.org vocabulary along with the Microdata, RDFa, or JSON-LD formats to mark up website content with metadata about itself. Such markup can be recognized by search engine spiders and other parsers, thus gaining access to the meaning of the sites (see Semantic Web). The initiative also describes an extension mechanism for adding additional properties. Public discussion of the initiative largely takes place on the W3C public vocabularies mailing" ; :prefLabel "Schema.org" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gaussian Pyramid", "Image pyramid", "Laplacian pyramid", "Pyramid (disambiguation)", "Pyramids", "Steerable pyramid", "image processing" ; :definition "Pyramid, or pyramid representation, is a type of multi-scale signal representation developed by the computer vision, image processing and signal processing communities, in which a signal or an image is subject to repeated smoothing and subsampling. Pyramid representation is a predecessor to scale-space representation and multiresolution analysis." ; :prefLabel "Pyramid (image processing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LTL (disambiguation)", "LTL formula", "LTL logic", "Linear time temporal logic", "Linear-time temporal logic", "PTL", "Propositional temporal logic" ; :definition "In logic, linear temporal logic or linear-time temporal logic (LTL) is a modal temporal logic with modalities referring to time. In LTL, one can encode formulae about the future of paths, e.g., a condition will eventually be true, a condition will be true until another fact becomes true, etc. It is a fragment of the more complex CTL*, which additionally allows branching time and quantifiers. Subsequently LTL is sometimes called propositional temporal logic, abbreviated PTL.Linear temporal logic (LTL) is a fragment of S1S." ; :prefLabel "Linear temporal logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cash Register Software", "Cashwrap", "Check out terminal", "Check-out counter", "Check-out terminal", "Checkout counter", "Checkout equipment", "Checkout hardware", "Checkout lane", "Checkout register", "Checkout software", "Checkout terminal", "Checkouts", "Checkstand", "Electronic point of sale", "Epos", "Express checkout lane", "Hospitality point of sale systems", "POP advertising", "POS", "POS software", "POS terminal", "Point of Purchase", "Point of Sale in a Retail Outlet", "Point of sale software", "Point of sale system", "Point of sales", "Point of sales terminal", "Point of sales terminals", "Point of service", "Point-of-Purchase", "Point-of-Sale", "Point-of-sales", "Pop", "Restaurant POS", "Restaurant point of sale", "Store hardware", "Wireless POS", "Wireless point of sales" ; :definition "The point of sale (POS) or point of purchase (POP) is the time and place where a retail transaction is completed. At the point of sale, the merchant would calculate the amount owed by the customer and indicate the amount, and may prepare an invoice for the customer (which may be a cash register printout), and indicate the options for the customer to make payment. It is also the point at which a customer makes a payment to the merchant in exchange for goods or after provision of a service. After receiving payment, the merchant may issue a receipt for the transaction, which is usually printed, but is increasingly being dispensed with or sent electronically." ; :prefLabel "Point of sale" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data Spaces", "Data space", "Dataspace" ; :definition "Dataspaces are an abstraction in data management that aim to overcome some of the problems encountered in data integration system. The aim is to reduce the effort required to set up a data integration system by relying on existing matching and mapping generation techniques, and to improve the system in "pay-as-you-go" fashion as it is used. Labor-intensive aspects of data integration are postponed until they are absolutely needed." ; :prefLabel "Dataspaces" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Error rate", "WER", "Word recognition rate" ; :definition "Word error rate (WER) is a common metric of the performance of a speech recognition or machine translation system. The general difficulty of measuring performance lies in the fact that the recognized word sequence can have a different length from the reference word sequence (supposedly the correct one). The WER is derived from the Levenshtein distance, working at the word level instead of the phoneme level. The WER is a valuable tool for comparing different systems as well as for evaluating improvements within one system. This kind of measurement, however, provides no details on the nature of translation errors and further work is therefore required to identify the main source(s) of error and to focus any research effort." ; :prefLabel "Word error rate" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Curation", "Sheer curation" ; :definition "Digital curation is the selection, preservation, maintenance, collection and archiving of digital assets.Digital curation establishes, maintains and adds value to repositories of digital data for present and future use. This is often accomplished by archivists, librarians, scientists, historians, and scholars. Enterprises are starting to use digital curation to improve the quality of information and data within their operational and strategic processes. Successful digital curation will mitigate digital obsolescence, keeping the information accessible to users indefinitely." ; :prefLabel "Digital curation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "messages" ; :definition "A usually short communication transmitted by words, signals, or other means from one person, station, or group to another." ; :prefLabel "message" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chaology", "Chaos", "Chaos (mathematics)", "Chaos (physics)", "Chaos Theory (disambiguation)", "Chaotic behavior", "Chaotic behavior in systems", "Chaotic dynamical system", "Chaotic dynamical systems", "Chaotic map", "Chaotic motion", "Chaotic orbit", "Chaotic system", "Chaotic systems", "Classical chaos", "Deterministic chaos", "Deterministic chaotic system", "Disorganized", "Nonchaotic behavior of quadratic differential systems", "The order of choas" ; :definition "Chaos theory is the field of study in mathematics that studies the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions—a response popularly referred to as the butterfly effect. Small differences in initial conditions (such as those due to rounding errors in numerical computation) yield widely diverging outcomes for such dynamical systems, rendering long-term prediction impossible in general. This happens even though these systems are deterministic, meaning that their future behavior is fully determined by their initial conditions, with no random elements involved. In other words, the deterministic nature of these systems does not make them predictable. This behavior is known as deterministic chaos, or simply chaos. The theory was summarized by Edward Lorenz as:" ; :prefLabel "Chaos theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Flora-2 is an open source rule-based system for knowledge representation and reasoning.The language of the system is derived from F-logic, HiLog, and Transaction logic. Being based on F-logic and HiLog implies that object-oriented syntax and higher-order representation are the major features of the system. Flora-2 also supports a form of defeasible reasoning called Logic Programming with Defaults and Argumentation Theories (LPDA). Applications include intelligent agents, Semantic Web, knowledge-bases networking, ontology management, integration of information, security policy analysis, automated database normalization, and more." ; :prefLabel "Flora-2" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Domain", "Way-below relation" ; :definition "Domain theory is a branch of mathematics that studies special kinds of partially ordered sets (posets) commonly called domains. Consequently, domain theory can be considered as a branch of order theory. The field has major applications in computer science, where it is used to specify denotational semantics, especially for functional programming languages. Domain theory formalizes the intuitive ideas of approximation and convergence in a very general way and has close relations to topology. An alternative important approach to denotational semantics in computer science is that of metric spaces." ; :prefLabel "Domain theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CLJ", "Clojure (programming language)", "ClojureScript", "Compojure", "Rich Hickey" ; :definition "Clojure (pronunciation: /ˈkloʊʒɜːr/, like "closure"), or ClojureScript, is a dialect of the Lisp programming language created by Rich Hickey. Clojure is a general-purpose programming language with an emphasis on functional programming. It runs on the Java virtual machine, Common Language Runtime, and JavaScript engines. Like other Lisps, Clojure treats code as data and has a macro system. The current development process is community-driven, overseen by Rich Hickey as its benevolent dictator for life (BDFL)." ; :prefLabel "Clojure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AMT", "Amazon MTurk", "Amazon Turk", "AmazonMechanical", "AmazonMechanicalTurk", "AmazonTurk", "Artificial artificial intelligence", "MTurk Requester", "Mechanical Turk", "Mturk", "Turking", "YRUHRN" ; :definition "Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) is a crowdsourcing Internet marketplace enabling individuals and businesses (known as Requesters) to coordinate the use of human intelligence to perform tasks that computers are currently unable to do. It is one of the sites of Amazon Web Services. Employers are able to post jobs known as Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs), such as choosing the best among several photographs of a storefront, writing product descriptions, or identifying performers on music CDs. Workers (called Providers in Mechanical Turk's Terms of Service, or, more colloquially, Turkers) can then browse among existing jobs and complete them in exchange for a monetary payment set by the employer. To place jobs, the requesting programs use an open application programming interface (API), or the m" ; :prefLabel "Amazon Mechanical Turk" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Plan (disambiguation)", "Plans" ; :definition "A plan is typically any diagram or list of steps with timing and resources, used to achieve an objective. See also strategy. It is commonly understood as a temporal set of intended actions through which one expects to achieve a goal. For spatial or planar topologic or topographic sets see map. Plans can be formal or informal:" ; :prefLabel "Plan" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Backward elimination", "Forward selection", "Regression", "Stagewise regression", "Step-wise regression", "Stepwise", "UFS", "Unsupervised Forward Selection" ; :definition "In statistics, stepwise regression includes regression models in which the choice of predictive variables is carried out by an automatic procedure. Usually, this takes the form of a sequence of F-tests or t-tests, but other techniques are possible, such as adjusted R2, Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, Mallows's Cp, PRESS, or false discovery rate." ; :prefLabel "Stepwise regression" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "formats", "formatting" ; :definition "The organization of information according to preset specifications." ; :prefLabel "format" ; :related . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "P S Yu", "P. S. Yu", "Peter Yu", "Philip S Yu", "Philip S. Yu", "Philip Shiiran Yu", "Philip Yu" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 5235 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Philip S. Yu" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "D. W. Embley", "David Embley", "David W Embley", "David W. Embley", "David Wayne Embley" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 214 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "David W. Embley" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "E Catarina Motta", "E Motta", "E. Motta", "Enrico Motta", "Enrico. Motta" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 798 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Enrico Motta" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "T. H. Cao", "T. L. Huong Cao", "Tru Cao" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 28 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Tru H. Cao" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Commercial failure", "Commercial failures", "EPIC FAIL", "Epic failure", "Fail", "Fail (internet meme)", "Fail (meme)", "Fail picture", "Fail pictures", "Failboat", "Failed", "Failing", "Failure (disambiguation)", "Failures", "List of product failures", "Major flops", "PHAIL", "Unsuccess" ; :definition "Failure is the state or condition of not meeting a desirable or intended objective, and may be viewed as the opposite of success. Product failure ranges from failure to sell the product to fracture of the product, in the worst cases leading to personal injury, the province of forensic engineering." ; :prefLabel "Failure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MST", "Min spanning tree", "Minimal spanning tree", "Minimum Weight Spanning Tree", "Minimum cost spanning tree", "Minimum k-edge-connected spanning network problem", "Minimum k-node-connected spanning network problem", "Minimum spanning forest", "Minimum spanning tree problem", "Minimum spanning trees", "Minimum weight spanning forest", "Shortest spanning tree", "Spanning tree algorithm", "Spanning tree problem" ; :definition "A minimum spanning tree (MST) or minimum weight spanning tree is a subset of the edges of a connected, edge-weighted undirected graph that connects all the vertices together, without any cycles and with the minimum possible total edge weight. That is, it is a spanning tree whose sum of edge weights is as small as possible. More generally, any undirected graph (not necessarily connected) has a minimum spanning forest, which is a union of the minimum spanning trees for its connected components." ; :prefLabel "Minimum spanning tree" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Papers" ; :definition "Thin sheets made from wood pulp and other fibrous substances, used for writing, drawing, printing, image duplication or wrapping." ; :prefLabel "Paper" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Academic database", "Bibliographic databases", "Bibliographical database", "Electronic database", "IBDoF", "IBookDB", "ISBNdb", "ISBNdb.com", "Iblist", "Internet Book Database", "Internet Book Database of Fiction", "Internet Book Databases", "Literature database", "Online general interest book database", "Online general-interest book database", "Online general-interest book databases", "Reference database", "The Internet Book Database", "The Internet Book Database of Fiction" ; :definition "A bibliographic database is a database of bibliographic records, an organized digital collection of references to published literature, including journal and newspaper articles, conference proceedings, reports, government and legal publications, patents, books, etc. In contrast to library catalogue entries, a large proportion of the bibliographic records in bibliographic databases describe articles, conference papers, etc., rather than complete monographs, and they generally contain very rich subject descriptions in the form of keywords, subject classification terms, or abstracts." ; :prefLabel "Bibliographic database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HTML Microdata", "HTML5 microdata", "Microdata", "Microdata (HTML5)" ; :definition "Microdata is a WHATWG HTML specification used to nest metadata within existing content on web pages. Search engines, web crawlers, and browsers can extract and process Microdata from a web page and use it to provide a richer browsing experience for users. Search engines benefit greatly from direct access to this structured data because it allows search engines to understand the information on web pages and provide more relevant results to users. Microdata uses a supporting vocabulary to describe an item and name-value pairs to assign values to its properties. Microdata is an attempt to provide a simpler way of annotating HTML elements with machine-readable tags than the similar approaches of using RDFa and microformats." ; :prefLabel "Microdata (HTML)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CPU performance", "Computing power", "Performance (Computer)", "Performance (disambiguation)", "Performance Equation", "Processing power", "Single thread performance", "Single threaded performance" ; :definition "Computer performance is the amount of work accomplished by a computer system. Depending on the context, high computer performance may involve one or more of the following: * Short response time for a given piece of work * High throughput (rate of processing work) * Low utilization of computing resource(s) * High availability of the computing system or application * Fast (or highly compact) data compression and decompression * High bandwidth * Short data transmission time" ; :prefLabel "Computer performance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Advertised requirement", "Pre-condition", "Preconditions" ; :definition "In computer programming, a precondition is a condition or predicate that must always be true just prior to the execution of some section of code or before an operation in a formal specification. If a precondition is violated, the effect of the section of code becomes undefined and thus may or may not carry out its intended work. Security problems can arise due to incorrect preconditions." ; :prefLabel "Precondition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Usability enginering" ; :definition "Usability engineering is a field that is concerned generally with human-computer interaction and specifically with devising human-computer interfaces that have high usability or user friendliness. It provides structured methods for achieving efficiency and elegance in interface design." ; :prefLabel "Usability engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data Checking", "Input validation", "Validation", "Validation routine", "Validation scheme" ; :definition "In computer science, data validation is the process of ensuring that a program operates on clean, correct and useful data. It uses routines, often called "validation rules" "validation constraints" or "check routines", that check for correctness, meaningfulness, and security of data that are input to the system. The rules may be implemented through the automated facilities of a data dictionary, or by the inclusion of explicit application program validation logic." ; :prefLabel "Data validation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Artifact", "Digital object" ; :definition "A virtual artifact (VA) is an immaterial object that exists in the human mind or in a digital environment, for example the Internet, intranet, virtual reality, cyberspace, etc." ; :prefLabel "Virtual artifact" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Functional requirements" ; :definition "In Software engineering and systems engineering, a functional requirement defines a function of a system or its component. A function is described as a set of inputs, the behavior, and outputs. Functional requirements may be calculations, technical details, data manipulation and processing and other specific functionality that define what a system is supposed to accomplish. Behavioral requirements describing all the cases where the system uses the functional requirements are captured in use cases. Functional requirements are supported by non-functional requirements (also known as quality requirements), which impose constraints on the design or implementation (such as performance requirements, security, or reliability). Generally, functional requirements are expressed in the form "system mu" ; :prefLabel "Functional requirement" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Evolutionary approach", "IID (disambiguation)", "Incremental and iterative development", "Incremental and iterative developments", "Incremental development", "Interactive and Incremental development", "Iterative & incremental development", "Iterative Development", "Iterative model" ; :definition "Iterative and Incremental development is any combination of both iterative design or iterative method and incremental build model for software development. The combination is of long standing and has been widely suggested for large development efforts. For example, the 1985 DOD-STD-2167mentions (in section 4.1.2): "During software development, more than one iteration of the software development cycle may be in progress at the same time." and "This process may be described as an 'evolutionary acquisition' or 'incremental build' approach." The relationship between iterations and increments is determined by the overall software development methodology and software development process. The exact number and nature of the particular incremental builds and what is iterated will be specific to eac" ; :prefLabel "Iterative and incremental development" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CGIF", "CL", "CLIF", "Common Logic Interchange Format", "Conceptual Graph Interchange Format", "ISO 24707", "ISO/IEC 24707" ; :definition "Common Logic (CL) is a framework for a family of logic languages, based on first-order logic, intended to facilitate the exchange and transmission of knowledge in computer-based systems. The CL definition permits and encourages the development of a variety of different syntactic forms, called dialects. A dialect may use any desired syntax, but it must be possible to demonstrate precisely how the concrete syntax of a dialect conforms to the abstract CL semantics, which are based on a model theoretic interpretation. Each dialect may be then treated as a formal language. Once syntactic conformance is established, a dialect gets the CL semantics for free, as they are specified relative to the abstract syntax only, and hence are inherited by any conformant dialect. In addition, all CL dialects" ; :prefLabel "Common Logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Change List", "Change List (Revision Control)", "Code management system", "Collaborative versioning system", "Discontinued development branch", "Reverse Integration", "Revision", "Revision Control", "Revision control software", "Revision control system", "Revision level", "Revision management", "Revision number", "Revision tracking", "SCM", "Source Code Management", "Source Control Management", "Source configuration management", "Source control", "Source+Control+Management", "Tree Conflict", "VC", "Version", "Version control software", "Version control system", "Version control systems", "Version management", "Versioncontrol", "Versioning system", "Versioning systems" ; :definition "A component of software configuration management, version control, also known as revision control or source control, is the management of changes to documents, computer programs, large web sites, and other collections of information. Changes are usually identified by a number or letter code, termed the "revision number", "revision level", or simply "revision". For example, an initial set of files is "revision 1". When the first change is made, the resulting set is "revision 2", and so on. Each revision is associated with a timestamp and the person making the change. Revisions can be compared, restored, and with some types of files, merged." ; :prefLabel "Version control" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Si", "Synthetic" ; :definition "Synthetic intelligence (SI) is an alternative term for artificial intelligence which emphasizes that the intelligence of machines need not be an imitation or in any way artificial; it can be a genuine form of intelligence. John Haugeland proposes an analogy with simulated diamonds and synthetic diamonds—only the synthetic diamond is truly a diamond. Synthetic means that which is produced by synthesis; combining parts to form a whole, colloquially, a man-made version of that which has arisen naturally. As defined, a "synthetic intelligence" would therefore be man-made, but not a simulation." ; :prefLabel "Synthetic intelligence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Jacard index", "Jaccard", "Jaccard Similarity Coefficient", "Jaccard coefficient", "Jaccard coefficient of similarity", "Jaccard distance", "Jaccard similarity", "Jaccard similarity coefficent", "Tanimoto coefficient", "Tanimoto score" ; :definition "The Jaccard index, also known as the Jaccard similarity coefficient (originally coined coefficient de communauté by Paul Jaccard), is a statistic used for comparing the similarity and diversity of sample sets. The Jaccard coefficient measures similarity between finite sample sets, and is defined as the size of the intersection divided by the size of the union of the sample sets: (If A and B are both empty, we define J(A,B) = 1.) An alternate interpretation of the Jaccard distance is as the ratio of the size of the symmetric difference to the union. is a measure on a measurable space or" ; :prefLabel "Jaccard index" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Textual entailment (TE) in natural language processing is a directional relation between text fragments. The relation holds whenever the truth of one text fragment follows from another text. In the TE framework, the entailing and entailed texts are termed text (t) and hypothesis (h), respectively. Textual entailment is not the same as pure logical entailment- it has a more relaxed definition: "t entails h" (t ⇒ h) if, typically, a human reading t would infer that h is most likely true. The relation is directional because even if "t entails h", the reverse "h entails t" is much less certain." ; :prefLabel "Textual entailment" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Border detection", "Edge detector", "Edge filter", "Edgel", "Line detection" ; :definition "Edge detection includes a variety of mathematical methods that aim at identifying points in a digital image at which the image brightness changes sharply or, more formally, has discontinuities. The points at which image brightness changes sharply are typically organized into a set of curved line segments termed edges. The same problem of finding discontinuities in 1D signals is known as step detection and the problem of finding signal discontinuities over time is known as change detection. Edge detection is a fundamental tool in image processing, machine vision and computer vision, particularly in the areas of feature detection and feature extraction." ; :prefLabel "Edge detection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Link label", "Link text", "Link title" ; :definition "The anchor text, link label, link text, or link title is the visible, clickable text in a hyperlink. The words contained in the anchor text can determine the ranking that the page will receive by search engines. Since 1998, some web browsers have added the ability to show a tooltip for a hyperlink before it is selected. Not all links have anchor texts because it may be obvious where the link will lead due to the context in which it is used. Anchor texts normally remain below 60 characters. Different browsers will display anchor texts differently. Usually, web search engines analyze anchor text from hyperlinks on web pages. Other services apply the basic principles of anchor text analysis as well. For instance, academic search engines may use citation context to classify academic articles," ; :prefLabel "Anchor text" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GUI software", "GUI toolkits", "Graphical software toolkit", "Graphical user interface toolkit", "Graphical widget toolkit", "Gui toolkit", "Themable Widget Library", "Widget", "Widget library", "Widget set", "Widget toolkits", "Windowing toolkit" ; :definition "A widget toolkit, widget library, GUI toolkit, or UX library is a library or a collection of libraries containing a set of graphical control elements (called widgets) used to construct the graphical user interface (GUI) of programs. Being written in a specific programming language, the widget toolkit may be used from other languages employing bindings. Graphical user interface builders such as e.g. Glade Interface Designer facilitate the authoring of GUIs in a WYSIWYG manner employing a user interface markup language such as in this case GtkBuilder." ; :prefLabel "Widget toolkit" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D Augmented Reality", "AR", "Augment", "Augmented reality effects", "Augmented reality game", "Augmented reality glasses", "Augmented-reality", "Augumented reality", "Enhanced reality", "Reality Augmentation", "Spacial display", "Spatial display", "Visual simulation" ; :definition "Augmented reality (AR) is a live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented (or supplemented) by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data. It is related to a more general concept called mediated reality, in which a view of reality is modified (possibly even diminished rather than augmented) by a computer. As a result, the technology functions by enhancing one’s current perception of reality. By contrast, virtual reality replaces the real world with a simulated one. Augmentation is conventionally in real-time and in semantic context with environmental elements, such as sports scores on TV during a match. With the help of advanced AR technology (e.g. adding computer vision and object recognition) the informati" ; :prefLabel "Augmented reality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1 BTC", "1-BTC", "51%25 attack", "BTC", "BTCUSD=X", "Bicoin", "Bit Coin", "BitCoinJ", "Bitcent", "Bitcents", "Bitcion", "Bitcoin Black Friday", "Bitcoin economy", "Bitcoin qt", "Bitcoin wallet", "BitcoinShop", "Bitcoinage", "Bitcoind", "Bitcoinqt", "Bitcoins", "Bitocin", "Brainwallet", "B⃦", "Chain fork", "Chainfork", "Edison's renegade currency", "List of bitcoin wallets", "MBTC", "Microcoin", "Millicoin", "Satoshis", "Spergerrand", "The Bitcoin Foundation", "UBTC", "ΜBTC", "₿" ; :definition "Bitcoin is a digital asset and a payment system invented by an unidentified programmer, or group of programmers, under the name of Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin was introduced on 31 October 2008 to a cryptography mailing list, and released as open-source software in 2009. There have been various claims and speculation concerning the identity of Nakamoto, none of which are confirmed.The system is peer-to-peer and transactions take place between users directly, without an intermediary. These transactions are verified by network nodes and recorded in a public distributed ledger called the blockchain, which uses bitcoin as its unit of account. Since the system works without a central repository or single administrator, the U.S. Treasury categorizes bitcoin as a decentralized virtual currency. Bitc" ; :prefLabel "Bitcoin" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chart (disambiguation)", "Charts", "Financial chart", "Graph (statistics)", "Graphical methods", "Key (chart)", "Legend (chart)", "Legend (disambiguation)", "Trading charts" ; :definition "A chart, also called a graph, is a graphical representation of data, in which "the data is represented by symbols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines in a line chart, or slices in a pie chart". A chart can represent tabular numeric data, functions or some kinds of qualitative structure and provides different info. The term "chart" as a graphical representation of data has multiple meanings:" ; :prefLabel "Chart" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Answer set", "Answer set semantics", "Stable model" ; :definition "The concept of a stable model, or answer set, is used to define a declarative semantics for logic programs with negation as failure. This is one of several standard approaches to the meaning of negation in logic programming, along with program completion and the well-founded semantics. The stable model semantics is the basis ofanswer set programming." ; :prefLabel "Stable model semantics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Autopano", "Autopano Pro", "Autopano-sift", "PCA-SIFT", "Scale invariant feature transform", "Sift (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Scale-invariant feature transform (or SIFT) is an algorithm in computer vision to detect and describe local features in images. The algorithm was published by David Lowe in 1999. Applications include object recognition, robotic mapping and navigation, image stitching, 3D modeling, gesture recognition, video tracking, individual identification of wildlife and match moving. The algorithm is patented in the US; the owner is the University of British Columbia." ; :prefLabel "Scale-invariant feature transform" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business reputation", "Online Reputation/", "Online reputation", "Prestige (sociology)", "Rep", "Reputation (as Property)", "Reputation (disambiguation)", "Repute" ; :definition "Reputation of a social entity (a person, a social group, an organization) is an opinion about that entity, typically a result of social evaluation on a set of criteria. It is important in business, education, online communities, and many other fields. Reputation may be considered as a component of identity as defined by others." ; :prefLabel "Reputation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1048576", "M,egabyte", "M-byte", "MB", "Mbyte", "Meg", "Mega byte", "Mega-byte", "MegaBytes", "Megabite", "㎆" ; :definition "The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB, but sometimes MByte is used. The unit prefix mega is a multiplier of 1000000 (106) in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information. This definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities." ; :prefLabel "Megabyte" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AC/DC (electrical)", "Applied electricity", "ECE", "EE", "EEE", "Elec", "Electical Engineering", "Electric Engineer", "Electric Engineering", "Electrical & Electronic Engineering", "Electrical & Electronics", "Electrical & Electronics Engineering", "Electrical Engingeering", "Electrical and Computers Engineering", "Electrical and Electronics", "Electrical and Electronics Engineering", "Electrical and computer engineering", "Electrical and computer enginering", "Electrical and electronic engineering", "Electrical degree", "Electrical engineer", "Electrical engineering (terminology)", "Electrical engineering and computer science", "Electrical engineers", "Electrical/electronic engineering", "ElectricalEngineering", "Electro engineering", "Electro-engineering", "Electro-technology", "Electroengineer", "Electroengineering", "Electronic and Communications Engineering", "Electronic and Electrical Engineering", "Electronics and Electrical Engineering", "Electronics and communication engineering", "Electronics and communications engineering", "Electrotechnician", "Electrotechnics", "Electrotechnology", "Eletrical Engineering", "Subfields of electrical engineering" ; :definition "Electrical engineering is a field of engineering that generally deals with the study and application of electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an identifiable occupation in the later half of the 19th century after commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electric power distribution and use. Subsequently, broadcasting and recording media made electronics part of daily life. The invention of the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any household object." ; :prefLabel "Electrical engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concantenated", "Concat", "Concatenate", "Concatenated", "Concatenating", "Concatenation (disambiguation)", "String concatenation" ; :definition "In formal language theory and computer programming, string concatenation is the operation of joining character strings end-to-end. For example, the concatenation of "snow" and "ball" is "snowball". In some but not all formalisations of concatenation theory, also called string theory, string concatenation is a primitive notion." ; :prefLabel "Concatenation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Completely Randomized Design", "Design (disambiguation)", "Design of experiment", "Designed experiment", "Designing Experiments", "DesigningExperiments", "Doe", "Experiment design", "Experimental Design", "Experimental designs", "Experimental research design", "Experimental techniques" ; :definition "The design of experiments (DOE, DOX, or experimental design) is the design of any task that aims to describe or explain the variation of information under conditions that are hypothesized to reflect the variation. The term is generally associated with true experiments in which the design introduces conditions that directly affect the variation, but may also refer to the design of quasi-experiments, in which natural conditions that influence the variation are selected for observation." ; :prefLabel "Design of experiments" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hadoop map", "Map Reduce", "Map-reduce", "Map/reduce" ; :definition "MapReduce is a programming model and an associated implementation for processing and generating large data sets with a parallel, distributed algorithm on a cluster.Conceptually similar approaches have been very well known since 1995 with the Message Passing Interface standard having reduce and scatter operations." ; :prefLabel "MapReduce" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analog bandwidth", "Antenna bandwidth", "Bandwidth", "Fractional bandwidth", "Frequency bandwidth", "RF bandwidth", "Radio bandwidth", "Radio frequency bandwidth", "Signal bandwidth", "Spectral bandwidth" ; :definition "Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous set of frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz, and may sometimes refer to passband bandwidth, sometimes to baseband bandwidth, depending on context. Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum. In the case of a low-pass filter or baseband signal, the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff frequency." ; :prefLabel "Bandwidth (signal processing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computer science, the Semantic Desktop is a collective term for ideas related to changing a computer's user interface and data handling capabilities so that data is more easily shared between different applications or tasks and so that data that once could not be automatically processed by a computer could be. It also encompasses some ideas about being able to share information automatically between different people. This concept is very much related to the Semantic Web but is distinct insofar as its main concern is the personal use of information." ; :prefLabel "Semantic desktop" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Navigation (disambiguation)", "Web browsing", "Web-browsing" ; :definition "Web navigation refers to the process of navigating a network of information resources in the World Wide Web, which is organized as hypertext or hypermedia. The user interface that is used to do so is called a web browser. A central theme in web design is the development of a web navigation interface that maximizes usability." ; :prefLabel "Web navigation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Basic", "alkalinity", "base (chemistry)", "bases" ; :definition "In chemistry, a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and can neutralize an acid. Bases feel soapy or slippery on the skin and they can turn certain dyes blue. An example of a base is sodium hydroxide. Basicity is measured on a scale called the pH scale. On this scale, a pH value of 7 is neutral, and a pH value of more than 7 to 14 shows increasing basicity." ; :prefLabel "Base" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Stack Overflow (Web site)", "Stack Overflow (website)", "Stack overflow (disambiguation)", "Stackoverflow", "Stackoverflow (website)", "Stackoverflow.com" ; :definition "Stack Overflow is a privately held website, the flagship site of the Stack Exchange Network, created in 2008 by Jeff Atwood and Joel Spolsky. It was created to be a more open alternative to earlier question and answer sites such as Experts-Exchange. The name for the website was chosen by voting in April 2008 by readers of Coding Horror, Atwood's popular programming blog. It features questions and answers on a wide range of topics in computer programming." ; :prefLabel "Stack Overflow" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cognitive dimensions", "Cognitive dimensions of notation", "Consistency (disambiguation)", "Consistency (user interfaces)", "Dependency", "Error prone", "Error proneness", "Error-prone", "Error-proneness", "Hidden dependencies", "Hidden dependency" ; :definition "Cognitive dimensions or cognitive dimensions of notations are design principles for notations, user interfaces and programming languages, described by researchers Thomas R.G. Green and Marian Petre. The dimensions can be used to evaluate the usability of an existing information artifact, or as heuristics to guide the design of a new one." ; :prefLabel "Cognitive dimensions of notations" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KIAA0980", "NINEIN-LIKE PROTEIN", "NINL", "NLP", "ninein like" ; :prefLabel "NINL gene" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Memo", "Memo function", "Memo functions", "Memoisation", "Memoise", "Memoised function", "Memoize", "Memoized function", "Memoizing", "Tabling" ; :definition "In computing, memoization is an optimization technique used primarily to speed up computer programs by storing the results of expensive function calls and returning the cached result when the same inputs occur again. Memoization has also been used in other contexts (and for purposes other than speed gains), such as in simple mutually recursive descent parsing in a general top-down parsing algorithm that accommodates ambiguity and left recursion in polynomial time and space. Although related to caching, memoization refers to a specific case of this optimization, distinguishing it from forms of caching such as buffering or page replacement. In the context of some logic programming languages, memoization is also known as tabling; see also lookup table." ; :prefLabel "Memoization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Algedonic feedback", "VSM", "Viable Systems Model" ; :definition "The viable system model (VSM) is a model of the organisational structure of any autonomous system capable of producing itself. A viable system is any system organised in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an abstracted cybernetic (regulation theory) description that is applicable to any organisation that is a viable system and capable of autonomy." ; :prefLabel "Viable system model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Spanning" ; :definition "File Spanning is the ability to package a single file or data stream into separate files of a specified size. This task implies the ability to re-combine the package files back into the original file or data stream. Sometimes the file spanning process is hidden as a secondary operation such as with file archivers. In this case, many smaller files are first packaged into a data stream and then repackaged into a multi-file archive." ; :prefLabel "File spanning" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ESA (disambiguation)" ; :definition "In natural language processing and information retrieval, explicit semantic analysis (ESA) is a vectorial representation of text (individual words or entire documents) that uses a document corpus as a knowledge base. Specifically, in ESA, a word is represented as a column vector in the tf–idf matrix of the text corpus and a document (string of words) is represented as the centroid of the vectors representing its words. Typically, the text corpus is Wikipedia, though other corpora including the Open Directory Project have been used." ; :prefLabel "Explicit semantic analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KBE (disambiguation)", "Knowledge based engineering" ; :definition "Knowledge-based engineering (KBE) is the application of knowledge-based systems technology to the domain of manufacturing design and production. The design process is inherently a knowledge-intensive activity, so a great deal of the emphasis for KBE is on the use of knowledge-based technology to support computer-aided design (CAD) however knowledge-based techniques (e.g. knowledge management) can be applied to the entire product lifecycle." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge-based engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "And", "Binary NOT", "Binary OR", "Binary and", "Binary shift", "Bit complement", "Bit operation", "Bit operator", "Bit operators", "Bit rotation", "Bit shift", "Bit shifting", "Bit wise", "Bit-shift", "Bitshift", "Bitwise", "Bitwise AND", "Bitwise NOT", "Bitwise OR", "Bitwise Right-Shift", "Bitwise complement", "Bitwise logic", "Bitwise logical operation", "Bitwise logical operator", "Bitwise negation", "Bitwise operations", "Bitwise operator", "Bitwise operators", "Bitwise rotation", "Bitwise shift", "Bitwise xor", "Complement", "LSL", "Left-shift operator", "Logical bitwise operator", "Logical shift left", "Not", "Or", "Right-shift operator", "Rotation (disambiguation)", "Shift", "XOR (disambiguation)" ; :definition "In digital computer programming, a bitwise operation operates on one or more bit patterns or binary numerals at the level of their individual bits. It is a fast, simple action directly supported by the processor, and is used to manipulate values for comparisons and calculations." ; :prefLabel "Bitwise operation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AnalogySpace", "Common Sense Computing", "ConceptNet", "OMCS", "Open mind commonsense", "OpenMind Commonsense" ; :definition "Open Mind Common Sense (OMCS) is an artificial intelligence project based at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab whose goal is to build and utilize a large commonsense knowledge base from the contributions of many thousands of people across the Web." ; :prefLabel "Open Mind Common Sense" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Idempotence (computer science)", "Idempotency", "Idempotent", "Idempotent (software)", "Idempotent element", "Idempotent function", "Indempotency", "Indempotent" ; :definition "Idempotence (/ˌaɪdᵻmˈpoʊtəns/ EYE-dəm-POH-təns) is the property of certain operations in mathematics and computer science, that can be applied multiple times without changing the result beyond the initial application. The concept of idempotence arises in a number of places in abstract algebra (in particular, in the theory of projectors and closure operators) and functional programming (in which it is connected to the property of referential transparency). There are several meanings of idempotence, depending on what the concept is applied to:" ; :prefLabel "Idempotence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Lateral computing is a lateral thinking approach to solving computing problems.Lateral thinking has been made popular by Edward de Bono. This thinking technique is applied to generate creative ideas and solve problems. Similarly, by applying lateral-computing techniques to a problem, it can become much easier to arrive at a computationally inexpensive, easy to implement, efficient, innovative or unconventional solution." ; :prefLabel "Lateral computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analytic", "Analytic tableau", "Analytic tableau method", "Analytic tableaux", "Method of analytic tableau", "Proof tableau", "Proof tableaux", "Semantic tableau", "Semantic tableaus", "Semantic tableaux", "Tableau", "Tableau calculus", "Tableau method", "Tableau proof", "Truth tree", "Truth-tree" ; :definition "In proof theory, the semantic tableau (French pronunciation: ​[ta'blo]; singular: tableau; plural: tableaux), also called truth tree, is a decision procedure for sentential and related logics, and a proof procedure for formulas of first-order logic. The tableau method can also determine the satisfiability of finite sets of formulas of various logics. It is the most popular proof procedure for modal logics (Girle 2000). The method of semantic tableaux was invented by the Dutch logician Evert Willem Beth (Beth 1955) and simplified, for classical logic, by Raymond Smullyan (Smullyan 1968, 1995). It is Smullyan's simplification, "one-sided tableaux", that is described below. Smullyan's method has been generalized to arbitrary many-valued propositional and first-order logics by Walter Carnielli" ; :prefLabel "Method of analytic tableaux" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASTM rounding", "Banker's rounding", "Bankers rounding", "Bankers' rounding", "Directed rounding", "Round", "Round to even", "Rounding function", "Rounding functions", "Rounding numbers", "Rounding to integer", "Statistician's rounding", "Stochastic rounding", "Table-maker's dilemma", "Unbiased rounding" ; :definition "Rounding a numerical value means replacing it by another value that is approximately equal but has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit representation; for example, replacing £23.4476 with £23.45, or the fraction 312/937 with 1/3, or the expression √2 with 1.414. Accurate rounding of transcendental mathematical functions is difficult because the number of extra digits that need to be calculated to resolve whether to round up or down cannot be known in advance. This problem is known as "". A wavy equals sign (≈) is sometimes used to indicate rounding of exact numbers. For example: 9.98 ≈ 10." ; :prefLabel "Rounding" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bib. de l'ecole des Chartes", "Bib. de l'école des Chartes", "Bibl. de l'Ecole des Chartes", "Bibliotheque de 1'Ecole des Chartes", "Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Chartes", "Bibliotheque de l'École des Chartes", "Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des Chartes", "Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes", "Libraire des Archives Nationales et de la Societe de l'Ecole des Chartes", "Libraire des Archives Nationales et de la Société de l'École des Chartes", "Societe de l'Ecole des Chartes", "Société de l'École des Chartes", "Société de l’École des chartes" ; :definition "The Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes is a journal dedicated to the study and use of medieval manuscripts. It was founded in 1839 and continues to provide bi-annual issues with articles and abstracts in French, English, and German. Starting in 1995, one issue each year is devoted to a particular theme. It is published by the Société de l’École des chartes (Association of the Archive Training School) and distributed by Librairie Droz. As of 2016, the director is Michelle Bubenicek." ; :prefLabel "Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Word2vec is a group of related models that are used to produce word embeddings. These models are shallow, two-layer neural networks that are trained to reconstruct linguistic contexts of words. Word2vec takes as its input a large corpus of text and produces a high-dimensional space (typically of several hundred dimensions), with each unique word in the corpus being assigned a corresponding vector in the space. Word vectors are positioned in the vector space such that words that share common contexts in the corpus are located in close proximity to one another in the space." ; :prefLabel "Word2vec" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chaining (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Forward chaining is one of the two main methods of reasoning when using an inference engine and can be described logically as repeated application of modus ponens. Forward chaining is a popular implementation strategy for expert systems, business and production rule systems. The opposite of forward chaining is backward chaining. Inference engines will iterate through this process until a goal is reached. For example, suppose that the goal is to conclude the color of a pet named Fritz, given that he croaks and eats flies, and that the rule base contains the following four rules: Fritz is a frog" ; :prefLabel "Forward chaining" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Meta programming", "Meta-programming", "Metaprogramming (programming)" ; :definition "Metaprogramming is the art of writing of computer programs with the ability to treat programs as their data. It means that a program could be designed to read, generate, analyse or transform other programs, and even modify itself while running. In some cases, this allows programmers to minimize the number of lines of code to express a solution (hence reducing development time), or it gives programs greater flexibility to efficiently handle new situations without recompilation. One of the types of metaprogramming only involves writing their program is generic programming." ; :prefLabel "Metaprogramming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Incremental", "Step" ; :definition "The amount by which something increases." ; :prefLabel "Increment" . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "@interface", "Java annotations" ; :definition "In the Java computer programming language, an annotation is a form of syntactic metadata that can be added to Java source code. Classes, methods, variables, parameters and packages may be annotated. Unlike Javadoc tags, Java annotations can be reflective in that they can be embedded in class files generated by the compiler and may be retained by the Java VM to be made retrievable at run-time. It is possible to create meta-annotations out of the existing ones in Java." ; :prefLabel "Java annotation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Annealing", "Generalized simulated annealing", "SA", "Simulated anealing", "Simulated annealing algorithms", "Simulated annealling" ; :definition "Simulated annealing (SA) is a probabilistic technique for approximating the global optimum of a given function. Specifically, it is a metaheuristic to approximate global optimization in a large search space. It is often used when the search space is discrete (e.g., all tours that visit a given set of cities). For problems where finding an approximate global optimum is more important than finding a precise local optimum in a fixed amount of time, simulated annealing may be preferable to alternatives such as gradient descent." ; :prefLabel "Simulated annealing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automation (disambiguation)", "Automation management", "Climotics", "Digital home", "Digital home hub", "Domotic", "Domotica", "Domotics", "Home Automation Control Systems", "Home control", "Intelligent home", "Intelligent house", "Phone control", "SHSSG", "Smart Home", "Smart-Home", "Smarthome" ; :definition "Home automation or smart home (also known as domotics or domotica) is the residential extension of building automation and involves the control and automation of lighting, heating (such as smart thermostats), ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC), and security, as well as home appliances such as washer/dryers, ovens or refrigerators/freezers that use WiFi for remote monitoring. Modern systems generally consist of switches and sensors connected to a central hub sometimes called a "gateway" from which the system is controlled with a user interface that is interacted either with a wall-mounted terminal, mobile phone software, tablet computer or a web interface, often but not always via internet cloud services." ; :prefLabel "Home automation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Color Monitor", "Computer Display", "Computer Displays", "Computer Monitors", "Computer screen", "Display monitor", "Flat screen computer monitor", "Flat-screen computer monitor", "High-definition computer monitor", "Monitor", "Monitor (computer)", "Monitor (computing)", "RGB monitor", "Standard-definition computer monitor", "Video display unit", "Video screen", "Visual display unit", "🖵" ; :definition "A computer monitor or a computer display is an electronic visual display for computers. A monitor usually comprises the display device, circuitry, casing, and power supply. The display device in modern monitors is typically a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT-LCD) or a flat panel LED display, while older monitors used a cathode ray tubes (CRT). It can be connected to the computer via VGA, DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, LVDS (Low-voltage differential signaling) or other proprietary connectors and signals." ; :prefLabel "Computer monitor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mental models", "Mental models and reasoning", "Model" ; :definition "A mental model is an explanation of someone's thought process about how something works in the real world. It is a representation of the surrounding world, the relationships between its various parts and a person's intuitive perception about his or her own acts and their consequences. Mental models can help shape behaviour and set an approach to solving problems (akin to a personal algorithm) and doing tasks. Jay Wright Forrester defined general mental models as:" ; :prefLabel "Mental model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Categorical point of view", "Category", "Category theoretic", "Category-theoretic", "CategoryTheory" ; :definition "Category theory formalizes mathematical structure and its concepts in terms of a collection of objects and of arrows (also called morphisms). A category has two basic properties: the ability to compose the arrows associatively and the existence of an identity arrow for each object. The language of category theory has been used to formalize concepts of other high-level abstractions such as sets, rings, and groups. Category theory has practical applications in programming language theory, in particular for the study of monads in functional programming." ; :prefLabel "Category theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acceptable risk", "Assessment", "Health Risk Assessment", "Human health risk assessment", "Quantitative risk assessment", "RA", "Risk (disambiguation)", "Risk assessments", "TRA", "Threat and risk assessment" ; :definition "Risk assessment is the determination of quantitative or qualitative estimate of risk related to a well-defined situation and a recognized threat (also called hazard). Quantitative risk assessment requires calculations of two components of risk (R): the magnitude of the potential loss (L), and the probability (p) that the loss will occur. An acceptable risk is a risk that is understood and tolerated usually because the cost or difficulty of implementing an effective countermeasure for the associated vulnerability exceeds the expectation of loss. "Health risk assessment" includes variations, such as risk as the type and severity of response, with or without a probabilistic context." ; :prefLabel "Risk assessment" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aristotelian table", "Attribute–value system", "Flat data", "Information table", "Object-predicate table", "Simple frame", "Value-attribute system" ; :definition "An attribute-value system is a basic knowledge representation framework comprising a table with columns designating "attributes" (also known as "properties", "predicates," "features," "dimensions," "characteristics", "fields", "headers" or "independent variables" depending on the context) and "rows" designating "objects" (also known as "entities," "instances," "exemplars," "elements", "records" or "dependent variables"). Each table cell therefore designates the value (also known as "state") of a particular attribute of a particular object." ; :prefLabel "Attribute-value system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adobe Stagecraft", "Flash Lite 1.1", "Flash Lite 3.0", "Flash Lite 3.1", "Flash lite", "FlashLite", "Lite", "Macromedia Flash Lite" ; :definition "Adobe Flash Lite is a lightweight version of Adobe Flash Player, a software application published by Adobe Systems for viewing Flash content. Flash Lite operates on devices that Flash Player cannot, such as mobile phones and other portable electronic devices like Wii, Chumby and Iriver. Flash Lite allows users of these devices to view multimedia content and applications developed using Adobe's Flash tools, which had previously been available only on personal computers. As of 2014, Flash Lite has been superseded by Adobe AIR as the primary development platform for mobile Flash content." ; :prefLabel "Adobe Flash Lite" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASCII (disambiguation)", "ASCII art converter", "ASCII art converters", "ASCII art generator", "ASCII comic", "ASCII drawing", "ASCII graphic", "ASCII picture", "ASCII-Art", "ASCIImation", "Ascii graphics", "AsciiArt", "Barphic", "Character graphic", "Giko", "Giko neko", "Jisakujien", "Mona (AA)", "Mona neko", "Monā", "Morara", "Omae Mona", "Omae mo na", "Shii's Song", "Text Art", "Text drawing", "Text image", "Text picture", "Textograph", "Typewriter art" ; :definition "ASCII art is a graphic design technique that uses computers for presentation and consists of pictures pieced together from the 95 printable (from a total of 128) characters defined by the ASCII Standard from 1963 and ASCII compliant character sets with proprietary extended characters (beyond the 128 characters of standard 7-bit ASCII). The term is also loosely used to refer to . ASCII art can be created with any text editor, and is often used with free-form languages. Most examples of ASCII art require a fixed-width font (non-proportional fonts, as on a traditional typewriter) such as Courier for presentation." ; :prefLabel "ASCII art" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Compact digital camera", "Compact digital cameras", "Cyber-shot SmartShot", "DP", "DSC", "Digcam", "Digicam", "Digital Camera FinePix A345 Ver1.00", "Digital Cameras", "Digital cam", "Digital compact camera", "Digital picture", "Digital still camera", "Electronic camera", "Rugged compact", "Rugged compact camera", "Smart digital camera", "SmartShot", "SmartShot Cyber-shot", "Sony Cyber-shot SmartShot", "Sony SmartShot", "Sony SmartShot Cyber-shot", "Underwater digital camera", "Waterproof digital camera" ; :definition "A digital camera or digicam is a camera that encodes digital images and videos digitally and stores them for later reproduction. Most cameras sold today are digital, and digital cameras are incorporated into many devices ranging from PDAs and mobile phones (called camera phones) to vehicles." ; :prefLabel "Digital camera" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dictionaries", "Dictionary" ; :definition "A reference book containing a list of words - usually in alphabetical order - giving information about form, pronunciation, etymology, grammar, and meaning. A foreign-language dictionary is an alphabetical list of words of one language with their meaning and equivalents in another language." ; :prefLabel "Dictionary [Publication Type]" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Economics of spam", "Electronic spam", "Electronic spamming", "Father of spam", "Gary Thuerk", "Guestbook spamming", "History of spamming", "Internet spam", "Netspam", "Network spam", "Ratware", "Spam", "Spam (Electronic)", "Spam (computing)", "Spam text", "Spammer", "Spamming tools", "Stupid pointless annoying messages", "Unsolicited electronic communications" ; :definition "Electronic spamming is the use of electronic messaging systems to send an unsolicited message (spam), especially advertising, as well as sending messages repeatedly on the same site. While the most widely recognized form of spam is email spam, the term is applied to similar abuses in other media: instant messaging spam, Usenet newsgroup spam, Web search engine spam, spam in blogs, wiki spam, online classified ads spam, mobile phone messaging spam, Internet forum spam, junk fax transmissions, social spam, spam mobile apps, television advertising and file sharing spam. It is named after Spam, a luncheon meat, by way of a Monty Python sketch about a menu that includes Spam in every dish. The food is stereotypically disliked/unwanted, so the word came to be transferred by analogy." ; :prefLabel "Spamming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code Factoring", "Modular (programming)", "Modular software", "Modularity (programming)", "Module (programming)", "Module system", "Software package (programming)", "Unit (Software Development)" ; :definition "Modular programming is a software design technique that emphasizes separating the functionality of a program into independent, interchangeable modules, such that each contains everything necessary to execute only one aspect of the desired functionality. In object-oriented programming, the use of interfaces as an architectural pattern to construct modules is known as interface-based programming." ; :prefLabel "Modular programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PDDL", "PPDDL" ; :definition "The Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) is an attempt to standardize Artificial Intelligence (AI) planning languages. It was first developed by Drew McDermott and his colleagues in 1998 (inspired by STRIPS and ADL among others) mainly to make the 1998/2000 International Planning Competition (IPC) possible, and then evolved with each competition. "The adoption of a common formalism for describing planning domains fosters far greater reuse of research and allows more direct comparison of systems and approaches, and therefore supports faster progress in the field. A common formalism is a compromise between expressive power (in which development is strongly driven by potential applications) and the progress of basic research (which encourages development from well-understood foundations" ; :prefLabel "Planning Domain Definition Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interactive Multicast", "Ip multicasting", "Mcast", "Multi cast", "Multicast Group", "Multicast transmission", "Multicasting" ; :definition "In computer networking, multicast (one-to-many or many-to-many distribution) is group communication where information is addressed to a group of destination computers simultaneously. Group communication may either be application layer multicast or network assisted multicast, where the latter makes it possible for the source to efficiently send to the group in a single transmission. Copies are automatically created in other network elements, such as routers, switches and cellular network base stations, but only to network segments that currently contain members of the group." ; :prefLabel "Multicast" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Formal Specification language", "Specification (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A specification language is a formal language in computer science used during systems analysis, requirements analysis and systems design to describe a system at a much higher level than a programming language, which is used to produce the executable code for a system. Specification languages are generally not directly executed. They are meant to describe the what, not the how. Indeed, it is considered as an error if a requirement specification is cluttered with unnecessary implementation detail." ; :prefLabel "Specification language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attracting fixed point", "Attractive fixed point", "Attractive fixed set", "Fixed", "Fixed point", "Fixed point set", "Fixed set", "Fixpoint", "Invariant point", "Neutrally stable fixed point", "Post-fixpoint", "Postfixpoint", "Pre-fixpoint", "Prefixpoint", "Repulsive fixed point", "Stable fixed point", "Unstable fixed point" ; :definition "In mathematics, a fixed point (sometimes shortened to fixpoint, also known as an invariant point) of a function is an element of the function's domain that is mapped to itself by the function. That is to say, c is a fixed point of the function f(x) if and only if f(c) = c. This means f(f(...f(c)...)) = fn(c) = c, an important terminating consideration when recursively computing f. A set of fixed points is sometimes called a fixed set. For example, if f is defined on the real numbers by then 2 is a fixed point of f, because f(2) = 2." ; :prefLabel "Fixed point (mathematics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RDF", "RDQL", "Rql" ; :definition "An RDF query language is a computer language, specifically a query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in Resource Description Framework format. SPARQL has emerged as the de facto RDF query language, and in 2008 became a W3C recommendation. Other notable RDF query languages include: * DQL, XML-based, queries and results expressed in DAML+OIL * XUL has a template element in which to declare rules for matching data in RDF. XUL uses RDF extensively for databinding. * Adenine (programming language written in RDF)." ; :prefLabel "RDF query language" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Protecting internet communications", "Web Security" ; :definition "Internet security is a branch of computer security specifically related to the Internet, often involving browser security but also network security on a more general level as it applies to other applications or operating systems on a whole. Its objective is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks over the Internet. The Internet represents an insecure channel for exchanging information leading to a high risk of intrusion or fraud, such as phishing. Different methods have been used to protect the transfer of data, including encryption and from-the-ground-up engineering." ; :prefLabel "Internet security" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Newton Raphson", "Newton Rhapson", "Newton iteration", "Newton method", "Newton raphson method", "Newton s method", "Newton's iteration", "Newton's method for finding a root", "Newton-Raphson", "Newton-Raphson Algorithm", "Newton-Raphson iteration", "Newton-Raphston", "Newton-Rapson Method", "Newton-Rapson algorithm", "Newton-Rhapson", "Newton-Rhapson algorithm", "Newton-Rhapson method", "Newton-raphson method", "Newtonian iteration", "Newtons method", "Newton–Raphson", "Newton–Raphson Method", "Newton–Raphson iteration", "Raphson Method", "Raphson's Method", "The Newton Raphson Method", "The Newton method", "The Newton-Raphson method", "The Newton–Raphson method", "The Raphson method" ; :definition "In numerical analysis, Newton's method (also known as the Newton–Raphson method), named after Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson, is a method for finding successively better approximations to the roots (or zeroes) of a real-valued function. The Newton–Raphson method in one variable is implemented as follows: Geometrically, (x1, 0) is the intersection of the x-axis and the tangent of the graph of f at (x0, f(x0)). The process is repeated as until a sufficiently accurate value is reached." ; :prefLabel "Newton's method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PB", "Pbyte", "Petabytes" ; :definition "The petabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix peta indicates the fifth power of 1000 and means 1015 in the International System of Units (SI), and therefore 1 petabyte is one quadrillion (short scale) bytes, or 1 billiard (long scale) bytes. The unit symbol for the petabyte is PB. 1 PB = 1000000000000000B = 1015bytes = 1000terabytes. A related unit, the pebibyte (PiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to 10245 bytes, which is more than 12% greater (250 bytes = 1125899906842624bytes)." ; :prefLabel "Petabyte" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DDS", "Data Description Specifications", "Data Dictionaries", "Data element dictionary", "Dictionary (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A data dictionary, or metadata repository, as defined in the IBM Dictionary of Computing, is a "centralized repository of information about data such as meaning, relationships to other data, origin, usage, and format." The term can have one of several closely related meanings pertaining to databases and database management systems (DBMS): * A document describing a database or collection of databases * An integral component of a DBMS that is required to determine its structure * A piece of middleware that extends or supplants the native data dictionary of a DBMS" ; :prefLabel "Data dictionary" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "First-order", "One-place predicate", "Two-place predicate" ; :definition "In mathematical logic, a first-order predicate (also called a monad) is a predicate that takes only individual(s) constants or variables as argument(s). Compare second-order predicate and higher-order predicate. A one-place predicate is a predicate that takes only one argument. For example the expression "is a planet" is a one-place predicate, while the expression "is father of" is a two-place predicate." ; :prefLabel "First-order predicate" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cross reference", "Cross references", "Cross referencing", "Cross-references", "Cross-referencing", "Reference (disambiguation)", "X-ref", "Xref" ; :definition "The term cross-reference can refer to either: * An instance within a document which refers to related information elsewhere in the same document. In both printed and online dictionaries cross-references are important because they form a network structure of relations existing between different parts of data, dictionary-internal as well as dictionary external. * In an index, a cross reference is often denoted by See also. For example, under the term Albert Einstein in the index of a book about Nobel Laureates, there may be the cross-reference See also: Einstein, Albert. * In hypertext, cross-referencing is maintained to a document with either in-context (XRIC) or out-of-context (XROC) cross-referencing. These, are, similar to KWIC and KWOC. * In programming, "cross-referencing" mean" ; :prefLabel "Cross-reference" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IL", "IR", "IR (computing)", "If", "Intermediate form", "Intermediate language", "Intermediate languages", "Intermediate programming language", "Intermediate-level language", "Language-to-IL", "List of intermediate languages" ; :definition "An Intermediate representation (IR) is the data structure or code used internally by a compiler or virtual machine to represent source code. An IR is designed to be conducive for further processing, such as optimization and translation. A "good" IR must be accurate – capable of representing the source code without loss of information – and independent of any particular source or target language. An IR may take one of several forms: an in-memory data structure, or a special tuple- or stack-based code readable by the program. In the latter case it is also called an intermediate language." ; :prefLabel "Intermediate representation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "VBlogs", "Vblog", "Vid blog", "Vidblogging", "Video blogger", "Video blogging", "Video blogs", "Video channel", "Video diary", "Video log", "Video web log", "Videoblog", "Videoblogging", "Vlog", "Vlogger", "Vloggers", "Vlogging", "Vloging", "Vlogs" ; :definition "A video blog or video log, usually shortened to vlog /ˈvlɒɡ/, is a form of blog for which the medium is video, and is a form of web television. Vlog entries often combine embedded video (or a video link) with supporting text, images, and other metadata. Entries can be recorded in one take or cut into multiple parts. The vlog category is popular on YouTube." ; :prefLabel "Video blog" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cohesion", "High cohesion" ; :definition "In computer programming, cohesion refers to the degree to which the elements of a module belong together. Thus, cohesion measures the strength of relationship between pieces of functionality within a given module. For example, in highly cohesive systems functionality is strongly related. In object-oriented programming, if the methods that serve a class tend to be similar in many aspects, then the class is said to have high cohesion. In a highly cohesive system, code readability and reusability is increased, while complexity is kept manageable. Cohesion is increased if:" ; :prefLabel "Cohesion (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DeepQA", "IBM Watson", "Jeopardy computer", "Jeopardy! playing computer", "Watson", "Watson (AI)", "Watson (IBM)", "Watson (Jeopardy! computer)", "Watson (artificial intelligence software)", "Watson Jeopardy", "Watson Jeopardy!", "Watson computer", "Watson supercomputer" ; :definition "Watson is a question answering computer system capable of answering questions posed in natural language, developed in IBM's DeepQA project by a research team led by principal investigator David Ferrucci. Watson was named after IBM's first CEO and industrialist Thomas J. Watson. The computer system was specifically developed to answer questions on the quiz show Jeopardy!. In 2011, Watson competed on Jeopardy! against former winners Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings. Watson received the first place prize of $1 million." ; :prefLabel "Watson (computer)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Constraint", "Database integrity", "Domain integrity", "Integrity (disambiguation)", "Integrity constraint", "Integrity constraints", "Integrity protection", "User-defined integrity" ; :definition "Data integrity is the maintenance of, and the assurance of the accuracy and consistency of, data over its entire life-cycle, and is a critical aspect to the design, implementation and usage of any system which stores, processes, or retrieves data. The term data integrity is broad in scope and may have widely different meanings depending on the specific context – even under the same general umbrella of computing. This article provides only a broad overview of some of the different types and concerns of data integrity." ; :prefLabel "Data integrity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Left regular grammar", "Right regular grammar" ; :definition "In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular grammar is a formal grammar that is right-regular or left-regular. Every regular grammar describes a regular language." ; :prefLabel "Regular grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Accountability Act", "HIPA", "HIPPA", "Health Information and Patient Privacy Act", "Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act", "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996", "Hipaa", "Kassebaum-Kennedy Law", "The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996" ; :definition "The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA; Pub.L. 104–191, 110 Stat. 1936, enacted August 21, 1996) was enacted by the United States Congress and signed by President Bill Clinton in 1996. It has been known as the Kennedy–Kassebaum Act or Kassebaum–Kennedy Act after two of its leading sponsors. Title I of HIPAA protects health insurance coverage for workers and their families when they change or lose their jobs. Title II of HIPAA, known as the Administrative Simplification (AS) provisions, requires the establishment of national standards for electronic health care transactions and national identifiers for providers, health insurance plans, and employers." ; :prefLabel "Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aware (disambiguation)", "LAMD", "Location aware", "Location-aware" ; :definition "Location awareness refers to devices that can passively or actively determine their location. Navigational instruments provide location coordinates for vessels and vehicles. Surveying equipment identifies location with respect to a well-known locationa wireless communications device. Network location awareness (NLA) describes the location of a node in a network. Location awareness without the active participation of the device is known as non-cooperative locating or detection." ; :prefLabel "Location awareness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Implicit graph representation", "Implicitly-defined graph" ; :definition "In the study of graph algorithms, an implicit graph representation (or more simply implicit graph) is a graph whose vertices or edges are not represented as explicit objects in a computer's memory, but rather are determined algorithmically from some more concise input." ; :prefLabel "Implicit graph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :definition "Thinking that is coherent and logical." ; :prefLabel "Reasoning" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "U. Kaymak", "U. Yaprak Kaymak" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 185 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Uzay Kaymak" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "G. Weikum", "Gerhard Weikum" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 2778 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Gerhard Weikum" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "G Rigau", "G. Rigau", "G. Rufi Rigau", "G. Rufí Rigau" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 341 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "German Rigau" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "R. Grishman" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 879 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Ralph Grishman" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FA", "Factor", "Factor analysis (in marketing)", "Factor loadings", "Factorial analysis", "Multi-factorial", "Principal factor analysis", "Scree plot", "Scree's test" ; :definition "Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors. For example, it is possible that variations in six observed variables mainly reflect the variations in two unobserved (underlying) variables. Factor analysis searches for such joint variations in response to unobserved latent variables. The observed variables are modelled as linear combinations of the potential factors, plus "error" terms. Factor analysis looks for independent dimensions, which limits its applicability in biological sciences. Followers of factor analytic methods believe that the information gained about the interdependencies between observed variables can be used later to reduce the set of v" ; :prefLabel "Factor analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Block cipher mode", "Block cipher modes", "Block cipher modes of operation", "Block ciphers mode of operation", "Block cypher mode", "CBC", "CBC mode", "CBC mode of operation", "CFB mode", "CTR mode", "Cipher Block Chaining", "Cipher feedback", "Cipher feedback mode", "Cipher mode", "Cipher modes", "Cipher-block chaining", "Ciphertext feedback mode", "Counter mode", "ECB mode", "Electronic code book", "Electronic codebook", "Enciphering scheme", "Encryption mode", "Mo", "Mode", "Mode of operation", "Mode of operation%5C", "Modes of operation", "Moo", "OFB mode", "Output feedback", "Output feedback mode" ; :definition "In cryptography, a mode of operation is an algorithm that uses a block cipher to provide an information service such as confidentiality or authenticity.A block cipher by itself is only suitable for the secure cryptographic transformation (encryption or decryption) of one fixed-length group of bits called a block. A mode of operation describes how to repeatedly apply a cipher's single-block operation to securely transform amounts of data larger than a block." ; :prefLabel "Block cipher mode of operation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Stochastic optimisation", "Stochastic search" ; :definition "Stochastic optimization (SO) methods are optimization methods that generate and use random variables. For stochastic problems, the random variables appear in the formulation of the optimization problem itself, which involve random objective functions or random constraints. For example, Stochastic optimization methods also include methods with random iterates. Some stochastic optimization methods use random iterates to solve stochastic problems, combining both meanings of stochastic optimization.Stochastic optimization methods generalize deterministic methods for deterministic problems." ; :prefLabel "Stochastic optimization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital post-processing", "Post processing (images)", "Post-processing", "Video postprocessing" ; :definition "The term post-processing (or postproc for short) is used in the video/film business for quality-improvement image processing (specifically digital image processing) methods used in video playback devices, (such as stand-alone DVD-Video players), and video players software and transcoding software. It is also commonly used in real-time 3D rendering (such as in video games) to add additional effects." ; :prefLabel "Video post-processing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data Source" ; :definition "The person or authoritative body who provided the information." ; :prefLabel "Data Sources" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Core glossary", "Gloss extraction", "Glossa", "Glossaries", "Glossary extraction", "Glossory", "Idioticon" ; :definition "A glossary, also known as a vocabulary or clavis, is an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms. Traditionally, a glossary appears at the end of a book and includes terms within that book that are either newly introduced, uncommon, or specialized. While glossaries are most commonly associated with non-fiction books, in some cases, fiction novels may come with a glossary for unfamiliar terms." ; :prefLabel "Glossary" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automated outline building", "Automated outline construction", "Automated outline creation", "Automated outline extraction", "Automated outline generation", "Automated outline induction", "Automated outline learning", "Automated outlining", "Automated taxonomy building", "Automated taxonomy construction", "Automated taxonomy creation", "Automated taxonomy extraction", "Automated taxonomy generation", "Automated taxonomy induction", "Automated taxonomy learning", "Automatic outline building", "Automatic outline construction", "Automatic outline creation", "Automatic outline extraction", "Automatic outline generation", "Automatic outline induction", "Automatic outline learning", "Automatic outlining", "Automatic taxonomy building", "Automatic taxonomy creation", "Automatic taxonomy extraction", "Automatic taxonomy generation", "Automatic taxonomy induction", "Automatic taxonomy learning", "Outline learning", "Semantic taxonomy building", "Semantic taxonomy construction", "Semantic taxonomy induction", "Taxonomy extraction", "Taxonomy generation", "Taxonomy learning" ; :definition "Automatic taxonomy construction (ATC) is the use of autonomous or semi-autonomous software programs to create hierarchical outlines or taxonomical classifications from a body of texts (corpus). It is a branch of natural language processing, which in turn is a branch of artificial intelligence. ATC programs are examples of software agents and intelligent agents, and may be autonomous as well (see autonomous agent). As building taxonomies manually is extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming, there is great motivation to automate the process." ; :prefLabel "Automatic taxonomy construction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automated code refactoring", "Automated refactoring", "Automatic refactoring", "Code Grooming", "Code refactor", "Extract Method", "Factoring", "Hardware refactoring", "Redesign (software)", "Reengineering", "Reengineering (software)", "Refactor", "Refactor code", "Refactored", "Refactored solutions", "Refactoring", "Refactorings" ; :definition "Code refactoring is the process of restructuring existing computer code—changing the factoring—without changing its external behaviour. Refactoring improves nonfunctional attributes of the software. Advantages include improved code readability and reduced complexity; these can improve source-code maintainability and create a more expressive internal architecture or object model to improve extensibility. Typically, refactoring applies a series of standardised basic micro-refactorings, each of which is (usually) a tiny change in a computer program's source code that either preserves the behaviour of the software, or at least does not modify its conformance to functional requirements. Many development environments provide automated support for performing the mechanical aspects of these basic" ; :prefLabel "Code refactoring" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Prospective" ; :definition "Prospective search, or persistent search, is a method of searching on the Internet where the query is given first and the information for the results are then acquired. This differs from traditional, or "retrospective", search such as search engines, where the information for the results is acquired and then queried." ; :prefLabel "Prospective search" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Complex Networks" ; :definition "In the context of network theory, a complex network is a graph (network) with non-trivial topological features—features that do not occur in simple networks such as lattices or random graphs but often occur in graphs modelling of real systems. The study of complex networks is a young and active area of scientific research (since 2000) inspired largely by the empirical study of real-world networks such as computer networks, technological networks, brain networks and social networks." ; :prefLabel "Complex network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RDF triple" ; :definition "A semantic triple, or simply triple, is the atomic data entity in the Resource Description Framework (RDF) data model. As its name indicates, a triple is a set of three entities that codifies a statement about semantic data in the form of subject–predicate–object expressions (e.g. "Bob is 35", or "Bob knows John"). Given their particular, consistent structure, a collection of triples is often stored in purpose-built databases called Triplestores." ; :prefLabel "Semantic triple" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Semantic Heterogeneities" ; :definition "Semantic heterogeneity is when database schema or datasets for the same domain are developed by independent parties, resulting in differences in meaning and interpretation of data values. Beyond structured data, the problem of semantic heterogeneity is compounded due to the flexibility of semi-structured data and various tagging methods applied to documents or unstructured data. Semantic heterogeneity is one of the more important sources of differences in heterogeneous datasets." ; :prefLabel "Semantic heterogeneity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Audio" ; :definition "Audio Media (CAT/PAT) (eCTD)" ; :prefLabel "Audio Media" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Problem domains", "Problem space" ; :definition "A problem domain is the area of expertise or application that needs to be examined to solve a problem. A problem domain is simply looking at only the topics of an individual's interest, and excluding everything else. For example, when developing a system to measure good practice in medicine, carpet drawings at hospitals would not be included in the problem domain. In this example, the domain refers to relevant topics solely within the delimited area of interest: medicine. This would be a target space of meta-tools designed to explore a search space." ; :prefLabel "Problem domain" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "*^patient", "LAY USER/PATIENT", "PATIENT", "PT", "^Patient" ; :definition "A person who receives medical attention, care, or treatment, or who is registered with medical professional or institution with the purpose to receive medical care when necessary." ; :prefLabel "Patients" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FOAF", "FOAF (software)", "FOAF+SSL", "Friend of a Friend (Software)", "Web ID", "WebID Protocol" ; :definition "FOAF (an acronym of Friend of a friend) is a machine-readable ontology describing persons, their activities and their relations to other people and objects. Anyone can use FOAF to describe themselves. FOAF allows groups of people to describe social networks without the need for a centralised database. The FOAF project, which defines and extends the vocabulary of a FOAF profile, was started in 2000 by Libby Miller and Dan Brickley. It can be considered the first Social Semantic Web application, in that it combines RDF technology with 'Social Web' concerns." ; :prefLabel "FOAF (ontology)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PIM" ; :definition "Personal information management (PIM) is the activities people perform in order to acquire, organize, maintain, retrieve and use personal information items such as documents (paper-based and digital), web pages and email messages for everyday use to complete tasks (work-related or not) and fulfill a person's various roles (as parent, employee, friend, member of community, etc.). More simply, PIM is the art of getting things done in our lives through information. There are six ways in which information can be personal:" ; :prefLabel "Personal information management" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adware.Websearch", "Anti adware", "Anti spyware", "Anti-spyware", "Anti-spyware software", "Antispyware", "Aol spyware", "Btcar", "Computer barnacle", "Corrupt Anti-Spyware", "Gateway antispyware", "Homepage hijack", "Homepage hijacking", "Potentially unwanted software", "Spyware Eliminator", "Spyware defence", "Spyware defense", "Spyware removal software", "Spyware remover", "Spyware/Archive 1", "Spywarelocked", "Spywares", "Yeildmanager" ; :definition "Spyware is software that aims to gather information about a person or organization without their knowledge and that may send such information to another entity without the consumer's consent, or that asserts control over a computer without the consumer's knowledge. "Spyware" is mostly classified into four types: system monitors, trojans, adware, and tracking cookies. Spyware is mostly used for the purposes of tracking and storing Internet users'movements on the Web and serving up pop-up ads to Internet users." ; :prefLabel "Spyware" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer performance measurement", "Performance (disambiguation)", "Performance testing", "Software performance" ; :definition "In software engineering, performance testing is in general, a testing practice performed to determine how a system performs in terms of responsiveness and stability under a particular workload. It can also serve to investigate, measure, validate or verify other quality attributes of the system, such as scalability, reliability and resource usage. Performance testing, a subset of performance engineering, is a computer science practice which strives to build performance standards into the implementation, design and architecture of a system." ; :prefLabel "Software performance testing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Semantic relation" ; :definition "Contemporary ontologies share many structural similarities, regardless of the language in which they are expressed. Most ontologies describe individuals (instances), classes (concepts), attributes, and relations." ; :prefLabel "Ontology components" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Canonical synthesis", "Data anomaly", "Data normalisation", "Database normal form", "Database normalisation", "Delete anomaly", "Deletion anomaly", "Insert anomaly", "Insertion anomaly", "NF", "Normal form (databases)", "Normal forms", "Normalised data", "Normalization", "Normalization (database)", "Relational Database Normalization", "Update anomaly" ; :definition "Database normalization, or simply normalization, is the process of organizing the columns (attributes) and tables (relations) of a relational database to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity." ; :prefLabel "Database normalization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Closure conversion", "Lambda lift", "Lifting", "Λ-lifting" ; :definition "Lambda lifting is a meta-process that restructures a computer program so that functions are defined independently of each other in a global scope. An individual "lift" transforms a local function into a global function. It is a two step process, consisting of; * Eliminating free variables in the function by adding parameters. * Moving functions from a restricted scope to broader or global scope. Lambda lifting is expensive on processing time for the compiler. An efficient implementation of lambda lifting is on processing time for the compiler. The reverse operation to lambda lifting is ." ; :prefLabel "Lambda lifting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Default", "Default reasoning", "Default theory" ; :definition "Default logic is a non-monotonic logic proposed by Raymond Reiter to formalize reasoning with default assumptions. Default logic can express facts like “by default, something is true”; by contrast, standard logic can only express that something is true or that something is false. This is a problem because reasoning often involves facts that are true in the majority of cases but not always. A classical example is: “birds typically fly”. This rule can be expressed in standard logic either by “all birds fly”, which is inconsistent with the fact that penguins do not fly, or by “all birds that are not penguins and not ostriches and ... fly”, which requires all exceptions to the rule to be specified. Default logic aims at formalizing inference rules like this one without explicitly mentioning al" ; :prefLabel "Default logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Governing dynamics", "NE", "Nash", "Nash Equilibria", "Nash behavior", "Nash equilibriums", "Nash strategy", "Nash theorem (in game theory)", "Nash's equilibrium", "Nash-Cournot equilibrium", "Weak Nash equilibrium" ; :definition "In game theory, the Nash equilibrium is a solution concept of a non-cooperative game involving two or more players in which each player is assumed to know the equilibrium strategies of the other players, and no player has anything to gain by changing only his or her own strategy. If each player has chosen a strategy and no player can benefit by changing strategies while the other players keep theirs unchanged, then the current set of strategy choices and the corresponding payoffs constitutes a Nash equilibrium. The reality of the Nash equilibrium of a game can be tested using experimental economics methods." ; :prefLabel "Nash equilibrium" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fractional iteration", "Function Iteration", "Iterated map", "Iteration orbit", "Iterative functional-differential equation", "Picard sequence" ; :definition "In mathematics, an iterated function is a function X → X (that is, a function from some set X to itself) which is obtained by composing another function f : X → X with itself a certain number of times. The process of repeatedly applying the same function is called iteration. In this process, starting from some initial number, the result of applying a given function is fed again in the function as input, and this process is repeated. Iterated functions are objects of study in computer science, fractals, dynamical systems, mathematics and renormalization group physics." ; :prefLabel "Iterated function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D polygon mesh", "Edge (computer graphics)", "Mesh (disambiguation)", "Polygon meshes", "Polygonal mesh" ; :definition "A polygon mesh is a collection of vertices, edges and faces that defines the shape of a polyhedral object in 3D computer graphics and solid modeling. The faces usually consist of triangles (triangle mesh), quadrilaterals, or other simple convex polygons, since this simplifies rendering, but may also be composed of more general concave polygons, or polygons with holes." ; :prefLabel "Polygon mesh" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AI (Artificial Intelligence)", "Artificial", "Computational", "Computational Intelligence", "Computer", "Computer Reasoning", "Intelligence", "Machine", "Machine Intelligence", "Reasoning" ; :definition "Theory and development of COMPUTER SYSTEMS which perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. Such tasks may include speech recognition, LEARNING; VISUAL PERCEPTION; MATHEMATICAL COMPUTING; reasoning, PROBLEM SOLVING, DECISION-MAKING, and translation of language." ; :prefLabel "Artificial Intelligence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ranking learning" ; :definition "In statistics, ordinal regression (also called "ordinal classification") is a type of regression analysis used for predicting an ordinal variable, i.e. a variable whose value exists on an arbitrary scale where only the relative ordering between different values is significant. It can be considered an intermediate problem between regression and classification. Ordinal regression turns up often in the social sciences, for example in the modeling of human levels of preference (on a scale from, say, 1–5 for "very poor" through "excellent"), as well as in information retrieval. In machine learning, ordinal regression may also be called ranking learning." ; :prefLabel "Ordinal regression" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information Appliances", "Information device" ; :definition "An information appliance (IA) is an appliance that is designed to easily perform a specific electronic function such as playing music, photography, or editing text. Typical examples are smartphones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Information appliances partially overlap in definition with, or are sometimes referred to as smart devices, embedded systems, mobile devices or wireless devices." ; :prefLabel "Information appliance" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Expressivity (computer science)" ; :definition "In computer science, the expressive power (also called expressiveness or expressivity) of a language is the breadth of ideas that can be represented and communicated in that language. The more expressive a language is, the greater the variety and quantity of ideas it can be used to represent." ; :prefLabel "Expressive power (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Closeness", "Closeness (graph theory)", "Degree centrality", "Eigenvector centrality measure", "Eigenvector+centrality" ; :definition "In graph theory and network analysis, indicators of centrality identify the most important vertices within a graph. Applications include identifying the most influential person(s) in a social network, key infrastructure nodes in the Internet or urban networks, and super-spreaders of disease. Centrality concepts were first developed in social network analysis, and many of the terms used to measure centrality reflect their sociological origin.They should not be confused with node influence metrics, which seek to quantify the influence of every node in the network." ; :prefLabel "Centrality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clamshell Laptop", "Convertible computer", "Convertible laptop", "Convertible laptops", "Convertible notebook", "Hybrid", "Hybrid laptop", "Hybrid laptops", "Hybrid notebook", "Hybrid notebooks", "Labtop", "Lap top", "Lap-top", "Lap-top computer", "Lappy", "Laptob", "Laptop (computer)", "Laptop (disambiguation)", "Laptop PC", "Laptop bag", "Laptop computer", "Laptop computers", "Laptop desks", "Laptop upgrade", "Laptops", "Multibay", "Notebook (computer)", "Notebook PC", "Notebook computer", "Notebook computers", "Tablet laptop", "Traveling PC" ; :definition "A laptop, often called a notebook or "notebook computer", is a small, portable personal computer with a "clamshell" form factor, an alphanumeric keyboard on the lower part of the "clamshell" and a thin LCD or LED computer screen on the upper portion, which is opened up to use the computer. Laptops are folded shut for transportation, and thus are suitable for mobile use. Although originally there was a distinction between laptops and notebooks, the former being bigger and heavier than the latter, as of 2014, there is often no longer any difference. Laptops are commonly used in a variety of settings, such as at work, in education, and for personal multimedia and home computer use." ; :prefLabel "Laptop" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Java - Writing an Applet", "Java Plug-in", "Java applets", "Java apps", "Java plugin", "Java.applet", "Java™ applets" ; :definition "A Java applet is a small application which is written in Java or another programming language that compiles to Java bytecode and delivered to users in the form of that bytecode. The user launches the Java applet from a web page, and the applet is then executed within a Java Virtual Machine (JVM) in a process separate from the web browser itself. A Java applet can appear in a frame of the web page, a new application window, Sun's AppletViewer, or a stand-alone tool for testing applets. Java applets were introduced in the first version of the Java language, which was released in 1995." ; :prefLabel "Java applet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Network", "Network Biology" ; :definition "A biological network is any network that applies to biological systems. A network is any system with sub-units that are linked into a whole, such as species units linked into a whole food web. Biological networks provide a mathematical representation of connections found in ecological, evolutionary, and physiological studies, such as neural networks. The analysis of biological networks with respect to human diseases has led to the field of network medicine." ; :prefLabel "Biological network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data Base", "Database", "Databases" ; :definition "Work consisting of a structured file of information or a set of logically related data stored and retrieved using computer-based means." ; :prefLabel "Published Database" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data domain (disambiguation)", "Domain", "Set domain" ; :definition "In data management and database analysis, a data domain refers to all the values which a data element may contain. The rule for determining the domain boundary may be as simple as a data type with an enumerated list of values. In a normalized data model, the reference domain is typically specified in a reference table. Following the previous example, a Gender reference table would have exactly two records, one per allowed value—excluding NULL. Reference tables are formally related to other tables in a database by the use of foreign keys." ; :prefLabel "Data domain" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Instance (predicate logic)", "Instantiation", "Instantiation of universals", "Universal specification" ; :definition "In predicate logic universal instantiation (UI, also called universal specification or universal elimination, and sometimes confused with Dictum de omni) is a valid rule of inference from a truth about each member of a class of individuals to the truth about a particular individual of that class. It is generally given as a quantification rule for the universal quantifier but it can also be encoded in an axiom. It is one of the basic principles used in quantification theory. Example: "All dogs are mammals. Fido is a dog. Therefore Fido is a mammal." In symbols the rule as an axiom schema is" ; :prefLabel "Universal instantiation" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Vague", "Vagueness (law)", "Vaguest" ; :definition "In analytic philosophy and linguistics, a concept may be considered vague if its extension is deemed lacking in clarity, if there is uncertainty about which objects belong to the concept or which exhibit characteristics that have this predicate (so-called "border-line cases"), or if the Sorites paradox applies to the concept or predicate. In everyday speech, vagueness is an inevitable, often even desired effect of language usage. However, in most specialized texts (e.g., legal documents), vagueness is often regarded as problematic and undesirable." ; :prefLabel "Vagueness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binding", "Command binding", "Computer typing shortcuts", "Hot key", "Hot keys", "Hotkey", "Hotkeys", "Kestroke combination", "Key binding", "Key bindings", "Key combination", "Key-bindings", "Keybinding", "Keybindings", "Keyboard binding", "Keyboard mnemonic", "Keyboard shortcuts", "Keystroke combination", "Keystroke shortcuts", "Shortcut", "Shortcut key", "Shortcut keys" ; :definition "In computing, a keyboard shortcut is a series of one or several keys that invoke a software or operating system operation (in other words, cause an event) when triggered by the user. The meaning of term "keyboard shortcut" can vary depending on software manufacturer. For instance, Microsoft differentiates keyboard shortcuts from hotkeys ("mnemonics" on Windows) whereby the former consists of a specific key combination used to trigger an action, and the latter represents a designated letter in a menu command or toolbar button that when pressed together with the Alt key, activates such command—whereas a "hotkey" on Windows is a system wide shortcut that is always available in all contexts as long as the program responsible for it is running and not suspended." ; :prefLabel "Keyboard shortcut" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cross-entropy", "Log loss", "Minxent" ; :definition "In information theory, the cross entropy between two probability distributions and over the same underlying set of events measures the average number of bits needed to identify an event drawn from the set, if a coding scheme is used that is optimized for an "unnatural" probability distribution , rather than the "true" distribution . The cross entropy for the distributions and over a given set is defined as follows: where is the entropy of , and is the Kullback–Leibler divergence of from (also known as the relative entropy of p with respect to q — note the reversal of emphasis). For discrete and this means and" ; :prefLabel "Cross entropy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Object Recognition", "Object recognition (computer vision)", "Reliable Single object recognition", "Single object recognition" ; :definition "The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to object recognition: Object recognition – technology in the field of computer vision for finding and identifying objects in an image or video sequence. Humans recognize a multitude of objects in images with little effort, despite the fact that the image of the objects may vary somewhat in different view points, in many different sizes and scales or even when they are translated or rotated. Objects can even be recognized when they are partially obstructed from view. This task is still a challenge for computer vision systems. Many approaches to the task have been implemented over multiple decades." ; :prefLabel "Outline of object recognition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Secure information" ; :definition "Data security means protecting data, such as a database, from destructive forces and from the unwanted actions of unauthorized users." ; :prefLabel "Data security" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Action Mailer", "Action Web Service", "ROR", "Rail", "Rails framework", "Ruby on Iaails", "Ruby on Rails (web framework)", "Ruby on Rails in India", "Ruby on Яails", "Ruby with rails", "Ruby-on-rails", "Rubyonrails" ; :definition "Ruby on Rails, or simply Rails, is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. Rails is a model–view–controller (MVC) framework, providing default structures for a database, a web service, and web pages. It encourages and facilitates the use of web standards such as JSON or XML for data transfer, and HTML, CSS and JavaScript for display and user interfacing. In addition to MVC, Rails emphasizes the use of other well-known software engineering patterns and paradigms, including convention over configuration (CoC), don't repeat yourself (DRY), and the active record pattern." ; :prefLabel "Ruby on Rails" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "C linkage", "C style linkage", "Extern keyword", "External linkage", "Internal linkage", "Internal visibility", "Linkage" ; :definition "In programming languages, particularly the compiled ones like C, C++, and D, linkage describes how names can or can not refer to the same entity throughout the whole program or one single translation unit. The static keyword is used in C to restrict the visibility of a function or variable to its translation unit. This is also valid in C++. (C++ 98/03 deprecated this usage in favor of anonymous namespaces, but is no longer deprecated in C++ 11.) Also, C++ implicitly treats any const namespace-scope variable as having internal linkage unless it is explicitly declared extern, unlike C." ; :prefLabel "Linkage (software)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AI planner", "AI planning", "Automated planning", "Automated planning software", "Automated scheduling", "Computer planning", "Conditional Planning", "Continuous Planning", "List of algorithms for automated planning", "Plan (disambiguation)", "Planning algorithm", "Planning and scheduling", "Planning languages" ; :definition "Automated planning and scheduling, sometimes denoted as simply planning, is a branch of artificial intelligence that concerns the realization of strategies or action sequences, typically for execution by intelligent agents, autonomous robots and unmanned vehicles. Unlike classical control and classification problems, the solutions are complex and must be discovered and optimized in multidimensional space. Planning is also related to decision theory." ; :prefLabel "Automated planning and scheduling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conceptual", "Conceptual systems" ; :definition "A conceptual system is a system that is composed of non-physical objects, i.e. ideas or concepts. In this context a system is taken to mean "an interrelated, interworking set of objects"." ; :prefLabel "Conceptual system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cable", "FO", "Fiber (disambiguation)", "Fiber Optics", "Fiber fuse", "Fiber optic", "Fiber optic cabling", "Fiber-Optic", "Fiber-Optic Cable", "Fiber-optic", "Fiber-optic network", "Fiber-optic technology", "Fiber-optics", "Fiberoptic", "Fiberoptics", "Fibre Optic", "Fibre Optics", "Fibre-optic", "Fibre-optic network", "Fibre-optic networks", "Fibre-optics", "Fibreoptics", "Fon", "History of fiber optics", "Optic Fiber", "Optic Fibre", "Optical Fibers", "Optical fibre", "Optical fibres", "Principle and propagation of light in optical fibre", "Tapered optical fiber" ; :definition "An optical fiber (or optical fibre) is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Optical fibers are used most often as a means to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber and find wide usage in fiber-optic communications, where they permit transmission over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than wire cables. Fibers are used instead of metal wires because signals travel along them with lesser amounts of loss; in addition, fibers are also immune to electromagnetic interference, a problem from which metal wires suffer excessively. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces," ; :prefLabel "Optical fiber" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brute force computing", "Brute force key search", "Brute force programming", "Brute force search", "Brute force string search", "Brute search", "Exhaustive search", "Naive solution", "Naive string search", "Naïve solution", "Uninformed search" ; :definition "In computer science, brute-force search or exhaustive search, also known as generate and test, is a very general problem-solving technique that consists of systematically enumerating all possible candidates for the solution and checking whether each candidate satisfies the problem's statement." ; :prefLabel "Brute-force search" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Social network (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Social network aggregation is the process of collecting content from multiple social network services, such as Instagram, Tumblr, Flickr, LinkedIn, Twitch, YouTube, etc. into one unified presentation. The task is often performed by a social network aggregator (such as Taggbox Meta Rime Hootsuite and FriendFeed), which pulls together information into a single location, or helps a user consolidate multiple social networking profiles into one profile. Various aggregation services provide tools or widgets to allow users to consolidate messages, track friends, combine bookmarks, search across multiple social networking sites, read RSS feeds for multiple social networks, see when their name is mentioned on various sites, access their profiles from a single interface, provide "lifestreams", etc." ; :prefLabel "Social network aggregation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hard", "NP", "NP hard", "NP-Hard Problem", "NP-hard", "NP-hard problems" ; :definition "NP-hardness (non-deterministic polynomial-time hard), in computational complexity theory, is a class of problems that are, informally, "at least as hard as the hardest problems in NP". More precisely, a problem H is NP-hard when every problem L in NP can be reduced in polynomial time to H, that is given a solution for L we can verify it is a solution for H in polynomial time. As a consequence, finding a polynomial algorithm to solve any NP-hard problem would give polynomial algorithms for all the problems in NP, which is unlikely as many of them are considered hard." ; :prefLabel "NP-hardness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bottleneck programming", "Game value", "MM", "Maximin", "Maximin (decision theory)", "Maximin (philosophy)", "Maximin criterion", "Maximin principle", "Maxmin", "Minimax (disambiguation)", "Minimax algorithm", "Minimax principle", "Minimax solution", "Minimax strategy", "Minimax test", "Minmax", "Minmax algorithm" ; :definition "Minimax (sometimes MinMax or MM) is a decision rule used in decision theory, game theory, statistics and philosophy for minimizing the possible loss for a worst case (maximum loss) scenario. Originally formulated for two-player zero-sum game theory, covering both the cases where players take alternate moves and those where they make simultaneous moves, it has also been extended to more complex games and to general decision-making in the presence of uncertainty." ; :prefLabel "Minimax" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Exchange algorithm", "Greedy", "Greedy algorithms", "Greedy heuristic", "Greedy method", "Greedy search" ; :definition "A greedy algorithm is an algorithmic paradigm that follows the problem solving heuristic of making the locally optimal choice at each stage with the hope of finding a global optimum. In many problems, a greedy strategy does not in general produce an optimal solution, but nonetheless a greedy heuristic may yield locally optimal solutions that approximate a global optimal solution in a reasonable time." ; :prefLabel "Greedy algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1st Line Support", "1st line technical support", "2nd line technical support", "Application support", "CSF", "Computer Support Forums", "Computer support", "IT Help Desk Levels", "IT support", "Online tech support", "Remote Assistance Software", "Remote PC Repair", "Support", "Tech", "Tech help", "Tech support", "Tech support person", "Technical", "Technical help" ; :definition "Technical support (often shortened to tech support) refers to a plethora of services by which enterprises provide assistance to users of technology products such as mobile phones, televisions, computers, software products or other informatic, electronic or mechanical goods. In general, technical support services address specific problems with a product or service rather than the provision of training, customization, or other support services.Most companies offer technical support for the products they sell, either freely available or for a fee. Technical support may be delivered over by e-mail, live support software on a website, or a tool where users can log a call or incident. Larger organizations frequently have internal technical support available to their staff for computer-related pr" ; :prefLabel "Technical support" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Explanations", "explanatory" ; :definition "A set of statements describing a group of facts that clarifies the cause, context and/or consequence of those facts." ; :prefLabel "explanation" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "All-in-One Computer", "All-in-One PC", "Computer tower", "Desk-top computer", "Desktop", "Desktop PCs", "Desktop Stand", "Desktop computers", "Desktop computing", "Desktop pc", "Desktop personal computer", "Tower computer", "🖥" ; :definition "A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size and power requirements. The most common configuration has a case that houses the power supply, motherboard (a printed circuit board with a microprocessor as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, bus, and other electronic components), disk storage (usually one or more hard disk drives, optical disc drives, and in early models floppy disk drives); a keyboard and mouse for input; and computer monitor and printer for output. The case may be oriented horizontally and placed atop a desk or vertically and placed underneath or beside a desk." ; :prefLabel "Desktop computer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MUC" ; :definition "The Message Understanding Conferences (MUC) were initiated and financed by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) to encouragethe development of new and better methods of information extraction. The character of this competition—many concurrent research teams competing against one another—required the development of standardsfor evaluation, e.g. the adoption of metrics like precision and recall." ; :prefLabel "Message Understanding Conference" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Terminology", "nomenclatures" ; :definition "A system of words used in a particular discipline." ; :prefLabel "Nomenclature" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Integrating functionality", "Integration", "SIL", "Software integration", "System Integration Services", "System integration lab", "System integration laboratories", "System integration laboratory", "Systems integration", "Systems integration lab", "Systems integration laboratory" ; :definition "In engineering, system integration is defined as the process of bringing together the component subsystems into one system and ensuring that the subsystems function together as a system. In information technology, systems integration is the process of linking together different computing systems and software applications physically or functionally,to act as a coordinated whole. The system integrator brings together discrete systems utilizing a variety of techniques such as computer networking, enterprise application integration, business process management or manual programming." ; :prefLabel "System integration" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computer science, a process ontology is a description of the components and their relationships that make up a process. A formal process ontology is an ontology in the knowledge domain of processes. Often such ontologies take advantage of the benefits of an upper ontology. Planning software can be used to perform plan generation based on the formal description of the process and its constraints. Numerous efforts have been made to define a process/planning ontology." ; :prefLabel "Process ontology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Infoboxes", "Taxobox" ; :definition "An infobox is a template used to collect and present a subset of information about its subject, such as a document. It is a structured document containing a set of attribute–value pairs, and in Wikipedia represents a summary of information about the subject of an article. In this way, they are comparable to data tables in some aspects. When presented within the larger document it summarizes, an infobox is often presented in a sidebar format." ; :prefLabel "Crostata" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cummulative Causation", "Cumulative Causation", "Cumulative change in variables", "Feedback (disambiguation)", "Feedback Runaway", "Positive feedback loop", "Principle of cumulation", "Reinforcing loop", "Resonance cascade", "Self-reinforcement", "Self-reinforcing" ; :definition "Positive feedback is a process that occurs in a feedback loop in which the effects of a small disturbance on a system include an increase in the magnitude of the perturbation. That is, A produces more of B which in turn produces more of A. In contrast, a system in which the results of a change act to reduce or counteract it has negative feedback. Both concepts play an important role in science and engineering, including biology, chemistry, and cybernetics." ; :prefLabel "Positive feedback" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Reuse" ; :definition "To use again." ; :prefLabel "Reuse (action)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hash kernel", "Hash trick", "Hashing trick", "Hashing-Trick", "Hashtrick" ; :definition "In machine learning, feature hashing, also known as the hashing trick (by analogy to the kernel trick), is a fast and space-efficient way of vectorizing features, i.e. turning arbitrary features into indices in a vector or matrix. It works by applying a hash function to the features and using their hash values as indices directly, rather than looking the indices up in an associative array." ; :prefLabel "Feature hashing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".JPG", ".jpe", ".jpeg", ".jps", ".mpo", "Data compression/JPEG", "ISO 10918-1", "Image/jpeg", "Interlaced JPEG", "JPE", "JPE file", "JPEG (disambiguation)", "JPEG Interchange Format", "JPEG Stereo", "JPEG compression", "JPEG encoding", "JPEG file", "JPEG file format", "JPEG image", "JPG", "JPG file", "JPIG", "Jaypeg", "Jif", "MCU", "MPO", "Minimum Coded Unit", "P JPG", "PJPEG", "PJPG", "Progressive JPEG", "T.81" ; :definition "JPEG (/ˈdʒeɪpɛɡ/ JAY-peg) is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10:1 compression with little perceptible loss in image quality. JPEG/JFIF supports a maximum image size of 65,535×65,535 pixels, hence up to 4 gigapixels for an aspect ratio of 1:1." ; :prefLabel "JPEG" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computer science, soft computing (sometimes referred to as computational intelligence, though CI does not have an agreed definition) is the use of inexact solutions to computationally hard tasks such as the solution of NP-complete problems, for which there is no known algorithm that can compute an exact solution in polynomial time. Soft computing differs from conventional (hard) computing in that, unlike hard computing, it is tolerant of imprecision, uncertainty, partial truth, and approximation. In effect, the role model for soft computing is the human mind." ; :prefLabel "Soft computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deployment" ; :definition "To distribute systematically or strategically." ; :prefLabel "Deploy" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conditional Markov model", "MEMM", "Maximum entropy Markov model" ; :definition "In machine learning, a maximum-entropy Markov model (MEMM), or conditional Markov model (CMM), is a graphical model for sequence labeling that combines features of hidden Markov models (HMMs) and maximum entropy (MaxEnt) models. An MEMM is a discriminative model that extends a standard maximum entropy classifier by assuming that the unknown values to be learnt are connected in a Markov chain rather than being conditionally independent of each other. MEMMs find applications in natural language processing, specifically in part-of-speech tagging and information extraction." ; :prefLabel "Maximum-entropy Markov model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Spell Check", "Spell checkers", "Spell checking", "Spell control", "Spell-check", "Spell-checker", "Spell-checking", "Spellcheck", "Spellchecker", "Spellchecking", "Spelling checker", "Spilling chucker" ; :definition "In computing, a spell checker (or spell check) is an application program that flags words in a document that may not be spelled correctly. Spell checkers may be stand-alone, capable of operating on a block of text, or as part of a larger application, such as a word processor, email client, electronic dictionary, or search engine." ; :prefLabel "Spell checker" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Multi-Label Classification", "Multi-class categorization", "Multi-class classification", "Multiclass classifier", "Multiclass labeling", "Multiclass problem" ; :definition "In machine learning, multiclass or multinomial classification is the problem of classifying instances into one of the more than two classes (classifying instances into one of the two classes is called binary classification). While some classification algorithms naturally permit the use of more than two classes, others are by nature binary algorithms; these can, however, be turned into multinomial classifiers by a variety of strategies. Multiclass classification should not be confused with multi-label classification, where multiple labels are to be predicted for each instance." ; :prefLabel "Multiclass classification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "G11n", "I18n", "INT", "Internationalisation", "Internationalisation and localisation", "Internationalization & Localisation", "Internationalization & localization", "Internationalize", "L12y", "L18n", "Local", "Localizability", "Localization", "Localization and internationalization", "Localization of software", "Locally modified software", "Multilingual software", "NLS", "National Language Support", "Native language support", "Software localisation", "Software localization", "Sofware localisation" ; :definition "In computing, internationalization and localization are means of adapting computer software to different languages, regional differences and technical requirements of a target market (locale). Internationalization is the process of designing a software application so that it can potentially be adapted to various languages and regions without engineering changes. Localization is the process of adapting internationalized software for a specific region or language by adding locale-specific components and translating text. Localization (which is potentially performed multiple times, for different locales) uses the infrastructure or flexibility provided by internationalization (which is ideally performed only once, or as an integral part of ongoing development)." ; :prefLabel "Internationalization and localization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Futorology", "Future Studies", "Future Technology", "Future tech", "Future trend", "Futures", "Futures resources", "Futurism (philosophy)", "Futuristic Technological Concepts", "Futuristics", "Futurology", "Images of the future", "Predictions for the forthcoming year", "Technology future" ; :definition "Futures studies (also called futurology) is the study of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures and the worldviews and myths that underlie them. There is a debate as to whether this discipline is an art or science. In general, it can be considered as a branch of the social sciences and parallel to the field of history. History studies the past, futures studies considers the future. Futures studies (colloquially called "futures" by many of the field's practitioners) seeks to understand what is likely to continue and what could plausibly change. Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to determine the likelihood of future events and trends. Unlike the physical sciences where a narrower, more specified system is s" ; :prefLabel "Futures studies" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Continuous world", "Free-roaming", "Open World FPS", "Open World RPG", "Open universe game", "Open world (disambiguation)", "Open world (video games)", "Open world game", "Open world video game", "Open-World RPG", "Open-world", "Sandbox (video games)", "Sandbox Game", "Sandbox world" ; :definition "Open world and free roam are terms for video games where a player can move freely through a virtual world and is given considerable freedom in regards to how or when to approach particular objectives, as opposed to other video games that have a more linear structure to its gameplay. Some popular games implementing this include; The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, Fallout 4, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, and Grand Theft Auto 3." ; :prefLabel "Open world" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GLM", "General linear modeling", "Generalised linear model", "Generalized linear models", "Link", "Link function", "Univariate GLM" ; :definition "In statistics, the generalized linear model (GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinary linear regression that allows for response variables that have error distribution models other than a normal distribution. The GLM generalizes linear regression by allowing the linear model to be related to the response variable via a link function and by allowing the magnitude of the variance of each measurement to be a function of its predicted value." ; :prefLabel "Generalized linear model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "K-Opt method", "K-opt", "Local search", "Local search (algorithms)", "Local search algorithm" ; :definition "In computer science, local search is a heuristic method for solving computationally hard optimization problems. Local search can be used on problems that can be formulated as finding a solution maximizing a criterion among a number of candidate solutions. Local search algorithms move from solution to solution in the space of candidate solutions (the search space) by applying local changes, until a solution deemed optimal is found or a time bound is elapsed." ; :prefLabel "Local search (optimization)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "10/100 switch", "Bridging hub", "Ethernet switch", "Interconnect", "LAN switch", "MAC bridge", "MAC switch", "Manageable and Unmanageable switches", "Managed switch", "Network switch port", "Network switcher", "Network switches", "Networking switch", "Switch (computer)", "Switch (computing)", "Switch (disambiguation)", "Switch (network)", "Switch (networking)", "Switch mac address", "Switch port", "Switched Ethernet", "Switcher (disambiguation)", "Switching hub" ; :definition "A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is a computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network, by using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device. Unlike less advanced network hubs, a network switch forwards data only to one or multiple devices that need to receive it, rather than broadcasting the same data out of each of its ports. The first Ethernet switch was introduced by Kalpana in 1990." ; :prefLabel "Network switch" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Entropy pool", "FieldREG", "HRNG", "HWRNG", "Hardware RNG", "Hardware random-number generator", "Hardware randomness", "NRBG", "Non-deterministic random number", "Non-deterministic random numbers", "QRNG", "Random device", "Random event generator (parapsychology)", "Reg", "Software whitening", "TRNG", "True Random Number Generator" ; :definition "In computing, a hardware random number generator (TRNG, True Random Number Generator) is a device that generates random numbers from a physical process, rather than a computer program. Such devices are often based on microscopic phenomena that generate low-level, statistically random "noise" signals, such as thermal noise, the photoelectric effect, involving a beam splitter, and other quantum phenomena. These stochastic processes are, in theory, completely unpredictable, and the theory's assertions of unpredictability are subject to experimental test. A hardware random number generator typically consists of a transducer to convert some aspect of the physical phenomena to an electrical signal, an amplifier and other electronic circuitry to increase the amplitude of the random fluctuations t" ; :prefLabel "Hardware random number generator" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "As a service", "Cloud application", "On demand software", "On-demand software", "SAS", "SaaS data escrow", "SaaS metrics", "SaaSS", "Saas", "Saasworld", "SasS", "Service as a Software Substitute", "Software as a secure service", "Software as a sevice", "Software as service", "Software plus services", "Software-as-a-Service" ; :definition "Software as a service (SaaS; pronounced /sæs/) is a software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is centrally hosted. It is sometimes referred to as "on-demand software". SaaS is typically accessed by users using a thin client via a web browser. SaaS has become a common delivery model for many business applications, including office and messaging software, payroll processing software, DBMS software, management software, CAD software, development software, gamification, virtualization, accounting, collaboration, customer relationship management (CRM), management information systems (MIS), enterprise resource planning (ERP), invoicing, human resource management (HRM), talent acquisition, content management (CM), antivirus software, and servi" ; :prefLabel "Software as a service" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MDL", "Minimum Description Length Principle" ; :definition "The minimum description length (MDL) principle is a formalization of Occam's razor in which the best hypothesis for a given set of data is the one that leads to the best compression of the data. MDL was introduced by Jorma Rissanen in 1978. It is an important concept in information theory and computational learning theory." ; :prefLabel "Minimum description length" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Um" ; :definition "The Unified Model is a Numerical Weather Prediction and climate modeling software suite originally developed by the United Kingdom Met Office, and now both used and further developed by many weather-forecasting agencies around the world. The Unified Model gets its name because a single model is used across a range of both timescales (nowcasting to centennial) and spatial scales (convective scale to climate system earth modelling). The models are grid-point based, rather than wave based, and are run on a variety of supercomputers around the world. The Unified Model atmosphere can be coupled to a number of ocean models. At the Met Office it is used for the main suite of Global Model, North Atlantic and Europe model (NAE) and a high-resolution UK model (UKV), in addition to a variety of Crisi" ; :prefLabel "Unified Model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Non-monotonic reasoning", "Nonmonotonic logic", "Nonmonotonic reasoning" ; :definition "A non-monotonic logic is a formal logic whose consequence relation is not monotonic. In other words, non-monotonic logics are devised to capture and represent defeasible inferences (c.f. defeasible reasoning), i.e., a kind of inference in which reasoners draw tentative conclusions, enabling reasoners to retract their conclusion(s) based on further evidence.Most studied formal logics have a monotonic consequence relation, meaning that adding a formula to a theory never produces a reduction of its set of consequences. Intuitively, monotonicity indicates that learning a new piece of knowledge cannot reduce the set of what is known. A monotonic logic cannot handle various reasoning tasks such as reasoning by default (consequences may be derived only because of lack of evidence of the contrary)" ; :prefLabel "Non-monotonic logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "String Metrics", "String distance", "String distance function", "String distance measure", "String distance metric", "String similarity", "String similarity function", "String similarity measure", "String similarity metric" ; :definition "In mathematics and computer science, a string metric (also known as a string similarity metric or string distance function) is a metric that measures distance ("inverse similarity") between two text strings for approximate string matching or comparison and in fuzzy string searching. A necessary requirement for a string metric (e.g. in contrast to string matching) is fulfillment of the triangle inequality. For example, the strings "Sam" and "Samuel" can be considered to be close. A string metric provides a number indicating an algorithm-specific indication of distance." ; :prefLabel "String metric" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "X Xie", "X. Xie", "Xing Xie", "Xing Yu Xie" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1276 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Xing Xie" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "H. Bradley Cunningham", "H. Cunningham", "Hamish Cunningham" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 780 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Hamish Cunningham" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "I Ramakrishnan", "I V Ramakrishnan", "Iyer Venkateshwaran Ramakrishnan" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 212 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "I. V. Ramakrishnan" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Axel-cyrille Ngonga Ngomo" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 415 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Axel-Cyrille Ngonga Ngomo" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "F Hopfgartner", "F. Hopfgartner", "Frank Hopfgartner" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 53 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Frank Hopfgartner" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "J. Z. Pan", "Jeff Pan", "Jeff Z Pan" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 343 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Jeff Z. Pan" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information Modelling", "Information modeling", "Information models" ; :definition "An information model in software engineering is a representation of concepts and the relationships, constraints, rules, and operations to specify data semantics for a chosen domain of discourse. Typically it specifies relations between kinds of things, but may also include relations with individual things. It can provide sharable, stable, and organized structure of information requirements or knowledge for the domain context." ; :prefLabel "Information model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Sensitive information", "Sensitivity", "Sensitivity (information)", "Sensitivity indicator" ; :definition "Information sensitivity is the control of access to information or knowledge that might result in loss of an advantage or level of security if disclosed to others. Loss, misuse, modification, or unauthorized access to sensitive information can adversely affect the privacy or welfare of an individual, trade secrets of a business or even the security and international relations of a nation depending on the level of sensitivity and nature of the information." ; :prefLabel "Information sensitivity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Connectionist", "Connectionist revolution", "PDP", "Parallel Distributed Processing", "Relational network" ; :definition "Connectionism is a set of approaches in the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind, that models mental or behavioral phenomena as the emergent processes of interconnected networks of simple units. The term was introduced by Donald Hebb in the 1940s. There are many forms of connectionism, but the most common forms use neural network models." ; :prefLabel "Connectionism" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interaction techniques", "User interface technique", "User interface techniques" ; :definition "An interaction technique, user interface technique or input technique is a combination of hardware and software elements that provides a way for computer users to accomplish a single task. For example, one can go back to the previously visited page on a Web browser by either clicking a button, pressing a key, performing a mouse gesture or uttering a speech command. It is a widely used term in human-computer interaction. In particular, the term "new interaction technique" is frequently used to introduce a novel user interface design idea." ; :prefLabel "Interaction technique" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Auth", "AuthZ", "Authorisation", "Authorisation procedure", "Authorise", "Authorised", "Authorization (computer access control)", "Authorization code", "Authorization codes", "Authorize", "Authorized", "Loan authorisation", "Loan authorization", "Unauthorised", "Unauthorized" ; :definition "Authorization or authorisation is the function of specifying access rights to resources related to information security and computer security in general and to access control in particular. More formally, "to authorize" is to define an access policy. For example, human resources staff is normally authorized to access employee records and this policy is usually formalized as access control rules in a computer system. During operation, the system uses the access control rules to decide whether access requests from (authenticated) consumers shall be approved (granted) or disapproved (rejected). Resources include individual files or an item's data, computer programs, computer devices and functionality provided by computer applications. Examples of consumers are computer users, computer program" ; :prefLabel "Authorization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Linear term", "Logic term", "Term", "Term (first-order logic)", "Term (mathematics)", "Term (sequence)", "Term (term rewriting)", "Variant", "Variant (logic)" ; :definition "In analogy to natural language, where a noun phrase refers to an object and a whole sentence refers to a fact, in mathematical logic, a term denotes a mathematical object and a formula denotes a mathematical fact. In particular, terms appear as components of a formula. A first-order term is recursively constructed from constant symbols, variables and function symbols.An expression formed by applying a predicate symbol to an appropriate number of terms is called an atomic formula, which evaluates to true or false in bivalent logics, given an interpretation.For example, and" ; :prefLabel "Term (logic)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".xsl", ".xslt", "Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations", "XLST", "XML template engine", "XML template processor", "XSL Transformation", "XSL Transformations", "XSL-T", "XSLT 2.0", "XSLT processor", "XT" ; :definition "XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents, or other formats such as HTML for web pages, plain text or XSL Formatting Objects, which may subsequently be converted to other formats, such as PDF, PostScript and PNG. XSLT 1.0 is widely supported in modern web browsers. XSLT is a Turing-complete language, meaning it can specify any computation that can be performed by a computer." ; :prefLabel "XSLT" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "User interface" ; :definition "A computer program that controls the interaction between a user and a system." ; :prefLabel "User Interface Device Component" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer data", "Data (disambiguation)", "Data representation", "Type representation" ; :definition "Data (/ˈdeɪtə/ DAY-tə, or /ˈdɑːtə/ DAH-tə; treated as singular, plural, or as a mass noun) is any sequence of one or more symbols given meaning by specific act(s) of interpretation. Data (or datum – a single unit of data) is not information. Data requires interpretation to become information. To translate data to information, there must be several known factors considered. The factors involved are determined by the creator of the data and the desired information. The term metadata is used to reference the data about the data. Metadata may be implied, specified or given. Data relating to physical events or processes will also have a temporal component. In almost all cases this temporal component is implied. This is the case when a device such as a temperature logger received data from a tem" ; :prefLabel "Data (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Transparency", "Transparency (science)" ; :definition "Open research is research conducted in the spirit of free and open source software. Much like open source schemes that are built around a source code that is made public, the central theme of open research is to make clear accounts of the methodology freely available via the internet, along with any data or results extracted or derived from them. This permits a massively distributed collaboration, and one in which anyone may participate at any level of the project." ; :prefLabel "Open research" ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computational complexity of matrix multiplication", "Direct product (Matrix)", "Fast matrix multiplication", "Fast matrix multiplication algorithms", "Frobenius", "Frobenius inner product", "Hadamard matrix product", "Matrix concatenation", "Matrix multiply", "Matrix product", "Matrix vector multiplication", "Matrix-vector multiplication", "Matrix-vector product", "Multiplying matrices" ; :definition "In mathematics, matrix multiplication is a binary operation that takes a pair of matrices, and produces another matrix. Numbers such as the real or complex numbers can be multiplied according to elementary arithmetic. On the other hand, matrices are arrays of numbers, so there is no unique way to define "the" multiplication of matrices. As such, in general the term "matrix multiplication" refers to a number of different ways to multiply matrices. The key features of any matrix multiplication include: the number of rows and columns the original matrices have (called the "size", "order" or "dimension"), and specifying how the entries of the matrices generate the new matrix." ; :prefLabel "Matrix multiplication" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ERP", "ERP software", "ERP system", "ERP systems", "Enterprise", "Enterprise Resource Planning audit", "Enterprise resource planner", "Enterprise resource planning software", "Enterprise resource processing", "Erp software providers", "Erp system strategy", "GRP", "Government resource planning", "List of ERP service providers", "Resource planning" ; :definition "Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is a category of business-management software—typically a suite of integrated applications—that an organization can use to collect, store, manage and interpret data from many business activities, including: * product planning, purchase * manufacturing or service delivery * marketing and sales * inventory management * shipping and payment * finance" ; :prefLabel "Enterprise resource planning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "phrase" ; :definition "Works consisting of common terms, phrases, idioms, and typical conversations, e.g., between health professional and patients. These are often intended for use by non-native speakers of a language." ; :prefLabel "Phrases" . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Side effect (disambiguation)", "Side effect (programming)", "Side-effect (computer science", "Side-effect (computer science)", "Side-effects (computer science)" ; :definition "In computer science, a function or expression is said to have a side effect if it modifies some state or has an observable interaction with calling functions or the outside world. For example, a particular function might modify a global variable or static variable, modify one of its arguments, raise an exception, write data to a display or file, read data, or call other side-effecting functions. In the presence of side effects, a program's behaviour may depend on history; that is, the order of evaluation matters. Understanding and debugging a function with side effects requires knowledge about the context and its possible histories." ; :prefLabel "Side effect (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Definite clause", "Dual-Horn clause", "Horn", "Horn Logic", "Horn clauses", "Horn formula", "Horn sentence", "Universal Horn theory" ; :definition "In mathematical logic and logic programming, a Horn clause is a logical formula of a particular rule-like form which gives it useful properties for use in logic programming, formal specification, and model theory. Horn clauses are named for the logician Alfred Horn, who first pointed out their significance in 1951." ; :prefLabel "Horn clause" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "URD (software engineering)", "Urd", "User requirement", "User requirements", "User requirements specification" ; :definition "The user requirement(s) document (URD) or user requirement(s) specification is a document usually used in software engineering that specifies what the user expects the software to be able to do. Once the required information is completely gathered it is documented in a URD, which is meant to spell out exactly what the software must do and becomes part of the contractual agreement. A customer cannot demand features not in the URD, whilst the developer cannot claim the product is ready if it does not meet an item of the URD." ; :prefLabel "User requirements document" ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Collocate", "Collocations", "Colocation" ; :definition "In corpus linguistics, a collocation is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. In phraseology, collocation is a sub-type of phraseme. An example of a phraseological collocation, as propounded by Michael Halliday, is the expression strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed by the roughly equivalent *powerful tea, this expression is considered incorrect by English speakers. Conversely, the corresponding expression for computer, powerful computers is preferred over *strong computers. Phraseological collocations should not be confused with idioms, where meaning is derived, whereas collocations are mostly compositional." ; :prefLabel "Collocation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PLSA", "PLSI", "Probabilistic latent semantic indexing" ; :definition "Probabilistic latent semantic analysis (PLSA), also known as probabilistic latent semantic indexing (PLSI, especially in information retrieval circles) is a statistical technique for the analysis of two-mode and co-occurrence data. In effect, one can derive a low-dimensional representation of the observed variables in terms of their affinity to certain hidden variables, just as in latent semantic analysis, from which PLSA evolved." ; :prefLabel "Probabilistic latent semantic analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Circuit", "Circuit lower bounds", "Circuit-depth complexity", "Circuit-size complexity", "Monotone circuit", "P-nonuniform", "Uniform circuit complexity", "Uniform circuit family", "Uniformity", "Uniformity (circuit)", "Uniformity (complexity)" ; :definition "In theoretical computer science, circuit complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory in which Boolean functions are classified according to the size or depth of Boolean circuits that compute them. One speaks of the circuit complexity of a Boolean circuit. A related notion is the circuit complexity of a recursive language that is decided by a family of circuits (see below). A Boolean circuit with input bits is a directed acyclic graph in which every node (usually called gates in this context) is either an input node of in-degree 0 labeled by one of the . where each" ; :prefLabel "Circuit complexity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Focused crawlers", "Focused crawling", "Focused web crawler", "Topical crawler", "Topical crawlers" ; :definition "A focused crawler is a web crawler that collects Web pages that satisfy some specific property, by carefully prioritizing the crawl frontier and managing the hyperlink exploration process. Some predicates may be based on simple, deterministic and surface properties. For example, a crawler's mission may be to crawl pages from only the .jp domain. Other predicates may be softer or comparative, e.g., "crawl pages with large PageRank", or "crawl pages about baseball". An important page property pertains to topics, leading to topical crawlers. For example, a topical crawler may be deployed to collect pages about solar power, or swine flu, while minimizing resources spent fetching pages on other topics. Crawl frontier management may not be the only device used by focused crawlers; they may use a" ; :prefLabel "Focused crawler" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concave up", "Concave upward", "Concave upwards", "Concave-up", "Convex", "Convex (function)", "Convex function (of a complex variable)", "Convex function (of a real variable)", "Convex functional", "Convex functions", "Strict convexity", "Strictly convex", "Strictly convex function", "Strong convexity" ; :definition "In mathematics, a real-valued function defined on an interval is called convex (or convex downward or concave upward) if the line segment between any two points on the graph of the function lies above or on the graph, in a Euclidean space (or more generally a vector space) of at least two dimensions. Equivalently, a function is convex if its epigraph (the set of points on or above the graph of the function) is a convex set. Well-known examples of convex functions include the quadratic function and the exponential function for any real number x." ; :prefLabel "Convex function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Defeasible", "Indefeasible" ; :definition "In logic, defeasible reasoning is a kind of reasoning that is rationally compelling though not deductively valid. The distinction between defeasibility and indefeasibility may be seen in the context of this joke: During a train trip through the countryside, an engineer, a physicist, and a mathematician observe a flock of sheep. The engineer remarks, "I see that the sheep in this region are white." The physicist offers a correction, "Some sheep in this region are white." And the mathematician responds, "In this region there exist sheep that are white on at least one side."" ; :prefLabel "Defeasible reasoning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Audio noise reduction", "DNL", "DNR", "DNR noise reduction", "Denoise", "Denoising", "Despeckle", "Despeckling", "Digital noise reduction", "Dynamic Noise Limiter", "Dynamic Noise Reduction", "Grain reducer", "Image de-noising", "Image denoising", "Image noise reduction", "NR", "Noise filter", "Noise reduction (disambiguation)", "Noise rejection", "Noisefilter", "Reduction" ; :definition "Noise reduction is the process of removing noise from a signal. All recording devices, both analog and digital, have traits that make them susceptible to noise. Noise can be random or white noise with no coherence, or coherent noise introduced by the device's mechanism or processing algorithms. In electronic recording devices, a major form of noise is hiss caused by random electrons that, heavily influenced by heat, stray from their designated path. These stray electrons influence the voltage of the output signal and thus create detectable noise." ; :prefLabel "Noise reduction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apple Byte", "C-NET", "C/NET", "CNET Games and Entertainment", "CNET Networks", "CNET Networks Inc.", "CNET News.com", "CNET Radio", "CNET UK", "CNet News", "Chris Stevens (journalist)", "Cnet Japan", "Cnet Networks", "Cnet.co.uk", "Cnet.com", "Com.com", "Inc.", "News.com", "Webware (blog)", "Webware.com" ; :definition "CNET (stylized as c|net) is an American media website that publishes reviews, news, articles, blogs, podcasts and videos on technology and consumer electronics globally. Founded in 1994 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie, it was the flagship brand of CNET Networks and became a brand of CBS Interactive through CNET Networks' acquisition in 2008. CNET originally produced content for radio and television in addition to its website and now uses new media distribution methods through its Internet television network, CNET Video, and its podcast and blog networks." ; :prefLabel "CNET" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AND list", "Algebra (disambiguation)", "Algebra of logic", "Boolean", "Boolean Connectors", "Boolean Logic", "Boolean algebra (basic concepts)", "Boolean algebra (disambiguation)", "Boolean algebra (introduction)", "Boolean algebra (logic)", "Boolean attribute", "Boolean equation", "Boolean logic (computer science)", "Boolean logic in computer science", "Boolean problem", "Boolean search", "Boolean searching", "Boolean terms", "BooleanAlgebra", "Complement (boolean algebra)", "Complete Boolean algebra (computer science)", "Digital Logic", "Duality principle (boolean algebra)", "Elementary Boolean algebra", "Introduction to boolean algebra", "Laws of classical logic", "Logic function", "Logic operation", "OR list", "Switching algebra" ; :definition "In mathematics and mathematical logic, Boolean algebra is the branch of algebra in which the values of the variables are the truth values true and false, usually denoted 1 and 0 respectively. Instead of elementary algebra where the values of the variables are numbers, and the main operations are addition and multiplication, the main operations of Boolean algebra are the conjunction and denoted as ∧, the disjunction or denoted as ∨, and the negation not denoted as ¬. It is thus a formalism for describing logical relations in the same way that ordinary algebra describes numeric relations." ; :prefLabel "Boolean algebra" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptee", "Adapter (disambiguation)", "Adapter (programming)", "Adapter design pattern", "Adaptor (programming)", "Adaptor pattern", "Class adapter pattern", "Design Pattern - Adapter", "Glue (disambiguation)", "Object Adapter pattern", "Wrapper", "Wrapper pattern", "Wrapper program" ; :definition "In software engineering, the adapter pattern is a software design pattern that allows the interface of an existing class to be used as another interface. It is often used to make existing classes work with others without modifying their source code." ; :prefLabel "Adapter pattern" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Collaboration platform", "Collaboration software", "Collaborative Graphical tools", "Collaborative tool", "Collaborative tools", "Enterprise collaboration systems", "Group ware", "Groupware", "Groupware and collaborative systems", "Software collaborative tool", "Workgroup Support Systems" ; :definition "Collaborative software or groupware is an application software designed to help people involved in a common task to achieve their goals. One of the earliest definitions of collaborative software is 'intentional group processes plus software to support them.' The use of collaborative software in the work space creates a collaborative working environment (CWE)." ; :prefLabel "Collaborative software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer interface device", "Computer peripheral", "Computer peripheral devices", "Computer peripherals", "Computing product", "External device", "Periferal", "Periphals", "Peripheral device", "Peripheral devices", "Peripheral equipment", "Peripherals", "Physical device", "🖦" ; :definition "A peripheral is "an ancillary device used to put information into and get information out of the computer". There are three different types of peripherals: input devices, which interact with or send data from the user to the computer (mice, keyboards, etc.), output devices, which provide output to the user from the computer (monitors, printers, etc.), and input/output devices that perform both functions. Touchscreens are an example that combines different devices into a single hardware component that can be used both as an input and output device." ; :prefLabel "Peripheral" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Semantic interpreter" ; :definition "Semantic interpretation is an important component in dialog systems. It is related to natural language understanding, but mostly its refers to the last stage of understanding. The goal of interpretation is binding the user utterance to concept, or something the system can understand. Typically it is creating a database query based on user utterance." ; :prefLabel "Semantic interpretation" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A.m.o.", "Add on (Mozilla)", "Add-On (Mozilla)", "Add-on", "Addon (Mozilla)", "Addons.mozilla.org", "Extension (Mozilla)", "Firefox Add-ons", "Firefox Addons", "Firefox Background Themes", "Firefox add-on", "Firefox addon", "Firefox extention", "Mozilla Add-ons", "Mozilla Addons", "Mozilla Update", "Mozilla addon", "Mozilla extension", "Mozilla extensions", "Persona (disambiguation)", "Personas (Firefox)", "Personas Plus", "Personas for Firefox", "Update.mozilla.org" ; :definition "Mozilla add-ons are installable enhancements to the Mozilla Foundation's projects, including Firefox, Thunderbird, SeaMonkey, and Sunbird. Add-ons allow the user to add or augment application features, use themes to their liking, and handle new types of content. There are three major categories of add-ons: "Extensions", "Themes", and "Plug-ins". The main repository for distributing the first two type is the eponymous Mozilla Add-ons website." ; :prefLabel "Add-ons for Firefox" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bank", "repositories" ; :definition "A facility where items can be deposited for storage or safekeeping." ; :prefLabel "Repository" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SWRL" ; :definition "The Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) is a proposed language for the Semantic Web that can be used to express rules as well as logic, combining OWL DL or OWL Lite with a subset of the Rule Markup Language (itself a subset of Datalog). The specification was submitted in May 2004 to the W3C by the National Research Council of Canada, Network Inference (since acquired by webMethods), and Stanford University in association with the Joint US/EU ad hoc Agent Markup Language Committee. The specification was based on an earlier proposal for an OWL rules language." ; :prefLabel "Semantic Web Rule Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "404 (disambiguation)", "404 (error message)", "404 File Not Found", "404 Not Found", "404 Page Not Found", "404 error", "404 page", "Custom error page", "Custom error pages", "ERROR 404", "Error404", "Error404 PageNotFound", "HTTP 404 page not found", "HTTP/1.0 404 Object Not Found", "Not Found", "Page not found", "Soft 404", "Soft 404s" ; :definition "The 404 or Not Found error message is a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) standard response code, in computer network communications, to indicate that the client was able to communicate with a given server, but the server could not find what was requested. The web site hosting server will typically generate a "404 Not Found" web page when a user attempts to follow a broken or dead link; hence the 404 error is one of the most recognizable errors encountered on the World Wide Web." ; :prefLabel "HTTP 404" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Desired-to-undesired ratio", "Noisy data", "Optical signal-to-noise ratio", "S/N ratio", "SNR", "Signal level", "Signal to noise level", "Signal to noise ratio", "Signal to noise ratio (image processing)", "Signal-noise ratio", "Signal-to-noise", "Signal-to-noise ratio (image processing)", "Signal-to-noise-ratio", "Signal/noise ratio", "Signal:noise" ; :definition "Signal-to-noise ratio (abbreviated SNR or S/N) is a measure used in science and engineering that compares the level of a desired signal to the level of background noise. It is defined as the ratio of signal power to the noise power, often expressed in decibels. A ratio higher than 1:1 (greater than 0 dB) indicates more signal than noise. While SNR is commonly quoted for electrical signals, it can be applied to any form of signal (such as isotope levels in an ice core or biochemical signaling between cells)." ; :prefLabel "Signal-to-noise ratio" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer RAM memory", "Double sided RAM", "Double sided random access memory", "Double-sided RAM", "Double-sided random access memory", "Doublesided RAM", "Memory wall", "R.A.M.", "RAM", "RAM (memory)", "RAM chip", "RAM memory", "Random access memory", "SRAM", "Shadow Random Access Memory", "Shadow ram", "Single sided RAM", "Single sided random access memory", "Single-sided RAM", "Single-sided random access memory" ; :definition "Random-access memory (RAM /ræm/) is a form of computer data storage. A random-access memory device allows data items to be read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data inside the memory. In contrast, with other direct-access data storage media such as hard disks, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs and the older drum memory, the time required to read and write data items varies significantly depending on their physical locations on the recording medium, due to mechanical limitations such as media rotation speeds and arm movement." ; :prefLabel "Random-access memory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Grad", "Grade", "Gradient (calculus)", "Gradient (disambiguation)", "Gradient Operator", "Gradient of a scalar", "Gradient vector", "Gradients" ; :definition "In mathematics, the gradient is a generalization of the usual concept of derivative to functions of several variables. If f(x1, ..., xn) is a differentiable, real-valued function of several variables, its gradient is the vector whose components are the n partial derivatives of f. It is thus a vector-valued function. The Jacobian is the generalization of the gradient for vector-valued functions of several variables and differentiable maps between Euclidean spaces or, more generally, manifolds. A further generalization for a function between Banach spaces is the Fréchet derivative." ; :prefLabel "Gradient" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2xSai", "2×SaI", "Bitmap resampling", "Image re-scaling", "Image re-sizing", "Image resampling", "Image rescaling", "Image resizing", "Pixel art scaling algorithm", "Resampling", "Resampling (bitmap)", "Resize image", "RotSprite", "Scale2x", "Scaling", "Super 2xSaI", "Super Eagle", "Super2xsai", "SuperEagle" ; :definition "In computer graphics and digital imaging, scaling refers to the resizing of a digital image. In video technology, the magnification of digital material is known as upscaling or resolution enhancement. When scaling a vector graphic image, the graphic primitives which make up the image can be scaled using geometric transformations, without any loss of image quality. When scaling a raster graphics image, a new image with a higher or lower number of pixels must be generated. In the case of decreasing the pixel number (scaling down) this usually results in a visible quality loss. From the standpoint of digital signal processing, the scaling of raster graphics is a two-dimensional example of sample rate conversion, the conversion of a discrete signal from a sampling rate (in this case the local" ; :prefLabel "Image scaling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ground truth (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Ground truth is a term used in various fields to refer to information provided by direct observation as opposed to information provided by inference." ; :prefLabel "Ground truth" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code fork", "Code forking", "Fork (disambiguation)", "Fork (open source)", "Fork (software engineering)", "Fork (software)", "Fork off", "Project fork", "Right to fork", "Software fork" ; :definition "In software engineering, a project fork happens when developers take a copy of source code from one software package and start independent development on it, creating a distinct and separate piece of software. The term often implies not merely a development branch, but a split in the developer community, a form of schism. Free and open-source software is that which, by definition, may be forked from the original development team without prior permission without violating copyright law. However, licensed forks of proprietary software (e.g. Unix) also happen." ; :prefLabel "Fork (software development)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Consolidation" ; :definition "Semiconductor consolidation is the recent trend of semiconductor companies collaborating in order to come to a practical synergy with the goal of being able to operate in a business model that can sustain profitability." ; :prefLabel "Semiconductor consolidation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Human edited search engines", "Social discovery", "Social discovery platform", "Social search engine", "Social searching" ; :definition "Social search is a behavior of retrieving and searching on a social searching engine that mainly searches user-generated content such as news, videos and images related search queries on social media like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Flickr. It is an enhanced version of web search that combines traditional algorithms.The idea behind social search is that instead of a machine deciding which pages should be returned for a specific query based upon an impersonal algorithm, results that are based on the human network of the searcher might be more relevant to that specific user's needs." ; :prefLabel "Social search" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conditional model" ; :definition "Discriminative models, also called conditional models, are a class of models used in machine learning for modeling the dependence of an unobserved variable on an observed variable . Within a probabilistic framework, this is done by modeling the conditional probability distribution , which can be used for predicting from . Discriminative models, as opposed to generative models, do not allow one to generate samples from the joint distribution of and" ; :prefLabel "Discriminative model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Access router", "Central Outdoor Router", "Edge router", "Ethernet router", "Gateway router", "Hardware router", "Home hub", "IP router", "Internet router", "Network router", "Network routers", "Netwrok router", "ROR", "RSM", "Remote outdoor router", "Route Switch Module", "Router", "Router (networking)", "Software router" ; :definition "A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to another through the networks that constitute the internetwork until it reaches its destination node." ; :prefLabel "Router (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer graphics workstation", "Computer workstation", "Computer workstations", "Display station", "Graphics workstation", "Graphics workstations", "Personal workstation", "Unix workstation", "Unix workstations", "Workstation (computer hardware)", "Workstation computers", "Workstations", "Workstaton" ; :definition "A workstation is a special computer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. The term workstation has also been used loosely to refer to everything from a mainframe computer terminal to a PC connected to a network, but the most common form refers to the group of hardware offered by several current and defunct companies such as Sun Microsystems, Silicon Graphics, Apollo Computer, DEC, HP and IBM which opened the door for the 3D graphics animation revolution of the late 1990s." ; :prefLabel "Workstation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E (disambiguation)", "Exist", "Exist (logic)", "Existential operator", "Existential proposition", "Existential quantifier", "Existentially quantified", "For some", "Mathematical existence", "Something (logic)", "There exist", "There exists", "There is a unique", "∃E", "∃I", "∄" ; :definition "In predicate logic, an existential quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some". Some sources use the term existentialization to refer to existential quantification. It is usually denoted by the turned E (∃) logical operator symbol, which, when used together with a predicate variable, is called an existential quantifier ("∃x" or "∃(x)"). Existential quantification is distinct from universal quantification ("for all"), which asserts that the property or relation holds for all members of the domain." ; :prefLabel "Existential quantification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bipartite matching", "Bipartite maximum matching", "Complete matching", "Matched edge", "Matched edges", "Matched vertex", "Matching", "Matching (graph)", "Matching number", "Maximal matching", "Maximum bipartite matching", "Maximum cardinality matching", "Maximum matching", "Maximum matching problem", "Maximum weight matching", "Maxmimal matching", "Minimum maximal matching", "Perfect matching" ; :definition "In the mathematical discipline of graph theory, a matching or independent edge set in a graph is a set of edges without common vertices. It may also be an entire graph consisting of edges without common vertices. Bipartite matching is a special case of a network flow problem." ; :prefLabel "Matching (graph theory)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aspect oriented software development", "Aspect-Orientation", "Aspect-oriented", "Aspect-oriented software", "Soarian" ; :definition "In computing, aspect-oriented software development (AOSD) is a software development technology that seeks new modularizations of software systems in order to isolate secondary or supporting functions from the main program's business logic. AOSD allows multiple concerns to be expressed separately and automatically unified into working systems. Aspect-oriented software development focuses on the identification, specification and representation of cross-cutting concerns and their modularization into separate functional units as well as their automated composition into a working system." ; :prefLabel "Aspect-oriented software development" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Image segment", "Segment", "Segmentation", "Segmentation (image processing)" ; :definition "In computer vision, image segmentation is the process of partitioning a digital image into multiple segments (sets of pixels, also known as super-pixels). The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to analyze. Image segmentation is typically used to locate objects and boundaries (lines, curves, etc.) in images. More precisely, image segmentation is the process of assigning a label to every pixel in an image such that pixels with the same label share certain characteristics." ; :prefLabel "Image segmentation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comparison of XML databases", "NXD", "Native XML database", "XML databases", "XML native database", "XMLDB", "Xml management system", "Xmlms" ; :definition "An XML database is a data persistence software system that allows data to be specified, and sometimes stored, in XML format. These data can be queried, transformed, exported and returned to a calling system. XML databases are a flavor of document-oriented databases which are in turn a category of NoSQL database." ; :prefLabel "XML database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "PropBank is a corpus that is annotated with verbal propositions and their arguments—a "proposition bank". Although "PropBank" refers to a specific corpus produced by Martha Palmer et al., the term propbank is also coming to be used as a common noun referring to any corpus that has been annotated with propositions and their arguments. The PropBank project has been extremely influential in recent research in natural language processing. It led to wide popularity for the semantic role labelling task." ; :prefLabel "PropBank" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hybrid dynamical system", "Hybrid systems" ; :definition "A hybrid system is a dynamic system that exhibits both continuous and discrete dynamic behavior – a system that can both flow (described by a differential equation) and jump (described by a state machine or automaton). Often, the term "hybrid dynamical system" is used, to distinguish over hybrid systems such as those that combine neural nets and fuzzy logic, or electrical and mechanical drivelines. A hybrid system has the benefit of encompassing a larger class of systems within its structure, allowing for more flexibility in modeling dynamic phenomena." ; :prefLabel "Hybrid system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bluesmoke (Linux)", "ECAD (disambiguation)", "EDAC", "EDAC (Linux)", "EDC", "Error Control Coding", "Error Correction", "Error checking", "Error checking and correcting", "Error coding", "Error control", "Error correction and detection", "Error detecting code", "Error detection", "Error detection & correction", "Error detection code", "Error detection coding", "Error detector", "Error recovery", "Error-correcting", "Error-correction", "Error-detecting code", "Error-detecting system", "Redundancy", "Redundancy check" ; :definition "In information theory and coding theory with applications in computer science and telecommunication, error detection and correction or error control are techniques that enable reliable delivery of digital data over unreliable communication channels. Many communication channels are subject to channel noise, and thus errors may be introduced during transmission from the source to a receiver. Error detection techniques allow detecting such errors, while error correction enables reconstruction of the original data in many cases." ; :prefLabel "Error detection and correction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Closure", "Gestalt", "Gestalt effect", "Gestalt perception", "Gestalt phenomena", "Gestalt principals", "Gestalt psychologists", "Gestalt theory", "Gestaltism", "Gestaltpsychologie", "Law of Closure", "Law of Common Fate", "Law of Proximity", "Law of Similarity", "Law of Symmetry", "Law of pragnanz", "Law of precision", "Praegnanz", "Pragnanz", "Prägnanz", "The law of Prägnanz" ; :definition "Gestalt psychology or gestaltism (German: Gestalt [ɡəˈʃtalt] "shape, form") is a theory of mind of the Berlin School of experimental psychology. Gestalt psychology tries to understand the laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perceptions in an apparently chaotic world. The central principle of gestalt psychology is that the mind forms a global whole with self-organizing tendencies. In psychology, gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism. Gestalt theory allows for the deconstruction of the whole situation into its elements, what it really is." ; :prefLabel "Gestalt psychology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ambiguous context-free grammar", "Ambiguous grammars", "Inherently ambiguous language", "Unambiguous context-free grammar", "Unambiguous grammar" ; :definition "In computer science, an ambiguous grammar is a context-free grammar for which there exists a string that can have more than one leftmost derivation, while an unambiguous grammar is a context-free grammar for which every valid string has a unique leftmost derivation. Many languages admit both ambiguous and unambiguous grammars, while some languages admit only ambiguous grammars. Any non-empty language admits an ambiguous grammar by taking an unambiguous grammar and introducing a duplicate rule or synonym (the only language without ambiguous grammars is the empty language). A language that only admits ambiguous grammars is called an , and there are inherently ambiguous context-free languages. Deterministic context-free grammars are always unambiguous, and are an important subclass of unambig" ; :prefLabel "Ambiguous grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "segmentation" ; :definition "The regionalization process that divides an organism or part of an organism into a series of semi-repetitive parts, or segments, often arranged along a longitudinal axis. [PMID:10611687, PMID:9706689]" ; :prefLabel "biologic segmentation" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "API (web)", "SAPI", "Server application programming interface", "Web API (content-facing)", "Web-API", "WebAPI" ; :definition "A web API is an application programming interface (API) for either a web server or a web browser. It is a web development concept, usually limited to a web application's client-side (including any web frameworks being used), and thus usually does not include web server or browser implementation details such as SAPIs or web browser engine APIs unless publicly accessible by a remote web application." ; :prefLabel "Web API" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JSR 114", "JSR 221", "JSR 54", "Java Data Base Connectivity" ; :definition "Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application programming interface (API) for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database. It is part of the Java Standard Edition platform, from Oracle Corporation. It provides methods to query and update data in a database, and is oriented towards relational databases. A JDBC-to-ODBC bridge enables connections to any ODBC-accessible data source in the Java virtual machine (JVM) host environment." ; :prefLabel "JDBC" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Check", "Checked", "Checking" ; :definition "The act of inspecting or verifying.(WordNet)" ; :prefLabel "Checking (action)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deep Web (search)", "Deep Web/Archive 1", "Deep net", "Deep web (search indexing)", "Deep web search", "Deep-web", "Deepnet", "Deepweb", "Hidden Web", "Invisible Web", "The Hidden Web", "The deep web" ; :definition "The deep web, invisible web, or hidden web are parts of the World Wide Web whose contents are not indexed by standard search engines for any reason. The opposite term to the deep web is the surface web. The deep web includes many very common uses such as web mail, online banking but also paid for services with a paywall such as video on demand, and many more. Computer scientist Mike Bergman is credited with coining the term deep web in 2000 as a search indexing term." ; :prefLabel "Deep web" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Conversational agent", "Conversational agents", "Dialog engineering", "Dialog processing", "Dialog systems", "Dialogue engineering", "Dialogue management", "Dialogue manager", "Dialogue processing", "Dialogue system", "Dialogue systems", "Multimodal conversational companion", "Social companion system" ; :definition "A dialog system or conversational agent (CA) is a computer system intended to converse with a human, with a coherent structure. Dialog systems have employed text, speech, graphics, haptics, gestures and other modes for communication on both the input and output channel. What does and does not constitute a dialog system may be debatable. The typical GUI wizard does engage in some sort of dialog, but it includes very few of the common dialog system components, and dialog state is trivial." ; :prefLabel "Dialog system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "*/", "/*", "Code comments", "Comment", "Comment (computer language)", "Comment (computing)", "Comment (programming)", "Comment line", "Comment out", "Commented out", "Commenting code", "Commenting out", "Fixme", "Line comment", "No-render sign", "REM (BASIC)", "Rem", "Rem it out", "Rem'd out", "Remmed out", "Source code comment", "Source code comments" ; :definition "In computer programming, a comment is a programmer-readable explanation or annotation in the source code of a computer program. They are added with the purpose of making the source code easier for humans to understand, and are generally ignored by compilers and interpreters. The syntax of comments in various programming languages varies considerably. Comments are sometimes processed in various ways to generate documentation external to the source code itself by documentation generators, or used for integration with source code management systems and other kinds of external programming tools." ; :prefLabel "Comment (computer programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bioinformatics Databases", "List of bioinformatics databases", "Protein sequence databases" ; :definition "Biological databases are stores of biological information." ; :prefLabel "List of biological databases" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S. Nirenburg", "Sergei Nirenburg" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 131 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Sergei Nirenburg" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "E. Mannens" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 120 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Erik Mannens" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "S Staab", "S. Staab", "Staab Steffen", "Steen Staab", "Steffen Staab" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 1421 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Steffen Staab" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "A Scharl", "A. Scharl", "Arno Scharl" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 138 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Arno Scharl" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "B K Popov", "B. Popov" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 114 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Borislav Popov" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BRE", "Business rule engine", "Rule engine", "Rules engine" ; :definition "A business rules engine is a software system that executes one or more business rules in a runtime production environment. The rules might come from legal regulation ("An employee can be fired for any reason or no reason but not for an illegal reason"), company policy ("All customers that spend more than $100 at one time will receive a 10% discount"), or other sources. A business rule system enables these company policies and other operational decisions to be defined, tested, executed and maintained separately from application code." ; :prefLabel "Business rules engine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Boolean literal", "Literal", "Negative literal", "Positive literal", "Pure Literal" ; :definition "In mathematical logic, a literal is an atomic formula (atom) or its negation. The definition mostly appears in proof theory (of classical logic), e.g. in conjunctive normal form and the method of resolution. Literals can be divided into two types: * A positive literal is just an atom. * A negative literal is the negation of an atom. For a literal , the complementary literal is a literal corresponding to the negation of , we can write to denote the complementary literal of . More precisely, if then is and if then is ." ; :prefLabel "Literal (mathematical logic)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Assertion", "Assertion (computing)", "Assertion (programming)", "Assertion Code", "Assertion failure" ; :definition "In computer programming, an assertion is a statement that a predicate (Boolean-valued function, a true–false expression) is expected to always be true at that point in the code. If an assertion evaluates to false at run time, an assertion failure results, which typically causes the program to crash, or to throw an assertion exception." ; :prefLabel "Assertion (software development)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dom", "Domain Object Model" ; :definition "In software engineering, a domain model is a conceptual model of the domain that incorporates both behavior and data." ; :prefLabel "Domain model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Back-end CASE", "CASE Tool", "CASE technology", "CASE tools", "Case", "Computer Aided Software Engineering", "Computer aided software development", "Computer-aided software engineering (CASE)", "FourGen CASE Tools", "Front-end CASE" ; :definition "Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) is the domain of software tools used to design and implement applications. CASE tools are similar to and were partly inspired by computer-aided design (CAD) tools used to design hardware products. CASE tools are used to develop software that is high-quality, defect-free, and maintainable. CASE software is often associated with methods for the development of information systems together with automated tools that can be used in the software development process." ; :prefLabel "Computer-aided software engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LSTM", "Long short term memory" ; :definition "Long short-term memory (LSTM) is a recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture (an artificial neural network) proposed in 1997 by Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber. Like most RNNs, an LSTM network is universal in the sense that given enough network units it can compute anything a conventional computer can compute, provided it has the proper weight matrix, which may be viewed as its program. Unlike traditional RNNs, an LSTM network is well-suited to learn from experience to classify, process and predict time series when there are very long time lags of unknown size between important events. This is one of the main reasons why LSTM outperforms alternative RNNs and Hidden Markov Models and other sequence learning methods in numerous applications. For example, LSTM achieved the best known" ; :prefLabel "Long short-term memory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3-D print", "3-D printer", "3-D printers", "3-D printing", "3D printed", "3D printed clothing", "3D printer client", "3D printers", "3D printing of architectural structures", "3D-printed", "3D-printer", "3DP", "3d print", "3d printer", "AM", "Additive Manufacturing", "Additive fabrication", "Bioink", "Bioprinter", "Corn starch printer", "DDM", "Desktop fabricator", "Desktop manufacturing", "Direct digital manufacturing", "Direct manufacturing", "Fabber", "Free Form Fabrication", "Free form machine", "Freeform", "Freeform machine", "Inkjet 3d printing", "Instant manufacturing", "RM", "Rapid manufacturing", "SFF", "Solid freeform fabrication", "Three dimensional printer", "Three dimensional printers", "Three dimensional printing", "Three-dimensional printing" ; :definition "3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), refers to processes used to synthesize a three-dimensional object in which successive layers of material are formed under computer control to create an object. Objects can be of almost any shape or geometry and are produced from digital model data 3D model or another electronic data source such as an Additive Manufacturing File (AMF) file." ; :prefLabel "3D printing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Label", "Labeled", "Reporter", "Tag", "Tagged", "tracers" ; :definition "A substance that is identifiable by virtue of its radioactive signature, color, or other distinguishing physical property, such as a dye, radioactive isotope, or inert chemical, that is introduced into a biological or mechanical system and can be followed through the course of a process, providing information on the pattern of events in the process or on the redistribution of the parts, elements, or events involved." ; :prefLabel "Tracer" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "5 nines", "9Nines", "Always on", "Always-on", "Class of 9s", "Ha", "High availability computing", "High-availability", "Myth of the nines", "Nine nines", "Nines (engineering)", "Nines accuracy", "Seven 9s", "The Myth of the Nines", "Zero unscheduled downtime" ; :definition "High availability is a characteristic of a system, which aims to ensure an agreed level of operational performance, usually uptime, for a higher than normal period. Modernization has resulted in an increased reliance on these systems. For example, hospitals and data centers require high availability of their systems to perform routine daily activities. Availability refers to the ability of the user community to obtain a service or good, access the system, whether to submit new work, update or alter existing work, or collect the results of previous work. If a user cannot access the system, it is - from the users point of view - unavailable. Generally, the term downtime is used to refer to periods when a system is unavailable." ; :prefLabel "High availability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Design patterns", "Pattern (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A design pattern is the re-usable form of a solution to a design problem. The idea was introduced by the architect Christopher Alexander and has been adapted for various other disciplines, most notably computer science. An organized collection of design patterns that relate to a particular field is called a pattern language. This language gives a common terminology for discussing the situations designers are faced with. For instance, in Christopher Alexander's work, bus stops and waiting rooms in a surgery center are both within the context for the pattern "A PLACE TO WAIT"." ; :prefLabel "Design pattern" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Academic librarian", "Blended librarianship", "Cybrarian", "Librarianism", "Librarians", "Shining Acolytes of the Sacred Flame of Literacy in a Dark and Encroaching Universe" ; :definition "A librarian is a person who works professionally in a library, providing access to information and sometimes social or technical programming. In addition, librarians provide instruction on information literacy. They are usually required to hold a graduate degree from a library school such as a Master's degree in Library Science or Library and Information Studies." ; :prefLabel "Librarian" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Imperative", "Imperative (programming)", "Imperative language", "Imperative languages", "Imperative paradigm", "Imperative program", "Imperative programming language" ; :definition "The term is often used in contrast to declarative programming, which focuses on what the program should accomplish without specifying how the program should achieve the result." ; :prefLabel "Imperative programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Browser add-on", "Browser addon", "Browser plugin", "Cross-browser extensions", "Extension", "IEPlugin", "Web browser extension" ; :definition "A browser extension is a plug-in that extends the functionality of a web browser in some way. Some extensions are authored using web technologies such as HTML, JavaScript, and CSS. Browser extensions can change the user interface of the web browser without directly affecting viewable content of a web page; for example, by adding a "toolbar."" ; :prefLabel "Browser extension" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Audio Distortion", "Distort", "Distort (disambiguation)", "Distorter", "Distorters", "Distorting", "Distortion (disambiguation)", "Distortional", "Distortions", "Distortive", "Distorts", "Harmonic distortion", "Undistort" ; :definition "Distortion is the alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of something, such as an object, image, sound or waveform. Distortion is usually unwanted, and so engineers strive to eliminate distortion, or minimize it. In some situations, however, distortion may be desirable. The important signal processing operation of heterodyning is based on nonlinear mixing of signals to cause intermodulation. Distortion is also used as a musical effect, particularly with electric guitars." ; :prefLabel "Distortion" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Geo-social network", "Geo-social networking", "Geosocial network" ; :definition "The evolution of geosocial can be traced back to the implication of social application programming interfaces by internet-based corporations in the early 2000s. eBay uses one of the oldest, announcing its social API at the end of 2000 and allowing free access to over 21,000 developers in late 2005. Amazon's primary API was released in 2002, which allowed developers to pull consumer information like product reviews into third-party applications. Google, Inc. began testing an API in April 2002 and currently owns dozens that are used by thousands of applications.The Facebook Developer's API is considered the first to be specific to a social network and was launched in 2006. Facebook later created an open stream API, allowing outside developers access to user's status updates. By June, 2010, T" ; :prefLabel "Geosocial networking" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Electromechanical Transducer", "Tranducer", "Transducers", "Transduction (audio)", "Transduction (music)", "Transduction principle" ; :definition "A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. Usually a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another. Transducers are often employed at the boundaries of automation, measurement, and control systems, where electrical signals are converted to and from other physical quantities (energy, force, torque, light, motion, position, etc.). The process of converting one form of energy to another is known as transduction." ; :prefLabel "Transducer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anytime" ; :definition "In computer science, an anytime algorithm is an algorithm that can return a valid solution to a problem even if it's interrupted at any time before it ends. The algorithm is expected to find better and better solutions the more time it keeps running." ; :prefLabel "Anytime algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enterprise business analysis" ; :definition "Business analysis is a research discipline of identifying business needs and determining solutions to business problems. Solutions often include a software-systems development component, but may also consist of process improvement, organizational change or strategic planning and policy development. The person who carries out this task is called a business analyst or BA. Business analysts do not work solely on developing software systems. Those who attempt to do so run the risk of developing an incomplete solution." ; :prefLabel "Business analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MLN (disambiguation)", "Markov logic", "Markov logic networks" ; :definition "A Markov logic network (MLN) is a probabilistic logic which applies the ideas of a Markov network to first-order logic, enabling uncertain inference. Markov logic networks generalize first-order logic, in the sense that, in a certain limit, all unsatisfiable statements have a probability of zero, and all tautologies have probability one." ; :prefLabel "Markov logic network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "List of Datalog interpreters", "Magic Sets algorithm" ; :definition "Datalog is a declarative logic programming language that syntactically is a subset of Prolog. It is often used as a query language for deductive databases. In recent years, Datalog has found new application in data integration, information extraction, networking, program analysis, security, and cloud computing. Its origins date back to the beginning of logic programming, but it became prominent as a separate area around 1977 when Hervé Gallaire and Jack Minker organized a workshop on logic and databases. David Maier is credited with coining the term Datalog." ; :prefLabel "Datalog" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Image search", "Retrieval" ; :definition "–An image retrieval system is a computer system for browsing, searching and retrieving images from a large database of digital images. Most traditional and common methods of image retrieval utilize some method of adding metadata such as captioning', keywords, or descriptions to the images so that retrieval can be performed over the annotation words. Manual image annotation is time-consuming, laborious and expensive; to address this, there has been a large amount of research done on automatic image annotation. Additionally, the increase in social web applications and the semantic web have inspired the development of several web-based image annotation tools." ; :prefLabel "Image retrieval" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Social impacts of IT" ; :definition "Social Computing is an area of computer science that is concerned with the intersection of social behavior and computational systems. It is based on creating or recreating social conventions and social contexts through the use of software and technology. Thus, blogs, email, instant messaging, social network services, wikis, social bookmarking and other instances of what is often called social software illustrate ideas from social computing, but also other kinds of software applications where people interact socially." ; :prefLabel "Social computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dolby FM", "FL broadcasting", "FM", "FM Radio", "FM broadcast", "FM broadcast radio", "FM station", "FM stereo", "FM-radio", "Fm reception", "Frequency Modulation Radio", "Quadraphonic FM", "Stereo FM" ; :definition "FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation (FM) technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies. The term "FM band" describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting." ; :prefLabel "FM broadcasting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IMDS", "In Memory Database", "In memory Platform", "In memory database system", "In-Memory", "In-memory Platform", "In-memory database system", "Main Memory Database", "Main memory database system", "RAM Database" ; :definition "An in-memory database (IMDB; also main memory database system or MMDB or memory resident database) is a database management system that primarily relies on main memory for computer data storage. It is contrasted with database management systems that employ a disk storage mechanism. Main memory databases are faster than disk-optimized databases because the disk access is slower than memory access, the internal optimization algorithms are simpler and execute fewer CPU instructions. Accessing data in memory eliminates seek time when querying the data, which provides faster and more predictable performance than disk." ; :prefLabel "In-memory database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Assistant", "Digital assistant", "P.D.A.", "PDA", "PDA (Computer)", "PDA (disambiguation)", "PDA Case", "PDA's", "PDAs", "Personal Digital Assistants", "Personal data assistant", "Personal information managers", "Portable digital assistant" ; :definition "A personal digital assistant (PDA), also known as a handheld PC, or personal data assistant, is a mobile device that functions as a personal information manager. The term evolved from Personal Desktop Assistant, a software term for an application that prompts or prods the user of a computer with suggestions or provides quick reference to contacts and other lists. PDAs were largely discontinued in the early 2010s after the widespread adoption of highly capable smartphones, in particular those based on iOS and Android." ; :prefLabel "Personal digital assistant" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Phase-structure rule", "Reduction", "Reduction system", "Reduction systems", "Rewrite rule", "Rewrite rules", "Rewrite system", "Rewriting logic", "Rewriting system", "Substitution system", "Term rewrite system", "Term rewriting", "Term rewriting system", "Term-rewriting", "Termination", "Termination (rewriting)", "Termination (term rewriting)", "Trace rewriting system", "Transformational rule" ; :definition "In mathematics, computer science, and logic, rewriting covers a wide range of (potentially non-deterministic) methods of replacing subterms of a formula with other terms. What is considered are rewriting systems (also known as rewrite systems, rewrite engines or reduction systems). In their most basic form, they consist of a set of objects, plus relations on how to transform those objects." ; :prefLabel "Rewriting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Distribution", "Distributional hypothesis" ; :definition "Distributional semantics is a research area that develops and studies theories and methods for quantifying and categorizing semantic similarities between linguistic items based on their distributional properties in large samples of language data. The basic idea of distributional semantics can be summed up in the so-called Distributional hypothesis: linguistic items with similar distributions have similar meanings." ; :prefLabel "Distributional semantics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Chat-80", "Language user interface", "Natural alanguage user interface", "Natural language interface", "Natural language query", "Natural language search", "Natural language search engine", "Natural language user interfaces" ; :definition "Natural language user interfaces (LUI or NLUI) are a type of computer human interface where linguistic phenomena such as verbs, phrases and clauses act as UI controls for creating, selecting and modifying data in software applications. Text interfaces are "natural" to varying degrees. Many formal (un-natural) programming languages incorporate idioms of natural human language. Likewise, a traditional keyword search engine could be described as a "shallow" natural language user interface." ; :prefLabel "Natural language user interface" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Semantic computation" ; :definition "Computational semantics is the study of how to automate the process of constructing and reasoning with meaning representations of natural language expressions. It consequently plays an important role in natural language processing and computational linguistics." ; :prefLabel "Computational semantics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bioinformatics databank", "Bioinformatics databanks", "Biological Databases", "Biological significance of databases" ; :definition "Biological databases are libraries of life sciences information, collected from scientific experiments, published literature, high-throughput experiment technology, and computational analysis. They contain information from research areas including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, microarray gene expression, and phylogenetics. Information contained in biological databases includes gene function, structure, localization (both cellular and chromosomal), clinical effects of mutations as well as similarities of biological sequences and structures." ; :prefLabel "Biological database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SBVR", "Semantics of business vocabulary and rules" ; :definition "The Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules (SBVR) is an adopted standard of the Object Management Group (OMG) intended to be the basis for formal and detailed natural language declarative description of a complex entity, such as a business. SBVR is intended to formalize complex compliance rules, such as operational rules for an enterprise, security policy, standard compliance, or regulatory compliance rules. Such formal vocabularies and rules can be interpreted and used by computer systems. SBVR is an integral part of the OMG's model-driven architecture (MDA)." ; :prefLabel "Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "General purpose markup language", "General-purpose", "List of general purpose markup languages", "List of general-purpose markup languages" ; :definition "A general-purpose markup language is a markup language that is used for more than one purpose or situation. Other, more specialized domain-specific markup languages are often based upon these languages. For example, HTML 4.1 and earlier are domain-specific markup languages (for webpages), and are based on the syntax of SGML, which is a general-purpose markup language." ; :prefLabel "General-purpose markup language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Is A", "Isa (computer science)", "Subsumption relation" ; :definition "In knowledge representation, object-oriented programming and design (see object oriented program architecture), is-a (is_a or is a) is a subsumption relationship between abstractions (e.g. types, classes), where one class A is a subclass of another class B (and so B is a superclass of A).In other words, type A is a subtype of type B when A’s specification implies B’s specification. That is, any object (or class) that satisfies A’s specification also satisfies B’s specification, because B’s specification is weaker. To summarize the relations, we have" ; :prefLabel "Is-a" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Event logging", "Tracing" ; :definition "In software engineering, tracing involves a specialized use of logging to record information about a program's execution. This information is typically used by programmers for debugging purposes, and additionally, depending on the type and detail of information contained in a trace log, by experienced system administrators or technical-support personnel and by software monitoring tools to diagnose common problems with software. Tracing is a cross-cutting concern. This article deals primarily with tracing for debugging or diagnostic purposes." ; :prefLabel "Tracing (software)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Flock", "Flock (Web browser)", "Flock (browser)", "Flock (engine browser)", "Flock (software)", "Flock Gloss Edition", "Flock browser", "Flock web", "Flock.com", "Inc.", "Sulfur Grackle" ; :definition "Flock is a discontinued web browser that specialized in providing social networking and Web 2.0 facilities built into its user interface.Earlier versions of Flock used the Gecko HTML rendering engine by Mozilla.Version 2.6.2, released on January 27, 2011, was the last version based on Mozilla Firefox.Starting with version 3, Flock was based on Chromium and so used the WebKit rendering engine.Flock was available as a free download, and supported Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and, at one time, Linux as well. Support for Flock was discontinued in April 2011." ; :prefLabel "Flock" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "G-news", "Gnews", "Google News Badges", "Google News archive", "GoogleNews", "News.google.com" ; :definition "Google News is a free news aggregator provided and operated by Google, selecting news from thousands of news websites. A beta version was launched in September 2002, and released officially in January 2006. The initial idea was developed by Krishna Bharat." ; :prefLabel "Google News" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bubble map", "Concept (disambiguation)", "Concept Maps", "Concept diagram", "Concept fan", "Concept mapping", "Concept skeleton", "Concept-mapping", "Concepts map", "Conceptual diagram" ; :definition "A concept map or conceptual diagram is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between concepts. It is a graphical tool that instructional designers, engineers, technical writers, and others use to organize and structure knowledge. A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or circles, which it connects with labeled arrows in a downward-branching hierarchical structure. The relationship between concepts can be articulated in linking phrases such as causes, requires, or contributes to." ; :prefLabel "Concept map" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SS (disambiguation)", "Server side", "Serverside" ; :definition "Server-side refers to operations that are performed by the server in a client–server relationship in a computer network. Typically, a server is a computer program, such as a web server, that runs on a remote server, reachable from a user's local computer or workstation. Operations may be performed server-side because they require access to informationor functionality that is not available on the client, or require typical behavior that is unreliable when it is done client-side. Examples of server-side processing include the creation & adaptation of a database using MySQL." ; :prefLabel "Server-side" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Index" ; :definition "Web indexing (or Internet indexing) refers to various methods for indexing the contents of a website or of the Internet as a whole. Individual websites or intranets may use a back-of-the-book index, while search engines usually use keywords and metadata to provide a more useful vocabulary for Internet or onsite searching. With the increase in the number of periodicals that have articles online, web indexing is also becoming important for periodical websites." ; :prefLabel "Web indexing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaboosting" ; :definition "AdaBoost, short for "Adaptive Boosting", is a machine learning meta-algorithm formulated by Yoav Freund and Robert Schapire who won the Gödel Prize in 2003 for their work. It can be used in conjunction with many other types of learning algorithms to improve their performance. The output of the other learning algorithms ('weak learners') is combined into a weighted sum that represents the final output of the boosted classifier. AdaBoost is adaptive in the sense that subsequent weak learners are tweaked in favor of those instances misclassified by previous classifiers. AdaBoost is sensitive to noisy data and outliers. In some problems it can be less susceptible to the overfitting problem than other learning algorithms. The individual learners can be weak, but as long as the performance of ea" ; :prefLabel "AdaBoost" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "The annual International Web Rule Symposium (RuleML) is an international academic conferences on research, applications, languages and standards for rule technologies. It is a conference in the field of rule-based programming and rule-based systems including production rules systems, logic programming rule engines, and business rules engines/business rules management systems; Semantic Web rule languages and rule standards (e.g., RuleML, LegalRuleML, Reaction RuleML, SWRL, RIF, Common Logic, PRR, Decision Model and Notation (DMN), SBVR); rule-based event processing languages (EPLs) and technologies; and research on inference rules, constraint handling rules, transformation rules, decision rules, production rules, and ECA rules. RuleML is the leading conference to build bridges between acade" ; :prefLabel "RuleML" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RF (disambiguation)", "Random forests", "Random multinomial logit", "Random naive bayes" ; :definition "Random forests or random decision forests are an ensemble learning method for classification, regression and other tasks, that operate by constructing a multitude of decision trees at training time and outputting the class that is the mode of the classes (classification) or mean prediction (regression) of the individual trees. Random decision forests correct for decision trees' habit of overfitting to their training set." ; :prefLabel "Random forest" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MOPSO", "PSO", "Particle swarm", "Particle swarm optimisation" ; :definition "In computer science, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a computational method that optimizes a problem by iteratively trying to improve a candidate solution with regard to a given measure of quality. It solves a problem by having a population of candidate solutions, here dubbed particles, and moving these particles around in the search-space according to simple mathematical formulae over the particle's position and velocity. Each particle's movement is influenced by its local best known position, but is also guided toward the best known positions in the search-space, which are updated as better positions are found by other particles. This is expected to move the swarm toward the best solutions." ; :prefLabel "Particle swarm optimization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business application", "Non-freeware" ; :definition "Business software or business application is any software or set of computer programs that are used by business users to perform various business functions. These business applications are used to increase productivity, to measure productivity and to perform business functions accurately. The term covers a large variation of users within the business environment, and can be categorized by using a small, medium and large matrix: Technologies that previously only existed in peer-to-peer software applications, like Kazaa and Napster, are starting to feature within business applications." ; :prefLabel "Business software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Distributed thinking", "HBC", "Human computation" ; :definition "Human-based computation (HBC), human-assisted computation, ubiquitous human computing or distributed thinking (by analogy to distributed computing) is a computer science technique in which a machine performs its function by outsourcing certain steps to humans, usually as microwork. This approach uses differences in abilities and alternative costs between humans and computer agents to achieve symbiotic human-computer interaction." ; :prefLabel "Human-based computation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Consumption set", "Disutility", "Money-in-the-utility-function models", "Useful", "Usefull", "Usefulness", "Util", "Utility (disambiguation)", "Utility (economics)", "Utility Function", "Utility and Value", "Utility and value in economic thought", "Utility of consumption", "Utility theory", "Utils" ; :definition "In economics, utility is a measure of preferences over some set of goods and services. The concept is an important underpinning of rational choice theory in economics and game theory, because it represents satisfaction experienced by the consumer of a good. A good is something that satisfies human wants. Since one cannot directly measure benefit, satisfaction or happiness from a good or service, economists instead have devised ways of representing and measuring utility in terms of economic choices that can be measured. Economists have attempted to perfect highly abstract methods of comparing utilities by observing and calculating economic choices. In the simplest sense, economists consider utility to be revealed in people's willingness to pay different amounts for different goods." ; :prefLabel "Utility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Commercial", "Payware" ; :definition "Commercial software, or seldom payware, is computer software that is produced for sale or that serves commercial purposes. Commercial software can be proprietary software or free and open source software." ; :prefLabel "Commercial software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "E-issn", "EISSN", "Electronic ISSN", "I.s.s.n.", "ISDS register", "ISO 3297", "ISO 3297:1975", "ISO 3297:1986", "ISO 3297:1998", "ISO 3297:1998-11", "ISO 3297:2007", "ISO 3297:2007-09", "ISSN International Centre", "ISSN Register", "ISSN code", "ISSN structure", "ISSN syntax", "ISSN-L", "International Serials Data System", "International Serials Data System Register", "Issn", "Linking ISSN", "P-ISSN", "Print ISSN" ; :definition "An International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title. ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) international standard in 1971 and published as ISO 3297 in 1975. ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for maintaining the standard." ; :prefLabel "International Standard Serial Number" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SMT", "Statistical translation", "Statistically based translation", "Statistically-based translation" ; :definition "Statistical machine translation (SMT) is a machine translation paradigm where translations are generated on the basis of statistical models whose parameters are derived from the analysis of bilingual text corpora. The statistical approach contrasts with the rule-based approaches to machine translation as well as with example-based machine translation." ; :prefLabel "Statistical machine translation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Argument mapping", "Argument maps", "Argument-mapping", "Debate graph", "LKIF" ; :definition "In informal logic and philosophy, an argument map or argument diagram is a visual representation of the structure of an argument. An argument map typically includes the key components of the argument, traditionally called the conclusion and the premises, also called contention and reasons. Argument maps can also show co-premises, objections, counterarguments, rebuttals, and lemmas. There are different styles of argument map but they are often functionally equivalent and represent an argument's individual claims and the relationships between them." ; :prefLabel "Argument map" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "reasoning" ; :prefLabel "Reasoning - publishing subsection" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concurrent access" ; :definition "In information technology and computer science, especially in the fields of computer programming, operating systems, multiprocessors, and databases, concurrency control ensures that correct results for concurrent operations are generated, while getting those results as quickly as possible. For example, a failure in concurrency control can result in data corruption from torn read or write operations." ; :prefLabel "Concurrency control" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "On-line learning", "Online (disambiguation)", "Online learning model" ; :definition "In computer science, online machine learning is a method of machine learning in which data becomes available in a sequential order and is used to update our best predictor for future data at each step, as opposed to batch learning techniques which generate the best predictor by learning on the entire training data set at once. Online learning is a common technique used in areas of machine learning where it is computationally infeasible to train over the entire dataset, requiring the need of out-of-core algorithms. It is also used in situations where it is necessary for the algorithm to dynamically adapt to new patterns in the data, or when the data itself is generated as a function of time, e.g. stock price prediction." ; :prefLabel "Online machine learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cyber shop", "Cyber store", "Cybermall", "Cybershop", "Cyberstore", "E-Store", "E-merchandising", "E-retailer", "E-shop", "E-shopping", "E-tailer", "E-tailers", "ETail", "Electronic retailing", "Global Online Shopping", "IDS", "Internet Distribution System", "Internet retail", "Internet retailer", "Internet retailers", "Internet shop", "Internet shopping", "Internet shops", "Internet store", "Internet stores", "Internetshop", "On-line shopping", "Online Goods Store", "Online Retail", "Online bookshop", "Online bookstore", "Online retailer", "Online retailers", "Online retailing", "Online selling", "Online shop", "Online shops", "Online store", "Online stores", "Onlineshop", "Onlinestore", "Shop", "Shopping online", "Shopping site", "Virtual shop", "Virtual shopping", "Virtual shopping mall", "Virtual shops", "Virtual store", "Web Shop", "Web store", "Web-based retail", "Web-based retailer", "Webshop", "Webshops", "Webstore", "Webstores" ; :definition "Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce which allows consumers to directly buy goods or services from a seller over the Internet using a web browser. Consumers find a product of interest by visiting the website of the retailer directly or by searching among alternative vendors using a shopping search engine, which displays the same product's availability and pricing at different e-retailers. As of 2016, customers can shop online using a range of different computers and devices, including desktop computers, laptops, tablet computers and smartphones." ; :prefLabel "Online shopping" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "WD", "Wiki data", "Wiki-Data", "Wikidata.org" ; :definition "Wikidata is a collaboratively edited knowledge base operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is intended to provide a common source of data which can be used by Wikimedia projects such as Wikipedia, and by anyone else, under a public domain licence. This is similar to the way Wikimedia Commons provides storage for media files and access to those files for all Wikimedia projects, and which are also freely available for reuse. Wikidata is powered by the software Wikibase." ; :prefLabel "Wikidata" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Eval()", "Evaluation (computer science)", "Evaluation of a function", "Evaluation operator" ; :definition "In some programming languages, eval is a function which evaluates a string as though it were an expression and returns a result; in others, it executes multiple lines of code as though they had been included instead of the line including the eval. The input to eval is not necessarily a string; it may be structured representation of code, such as an abstract syntax tree (like Lisp forms), or of special type such as code (as in Python). The analog for a statement is exec, which executes a string (or code in other format) as if it were a statement; in some languages, such as Python, both are present, while in other languages only one of either eval or exec is." ; :prefLabel "Eval" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Handling", "Handlings (Psychology)" ; :definition "Physical manipulation of animals and humans to induce a behavioral or other psychological reaction. In experimental psychology, the animal is handled to induce a stress situation or to study the effects of "gentling" or "mothering"." ; :prefLabel "Handling (Psychology)" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LNAI", "LNBI", "LNCS", "Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence", "Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics", "Lecture Notes on Computer Science", "Springer LNCS" ; :definition "Springer Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) is a series of computer science books published by Springer Science+Business Media (formerly Springer-Verlag) since 1973. LNCS reports research results in computer science, especially in the form of proceedings, post-proceedings and scientific research monographs. In addition, tutorials, state-of-the-art surveys and "hot topics" are increasingly being included.Two sub-series of LNCS are: * Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (LNAI) * Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics (LNBI)" ; :prefLabel "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Uima", "Unstructured Information Management Architecture" ; :definition "UIMA (Pronounced as ″u e ma″) stands for Unstructured Information Management Architecture. An OASIS standard as of March 2009, UIMA is to date the only industry standard for content analytics. Other general frameworks used for natural language processing include the General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) and the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK). Another use of UIMA is in systems that are used in medical contexts to analyze clinical notes, such as the Clinical Text Analysis and Knowledge Extraction System (Apache cTAKES)." ; :prefLabel "Apache UIMA" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Software systems" ; :definition "A software system is a system of intercommunicating components based on software forming part of a computer system (a combination of hardware and software). It "consists of a number of separate programs, configuration files, which are used to set up these programs, system documentation, which describes the structure of the system, and user documentation, which explains how to use the system". While a computer program is a set of instructions (source, or object code) a software system has many more components such as specification, test results, end-user documentation, maintenance records, etc." ; :prefLabel "Software system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Process Model", "Process modelling" ; :definition "The term process model is used in various contexts. For example, in business process modeling the enterprise process model is often referred to as the business process model." ; :prefLabel "Process modeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Internet think tank", "Internet think tanks", "Massive online collaboration", "Massively distributed collaboration" ; :definition "Mass collaboration is a form of collective action that occurs when large numbers of people work independently on a single project, often modular in its nature. Such projects typically take place on the internet using social software and computer-supported collaboration tools such as wiki technologies, which provide a potentially infinite hypertextual substrate within which the collaboration may be situated." ; :prefLabel "Mass collaboration" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Average (performance)", "Average case", "Average case analysis", "Average performance", "Average-case", "Average-case cost", "BCET (computing)", "Best", "Best and worst cases", "Best case", "Best case analysis", "Best case complexity", "Best case execution time", "Best-case analysis", "Best-case complexity", "Best-case cost", "Best-case execution time", "Best-case performance", "Case", "Worst case", "Worst case analysis", "Worst-case", "Worst-case (performance)", "Worst-case analysis", "Worst-case cost", "Worst-case performance", "and average case", "worst", "worst & average case" ; :definition "In computer science, best, worst, and average cases of a given algorithm express what the resource usage is at least, at most and on average, respectively. Usually the resource being considered is running time, i.e. time complexity, but it could also be memory or other resources. In real-time computing, the worst-case execution time is often of particular concern since it is important to know how much time might be needed in the worst case to guarantee that the algorithm will always finish on time." ; :prefLabel "Best, worst and average case" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Auxons", "Machine reproduction", "Partial construction", "Robot replication", "Self replicating machine", "Self replicating machines", "Self replicating robot", "Self replicating robots", "Self-building machine", "Self-replicating machines", "Self-replicating robots", "Von Neumann devices", "Von Neumanns" ; :definition "A self-replicating machine is a type of autonomous robot that is capable of reproducing itself autonomously using raw materials found in the environment, thus exhibiting self-replication in a way analogous to that found in nature. The concept of self-replicating machines has been advanced and examined by Homer Jacobsen, Edward F. Moore, Freeman Dyson, John von Neumann and in more recent times by K. Eric Drexler in his book on nanotechnology, Engines of Creation and by Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle in their review Kinematic Self-Replicating Machines which provided the first comprehensive analysis of the entire replicator design space. The future development of such technology is an integral part of several plans involving the mining of moons and asteroid belts for ore and other materials," ; :prefLabel "Self-replicating machine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Common sense reasoning", "Human-like reasoning" ; :definition "Commonsense reasoning is one of the branches ofArtificial intelligence (AI) that is concerned with simulating the humanability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations theyencounter every day. These assumptions include judgments about the physicalproperties, purpose, intentions and behavior of people and objects, as well aspossible outcomes of their actions and interactions. A device that exhibitscommonsense reasoning will be capable of predicting results and drawingconclusions that are similar to humans' folk psychology (humans' innate abilityto reason about people’s behavior and intentions) and naive physics (humans' naturalunderstanding of the physical world)." ; :prefLabel "Commonsense reasoning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attenuated Bloom filters", "Bloom", "Bloom filters", "Bloom map", "Bloomfilter", "Bloomier filter", "Burton H. Bloom", "Layered Bloom filters", "Scalable Bloom filters", "Stable Bloom filters" ; :definition "A Bloom filter is a space-efficient probabilistic data structure, conceived by Burton Howard Bloom in 1970, that is used to test whether an element is a member of a set. False positive matches are possible, but false negatives are not, thus a Bloom filter has a 100% recall rate. In other words, a query returns either "possibly in set" or "definitely not in set". Elements can be added to the set, but not removed (though this can be addressed with a "counting" filter). The more elements that are added to the set, the larger the probability of false positives." ; :prefLabel "Bloom filter" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Normalized exponential", "Softmax", "Softmax activation function" ; :definition "In mathematics, in particular probability theory and related fields, the softmax function, or normalized exponential, is a generalization of the logistic function that "squashes" a K-dimensional vector of arbitrary real values to a K-dimensional vector of real values in the range (0, 1) that add up to 1. The function is given by for j = 1, …, K. This can be seen as the composition of K linear functions and the softmax function (where denotes the inner product of and )." ; :prefLabel "Softmax function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "System modeling", "Systems modelling" ; :definition "Systems modeling or system modeling is the interdisciplinary study of the use of models to conceptualize and construct systems in business and IT development. A common type of systems bull is function modeling, with specific techniques such as the Functional Flow Block Diagram and IDEF0. These models can be extended using functional decomposition, and can be linked to requirements models for further systems partition." ; :prefLabel "Systems modeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "R. Van De Walle", "R. Walle", "Rik Walle" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 338 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Rik Van de Walle" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M Fernández", "M. Fernandez", "M. Fernández", "M. Josep Plazas Fernández", "Miriam Fern'andez", "Miriam Fernandez", "Miriam. Fernandez" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 283 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Miriam Fernández" . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "Raphäel Troncy" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 237 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Raphaël Troncy" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "98 (disambiguation)", "98SE", "Development of Windows 98", "MS Windows 98", "MSW 98", "MSW 98 SE", "MSW98", "Microsoft 98", "Microsoft Windows 4.1", "Microsoft Windows 4.10", "Microsoft Windows 97", "Microsoft Windows 98SE", "W98", "Win 98", "Win98", "Win98SE", "Window 98", "Windows 1997", "Windows 1998", "Windows 4.1", "Windows 4.10", "Windows 97", "Windows 98 2nd Edition", "Windows 98 Beta", "Windows 98 Beta 3", "Windows 98 FE", "Windows 98 First Edition", "Windows 98 SE", "Windows 98 Second Edition", "Windows 98 editions", "Windows 98FE", "Windows 98SE", "Windows 99", "Windows Memphis", "Windows Second Edition", "Windows97", "Windows98", "Windwos 98" ; :definition "Windows 98 (codenamed Memphis while in development) is a graphical operating system by Microsoft. It is the second major release in the Windows 9x line of operating systems and the successor to Windows 95. It was released to manufacturing on May 15, 1998 and to retail on June 25, 1998. The famous startup sound for Windows 98 was composed by Microsoft sound engineer Ken Kato, who considered it to be a "tough act to follow."" ; :prefLabel "Microsoft Windows 98" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Complex Polynomial", "Linear polynomial", "Multivariate polynomial", "Order and degree of polynomial", "Poly", "Polynomial Functions", "Polynomial curve", "Polynomial expression", "Polynomial function", "Polynomial map", "Polynomial notation", "Polynomials", "Quadnomial", "Quadranomial", "Real polynomial", "Simple root", "Simple root (polynomial)", "Standard form of a polynomial", "Univariate polynomial", "Zero polynomial" ; :definition "In mathematics, a polynomial is an expression consisting of variables and coefficients which only employs the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and non-negative integer exponents. An example of a polynomial of a single variable x is x2 − 4x + 7. An example in three variables is x3 + 2xyz2 − yz + 1." ; :prefLabel "Polynomial" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alpha (software)", "Alpha build", "Alpha development", "Alpha release", "Alpha software", "Alpha stage", "Alpha status", "Alpha test", "Alpha version", "Alpha-test", "Beta (disambiguation)", "Beta (software development)", "Beta (software)", "Beta Test", "Beta Version", "Beta build", "Beta development stage", "Beta edition", "Beta launch", "Beta release", "Beta site", "Beta software", "Beta stage", "Beta tester", "Beta-tested", "Betaware", "Box copy", "CB", "CTP", "Closed beta", "Closed beta test", "Closed-beta", "Community Technology Preview", "Dev build", "Development stage", "GA", "Gamma testing", "Gamma version", "General availability", "General availability release", "Goes gold", "Going gold", "Gold (disambiguation)", "Gold (software)", "Gold release", "Gold software", "Golden Master", "Gone gold", "Latest stable software release", "Life cycle", "Mainstream support", "Open Beta", "Open and closed beta", "Pre-Alpha version", "Pre-alpha", "Pre-alpha release", "Pre-alpha software", "Preview", "Preview for Developers", "Public beta", "RC", "RC 1", "RC-1", "RC1", "RC3", "RTM", "RTW", "Release", "Release Candidate", "Release candidates", "Release cycle", "Release date", "Release plan", "Release to Manufacturing", "Release to manufacture", "Release to web", "Released to manufacturing", "Released-to-manufacturing", "SRU", "Software beta", "Software life cycle", "Software life-cycle", "Software product life cycle", "Software release", "Software release cycle", "Software release lifecycle", "Stable release", "Stable release update", "Technical Preview", "Technology preview", "Testprog" ; :definition "A software release life cycle is the sum of the stages of development and maturity for a piece of computer software: ranging from its initial development to its eventual release, and including updated versions of the released version to help improve software or fix bugs still present in the software." ; :prefLabel "Software release life cycle" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Canonical potential", "MRF", "Markov field", "Markov graph", "Markov net", "Markov network", "Markov networks", "Markov random fields" ; :definition "In the domain of physics and probability, a Markov random field (often abbreviated as MRF), Markov network or undirected graphical model is a set of random variables having a Markov property described by an undirected graph. In other words, a random field is said to be Markov random field if it satisfies Markov properties." ; :prefLabel "Markov random field" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alignment", "Comparative glossary", "Ontology matching" ; :definition "Ontology alignment, or ontology matching, is the process of determining correspondences between concepts. A set of correspondences is also called an alignment. The phrase takes on a slightly different meaning, in computer science, cognitive science or philosophy." ; :prefLabel "Ontology alignment" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Acquia Drupal", "Civic Space", "Civicspace", "DeanSpace", "Droople", "Drupal Con", "Drupal theming", "Drupal.org", "DrupalCon", "Drupla", "Druple", "Druscal", "Durpal", "Hack4Dean", "Open Atrium" ; :definition "Drupal /ˈdruːpəl/, a free and open-source content-management framework written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License, provides a back-end framework for at least 2.2% of all Web sites worldwide – ranging from personal blogs to corporate, political, and government sites. Systems also use Drupal for knowledge management and for business collaboration. Although Drupal offers a sophisticated API for developers, basic Web-site installation and administration of the framework require no programming skills." ; :prefLabel "Drupal" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ATP", "Automated deduction", "Automated prover", "Automated theorem prover", "Automated theorem provers", "Automatic proof system", "Automatic theorem prover", "Automatic theorem proving", "Automating theorem proving", "Comparison of automated theorem provers", "First-order", "First-order theorem provers", "Formalized theorem proving", "List of automated theorem provers", "Proof assistent", "Theorem prover", "Theorem proving", "Theorem-prover", "Theorem-proving system", "Theorem-proving systems" ; :definition "Automated theorem proving (also known as ATP or automated deduction) is a subfield of automated reasoning and mathematical logic dealing with proving mathematical theorems by computer programs. Automated reasoning over mathematical proof was a major impetus for the development of computer science." ; :prefLabel "Automated theorem proving" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1-in-3-SAT", "3-SAT", "3-satisfiability", "3SAT", "3cnf", "3cnf-sat", "3cnfsat", "Boolean", "Boolean SAT", "Boolean SAT solver", "Boolean Satisfiability", "CNF-SAT", "CNFSAT", "Counted Boolean Satisfiability Problem", "K-SAT", "K-cnf-sat", "List of SAT solvers", "One-in-three 3SAT", "Propositional satisfiability", "SAT (disambiguation)", "SAT Solver", "SAT solving", "SAT-solver", "Satisfiability Problem", "Satisfiability of boolean expressions", "Unambiguous SAT", "Unique-SAT", "XOR-SAT", "XOR-satisfiability" ; :definition "In computer science, the Boolean Satisfiability Problem (sometimes called Propositional Satisfiability Problem and abbreviated as SATISFIABILITY or SAT) is the problem of determining if there exists an interpretation that satisfies a given Boolean formula. In other words, it asks whether the variables of a given Boolean formula can be consistently replaced by the values TRUE or FALSE in such a way that the formula evaluates to TRUE. If this is the case, the formula is called satisfiable. On the other hand, if no such assignment exists, the function expressed by the formula is FALSE for all possible variable assignments and the formula is unsatisfiable. For example, the formula "a AND NOT b" is satisfiable because one can find the values a = TRUE and b = FALSE, which make (a AND NOT b) = TR" ; :prefLabel "Boolean satisfiability problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Category learning", "Concept Formation", "Concept-formation" ; :definition "Concept learning, also known as category learning, concept attainment, and concept formation, is largely based on the works of the cognitive psychologist Jerome Bruner. Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin (1967) defined concept attainment (or concept learning) as "the search for and listing of attributes that can be used to distinguish exemplars from non exemplars of various categories." More simply put, concepts are the mental categories that help us classify objects, events, or ideas, building on the understanding that each object, event, or idea has a set of common relevant features. Thus, concept learning is a strategy which requires a learner to compare and contrast groups or categories that contain concept-relevant features with groups or categories that do not contain concept-relevant feature" ; :prefLabel "Concept learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Artifact", "Artifact (software engineering)", "Software artifact" ; :definition "An artifact is one of many kinds of tangible by-products produced during the development of software. Some artifacts (e.g., use cases, class diagrams, and other Unified Modeling Language (UML) models, requirements and design documents) help describe the function, architecture, and design of software. Other artifacts are concerned with the process of development itself—such as project plans, business cases, and risk assessments. Much of what are considered artifacts is software documentation. To collect, organize and manage artifacts, a Software development folder may be utilized." ; :prefLabel "Artifact (software development)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2D Key", "Artistic qr code", "Attaging", "Barcode link", "Custom qr code", "Designer qr code", "HCC2D (High Capacity 2-dimensional) codes", "High Capacity Colored 2-Dimensional (HCC2D) Code", "I-nigma", "ISO/IEC 18004", "MicroQR", "QR", "QR codes", "QR image", "QR-code", "QRcode", "Quick response code", "SQR (disambiguation)", "SQR codes" ; :definition "QR code (abbreviated from Quick Response Code) is the trademark for a type of matrix barcode (or two-dimensional barcode) first designed for the automotive industry in Japan. A barcode is a machine-readable optical label that contains information about the item to which it is attached. A QR code uses four standardized encoding modes (numeric, alphanumeric, byte/binary, and kanji) to efficiently store data; extensions may also be used." ; :prefLabel "QR code" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Findable" ; :definition "Findability is a term for the ease with which information contained on a website can be found, both from outside the website (using search engines and the like) and by users already on the website. Although findability has relevance outside the World Wide Web, the term is usually used in that context. Most relevant websites do not come up in the top results because designers and engineers do not cater to the way ranking algorithms work currently. Its importance can be determined from the first law of e-commerce, which states "If the user can’t find the product, the user can’t buy the product." As of December 2014, out of 10.3 billion monthly Google searches by Internet users in the United States, an estimated 78% are made to research products and services online." ; :prefLabel "Findability" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Centralized computing is computing done at a central location, using terminals that are attached to a central computer. The computer itself may control all the peripherals directly (if they are physically connected to the central computer), or they may be attached via a terminal server. Alternatively, if the terminals have the capability, they may be able to connect to the central computer over the network. The terminals may be text terminals or thin clients, for example." ; :prefLabel "Centralized computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anti-porn software", "Censorware", "Content blocking system", "Content control software", "Content filter", "Content filtering", "Content filtering software", "Content-blocking software", "Content-censoring software", "Content-filtering software", "Control software", "CyberSitter", "Filter", "Filtering software", "Internet Filtering", "Internet filter", "Internet filtering software", "Internet nanny", "Nanny (disambiguation)", "Nanny software", "Nannyware", "Parental Filter", "Secure web gateway", "Secure web gateways", "Web blocker", "Web content filtering", "Web filter", "Web filtering", "Web filtering software", "Web-filtering program", "Webfilter", "Webmarshall" ; :definition "Content-control software is software designed to restrict or control the content a reader is authorised to access, especially when utilised to restrict material delivered over the Internet via the Web, e-mail, or other means. Content-control software determines what content will be available or perhaps more often what content will be blocked. In some countries, such software is ubiquitous. In Cuba, if a computer user at a government-controlled Internet cafe types certain words, the word processor or browser is automatically closed, and a "state security" warning is given." ; :prefLabel "Content-control software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DAMLplusOIL" ; :definition "DAML+OIL is a successor language to DAML and OIL that combines features of both. In turn, it was superseded by Web Ontology Language (OWL). DAML stands for DARPA Agent Markup Language. OIL stands for Ontology Inference Layer or Ontology Interchange Language. The DAML program ended in early 2006." ; :prefLabel "DAML+OIL" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Clustered index", "Dense index", "IDX (file format)", "Index", "Index (database)", "Index file", "Key (computing)", "Non-clustered Index", "Nonclustered index", "Sparse index", "Table index" ; :definition "A database index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes and storage space to maintain the index data structure. Indexes are used to quickly locate data without having to search every row in a database table every time a database table is accessed. Indices can be created using one or more columns of a database table, providing the basis for both rapid random lookups and efficient access of ordered records." ; :prefLabel "Database index" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer Science Engineer", "Consulting software engineer", "Consulting software engineers", "Debates within software engineering", "Junior Software Engineer", "SSE", "Senior software engineer", "Software engineering naming controversy" ; :definition "A software engineer is a person who applies the principles of software engineering to the design, development, maintenance, testing, and evaluation of the software and systems that make computers or anything containing software work." ; :prefLabel "Software engineer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cairo (Graphics library)", "Cairo (Graphics)", "Cairo (disambiguation)", "Cairo (library)", "Cairo (software)", "Cairo graphics", "Cairo graphics library", "Libcairo", "Xr/Xc" ; :definition "Cairo (stylized as cairo) is a programming library that provides a vector graphics-based, device-independent API for software developers. It provides primitives for 2-dimensional drawing across a number of different back ends. Cairo uses hardware acceleration when available. There is a formal proposal to standardize C++ 2D graphic API based on a mechanical transformation of Cairo." ; :prefLabel "cairo" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Software Requirements is a field within software engineering that deals with establishing the needs of stakeholders that are to be solved by software. The IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology defines a requirement as: 1. * A condition or capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an objective. 2. * A condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a system or system component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed document. 3. * A documented representation of a condition or capability as in 1 or 2." ; :prefLabel "Software requirements" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Colo(u)r", "Color (disambiguation)", "Color list", "Color science", "Colorful", "Colorful (disambiguation)", "Colors", "Colour", "Colour or Color", "Colour science", "Colourful", "Colours", "Colur", "Colоur", "Shades of Color" ; :definition "Color (American English) or colour (Commonwealth English) is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, blue, yellow, etc. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light power versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors. Color categories and physical specifications of color are also associated with objects or materials based on their physical properties such as light absorption, reflection, or emission spectra. By defining a color space colors can be identified numerically by their coordinates." ; :prefLabel "Color" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AI complete", "AI-completeness", "AI-hard", "Computational complexity of artificial intelligence", "Unsolved problems in artificial intelligence" ; :definition "In the field of artificial intelligence, the most difficult problems are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard, implying that the difficulty of these computational problems is equivalent to that of solving the central artificial intelligence problem—making computers as intelligent as people, or strong AI. To call a problem AI-complete reflects an attitude that it would not be solved by a simple specific algorithm. AI-complete problems are hypothesised to include computer vision, natural language understanding, and dealing with unexpected circumstances while solving any real world problem." ; :prefLabel "AI-complete" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Access to government information", "Access to government-held information", "Access to information", "Accessibility of government-held information", "FOI request", "FOIA request", "Foil", "Free access to information", "Freedom of Infomation Act", "Freedom of Information Act (disambiguation)", "Freedom of Information Law", "Freedom of Information legislation", "Freedom of Information request", "Freedom of information (national laws)", "Freedom of information act", "Freedom of information in South Korea", "Freedom of information laws", "Open Meetings Act", "Open meeting law", "Open meeting laws", "Open records law", "Public access to information", "Right to information", "Sunshine (disambiguation)", "Sunshine Law", "Sunshine laws" ; :definition "Freedom of Information laws (FOI laws) allow access by the general public to data held by national governments. The emergence of freedom of information legislation was a response to increasing dissatisfaction with the secrecy surrounding government policy development and decision making. They establish a "right-to-know" legal process by which requests may be made for government-held information, to be received freely or at minimal cost, barring standard exceptions. Also variously referred to as open records, or sunshine laws (in the United States), governments are typically bound by a duty to publish and promote openness. In many countries there are constitutional guarantees for the right of access to information, but these are usually unused if specific support legislation does not exist." ; :prefLabel "Freedom of information laws by country" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "solution", "solution (liquid)" ; :definition "The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)" ; :prefLabel "Solutions" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "I/O stream", "Input stream", "Input/output stream", "Stream (disambiguation)" ; :definition "In computer science, a stream is a sequence of data elements made available over time. A stream can be thought of as items on a conveyor belt being processed one at a time rather than in large batches." ; :prefLabel "Stream (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Algorithms" ; :definition "A defined procedure for solving a problem. Applied to a problem-solving procedure implemented in software to be executed by a computer." ; :prefLabel "algorithm" ; :related , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Aggregate throughput", "Asymptotic bandwidth", "Asymptotic throughput", "Bandwidth utilization efficiency", "Channel efficiency", "Channel utilization", "Kpps", "Maximum throughput", "Network throughput", "P/s", "PPS", "Packet per second", "Packets per second", "Thoroughput", "Thruput" ; :definition "In general terms, throughput is the maximum rate of production or the maximum rate at which something can be processed. When used in the context of communication networks, such as Ethernet or packet radio, throughput or network throughput is the rate of successful message delivery over a communication channel. The data these messages belong to may be delivered over a physical or logical link, or it can pass through a certain network node. Throughput is usually measured in bits per second (bit/s or bps), and sometimes in data packets per second (p/s or pps) or data packets per time slot." ; :prefLabel "Throughput" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Almost equal to", "Appr.", "Approx.", "Approximate", "Approximate equality", "Approximate symbol", "Approximated", "Approximately equal", "Approximately equal to", "Approximately equals", "Approximately symbol", "Approximatery", "Approximates", "Approximating", "Approximation symbol", "Approximations", "∽", "≈", "≉", "≊", "≏", "≐", "≒", "≓" ; :definition "An approximation is anything that is similar but not exactly equal to something else." ; :prefLabel "Approximation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enviromental interdependence", "Interdepend", "Interdependance", "Interdependences", "Interdependencies", "Interdependency", "Interdependent" ; :definition "Interdependence is the mutual reliance between two or more groups. This concept differs from the reliance in a dependent relationship, where some members are dependent and some are not. There can be various degrees of interdependence." ; :prefLabel "Interdependence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Agglomerative hierarchical clustering", "Divisive clustering", "HCA", "Hierarchical Cluster Analysis", "Hierarchical agglomerative clustering", "Hierarchical k-means clustering", "Hierarchy of clusters", "SLINK" ; :definition "In data mining and statistics, hierarchical clustering (also called hierarchical cluster analysis or HCA) is a method of cluster analysis which seeks to build a hierarchy of clusters. Strategies for hierarchical clustering generally fall into two types: * Agglomerative: This is a "bottom up" approach: each observation starts in its own cluster, and pairs of clusters are merged as one moves up the hierarchy. * Divisive: This is a "top down" approach: all observations start in one cluster, and splits are performed recursively as one moves down the hierarchy." ; :prefLabel "Hierarchical clustering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".atom", "ATOM", "Atom (disambiguation)", "Atom (feed)", "Atom (file format)", "Atom (format)", "Atom Publishing Protocol", "Atom Syndication Format", "Atom XML", "Atom blog API", "Atom enabled", "Atom feed", "Atom rss", "Atom/Echo", "Atomfeed", "Atompub", "Comparison of RSS and Atom" ; :definition "The name Atom applies to a pair of related Web standards. The Atom Syndication Format is an XML language used for web feeds, while the Atom Publishing Protocol (AtomPub or APP) is a simple HTTP-based protocol for creating and updating web resources. A feed contains entries, which may be headlines, full-text articles, excerpts, summaries, and/or links to content on a website, along with various metadata." ; :prefLabel "Atom (standard)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computational overhead", "Overhead" ; :definition "In computer science, overhead is any combination of excess or indirect computation time, memory, bandwidth, or other resources that are required to attain a particular goal. It is a special case of engineering overhead." ; :prefLabel "Overhead (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Visualization" ; :prefLabel "Imagery" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GUI design", "Graphic interface design", "Interface design", "Interface design (disambiguation)", "Interface designer", "UI design", "UID", "UIE", "User Interaction Engineering", "User Interface Engineering", "User Interface Software Engineering", "Website navigation" ; :definition "User interface design (UI) or user interface engineering is the design of user interfaces for machines and software, such as computers, home appliances, mobile devices, and other electronic devices, with the focus on maximizing usability and the user experience. The goal of user interface design is to make the user's interaction as simple and efficient as possible, in terms of accomplishing user goals (user-centered design)." ; :prefLabel "User interface design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MSE", "Mean square", "Mean square error", "Mean squared deviation", "Mean-squared error", "Squared error loss" ; :definition "In statistics, the mean squared error (MSE) or mean squared deviation (MSD) of an estimator (of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures the average of the squares of the errors or deviations—that is, the difference between the estimator and what is estimated. MSE is a risk function, corresponding to the expected value of the squared error loss or quadratic loss. The difference occurs because of randomness or because the estimator doesn't account for information that could produce a more accurate estimate." ; :prefLabel "Mean squared error" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LS", "LSE", "LSQF", "Least squares approximation", "Least squares fit", "Least squares fitting", "Least squares method", "Least squares problem", "Least-Squares Fitting", "Least-squares", "Least-squares analysis", "Least-squares approximation", "Least-squares estimation", "Least-squares fit", "Least-squares method", "Least-squares problem", "Method of least squares", "Principle of least squares", "Sum of Squared Error", "WLS", "Weighted least squares" ; :definition "The method of least squares is a standard approach in regression analysis to the approximate solution of overdetermined systems, i.e., sets of equations in which there are more equations than unknowns. "Least squares" means that the overall solution minimizes the sum of the squares of the errors made in the results of every single equation. Polynomial least squares describes the variance in a prediction of the dependent variable as a function of the independent variable and the deviations from the fitted curve." ; :prefLabel "Least squares" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Book classification", "Call number", "Classification", "Library call number", "Library system", "Pictorial Classification" ; :definition "A library classification is a system by which library materials are arranged according to subject. Library classifications use a notational system that represents the order of topics in the classification and allows items to be stored in that order. Library classification systems group related materials together, typically arranged in a hierarchical tree structure. A different kind of classification system, called a faceted classification system, is also widely used which allows the assignment of multiple classifications to an object, enabling the classifications to be ordered in multiple ways. The library classification numbers can be considered identifiers for resources but are distinct from the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) or International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) syst" ; :prefLabel "Library classification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Semantic analysis" ; :definition "Semantic analysis, also context sensitive analysis, is a process in compiler construction, usually after parsing, to gather necessary semantic information from the source code. It usually includes type checking, or makes sure a variable is declared before use which is impossible to describe in Extended Backus–Naur Form and thus not easily detected during parsing." ; :prefLabel "Semantic analysis (compilers)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "COL", "Column (disambiguation)" ; :definition "In the context of a relational database, a column is a set of data values of a particular simple type, one for each row of the table. The columns provide the structure according to which the rows are composed. When a column allows data values of a single type, it does not essentially mean it only has simple text values. Other databases go beyond and let the data be stored as a file on Operating System whereas the column data only covers a pointer or a link to the actual file. Also, databases mostly let columns to have more complex data for example whole documents, images or even video clips." ; :prefLabel "Column (database)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Multi-document summarization is an automatic procedure aimed at extraction of information from multiple texts written about the same topic. The resulting summary report allows individual users, such as professional information consumers, to quickly familiarize themselves with information contained in a large cluster of documents. In such a way, multi-document summarization systems are complementing the news aggregators performing the next step down the road of coping with information overload." ; :prefLabel "Multi-document summarization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anaphor", "Anaphor resolution", "Anaphora", "Anaphora resolution", "Anaphoric pronoun", "Zero anaphora" ; :definition "In linguistics, anaphora (/əˈnæfərə/) is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon another expression in context (its antecedent or postcedent). In a narrower sense, anaphora is the use of an expression that depends specifically upon an antecedent expression and thus is contrasted with cataphora, which is the use of an expression that depends upon a postcedent expression. The anaphoric (referring) term is called an anaphor. For example, in the sentence Sally arrived, but nobody saw her, the pronoun her is an anaphor, referring back to the antecedent Sally. In the sentence Before her arrival, nobody saw Sally, the pronoun her refers forward to the postcedent Sally, so her is now a cataphor (and an anaphor in the broader, but not the narrower, sense). Usually, an anaphoric e" ; :prefLabel "Anaphora (linguistics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CPU allocation", "Current running thread", "Execution abstraction", "Execution thread", "Kernel thread", "Multi-threaded", "Multithreaded programming", "Multithreading", "Multithreading (software)", "Program thread", "Single thread", "Single threaded", "Single threader", "Single threaders", "Single threading", "Single threads", "Single-thread", "Single-threaded", "Single-threader", "Single-threaders", "Single-threading", "Single-threads", "Singlethread", "Singlethreaded", "Singlethreader", "Singlethreaders", "Singlethreading", "Singlethreads", "Thread", "Thread (computer programming)", "Thread (computer science)", "Thread (software engineering)", "Thread join", "Thread management", "Thread of execution", "Thread(OS)", "Thread(computer science)", "Thread(computing)", "Threads (computer science)" ; :definition "In computer science, a thread of execution is the smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by a scheduler, which is typically a part of the operating system. The implementation of threads and processes differs between operating systems, but in most cases a thread is a component of a process. Multiple threads can exist within one process, executing concurrently and sharing resources such as memory, while different processes do not share these resources. In particular, the threads of a process share its executable code and the values of its variables at any given time." ; :prefLabel "Thread (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Communication (disambiguation)", "IPC", "Inter process communication", "Inter-application communication", "Inter-application connection", "Inter-thread communication", "Interapplication communication", "Interprocess communication", "Messaging system" ; :definition "In computer science, inter-process communication or interprocess communication (IPC) refers specifically to the mechanisms an operating system provides to allow processes it manages to share data. Typically, applications can use IPC categorized as clients and servers, where the client requests data and the server responds to client requests. Many applications are both clients and servers, as commonly seen in distributed computing. Methods for achieving IPC are divided into categories which vary based on software requirements, such as performance and modularity requirements, and system circumstances, such as network bandwidth and latency." ; :prefLabel "Inter-process communication" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Checked exception", "Checked exceptions", "EH", "Error handler", "Error handling", "Error handling testing", "Error reporting", "Error trapping", "Exception", "Exception (computer science)", "Exception (computing)", "Exception (programming)", "Exception condition", "Exception handler", "Exception mechanism", "Exception specification", "Exception(computing)", "Exceptions handling", "Hardware exception", "Java.lang.Exception", "Java.lang.Throwable", "Pokemon exception handling", "Pokémon exception handling", "Programming exception", "Run time exception", "Structured exception handling", "Try block", "Try catch", "Try-catch block", "Unchecked exception", "Unhandled Exceptions", "Unhandled exception", "Wrong Argument" ; :definition "Exception handling is the process of responding to the occurrence, during computation, of exceptions – anomalous or exceptional conditions requiring special processing – often changing the normal flow of program execution. It is provided by specialized programming language constructs or computer hardware mechanisms." ; :prefLabel "Exception handling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Linkbase", "XLL" ; :definition "XML Linking Language, or XLink, is an XML markup language and W3C specification that provides methods for creating internal and external links within XML documents, and associating metadata with those links." ; :prefLabel "XLink" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Editor (disambiguation)", "W-Y-S-I-W-Y-G", "W-Y-S-I-W-Y-G!", "WISYWIG", "WSYIWYG", "WYGIWYS", "WYSIAWYG", "WYSIAYG", "WYSIMOLWYG", "WYSIWIG", "WYSIWYG (disambiguation)", "WYSIWYG MOL", "WYSIWYG editor", "WYSIWYL", "WYSIWYW", "WYSWIG", "WYSWYG", "What You See Is What You Get", "What You See Is What You Want", "What-you-see-is-what-you-get", "Wiziwyg", "Wizzy wig", "YAFIYGI" ; :definition "WYSIWYG (/ˈwɪziwɪɡ/ WIZ-ee-wig) is an acronym for "what you see is what you get". In computing, a WYSIWYG editor is a system in which content (text and graphics) can be edited in a form closely resembling its appearance when printed or displayed as a finished product, such as a printed document, web page, or slide presentation." ; :prefLabel "WYSIWYG" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Damning report", "Enterprise reporting", "Report (disambiguation)", "Report file", "Report format", "Report writer", "Report writing", "Reports", "Scientific report" ; :definition "A report or account is any informational work (usually of writing, speech, television, or film) made with the specific intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable form." ; :prefLabel "Report" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LR", "LR grammar", "LR parsers", "LR parsing", "LR(0)", "LR(0) parser", "LR(1) grammar", "LR(k)", "LR(k) grammar", "Shift-reduce conflict" ; :definition "In computer science, LR parsers are a type of bottom-up parsers that efficiently handle deterministic context-free languages in guaranteed linear time. The LALR parsers and the SLR parsers are common variants of LR parsers. LR parsers are often mechanically generated from a formal grammar for the language by a parser generator tool. They are very widely used for the processing of computer languages, more than other kinds of generated parsers." ; :prefLabel "LR parser" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital Content", "Digital Sound Recording", "Digital audio recording", "Recorded digitally", "Voice activated recorders" ; :definition "In digital recording, audio signals picked up by a microphone or other transducer or video signals picked up by a camera or similar device are converted into a stream of discrete numbers, representing the changes over time in air pressure for audio, and chroma and luminance values for video, then recorded to a storage device. To play back a digital sound recording, the numbers are retrieved and converted back into their original analog waveforms so that they can be heard through a loudspeaker. To play back a digital video recording, the numbers are retrieved and converted back into their original analog waveforms so that they can be viewed on a video monitor, television or other display." ; :prefLabel "Digital recording" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computational universality", "Computationally universal", "Equivalence", "List of turing complete video games", "Minimum capability", "Non-Turing-complete programming language", "Turing (disambiguation)", "Turing complete", "Turing complete language", "Turing equivalence (theory of computation)", "Turing-complete", "Turing-complete device", "Turing-complete language", "Turing-complete programming language", "Turing-completeness", "Turing-powerful", "Universal" ; :definition "In computability theory, a system of data-manipulation rules (such as a computer's instruction set, a programming language, or a cellular automaton) is said to be Turing complete or computationally universal if it can be used to simulate any single-taped Turing machine. The concept is named after English mathematician Alan Turing. A classic example is lambda calculus." ; :prefLabel "Turing completeness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "D Vallet", "D. Vallet" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 124 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "David Vallet" . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "D. Maynard" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 622 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Diana Maynard" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "TEMPLATE", "templates" ; :definition "A template for clinical use is a device that consists of a pattern or guide intended for medical purposes, such as selecting or positioning orthopedic implants or guiding the marking of tissue before cutting." ; :prefLabel "Clinical Use Template" ; :related . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "/dev/rtc", "Clocksource", "RTC", "Real time clock", "Real-time", "Realtime clock" ; :definition "A real-time clock (RTC) is a computer clock (most often in the form of an integrated circuit) that keeps track of the current time. Although the term often refers to the devices in personal computers, servers and embedded systems, RTCs are present in almost any electronic device which needs to keep accurate time." ; :prefLabel "Real-time clock" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abduction (logic)", "Abductive", "Abductive inference", "Abductive logic", "Abductive reason", "Abductive thinking", "Abductive validation", "Adductive reasoning", "Apagoge", "Argument to the best explanation", "Best explanation", "Explanatory conclusion", "Hypothesis formation", "IBE", "Inference to best explanation", "Inference to the best explanation", "Inference to the best explantion", "Logical abduction", "Retroduction", "Retroductive reasoning" ; :definition "Abductive reasoning (also called abduction, abductive inference or retroduction) is a form of logical inference which goes from an observation to a theory which accounts for the observation, ideally seeking to find the simplest and most likely explanation. In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do not guarantee the conclusion. One can understand abductive reasoning as "inference to the best explanation"." ; :prefLabel "Abductive reasoning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Regression", "Regression test", "Regression tests", "Treegression", "Xrt programming" ; :definition "Regression testing is a type of software testing that verifies that software previously developed and tested still performs correctly even after it was changed or interfaced with other software. Changes may include software enhancements, patches, configuration changes, etc. During regression testing, new software bugs or regressions may be uncovered. Sometimes a software change impact analysis is performed to determine what areas could be affected by the proposed changes. These areas may include functional and non-functional areas of the system." ; :prefLabel "Regression testing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "10x CD-ROM", "12x CD-ROM", "16x CD-ROM", "1x CD-ROM", "24x CD-ROM", "2x CD-ROM", "32x CD-ROM", "36x CD-ROM", "40x CD-ROM", "48x CD-ROM", "4x CD-ROM", "50x CD-ROM", "52x CD-ROM", "6x CD-ROM", "74 Minutes", "8x CD-ROM", "CD (disambiguation)", "CD Drive", "CD ROM", "CD-ROM Mode 1", "CD-ROM Mode 2", "CD-ROM XA", "CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 1", "CD-ROM XA Mode 2 Form 2", "CD-ROM drive", "CD-ROM drives", "CD-ROM player", "CD-ROM reader", "CD-ROM tray", "CD-Roms", "CD/ROM", "CDROM", "CDROM/XA", "CDROMs", "CD–ROM", "Cd roms", "Compact Disk-Read Only Memory", "Compact disc read-only memory", "Double speed CD-ROM", "ISO/IEC 10149", "PC CD-ROM", "Quad speed CD-ROM", "X ratings", "XA", "Yellow Book (CD-ROM standards)" ; :definition "A CD-ROM /ˌsiːˌdiːˈrɒm/ is a pre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory". Computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable." ; :prefLabel "CD-ROM" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Keyword extraction is tasked with the automatic identification of terms that best describe the subject of a document. Key phrases, key terms, key segments or just keywords are the terminology which is used for defining the terms that represent the most relevant information contained in the document. Although the terminology is different, function is the same: characterization of the topic discussed in a document. Keyword extraction task is important problem in Text Mining, Information Retrieval and Natural Language Processing." ; :prefLabel "Keyword extraction" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Form", "Form (web)", "HTML forms", "Html form", "Postdata", "Web form", "Web forms", "Webform" ; :definition "A webform, web form or HTML form on a web page allows a user to enter data that is sent to a server for processing. Forms can resemble paper or database forms because web users fill out the forms using checkboxes, radio buttons, or text fields. For example, forms can be used to enter shipping or credit card data to order a product, or can be used to retrieve search results from a search engine." ; :prefLabel "Form (HTML)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Production", "Production system" ; :definition "A production system (or production rule system) is a computer program typically used to provide some form of artificial intelligence, which consists primarily of a set of rules about behavior. These rules, termed productions, are a basic representation found useful in automated planning, expert systems and action selection. A production system provides the mechanism necessary to execute productions in order to achieve some goal for the system." ; :prefLabel "Production system (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CG", "CG tools", "Conceptual", "Conceptual graphs", "Graph" ; :definition "Conceptual graphs (CGs) are a formalism for knowledge representation. In the first published paper on CGs, John F. Sowa () used them to represent the conceptual schemas used in database systems. The first book on CGs () applied them to a wide range of topics in artificial intelligence, computer science, and cognitive science. Since 1984, the model has been developed along three main directions." ; :prefLabel "Conceptual graph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Drug synergy", "SYN", "Synergic", "Synergies", "Synergistic", "Synergistically", "Synergize", "Synergy (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Synergy is the creation of a whole that is greater than the simple sum of its parts. The term synergy comes from the Attic Greek word συνεργία synergia from synergos, συνεργός, meaning "working together"." ; :prefLabel "Synergy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Occurrence matrix", "Occurrency matrix", "Term-document matrix" ; :definition "A document-term matrix or term-document matrix is a mathematical matrix that describes the frequency of terms that occur in a collection of documents. In a document-term matrix, rows correspond to documents in the collection and columns correspond to terms. There are various schemes for determining the value that each entry in the matrix should take. One such scheme is tf-idf. They are useful in the field of natural language processing." ; :prefLabel "Document-term matrix" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data table", "Reference tables", "Table", "Table markup", "Tabular", "Tabulation" ; :definition "A table is a means of arranging data in rows and columns. The use of tables is pervasive throughout all communication, research, and data analysis. Tables appear in print media, handwritten notes, computer software, architectural ornamentation, traffic signs, and many other places. The precise conventions and terminology for describing tables varies depending on the context. Further, tables differ significantly in variety, structure, flexibility, notation, representation and use. In books and technical articles, tables are typically presented apart from the main text in numbered and captioned floating blocks." ; :prefLabel "Table (information)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Network data model", "Network database", "Network database model", "Network model (database)" ; :definition "The network model is a database model conceived as a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships. Its distinguishing feature is that the schema, viewed as a graph in which object types are nodes and relationship types are arcs, is not restricted to being a hierarchy or lattice." ; :prefLabel "Network model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BFS", "BFS algorithm", "Breadth first recursion", "Breadth first search", "Breadth-first", "Breadth-first traversal", "Breath first search", "Breath-first search" ; :definition "Breadth-first search (BFS) is an algorithm for traversing or searching tree or graph data structures. It starts at the tree root (or some arbitrary node of a graph, sometimes referred to as a 'search key') and explores the neighbor nodes first, before moving to the next level neighbors. BFS was invented in the late 1950s by E. F. Moore, who used it to find the shortest path out of a maze,and discovered independently by C. Y. Lee as a wire routing algorithm (published 1961)." ; :prefLabel "Breadth-first search" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Heterogeneous process", "Homogeneous process", "Kolmogorov extension", "Process", "Process (stochastic)", "Random process", "Random processes", "Random signal", "Random system", "Stochastic deaths", "Stochastic dynamics", "Stochastic effects", "Stochastic models", "Stochastic processe", "Stochastic processes", "Stochastic system", "Stochastic systems", "Stochastic transition function", "Theory of random functions" ; :definition "A stochastic (/stoʊˈkæstɪk/) process is a random process evolving with time. More specifically, in probability theory, a stochastic process is a time sequence representing the evolution of some system represented by a variable whose change is subject to a random variation. This is the probabilistic counterpart to a deterministic process (or deterministic system). Instead of describing a process which can only evolve in one way (as in the case, for example, of solutions of an ordinary differential equation), in a stochastic, or random process, there is some indeterminacy: even if the initial condition (or starting point) is known, there are several (often infinitely many) directions in which the process may evolve. In many stochastic processes, the movement to the next state or position dep" ; :prefLabel "Stochastic process" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Framework", "URL Routing", "URL mapping", "WAF", "Web API framework", "Web Application Framework", "Web application frameworks", "Web resource framework", "Web service framework" ; :definition "A web framework (WF) or web application framework (WAF) is a software framework that is designed to support the development of web applications including web services, web resources and web APIs. Web frameworks aim to alleviate the overhead associated with common activities performed in web development. For example, many web frameworks provide libraries for database access, templating frameworks and session management, and they often promote code reuse. Though they often target development of dynamic websites they are also applicable to static websites." ; :prefLabel "Web framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cluster File System", "Cluster systems", "Clustered filesystem", "Clustered storage", "DFS", "Distributed Storage", "Distributed file storage", "Distributed file store", "Distributed file system", "Distributed file system (disambiguation)", "Distributed filesystem", "Network file systems", "Network filesystem", "Network operational system", "Networked file system", "Networked filesystem", "Parallel file system", "SAN file system", "SFS", "Shared disk file system", "Shared disk file systems", "Shared-disk file system", "Shared-disk file systems" ; :definition "A clustered file system is a file system which is shared by being simultaneously mounted on multiple servers. There are several approaches to clustering, most of which do not employ a clustered file system (only direct attached storage for each node). Clustered file systems can provide features like location-independent addressing and redundancy which improve reliability or reduce the complexity of the other parts of the cluster. Parallel file systems are a type of clustered file system that spread data across multiple storage nodes, usually for redundancy or performance." ; :prefLabel "Clustered file system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Amiga virtual machine", "Application virtual machine", "Machine (disambiguation)", "Overlay computer", "Process virtual machine", "Systems virtualization", "VM", "Virtual Platform", "Virtual computer", "Virtual machines", "Virtual operating system", "Virtual platforms", "Virtual processing" ; :definition "In computing, a virtual machine (VM) is an emulation of a computer system. Virtual machines are based on computer architectures and provide functionality of a physical computer. Their implementations may involve specialized hardware, software, or a combination. There are different kinds of virtual machines, each with different functions: • Process virtual machines are designed to execute computer programs in a platform-independent environment." ; :prefLabel "Virtual machine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MCMC", "MCMC method", "MCMC methods", "Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulations", "Markov clustering", "Monte Carlo markov chain", "Random walk Monte Carlo" ; :definition "In statistics, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are a class of algorithms for sampling from a probability distribution based on constructing a Markov chain that has the desired distribution as its equilibrium distribution. The state of the chain after a number of steps is then used as a sample of the desired distribution. The quality of the sample improves as a function of the number of steps. Random walk Monte Carlo methods make up a large subclass of MCMC methods." ; :prefLabel "Markov chain Monte Carlo" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Handheld computing", "Mobile", "Mobile Computers", "Mobile computer", "Portable", "Portable electronics" ; :definition "Mobile computing is human–computer interaction by which a computer is expected to be transported during normal usage, which allows for transmission of data, voice and video. Mobile computing involves mobile communication, mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad hoc networks and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, protocols, data formats and concrete technologies. Hardware includes mobile devices or device components. Mobile software deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications." ; :prefLabel "Mobile computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Best fit", "Best-fit", "Circle fitting", "Curve fitting problem", "Curve-fitted", "Curve-fitting", "Data fitting", "Ellipse fitting", "Fit", "Fitting", "Function fitting", "Model fitting", "Non linear curve fitting", "Non linear curve fitting - Gauss", "Non-linear curve fitting", "Plane curve fitting" ; :definition "Curve fitting is the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points, possibly subject to constraints. Curve fitting can involve either interpolation, where an exact fit to the data is required, or smoothing, in which a "smooth" function is constructed that approximately fits the data. A related topic is regression analysis, which focuses more on questions of statistical inference such as how much uncertainty is present in a curve that is fit to data observed with random errors. Fitted curves can be used as an aid for data visualization, to infer values of a function where no data are available, and to summarize the relationships among two or more variables. Extrapolation refers to the use of a fitted curve beyond the range of the" ; :prefLabel "Curve fitting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ANS Forth", "Forth language", "Forth programming language", "Forth virtual machine", "MacFORTH", "Reverse Polish (programming language)" ; :definition "Forth is an imperative stack-based computer programming language and environment originally designed by Charles "Chuck" Moore. Language features include structured programming, reflection (the ability to modify the program structure during program execution), concatenative programming (functions are composed with juxtaposition) and extensibility (the programmer can create new commands). Although not an acronym, the language's name is sometimes spelled with all capital letters as FORTH, following the customary usage during its earlier years." ; :prefLabel "Forth" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Layer", "Layered", "layering", "layers" ; :definition "A relatively thin sheetlike expanse or region lying over or under another." ; :prefLabel "anatomical layer" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information visualisation", "Infovis", "Infoviz", "Visualization", "Visualization interface" ; :definition "Information visualization or information visualisation is the study of (interactive) visual representations of abstract data to reinforce human cognition. The abstract data include both numerical and non-numerical data, such as text and geographic information. However, information visualization differs from scientific visualization: "it’s infovis [information visualization] when the spatial representation is chosen, and it’s scivis [scientific visualization] when the spatial representation is given"." ; :prefLabel "Information visualization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Kohonen", "Kohonen map", "Kohonen maps", "Kohonen network", "SOFM", "Self Organizing Map", "Self organising map", "Self organizing maps", "Self-organising map", "Self-organising maps", "Self-organizing feature map", "Self-organizing nets", "Som" ; :definition "A self-organizing map (SOM) or self-organising feature map (SOFM) is a type of artificial neural network (ANN) that is trained using unsupervised learning to produce a low-dimensional (typically two-dimensional), discretized representation of the input space of the training samples, called a map. Self-organizing maps differ from other artificial neural networks as they apply competitive learning as opposed to error-correction learning (such as backpropagation with gradient descent), and in the sense that they use a neighborhood function to preserve the topological properties of the input space." ; :prefLabel "Self-organizing map" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer" ; :definition "A machine for performing calculations automatically." ; :prefLabel "Computers" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DAML", "DARPA (disambiguation)" ; :definition "The DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) was the name of a US funding program at the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) started in 1999 by then-Program Manager James Hendler, and later run by Murray Burke, Mark Greaves and Michael Pagels. The program focused on the creation of machine-readable representations for the Web. One of the Investigators working on the program was Tim Berners-Lee and to a great degree through his influence, working with the program managers, the effort worked to create technologies and demonstrations for what is now called the Semantic Web." ; :prefLabel "DARPA Agent Markup Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Artificially binary value", "Binary categorization", "Binary classifier", "Binary test" ; :definition "Binary or binomial classification is the task of classifying the elements of a given set into two groups on the basis of a classification rule. Instancing a decision whether an item has or not some qualitative property, some specified characteristic, some typical binary classification tasks are: Porting human discriminative abilities to scientific soundness and technical practice is far from trivial." ; :prefLabel "Binary classification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hyper", "Media" ; :definition "Hypermedia, an extension of the term hypertext, is a nonlinear medium of information which includes graphics, audio, video, plain text and hyperlinks. This contrasts with the broader term multimedia, which may include non-interactive linear presentations as well as hypermedia. It is also related to the field of electronic literature. The term was first used in a 1965 article by Ted Nelson. The World Wide Web is a classic example of hypermedia, whereas a non-interactive cinema presentation is an example of standard multimedia due to the absence of hyperlinks." ; :prefLabel "Hypermedia" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Amigo.geneontology.org", "Gene Ontology Consortium", "Geneontology.org", "Go", "Protein Ontology" ; :definition "Gene ontology (GO) is a major bioinformatics initiative to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species. More specifically, the project aims to: 1) Maintain and develop its controlled vocabulary of gene and gene product attributes; 2) Annotate genes and gene products, and assimilate and disseminate annotation data; and 3) Provide tools for easy access to all aspects of the data provided by the project, and to enable functional interpretation of experimental data using the GO, for example via enrichment analysis." ; :prefLabel "Gene ontology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Language", "Language Name" ; :definition "A systematic means of communicating by the use of sounds, symbols, or gestures." ; :prefLabel "Languages" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DPA", "Data presentation architecture", "Data visualisation", "Datavisualization", "Dataviz", "Graphical tools", "Many Eyes" ; :definition "Data visualization or data visualisation is viewed by many disciplines as a modern equivalent of visual communication. It involves the creation and study of the visual representation of data, meaning "information that has been abstracted in some schematic form, including attributes or variables for the units of information"." ; :prefLabel "Data visualization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Confluently persistent data structure", "Data persistence", "Data structure persistance", "Data structure persistence", "Destructive update", "Ephemeral data structure", "Fully persistent data structure", "Functional datastructure", "PDS", "Partially persistent data structure", "Persistant data structure", "Persisted tree", "Persistent", "Persistent data structure with confluence", "Persistent data structures", "Persistent tree" ; :definition "In computing, a persistent data structure is a data structure that always preserves the previous version of itself when it is modified. Such data structures are effectively immutable, as their operations do not (visibly) update the structure in-place, but instead always yield a new updated structure." ; :prefLabel "Persistent data structure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bayesian model averaging", "Ensemble", "Ensemble Algorithms", "Ensemble Methods", "Ensemble classifier", "Machine learning ensemble", "Stacked Generalization" ; :definition "In statistics and machine learning, ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.Unlike a statistical ensemble in statistical mechanics, which is usually infinite, a machine learning ensemble refers only to a concrete finite set of alternative models, but typically allows for much more flexible structure to exist among those alternatives." ; :prefLabel "Ensemble learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Back Links", "Back link", "Back-link", "Backlinking", "Backlinks", "InBound Links", "Inbound link", "Incoming link", "Incoming links", "Inlink", "Inlinks", "Inward link", "Inward links", "Link inventory" ; :definition "A backlink for a given web resource is a link from some other website (the referrer) to that web resource (the referent). A web resource may be (for example) a website, web page, or web directory. A backlink is a reference comparable to a citation. The quantity and sources of backlinks for a web page are among the factors that Google's PageRank algorithm evaluates in order to estimate how important the page is. The PageRank score is, in turn, one of the variables that Google Search uses to determine how high a web page should go in search results. This weighting of backlinks is analogous to citation analysis of books, scholarly papers, and academic journals." ; :prefLabel "Backlink" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Information access is an area of research at the intersection of Informatics, Information Science, Information Security, Language Technology, Computer Science, and Library Science. The objective of the various research efforts in information access is to simplify and make it more effective for human users to access and further process large and unwieldy amounts of data and information. Several technologies applicable to the general area are Information Retrieval, Text Mining, Machine Translation, and Text Categorisation." ; :prefLabel "Information access" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arphid", "Blocker tag", "Chip tag", "Contactless identification", "Embedded id chip", "Gen 2", "ID chip", "Identification", "Optical RFID", "Passive Integrated Transponder", "Passive RFID", "Pit tag", "RF ID tag", "RF/ID", "RFI", "RFID chip", "RFID tag", "RFID tracking module", "Radio frequency identification", "Radio id", "Radio identification tag", "Radio tag", "Radiofrequency identification", "Read-on-metal", "Rfid", "Rfid in hand", "Smart labels", "Spy chip", "Spy chips", "Spychip", "Spychips" ; :definition "Radio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source such as a battery and may operate at hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC)." ; :prefLabel "Radio-frequency identification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "XML query language", "XQL", "XQuery Update" ; :definition "XQuery (XML Query) is a query and functional programming language that queries and transforms collections of structured and unstructured data, usually in the form of XML, text and with vendor-specific extensions for other data formats (JSON, binary, etc.). The language is developed by the XML Query working group of the W3C. The work is closely coordinated with the development of XSLT by the XSL Working Group; the two groups share responsibility for XPath, which is a subset of XQuery. XQuery 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on January 23, 2007." ; :prefLabel "XQuery" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AS 400", "AS/400", "AS400", "Application System/400", "IBM AS/400", "IBM Application System/400", "IBM System/40", "IBM eServer iSeries", "ISeries", "System I", "System i5" ; :definition "The IBM System i is IBM's previous generation of midrange computer systems for IBM i users, and was subsequently replaced by the IBM Power Systems in April 2008. The platform was first introduced as the AS/400 (Application System/400) on June 21, 1988 and later renamed to the eServer iSeries in 2000. As part of IBM's Systems branding initiative in 2006, it was again renamed to System i. The codename of the AS/400 project was "Silver Lake", named for the lake in downtown Rochester, Minnesota, where development of the system took place." ; :prefLabel "IBM System i" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Idea map", "Idea mapping", "Mind (disambiguation)", "Mind mapping", "Mind maps", "Mind web", "Mind-map", "Mind-mapping", "Mindmap", "Mindmapping", "Mindmaps", "Spidergram", "Spidergraph" ; :definition "A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information. A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often created around a single concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words and parts of words are added. Major ideas are connected directly to the central concept, and other ideas branch out from those." ; :prefLabel "Mind map" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Decision-making", "decisionmaking", "making up mind" ; :definition "The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea." ; :prefLabel "Decision Making" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brill (disambiguation)", "Brill tagging", "Brill's tagger", "Brills tagger", "Tagger" ; :definition "The Brill tagger is an inductive method for part-of-speech tagging. It was described and invented by Eric Brill in his 1995 PhD thesis. It can be summarized as an "error-driven transformation-based tagger". It is" ; :prefLabel "Brill tagger" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "BabelNet is a multilingual lexicalized semantic network and ontology developed at the Linguistic Computing Laboratory in the Department of Computer Science of the Sapienza University of Rome. BabelNet was automatically created by linking the largest multilingual Web encyclopedia, Wikipedia, to the most popular computational lexicon of the English language, WordNet. The integration is performed by means of an automatic mapping and by filling in lexical gaps in resource-poor languages with the aid of statistical machine translation. The result is an "encyclopedic dictionary"that provides concepts and named entities lexicalized in many languages and connected with large amounts of semantic relations. Additional lexicalizations and definitions are added by linking to free-license wordnets, Ome" ; :prefLabel "BabelNet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Examples of representational state transfer", "REST", "REST API", "REST Architecture", "REST interface", "REST-SST", "RESTFul", "RESTafarian", "RESTful API", "RESTfully", "RWS", "Restful application", "Restful interface", "Restful web service" ; :definition "Representational state transfer (REST) or RESTful web services are one way of providing interoperability between computer systems on the internet. REST-compliant web services allow requesting systems to access and manipulate textual representations of web resources using a uniform and predefined set of stateless operations. Other forms of web service exist, which expose their own arbitrary sets of operations such as via WSDL and SOAP. 'Web resources' were first defined on the World Wide Web as documents or files identified by their URLs, but today they have a much more generic and abstract definition encompassing every 'thing' or entity that can be identified, named, addressed or handled, in any way whatsoever, in the web. In a REST web service, requests made to a resource's URI will elici" ; :prefLabel "Representational state transfer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Architectural Framework", "EA Framework", "EAF", "Framework" ; :definition "An enterprise architecture framework (EA framework) defines how to create and use an enterprise architecture. An architecture framework provides principles and practices for creating and using the architecture description of a system. It structures architects' thinking by dividing the architecture description into domains, layers or views, and offers models - typically matrices and diagrams - for documenting each view. This allows for making systemic design decisions on all the components of the system and making long-term decisions around new design, requirements, sustainability and support." ; :prefLabel "Enterprise architecture framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".svg", ".svgz", "ESVG", "Filter effect", "S.V.G.", "SVG (disambiguation)", "SVG BAsic", "SVG Print", "SVG Tiny", "SVGB", "SVGT", "SVGZ", "Scalable vector graphic", "Scalar Vector Graphics", "Server-side SVG", "Svg", "Svg 1.2", "Svg editors", "Svg file", "Svg format" ; :definition "Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) is an XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation. The SVG specification is an open standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) since 1999. SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files. This means that they can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed. As XML files, SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor, but are more often created with drawing software." ; :prefLabel "Scalable Vector Graphics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Full inverted index", "Inverse index", "Inverted file", "Inverted file index", "Inverted files", "Inverted list", "Postings file" ; :definition "In computer science, an inverted index (also referred to as postings file or inverted file) is an index data structure storing a mapping from content, such as words or numbers, to its locations in a database file, or in a document or a set of documents (named in contrast to a Forward Index, which maps from documents to content). The purpose of an inverted index is to allow fast full text searches, at a cost of increased processing when a document is added to the database. The inverted file may be the database file itself, rather than its index. It is the most popular data structure used in document retrieval systems, used on a large scale for example in search engines. Additionally, several significant general-purpose mainframe-based database management systems have used inverted list arch" ; :prefLabel "Inverted index" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HPC", "High Performance Computer", "High Performance Computing", "High performance computers", "High performance technology", "High-Performance Computer", "High-Performance Computers", "High-performance computing", "Super computer", "Super computers", "Super computing", "Super-computer", "Super-computers", "Super-computing", "Supercomputer (disambiguation)", "Supercomputers", "Supercomputing", "Supercomputing blade systems", "Virtual supercomputer" ; :definition "A supercomputer is a computer with a high-level computational capacity compared to a general-purpose computer. Performance of a supercomputer is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of million instructions per second (MIPS). As of 2015, there are supercomputers which can perform up to quadrillions of FLOPS. The use of multi-core processors combined with centralization is an emerging trend; one can think of this as a small cluster (the multicore processor in a smartphone, tablet, laptop, etc.) that both depends upon and contributes to the cloud." ; :prefLabel "Supercomputer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Standaristas", "Web standard", "Web-standard" ; :definition "Web standards are the formal, non-proprietary standards and other technical specifications that define and describe aspects of the World Wide Web. In recent years, the term has been more frequently associated with the trend of endorsing a set of standardized best practices for building web sites, and a philosophy of web design and development that includes those methods." ; :prefLabel "Web standards" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PMCID", "PMID", "PMID-", "Pub Med", "PubMed Identifier", "PubMed Unique Identifier", "PubMed health" ; :definition "PubMed is a free search engine accessing primarily the MEDLINE database of references and abstracts on life sciences and biomedical topics. The United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health maintains the database as part of the Entrez system of information retrieval." ; :prefLabel "PubMed" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KM", "Kernel", "Kernel Methods", "Kernel machine", "Kernel machines", "Kernel trick" ; :definition "In machine learning, kernel methods are a class of algorithms for pattern analysis, whose best known member is the support vector machine (SVM). The general task of pattern analysis is to find and study general types of relations (for example clusters, rankings, principal components, correlations, classifications) in datasets. For many algorithms that solve these tasks, the data in raw representation have to be explicitly transformed into feature vector representations via a user-specified feature map: in contrast, kernel methods require only a user-specified kernel, i.e., a similarity function over pairs of data points in raw representation." ; :prefLabel "Kernel method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "6a.nl", "Anonymity network", "Anonymous Surfing", "Anonymous Web proxy", "Anonymous Web surfing", "Anonymous proxy server", "Anonymous server", "Application layer proxy", "Application-layer proxy", "Bypass", "Bypass (computing)", "CGI proxy", "Caching proxy", "Caching proxy server", "Camolist", "Circumventor", "Dontcensorme.org", "Forward proxy", "Free proxy", "HTTP proxying", "HTTPS Proxy", "Http proxy", "Intercepting proxy server", "Internet proxy", "Myspace proxy", "P roxy", "Proxy", "Proxy Bouncing", "Proxy IP", "Proxy IP address", "Proxy Sites", "Proxy Website", "Proxy avoidance", "Proxy bypass", "Proxy chain", "Proxy chaining", "Proxy filter", "Proxy gateway", "Proxy servers", "Proxyserver", "SSL Proxy", "Secure & Anonymous Internet Surfing", "Server proxy", "Split proxies", "Suffix proxy", "Tproxy", "Transparent proxy", "Web proxies", "Web proxy" ; :definition "In computer networks, a proxy server is a server (a computer system or an application) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients seeking resources from other servers. A client connects to the proxy server, requesting some service, such as a file, connection, web page, or other resource available from a different server and the proxy server evaluates the request as a way to simplify and control its complexity. Proxies were invented to add structure and encapsulation to distributed systems. Today, most proxies are web proxies, facilitating access to content on the World Wide Web and providing anonymity." ; :prefLabel "Proxy server" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dijkstra algo", "Dijkstra algorithm", "Dijkstra' algorithm", "Dijkstra's algo", "Dijkstra's shortest path", "Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm", "Dijkstras algorithm", "Dijkstra’s Algorithm", "Dikjstra's algorithm", "Dikjstras algorithm", "Djikstra's algorithm", "Dykstra's algorithm", "Dijkstra's algorithm", "SPF Algorithm", "Shortest Path First", "UCS", "Uniform Cost Search", "Uniform-cost search" ; :definition "Dijkstra's algorithm is an algorithm for finding the shortest paths between nodes in a graph, which may represent, for example, road networks. It was conceived by computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra in 1956 and published three years later. The algorithm exists in many variants; Dijkstra's original variant found the shortest path between two nodes, but a more common variant fixes a single node as the "source" node and finds shortest paths from the source to all other nodes in the graph, producing a shortest-path tree. (where (where" ; :prefLabel "Dijkstra's algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gforge.org", "SF", "Sf.net", "Source forge", "SourceForge (disambiguation)", "SourceForge.Net", "Sourceforce" ; :definition "SourceForge is a Web-based service that offers software developers a centralized online location to control and manage free and open-source software projects. It provides a source code repository, bug tracking, mirroring of downloads for load balancing, a wiki for documentation, developer and user mailing lists, user-support forums, user-written reviews and ratings, a news bulletin micro-blog for publishing project updates, and other features." ; :prefLabel "SourceForge" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Benefits", "benefiting", "benefitting" ; :definition "The positive effects of something." ; :prefLabel "benefit" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Child node (of a tree)", "Hierarchical tree structure", "Rooted hierarchical tree structure", "Tree (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A tree structure or tree diagram is a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. It is named a "tree structure" because the classic resembles a tree, even though the chart is generally upside down compared to an actual tree, with the "root" at the top and the "leaves" at the bottom." ; :prefLabel "Tree structure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Frequency (disambiguation)", "R F", "R.F.", "RF", "RF (disambiguation)", "RF energy", "RF signal", "RF spectrum", "RF stage", "Radio Frequencies (table)", "Radio frequemcy", "Radio frequencies", "Radio frequencies and wavelengths", "Radio frequency communication", "Radio frequency spectrum", "Radio-frequency", "Radio-frequency communication", "Radio-frequency spectrum", "Radiofrequency", "Radiowave", "Rf wave", "Rf.", "Wireless frequency" ; :definition "Radio frequency (RF) is any of the electromagnetic wave frequencies that lie in the range extending from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which include those frequencies used for communications or radar signals. RF usually refers toelectrical rather than mechanical oscillations. However, mechanical RF systems do exist (see mechanical filter and RF MEMS). * Radio-frequency identification * ISO/IEC 14443-2 Radio frequency power and signal interface" ; :prefLabel "Radio frequency" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Authentication cookie", "Browser cookie", "Browser cookies", "COOKIES.TXT", "Computer cookie", "Cookie (browser)", "Cookie (computer)", "Cookie (computers)", "Cookie (computing)", "Cookie (disambiguation)", "Cookie (internet)", "Cookie (software)", "Cookie (web)", "Cookie file", "Cookie grabber", "Cookie interception", "Cookie notice", "Cookie notify", "Cookie poisoning", "Cookie sniffing", "Cookie theft", "Cookie tracking", "Cookies (Internet)", "Crumb", "Crumb (computing)", "Enable cookies", "Http cookies", "HttpOnly", "Internet cookie", "Internet cookies", "Secure cookie", "Session cookie", "Super cookie", "Supercookie", "Supercookies", "Third-party cookie", "Tracking cookie", "Tracking cookies", "WWW browser cookie", "WWW browser cookies", "WWW cookie", "Web browser cookie", "Web browser cookies", "Web cookie", "Web cookies" ; :definition "An HTTP cookie (also called web cookie, Internet cookie, browser cookie or simply cookie) is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored in the user's web browser while the user is browsing. Cookies were designed to be a reliable mechanism for websites to remember stateful information (such as items added in the shopping cart in an online store) or to record the user's browsing activity (including clicking particular buttons, logging in, or recording which pages were visited in the past). They can also be used to remember arbitrary pieces of information that the user previously entered into form fields such as names, addresses, passwords, and credit card numbers." ; :prefLabel "HTTP cookie" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Backbone", "Backbone (network)", "Internet backbones", "Internet core" ; :definition "The Internet backbone may be defined by the principal data routes between large, strategically interconnected computer networks and core routers on the Internet. These data routes are hosted by commercial, government, academic and other high-capacity network centers, the Internet exchange points and network access points, that exchange Internet traffic between the countries, continents and across the oceans. Internet service providers, often Tier 1 networks, participate in Internet backbone traffic by privately negotiated interconnection agreements, primarily governed by the principle of settlement-free peering." ; :prefLabel "Internet backbone" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Viterbi coding", "Viterbi path", "Viterbi search", "Viterbi's algorithm", "Vitterbi algorithm" ; :definition "The Viterbi algorithm is a dynamic programming algorithm for finding the most likely sequence of hidden states – called the Viterbi path – that results in a sequence of observed events, especially in the context of Markov information sources and hidden Markov models." ; :prefLabel "Viterbi algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Encode", "Encoders", "Encoding software" ; :definition "An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or person that converts information from one format or code to another, for the purposes of standardization, speed or compressions." ; :prefLabel "Encoder" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Recall rate", "Se & sp", "Sensitivity", "Sensitivity (test)", "Sensitivity (tests)", "Specificity", "Specificity (statistics)", "Specificity (test)", "Specificity (tests)", "Specificity and sensitivity", "Test sensitivity", "True Negative Rate", "True Positive Rate" ; :definition "Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures of the performance of a binary classification test, also known in statistics as classification function: * Sensitivity (also called the true positive rate, the recall, or probability of detection in some fields) measures the proportion of positives that are correctly identified as such (e.g., the percentage of sick people who are correctly identified as having the condition). * Specificity (also called the true negative rate) measures the proportion of negatives that are correctly identified as such (e.g., the percentage of healthy people who are correctly identified as not having the condition)." ; :prefLabel "Sensitivity and specificity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "operations" ; :prefLabel "HL7PublishingSubSection " ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Language processing program", "Program transformations", "Source code transformation", "Transformation" ; :definition "A program transformation is any operation that takes a computer program and generates another program. In many cases the transformed program is required to be semantically equivalent to the original, relative to a particular formal semantics and in fewer cases the transformations result in programs that semantically differ from the original in predictable ways." ; :prefLabel "Program transformation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Drugs", "Generic", "Generic Drug", "Nonproprietary", "Nonproprietary Drugs" ; :definition "A pharmaceutical product equivalent to the brand name drug in dosage, safety, strength, how it is taken, quality, performance, and intended use. The FDA bases evaluations of substitutability, or therapeutic equivalence of a generic drug on scientific evaluation. A generic drug product must contain the identical amounts of the same active ingredient(s) as the brand name product and is expected to have equal effect when substituted for the brand name product." ; :prefLabel "Generic Drugs" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Text REtrieval Conference (TREC)" ; :definition "The Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) is an ongoing series of workshops focusing on a list of different information retrieval (IR) research areas, or tracks. It is co-sponsored by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (part of the office of the Director of National Intelligence), and began in 1992 as part of the TIPSTER Text program. Its purpose is to support and encourage research within the information retrieval community by providing the infrastructure necessary for large-scale evaluation of text retrieval methodologies and to increase the speed of lab-to-product transfer of technology." ; :prefLabel "Text Retrieval Conference" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Larger", "big", "great", "greats" ; :definition "Of considerable or relatively great size, extent, or capacity." ; :prefLabel "Large" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business Integration Software", "Business integration", "EAI", "Enterprise Appliacation Integration" ; :definition "Enterprise application integration (EAI) is the use of software and computer systems' architectural principles to integrate a set of enterprise computer applications." ; :prefLabel "Enterprise application integration" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Client", "Client (software)", "Client Application", "Client Program", "Client computer", "Client machine", "Client software", "Executable client", "Fat protocol", "Internet Clients", "Software client" ; :definition "A client is a piece of computer hardware or software that accesses a service made available by a server. The server is often (but not always) on another computer system, in which case the client accesses the service by way of a network. The term applies to the role that programs or devices play in the client–server model." ; :prefLabel "Client (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Multi-layer perceptron", "Multi-layer perceptrons" ; :definition "A multilayer perceptron (MLP) is a feedforward artificial neural network model that maps sets of input data onto a set of appropriate outputs. An MLP consists of multiple layers of nodes in a directed graph, with each layer fully connected to the next one. Except for the input nodes, each node is a neuron (or processing element) with a nonlinear activation function. MLP utilizes a supervised learning technique called backpropagation for training the network. MLP is a modification of the standard linear perceptron and can distinguish data that are not linearly separable." ; :prefLabel "Multilayer perceptron" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application logic", "BLL", "Business layer", "Business logic abuse", "Business logic layer", "Business-logic", "Domain layer", "Domain logic", "Functional process logic" ; :definition "In computer software, business logic or domain logic is the part of the program that encodes the real-world business rules that determine how data can be created, displayed, stored, and changed. It is contrasted with the remainder of the software that might be concerned with lower-level details of managing a database or displaying the user interface, system infrastructure, or generally connecting various parts of the program." ; :prefLabel "Business logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concordancing", "Corpus", "Corpus-based analysis" ; :definition "Corpus linguistics is the study of language as expressed in corpora (samples) of "real world" text. The text-corpus method is a digestive approach for deriving a set of abstract rules, from a text, for governing a natural language, and how that language relates to and with another language; originally derived manually, corpora now are automatically derived from the source texts. Corpus linguistics proposes that reliable language analysis is more feasible with corpora collected in the field, in their natural contexts, and with minimal experimental-interference." ; :prefLabel "Corpus linguistics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interface" ; :definition "Either a program that controls a display for the user and that allows the user to interact with the system or a computer circuit consisting of the hardware and associated circuitry that links one device with another." ; :prefLabel "Interface Device Component" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Jena (disambiguation)", "Jena Framework" ; :definition "Apache Jena is an open source Semantic Web framework for Java. It provides an API to extract data from and write to RDF graphs. The graphs are represented as an abstract "model". A model can be sourced with data from files, databases, URLs or a combination of these. A Model can also be queried through SPARQL 1.1. Jena is similar to Sesame; though, unlike Sesame, Jena provides support for OWL (Web Ontology Language). The framework has various internal reasoners and the Pellet reasoner (an open source Java OWL-DL reasoner) can be set up to work in Jena." ; :prefLabel "Apache Jena Semantic Web Framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Feedback (disambiguation)", "Inverse feedback", "Negative", "Negative feedback control system", "Negative feedback inhibition", "Negative feedback loop", "Negative-feedback", "Reverse feedback", "Servo loop", "Single-loop servomechanism" ; :definition "Negative feedback occurs when some function of the output of a system, process, or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances. Negative feedback is widely used in mechanical and electronic engineering, but it also occurs naturally within living organisms, and can be seen in many other fields from chemistry and economics to physical systems such as the climate. General negative feedback systems are studied in control systems engineering." ; :prefLabel "Negative feedback" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Augmenting path", "Flow", "Flow (graph theory)", "Flow conservation", "Flow function", "Flow problem", "Flows", "Generalized network", "Network (mathematics)", "Network flow (function)", "Network flow problem", "Network with gains", "Path augmenting", "Random networks", "Residual graph", "Residual network", "Supersink", "Supersource", "Transportation network", "Transportation network (graph theory)", "Transportation network (mathematics)" ; :definition "In graph theory, a flow network (also known as a transportation network) is a directed graph where each edge has a capacity and each edge receives a flow. The amount of flow on an edge cannot exceed the capacity of the edge. Often in operations research, a directed graph is called a network, the vertices are called nodes and the edges are called arcs. A flow must satisfy the restriction that the amount of flow into a node equals the amount of flow out of it, unless it is a source, which has only outgoing flow, or sink, which has only incoming flow. A network can be used to model traffic in a road system, circulation with demands, fluids in pipes, currents in an electrical circuit, or anything similar in which something travels through a network of nodes." ; :prefLabel "Flow network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In philosophy, the term formal ontology is used to refer to an ontology defined by axioms in a formal language with the goal to provide an unbiased (domain- and application-independent) view on reality, which can help the modeler of domain- or application-specific ontologies (information science) to avoid possibly erroneous ontological assumptions encountered in modeling large-scale ontologies. By maintaining an independent view on reality a formal (upper level) ontology gains the following properties: Theories on how to conceptualize reality date back as far as Plato and Aristotle." ; :prefLabel "Formal ontology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ID", "Interaction Designer", "IxD", "Social interaction design", "SoftFace" ; :definition "Interaction design, often abbreviated as IxD, is defined as "the practice of designing interactive digital products, environments, systems, and services." While the digital side of this statement is true, Interaction design is also valid when creating physical (non-digital) products, covering the ideology of how a user may interact with it. Common topics that interaction design is most often associated with include design, human–computer interaction, and software development. While interaction design has an interest in form (similar to other design fields), its main area of focus rests on behavior. Rather than analyzing how things are, interaction design synthesizes and imagines things as they might or ought to be. This element of interaction design is what clearly marks IxD as an aspect o" ; :prefLabel "Interaction design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PRM", "Probabilistic relational model", "Relational probabilistic model", "SRL" ; :definition "Statistical relational learning (SRL) is a subdiscipline of artificial intelligence and machine learning that is concerned with domain models that exhibit both uncertainty (which can be dealt with using statistical methods) and complex, relational structure. Typically, the knowledge representation formalisms developed in SRL use (a subset of) first-order logic to describe relational properties of a domain in a general manner (universal quantification) and draw upon probabilistic graphical models (such as Bayesian networks or Markov networks) to model the uncertainty; some also build upon the methods of inductive logic programming. Significant contributions to the field have been made since the late 1990s." ; :prefLabel "Statistical relational learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enum", "Enum (Computer Science)", "Enumerate", "Enumerated data type", "Enumerated types", "Enumeration (programming)", "Enums" ; :definition "In computer programming, an enumerated type (also called enumeration, enum, or factor in the R programming language, and a categorical variable in statistics) is a data type consisting of a set of named values called elements, members, enumeral, or enumerators of the type. The enumerator names are usually identifiers that behave as constants in the language. An enumerated type can be seen as a degenerate tagged union of unit type. A variable that has been declared as having an enumerated type can be assigned any of the enumerators as a value. In other words, an enumerated type has values that are different from each other, and that can be compared and assigned, but are not specified by the programmer as having any particular concrete representation in the computer's memory; compilers and i" ; :prefLabel "Enumerated type" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Pub/sub", "PubSub", "Publish & subscribe", "Publish and Subscribe", "Publish and subscribe messaging", "Publish subscribe", "Publish-subscribe", "Publish-subscribe pattern", "Publish/subscribe", "Publish–subscribe" ; :definition "In software architecture, publish–subscribe is a messaging pattern where senders of messages, called publishers, do not program the messages to be sent directly to specific receivers, called subscribers, but instead characterize published messages into classes without knowledge of which subscribers, if any, there may be. Similarly, subscribers express interest in one or more classes and only receive messages that are of interest, without knowledge of which publishers, if any, there are." ; :prefLabel "Publish–subscribe pattern" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AVP", "Arbitrary key value pair", "Arbitrary key-value pair", "Arbitrary key-value pairs", "Attribute-value pair", "Attribute-value pairs", "Attribute–value pairs", "KVP", "Key Value Pair", "Key value", "Key-value", "Key-value pair", "NVP (disambiguation)", "Name-value pair" ; :definition "A name–value pair, key–value pair, field–value pair or attribute–value pair is a fundamental data representation in computing systems and applications. Designers often desire an open-ended data structure that allows for future extension without modifying existing code or data. In such situations, all or part of the data model may be expressed as a collection of tuples ; each element is an attribute–value pair. Depending on the particular application and the implementation chosen by programmers, attribute names may or may not be unique." ; :prefLabel "Attribute–value pair" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bus Network Topology", "Daisy chain (network topology)", "Fully connected network", "Fully-connected network", "Hybrid topology", "LAN topology", "Network topologies", "Networking Models", "Networking topology", "Point-to-point", "Point-to-point (network topology)", "Topology (computing)", "Topology (disambiguation)", "Tree (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network and may be depicted physically or logically. Physical topology is the placement of the various components of a network, including device location and cable installation, while logical topology illustrates how data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. Distances between nodes, physical interconnections, transmission rates, or signal types may differ between two networks, yet their topologies may be identical." ; :prefLabel "Network topology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Continuous dynamical system", "Dynamic System", "Dynamic systems", "Dynamical", "Dynamical systems", "Mathematical dynamics", "Non-integrable system", "Non-linear dynamical system", "Non-linear dynamics", "Nonlinear dynamic system", "Nonlinear dynamical system", "Nonlinear dynamical systems" ; :definition "In mathematics, a dynamical system is a system in which a function describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space. Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, and the number of fish each springtime in a lake." ; :prefLabel "Dynamical system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CSG", "Context sensitive grammar", "Context-dependent grammar", "Context-sensitive" ; :definition "A context-sensitive grammar (CSG) is a formal grammar in which the left-hand sides and right-hand sides of any production rules may be surrounded by a context of terminal and nonterminal symbols. Context-sensitive grammars are more general than context-free grammars, in the sense that there are languages that can be described by CSG but not by context-free grammars. Context-sensitive grammars are less general (in the same sense) than unrestricted grammars. Thus, CSG are positioned between context-free and unrestricted grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy." ; :prefLabel "Context-sensitive grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Human mind", "Inner mind", "Mental content", "Mental processing", "Mind (disambiguation)", "Minded", "Mindedness", "The Mind" ; :definition "The mind is a set of cognitive faculties including consciousness, perception, thinking, judgement, and memory. The mind is the faculty of a human being's reasoning and thoughts. It holds the power of imagination, recognition, and appreciation, and is responsible for processing feelings and emotions, resulting in attitudes and actions." ; :prefLabel "Mind" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business Test Case", "Common Test Cases", "Test cases", "Testcase" ; :definition "A test case, in software engineering, is a set of conditions under which a tester will determine whether an application, software system or one of its features is working as it was originally established for it to do. The mechanism for determining whether a software program or system has passed or failed such a test is known as a test oracle. In some settings, an oracle could be a requirement or use case, while in others it could be a heuristic. It may take many test cases to determine that a software program or system is considered sufficiently scrutinized to be released. Test cases are often referred to as test scripts, particularly when written - when they are usually collected into test suites." ; :prefLabel "Test case" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Rough set theory", "Rough sets" ; :definition "In computer science, a rough set, first described by Polish computer scientist Zdzisław I. Pawlak, is a formal approximation of a crisp set (i.e., conventional set) in terms of a pair of sets which give the lower and the upper approximation of the original set. In the standard version of rough set theory (Pawlak 1991), the lower- and upper-approximation sets are crisp sets, but in other variations, the approximating sets may be fuzzy sets." ; :prefLabel "Rough set" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bag of words", "Bag of words assumption", "Bag of words model", "Bag-of-words", "Bow", "Continuous bag-of-words" ; :definition "The bag-of-words model is a simplifying representation used in natural language processing and information retrieval (IR). In this model, a text (such as a sentence or a document) is represented as the bag (multiset) of its words, disregarding grammar and even word order but keeping multiplicity. The bag-of-words model has also been used for computer vision. The bag-of-words model is commonly used in methods of document classification where the (frequency of) occurrence of each word is used as a feature for training a classifier." ; :prefLabel "Bag-of-words model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Classifications", "Classified", "Systematics", "categorization", "classification system", "classification systems", "classifieds", "classify", "classifying" ; :definition "The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc." ; :prefLabel "Classification" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computation in biology", "Computational biologist" ; :definition "Computational biology involves the development and application of data-analytical and theoretical methods, mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques to the study of biological, behavioral, and social systems. The field is broadly defined and includes foundations in computer science, applied mathematics, animation, statistics, biochemistry, chemistry, biophysics, molecular biology, genetics, genomics, ecology, evolution, anatomy, neuroscience, and visualization." ; :prefLabel "Computational biology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computation theory", "Computational theorist", "Computational theory", "Computer theory", "History of theory of computation", "TOC", "Theory (disambiguation)", "Theory of algorithms" ; :definition "In theoretical computer science and mathematics, the theory of computation is the branch that deals with how efficiently problems can be solved on a model of computation, using an algorithm. The field is divided into three major branches: automata theory and language, computability theory, and computational complexity theory, which are linked by the question: "What are the fundamental capabilities and limitations of computers?"." ; :prefLabel "Theory of computation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Semantic translation is the process of using semantic information to aid in the translation of data in one representation or data model to another representation or data model. Semantic translation takes advantage of semantics that associate meaning with individual data elements in one dictionary to create an equivalent meaning in a second system. Semantic translation should be differentiated from data mapping tools that do simple one-to-one translation of data from one system to another without actually associating meaning with each data element." ; :prefLabel "Semantic translation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "The Well", "W.E.L.L.", "WELL", "WELL (virtual community)", "Well.com" ; :definition "The Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link, normally shortened to The WELL, is one of the oldest virtual communities in continuous operation. As of June 2012, it had 2,693 members. It is best known for its Internet forums, but also provides email, shell accounts, and web pages. The discussion and topics on The WELL range from deeply serious to trivial, depending on the nature and interests of the participants." ; :prefLabel "Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Kwoss", "QOS", "Quality service", "Quality-of-service", "Telephony quality of service", "Teletraffic quality of service" ; :definition "Quality of service (QoS) is the overall performance of a telephony or computer network, particularly the performance seen by the users of the network. To quantitatively measure quality of service, several related aspects of the network service are often considered, such as error rates, bit rate, throughput, transmission delay, availability, jitter, etc." ; :prefLabel "Quality of service" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Human-Centered Design", "Pervasive Usability", "UCD", "User Centred Design", "User centered", "User centered design", "User-centered", "User-centred design" ; :definition "User-centered design (UCD) or user-driven development (UDD) is a framework of processes (not restricted to interfaces or technologies) in which the needs, wants, and limitations of end users of a product, service or process are given extensive attention at each stage of the design process. User-centered design can be characterized as a multi-stage problem solving process that not only requires designers to analyse and foresee how users are likely to use a product, but also to test the validity of their assumptions with regard to user behavior in real world tests with actual users at each stage of the process from requirements, concepts, pre-production models, mid production and post production creating a circle of proof back to and confirming or modifying the original requirements. Such te" ; :prefLabel "User-centered design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CSP", "Constraint Satisfaction Problems", "Constraint solving", "Constraint-satisfaction problem", "MAX-CSP", "Weighted CSP" ; :definition "Constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) are mathematical problems defined as a set of objects whose state must satisfy a number of constraints or limitations. CSPs represent the entities in a problem as a homogeneous collection of finite constraints over variables, which is solved by constraint satisfaction methods. CSPs are the subject of intense research in both artificial intelligence and operations research, since the regularity in their formulation provides a common basis to analyze and solve problems of many seemingly unrelated families. CSPs often exhibit high complexity, requiring a combination of heuristics and combinatorial search methods to be solved in a reasonable time. The Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT), the satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) and answer set programmin" ; :prefLabel "Constraint satisfaction problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "General purpose modeling", "General-Purpose Modeling (GPM)", "General-purpose", "General-purpose modeling language" ; :definition "General-purpose modelling (GPM) is the systematic use of a general-purpose modelling language to represent the various facets of an object or a system. Examples of GPM languages are: * The Unified Modelling Language (UML), an industry standard for modelling software-intensive systems * EXPRESS (ISO 10303-11), an international standard for the specification of data models * IDEF, a group of languages from the 1970s that aimed to be neutral, generic and reusable * Gellish, an industry standard natural language oriented modeling language for storage and exchange of data and knowledge, published in 2005 * Lisp, a functional programming language designed for symbol processing, later extended with imperative abilities * XML, a data modelling language now beginning to be used to model" ; :prefLabel "General-purpose modeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Geo", "Geo tag", "Geo tagging", "Geo-tagging", "Geoblogging", "Geomapping", "Geostamp", "Geotag", "Geotagged" ; :definition "Geotagging (also written as GeoTagging) is the process of adding geographical identification metadata to various media such as a geotagged photograph or video, websites, SMS messages, QR Codes or RSS feeds and is a form of geospatial metadata. This data usually consists of latitude and longitude coordinates, though they can also include altitude, bearing, distance, accuracy data, and place names, and perhaps a time stamp." ; :prefLabel "Geotagging" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "NP optimization problem", "Optimal solution", "Optimal value" ; :definition "In mathematics and computer science, an optimization problem is the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible solutions. Optimization problems can be divided into two categories depending on whether the variables are continuous or discrete. An optimization problem with discrete variables is known as a combinatorial optimization problem. In a combinatorial optimization problem, we are looking for an object such as an integer, permutation or graph from a finite (or possibly countable infinite) set. Problems with continuous variables include constrained problems and multimodal problems." ; :prefLabel "Optimization problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Procedual language", "Procedural (programming)", "Procedural code", "Procedural language", "Procedural programming language", "Procedural programming languages", "Procedure orientation", "Procedure-oriented language" ; :definition "Procedural programming is a programming paradigm, derived from structured programming, based upon the concept of the procedure call. Procedures, also known as routines, subroutines, or functions (not to be confused with mathematical functions, but similar to those used in functional programming), simply contain a series of computational steps to be carried out. Any given procedure might be called at any point during a program's execution, including by other procedures or itself. Procedural programming languages include C, Go, Fortran, Pascal, Ada, and BASIC." ; :prefLabel "Procedural programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Min-wise independence" ; :definition "In computer science, MinHash (or the min-wise independent permutations locality sensitive hashing scheme) is a technique for quickly estimating how similar two sets are. The scheme was invented by Andrei Broder (), and initially used in the AltaVista search engine to detect duplicate web pages and eliminate them from search results.It has also been applied in large-scale clustering problems, such as clustering documents by the similarity of their sets of words." ; :prefLabel "MinHash" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deduction", "Elimination rule", "Introduction rule", "Natural deduction calculus", "Natural deduction logic", "Natural deduction system", "Natural deductive logic" ; :definition "In logic and proof theory, natural deduction is a kind of proof calculus in which logical reasoning is expressed by inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning. This contrasts with the axiomatic systems which instead use axioms as much as possible to express the logical laws of deductive reasoning." ; :prefLabel "Natural deduction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Domain expert", "Problem Domain Expert", "SME", "Subject Matter Expert", "Subject-matter experts" ; :definition "A subject-matter expert (SME) or domain expert is a person who is an authority in a particular area or topic. The term domain expert is frequently used in expert systems software development, and there the term always refers to the domain other than the software domain. A domain expert is a person with special knowledge or skills in a particular area of endeavour. (An accountant is an expert in the domain of accountancy, for example.) The development of accounting software requires knowledge in two different domains: accounting and software. Some of the development workers may be experts in one domain and not the other. A SME should also have basic knowledge of other technical subjects." ; :prefLabel "Subject-matter expert" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computation", "Computational", "Computed", "Computing" ; :definition "The act of calculating; determining something by mathematical or logical methods." ; :prefLabel "Computation (action)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data smoothing", "Smooth-down", "Smoothdown", "Smoothed", "Smoothed down", "Smoothes", "Smoothes down", "Smoothest", "Smoothing (disambiguation)", "Smoothing down", "Smoothly" ; :definition "In statistics and image processing, to smooth a data set is to create an approximating function that attempts to capture important patterns in the data, while leaving out noise or other fine-scale structures/rapid phenomena. In smoothing, the data points of a signal are modified so individual points (presumably because of noise) are reduced, and points that are lower than the adjacent points are increased leading to a smoother signal. Smoothing may be used in two important ways that can aid in data analysis (1) by being able to extract more information from the data as long as the assumption of smoothing is reasonable and (2) by being able to provide analyses that are both flexible and robust. Many different algorithms are used in smoothing." ; :prefLabel "Smoothing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cep", "Complex Event Processing (CEP)", "Complex Event Processing and Business Process Management", "Event cloud", "Event processing" ; :definition "Event processing is a method of tracking and analyzing (processing) streams of information (data) about things that happen (events), and deriving a conclusion from them. Complex event processing, or CEP, is event processing that combines data from multiple sources to infer events or patterns that suggest more complicated circumstances. The goal of complex event processing is to identify meaningful events (such as opportunities or threats) and respond to them as quickly as possible. The vast amount of information available about events is sometimes referred to as the event cloud." ; :prefLabel "Complex event processing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adam Pease", "Classes (SUMO)", "SUMO (ontology)", "SUMO class", "Sumo (disambiguation)", "Sumo (it)", "Sumo clases" ; :definition "The Suggested Upper Merged Ontology or SUMO is an upper ontology intended as a foundation ontology for a variety of computer information processing systems. It was originally developed by the Teknowledge Corporation and now is maintained by Articulate Software. SUMO is open source. SUMO originally concerned itself with meta-level concepts (general entities that do not belong to a specific problem domain), and thereby would lead naturally to a categorization scheme for encyclopedias. It has now been considerably expanded to include a mid-level ontology and dozens of domain ontologies." ; :prefLabel "Suggested Upper Merged Ontology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RBS", "Rule base", "Rule based system", "Rule-based language", "Rule-based systems" ; :definition "In computer science, rule-based systems are used as a way to store and manipulate knowledge to interpret information in a useful way. They are often used in artificial intelligence applications and research." ; :prefLabel "Rule-based system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Incremental persistence", "Orthogonal persistence", "Orthogonal persistency", "Persistence", "Persistence (programming)", "Persistence layer", "Persistent Storage" ; :definition "In computer science, persistence refers to the characteristic of state that outlives the process that created it. This is achieved in practice by storing the state as data in computer data storage. Programs have to transfer data to and from storage devices and have to provide mappings from the native programming-language data structures to the storage device data structures. Picture editing programs or word processors, for example, achieve state persistence by saving their documents to files." ; :prefLabel "Persistence (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Double byte characters", "MES-1", "MES-2", "The Unicode Standard", "U+", "UCD", "UTF", "Uni-code", "Unicode 1", "Unicode 1.0", "Unicode 1.0.0", "Unicode 1.0.1", "Unicode 1.1", "Unicode 2", "Unicode 2.0", "Unicode 2.1", "Unicode 3", "Unicode 3.0", "Unicode 3.1", "Unicode 3.2", "Unicode 4", "Unicode 4.0", "Unicode 4.1", "Unicode 5", "Unicode 5.0", "Unicode 5.1", "Unicode 5.2", "Unicode 6", "Unicode 6.0", "Unicode 6.1", "Unicode 6.2", "Unicode 6.3", "Unicode 7", "Unicode 7.0", "Unicode 8", "Unicode 8.0", "Unicode 88", "Unicode 9", "Unicode 9.0", "Unicode Character Database", "Unicode Standard", "Unicode Transformation Formats", "Unicode alias", "Unicode code points", "Unicode pipeline", "Unicode roadmap", "Unicode transformation format", "Unicode versions", "Unicode.org", "Yunicode", "유니코드" ; :definition "Unicode is a computing industry standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in conjunction with the Universal Coded Character Set (UCS) standard and published as The Unicode Standard, the latest version of Unicode contains a repertoire of more than 128,000 characters covering 135 modern and historic scripts, as well as multiple symbol sets. The standard consists of a set of code charts for visual reference, an encoding method and set of standard character encodings, a set of reference data files, and a number of related items, such as character properties, rules for normalization, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional display order (for the correct display of text containing both rig" ; :prefLabel "Unicode" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information organization", "Organization of information" ; :definition "Knowledge organization (KO) (or "organization of knowledge", "organization of information" or "information organization") is a branch of Library and Information Science (LIS) concerned with activities such as document description, indexing and classification performed in libraries, databases, archives, etc. These activities are done by librarians, archivists, subject specialists as well as by computer algorithms. KO as a field of study is concerned with the nature and quality of such knowledge organizing processes (KOP) (such as taxonomy and ontology) as well as the knowledge organizing systems (KOS) used to organize documents, document representations and concepts." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge organization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ABIOS", "AT BIOS", "Advanced BIOS", "B I O S", "BIOS (PC)", "BIOS Boot Sequence", "BIOS ROM", "BIOS Upgrades", "BIOS chip", "BIOS configuration utility", "BIOS features comparison", "BIOS flashing", "BIOS settings", "BIOS setup", "BIOS setup utility", "Basic I/O System", "Basic Input-Output System", "Basic Input/Output System", "Basic Integrated Operating System", "Basic input output system", "Bootblock", "Built-in Operating System", "CBIOS", "Compatibility BIOS", "Flash BIOS", "Flashing", "Flashing BIOS", "Flashing the BIOS", "IBM ABIOS", "IBM BIOS", "IBM CBIOS", "IBM PC BIOS", "Independent BIOS vendor", "Mebromi", "PC BIOS", "PC-BIOS", "PC/AT BIOS", "PC/XT BIOS", "PS/2 ABIOS", "PS/2 BIOS", "PS/2 CBIOS", "ROM BIOS", "ROM-BIOS", "SLIC table", "Software licensing description table", "System BIOS", "XT BIOS" ; :definition "The BIOS (/ˈbaɪ.ɒs/, an acronym for Basic Input/Output System and also known as the System BIOS, ROM BIOS or PC BIOS) is a type of firmware used to perform hardware initialization during the booting process (power-on startup) on IBM PC compatible computers, and to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs. The BIOS firmware is built into personal computers (PCs), and it is the first software they run when powered on. The name itself originates from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975. Originally proprietary to the IBM PC, the BIOS has been reverse engineered by companies looking to create compatible systems and the interface of that original system serves as a de facto standard." ; :prefLabel "BIOS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GPS", "GPS (disambiguation)", "GPS Pet Collar", "GPS carrier phase positioning", "GPS latitude longitude altitude", "GPS location", "GPS monitoring", "GPS pet tracking", "GPS reciever", "GPS system", "GPS time", "GPS2", "GPST", "Geopositioning system", "Geotrekking", "Global Positioning Satellite", "Global Positioning Systems", "Global Positionning System", "Global position satellite", "Global position system", "Global positional satellite", "Global positional satellites", "Global positioning", "Global positioning satellite system", "Global positioning satellites", "Gps coordiantes", "Gps map", "History of GPS", "NAVSTAR GPS", "Navigation Signal Timing and Ranging Global Positioning System", "Navstar", "OD-GPS", "PPS", "Pedestrian gps", "Positioning", "Precise Positioning Service", "Standard Positioning Service", "US GPS" ; :definition "("GPS" redirects here. For the device, see GPS receiver. For other uses, see GPS (disambiguation).) The Global Positioning System (GPS), also known as Navstar, is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. The GPS system operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information. The GPS system provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. The United States government created the system, maintains it, and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver." ; :prefLabel "Global Positioning System" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Thought vectors", "Word vector", "Word vector space", "Word vectors" ; :definition "Word embedding is the collective name for a set of language modeling and feature learning techniques in natural language processing (NLP) where words or phrases from the vocabulary are mapped to vectors of real numbers in a low-dimensional space relative to the vocabulary size ("continuous space"). Methods to generate this mapping include neural networks, dimensionality reduction on the word co-occurrence matrix, probabilistic models, and explicit representation in terms of the context in which words appear." ; :prefLabel "Word embedding" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Click (mouse)", "Event", "Event Listner", "Event handler", "Event handlers", "Event handling", "Event listener", "Event model", "Event notification", "Event object", "Handler", "Key press", "Keypress", "Keypresses", "Keystroke", "Keystrokes", "Listener (computing)", "Mouse click" ; :definition "In computing, an event is an action or occurrence recognized by software that may be handled by the software. Computer events can be generated or triggered by the system, by the user or in other ways. Typically, events are handled synchronously with the program flow, that is, the software may have one or more dedicated places where events are handled, frequently an event loop. A source of events includes the user, who may interact with the software by way of, for example, keystrokes on the keyboard. Another source is a hardware device such as a timer. Software can also trigger its own set of events into the event loop, e.g. to communicate the completion of a task. Software that changes its behavior in response to events is said to be event-driven, often with the goal of being interactive." ; :prefLabel "Event (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business Strategy", "Competitive strategy", "Corporate Strategy", "International Strategic Management", "Management (disambiguation)", "Organizational Strategy", "Strategic drift", "Strategic enterprise management", "Strategy (disambiguation)", "Strategy evaluation", "Strategy formulation" ; :definition "Strategic management involves the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by a company's top management on behalf of owners, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization competes." ; :prefLabel "Strategic management" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Background", "Background (computer software)", "Background processes", "Hidden process" ; :definition "A background process is a computer process that runs behind the scenes (i.e., in the background) and without user intervention. Typical tasks for these processes include logging, system monitoring, scheduling, and user notification." ; :prefLabel "Background process" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptation (disambiguation)" ; :definition "The term “adaptation” in computer science refers to a process, in which an interactive system (adaptive system) adapts its behaviour to individual users based on information acquired about its user(s) and its environment." ; :prefLabel "Adaptation (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Defenition", "Defin", "Define", "Defined", "Definer", "Definers", "Defines", "Definiendum", "Defining", "Definition (disambiguation)", "Definitional", "Definitionally", "Definitions", "Definitiveness", "Definitivities", "Definitivity", "Genetic definition", "Lexical definition of definition", "Obscurum per obscurius", "Redefined", "Redefinedly", "Redefiner", "Redefiners", "Redefines", "Redefining", "Redefiningly", "Redefinitions", "Working definition", "Working definitions" ; :definition "A definition is a statement of the meaning of a term (a word, phrase, or other set of symbols). Definitions can be classified into two large categories, intensional definitions (which try to give the essence of a term) and extensional definitions (which proceed by listing the objects that a term describes). Another important category of definitions is the class of ostensive definitions, which convey the meaning of a term by pointing out examples. A term may have many different senses and multiple meanings, and thus require multiple definitions." ; :prefLabel "Definition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cross-validation", "Hold-out cross-validation", "LOOCV", "Out of sample testing", "Root-mean-square error of cross-validation", "Rotation estimation" ; :definition "Cross-validation, sometimes called rotation estimation, is a model validation technique for assessing how the results of a statistical analysis will generalize to an independent data set. It is mainly used in settings where the goal is prediction, and one wants to estimate how accurately a predictive model will perform in practice. In a prediction problem, a model is usually given a dataset of known data on which training is run (training dataset), and a dataset of unknown data (or first seen data) against which the model is tested (testing dataset). The goal of cross validation is to define a dataset to "test" the model in the training phase (i.e., the validation dataset), in order to limit problems like overfitting, give an insight on how the model will generalize to an independent datas" ; :prefLabel "Cross-validation (statistics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blocked Gibbs sampler", "Blocked Gibbs sampling", "Collapsed Gibbs sampler", "Collapsed Gibbs sampling", "Gibbs", "Gibbs point process", "Gibbs sampler" ; :definition "In statistics, Gibbs sampling or a Gibbs sampler is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for obtaining a sequence of observations which are approximated from a specified multivariate probability distribution, when direct sampling is difficult. This sequence can be used to approximate the joint distribution (e.g., to generate a histogram of the distribution); to approximate the marginal distribution of one of the variables, or some subset of the variables (for example, the unknown parameters or latent variables); or to compute an integral (such as the expected value of one of the variables). Typically, some of the variables correspond to observations whose values are known, and hence do not need to be sampled." ; :prefLabel "Gibbs sampling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Boolean predicates", "Logical predicate", "Predicate", "Predicate (computer programming)", "Predicate (logic)", "Predicate (mathematics)" ; :definition "In mathematics, a predicate is commonly understood to be a Boolean-valued function P: X→ {true, false}, called the predicate on X. However, predicates have many different uses and interpretations in mathematics and logic, and their precise definition, meaning and use will vary from theory to theory. So, for example, when a theory defines the concept of a relation, then a predicate is simply the characteristic function or the indicator function of a relation. However, not all theories have relations, or are founded on set theory, and so one must be careful with the proper definition and semantic interpretation of a predicate." ; :prefLabel "Predicate (mathematical logic)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concept mapping program", "Diagramming", "Labyrinth (software)", "List of concept mapping and mind mapping software", "List of concept mapping software", "List of mind mapping software", "List of mind-mapping software", "Mind Map Architect", "Mind map program", "Mind mapper", "Mind mapping program", "Mind mapping programs", "Mind mapping software", "Mind mapping tools", "Mind tools", "Mindmap program", "Mindmap software", "Mindmapping program", "Mindmapping programs", "Mindmapping software", "Semantik (software)", "Vym", "Vym (software)" ; :definition "Concept mapping and mind mapping software are used to create diagrams of relationships between concepts, ideas, or other pieces of information. It has been suggested that the mind mapping technique can improve learning and study efficiency up to 15% over conventional note-taking. Many software packages and websites allow creating, or otherwise supporting, mind maps." ; :prefLabel "List of concept- and mind-mapping software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptive bridge", "Bridge (computer)", "Bridge (computers)", "Bridge (networking)", "Bridge mode", "Bridged network", "Bridging", "DLF", "Destination Lookup Failure", "Ethernet Bridge", "Ethernet Bridges", "Multiport bridging", "Network bridge", "Network bridges", "Network bridging", "PC based bridge", "Simple bridging", "Transparent bridge", "Transparent bridging", "Wireless Ethernet Bridge", "Wireless bridge", "Wireless bridges", "Wireless bridging" ; :definition "A network bridge is a computer networking device that creates a single aggregate network from multiple communication networks or network segments. This function is called network bridging. Bridging is distinct from routing, which allows multiple different networks to communicate independently while remaining separate. In the OSI model, bridging is performed in the first two layers, below the network layer (layer 3). If one or more segments of the bridged network are wireless, the device is known as a wireless bridge and the function as wireless bridging." ; :prefLabel "Bridging (networking)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "All-poles model", "Entropy maximization principle", "Jaynes' principle", "MaxEnt", "Maximum Entropy", "Maximum entropy method", "Maximum entropy model", "Maximum entropy principle", "Mem (disambiguation)", "Testable information" ; :definition "The principle of maximum entropy states that, subject to precisely stated prior data (such as a proposition that expresses ), the probability distribution which best represents the current state of knowledge is the one with largest entropy. Another way of stating this: Take precisely stated prior data or testable information about a probability distribution function. Consider the set of all trial probability distributions that would encode the prior data. According to this principle, the distribution with maximal information entropy is the proper one." ; :prefLabel "Principle of maximum entropy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Access", "Access Control Systems", "Access control protocol", "Access control system", "Access controls", "Access policy", "Authentication in web", "Physical access control", "Subject", "Subject (access control)" ; :definition "In the fields of physical security and information security, access control (AC) is the selective restriction of access to a place or other resource. The act of accessing may mean consuming, entering, or using. Permission to access a resource is called authorization. Locks and login credentials are two analogous mechanisms of access control." ; :prefLabel "Access control" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DoD Model", "Five-layer TCP/IP model", "Five-layer adaptation of TCP/IP model", "Five-layer adaptation of the TCP/IP model", "IP Protocol Family", "IP based network", "IP model", "IP network", "IP networks", "IP protocol suite", "IP stack", "IP-based network", "IPstack", "Internet (disambiguation)", "Internet Protocols", "Internet Services", "Internet model", "Internet protocol (disambiguation)", "Internet protocol family", "Internet reference model", "Internet technologies", "Internet technology", "Ip suite", "It", "TCP IP", "TCP-IP", "TCP/IP Protocol", "TCP/IP Suite", "TCP/IP abc's", "TCP/IP five layer model", "TCP/IP network", "TCP/IP protocol stack", "TCP/IP protocol suite", "TCP/IP reference model", "TCP/IP stack", "TCPIP", "Tcp ip model", "Tcp-ip model", "Tcp/Ip", "Tcp/ip model", "The Crap Phil Is Pushing", "Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol" ; :definition "The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because its most commonly used protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) were the first networking protocols defined during its development. It is occasionally known as the Department of Defense (DoD) model, because the development of the networking model was funded by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense." ; :prefLabel "Internet protocol suite" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extractor", "Von Neumann extractor" ; :definition "A randomness extractor, often simply called an "extractor", is a function, which being applied to output from a weakly random entropy source, together with a short, uniformly random seed, generates a highly random output that appears independent from the source and uniformly distributed. Examples of weakly random sources include radioactive decay or thermal noise; the only restriction on possible sources is that there is no way they can be fully controlled, calculated or predicted, and that a lower bound on their entropy rate can be established. For a given source, a randomness extractor can even be considered to be a true random number generator (TRNG); but there is no single extractor that has been proven to produce truly random output from any type of weakly random source." ; :prefLabel "Randomness extractor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bounded stack", "LIFO (computing)", "Last-come", "Pop (computer programming)", "Push (computer programming)", "Push and pop", "Push/pop", "Pushdown", "Pushing and popping", "Stack", "Stack (computer science)", "Stack (data structure)", "Stack (programming)", "Stack (software", "Stack data structure", "Stack depth distribution", "Stack organization", "Stack pop", "Stack push", "Stack underflow", "first served" ; :definition "In computer science, a stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of elements, with two principal operations: push, which adds an element to the collection, and pop, which removes the most recently added element that was not yet removed. The order in which elements come off a stack gives rise to its alternative name, LIFO (for last in, first out). Additionally, a peek operation may give access to the top without modifying the stack." ; :prefLabel "Stack (abstract data type)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Calculus (disambiguation)", "Classical propositional logic", "Exportation in logic", "PL", "Proposition (disambiguation)", "Propositional calculi", "Propositional logic", "Sentance logic", "Sentence logic", "Sentential calculus", "Sentential logic", "Truth-functional propositional calculus", "Truth-functional propositional logic" ; :definition "Propositional calculus (also called propositional logic, sentential calculus, sentential logic, or sometimes zeroth-order logic) is the branch of logic concerned with the study of propositions (whether they are true or false) that are formed by other propositions with the use of logical connectives, and how their value depends on the truth value of their components. Logical connectives are found in natural languages. In English for example, some examples are "and" (conjunction), "or" (disjunction), "not” (negation) and "if" (but only when used to denote material conditional). Premise 1:" ; :prefLabel "Propositional calculus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "M. Rospocher" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 56 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Marco Rospocher" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".accdb", ".mdb", ".mde", "Accdb", "Access", "Access 2", "Access 2002", "Access 97", "Access 97 SR2", "MSACCESS", "Microsoft Acces", "Microsoft Access 2002", "Microsoft Access 2007", "Microsoft Access Development", "Microsoft Office Access", "Ms Access", "Msaccess.exe", "Office Access" ; :definition "Microsoft Access is a database management system (DBMS) from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. It is a member of the Microsoft Office suite of applications, included in the Professional and higher editions or sold separately. Microsoft Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications and databases." ; :prefLabel "Microsoft Access" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MS Windows NT", "MSW NT", "Microsoft Windows NT", "Microsoft Windows NT Server", "NT", "NT 6.0", "NT 6.2", "NT family system", "NT server", "NT-based", "NT-based versions of Windows", "NT6", "OS/2 NT", "WIN NT", "WinNT6.0", "Windows 5", "Windows 5.2", "Windows 6", "Windows 6.0", "Windows 6.1", "Windows NT 5", "Windows NT 5.2", "Windows NT 6.1", "Windows NT 6.2", "Windows NT 6.3", "Windows NT 6.X", "Windows NT Driver Model", "Windows NT Server", "Windows NT Workstation", "Windows NT family", "Windows New Technology", "Windows nt 6", "Windows nt 6.0", "WindowsNT", "Winnt", "Winnt.exe", "Winnt32.exe" ; :definition "Windows NT is a family of operating systems produced by Microsoft, the first version of which was released in July 1993. It is a processor-independent, multiprocessing, multi-user operating system. The first version of Windows NT was Windows NT 3.1 and was produced for workstations and server computers. It was intended to complement consumer versions of Windows (including Windows 1.0 through Windows 3.1x) that were based on MS-DOS. Gradually, the Windows NT family was expanded into Microsoft's general-purpose operating system product line for all personal computers, deprecating the Windows 9x family." ; :prefLabel "Windows NT" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3-D model", "3-D modeling", "3D BIM", "3D CAD", "3D Modeler", "3D model (computer graphics)", "3D modeling software", "3D modelling", "3D models", "3D object modeling", "3D-modeling software", "3d model", "CAD model", "Model", "Model (Video games)", "Model (computer games)", "Modeler", "Three dimensional model", "Three-dimensional model", "Virtual model" ; :definition "In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling (or three-dimensional modeling) is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional surface of an object (either inanimate or living) via specialized software. The product is called a 3D model. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices." ; :prefLabel "3D modeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CMC", "Communication (disambiguation)", "Computer mediated communication", "Computer mediated discourse", "Computer mediated discourse analysis", "Computer-mediated discourse", "Computer-mediated discourse analysis", "Online communication", "Online discourse", "Online discourse environment", "Subject line", "Webspeak" ; :definition "Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is defined as any human communication that occurs through the use of two or more electronic devices. While the term has traditionally referred to those communications that occur via computer-mediated formats (e.g., instant messaging, email, chat rooms, online forums, social network services), it has also been applied to other forms of text-based interaction such as text messaging. Research on CMC focuses largely on the social effects of different computer-supported communication technologies. Many recent studies involve Internet-based social networking supported by social software." ; :prefLabel "Computer-mediated communication" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Faithlessness", "Trust (economics)", "Trust (social sciences)", "Trust (sociology)", "Trusted", "Trustiness", "Trusting", "Trustworthiness", "Trustworthy" ; :definition "In a social context, trust has several connotations. Definitions of trust typically refer to a situation characterized by the following aspects: One party (trustor) is willing to rely on the actions of another party (trustee); the situation is directed to the future. In addition, the trustor (voluntarily or forcedly) abandons control over the actions performed by the trustee. As a consequence, the trustor is uncertain about the outcome of the other's actions; they can only develop and evaluate expectations. The uncertainty involves the risk of failure or harm to the trustor if the trustee will not behave as desired. Vladimir Ilych Lenin expressed this idea with the sentence "Trust is good, control is better"." ; :prefLabel "Trust (emotion)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "0-1 integer program", "0-1 integer programming", "0-1 integer programs", "0-1 linear programming", "0–1 integer program", "1-0 linear programming", "BIP", "Binary integer program", "Binary integer programming", "Binary integer programs", "Integer linear program", "Integer linear programs", "Integer programs", "Integral linear program", "Integral polyhedron", "Integral polytope", "LP", "LP duality", "LP problem", "Linear (disambiguation)", "Linear optimisation", "Linear optimization", "Linear problem", "Linear program", "Linear programme", "Linear programmer", "Linear programmers", "Linear programming duality", "Linear programming problem", "Linear programs", "List of algorithms for linear programming", "Lp solve", "MIP", "Mixed integer linear programming", "Mixed integer program", "Mixed integer programming", "Mixed integer programs" ; :definition "Linear programming (LP) (also called linear optimization) is a method to achieve the best outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements are represented by linear relationships. Linear programming is a special case of mathematical programming (mathematical optimization). Linear programs are problems that can be expressed in canonical form as where x represents the vector of variables (to be determined), c and b are vectors of (known) coefficients, A is a (known) matrix of coefficients, and" ; :prefLabel "Linear programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".jp2", ".jpm", ".jpx", ".mj2", ".mjp2", "EBCOT", "ISO/IEC 15444", "JP2K", "JPEG 2k", "JPEG-2000", "JPEG2000", "JPEG2k", "JPG 2000", "JPG 2K", "JPG2000", "JPG2k", "Jpeg2", "Lossless JPEG 2000" ; :definition "JPEG 2000 (JP2) is an image compression standard and coding system. It was created by the Joint Photographic Experts Group committee in 2000 with the intention of superseding their original discrete cosine transform-based JPEG standard (created in 1992) with a newly designed, wavelet-based method. The standardized filename extension is .jp2 for ISO/IEC 15444-1 conforming files and .jpx for the extended part-2 specifications, published as ISO/IEC 15444-2. The registered MIME types are defined in . For ISO/IEC 15444-1 it is image/jp2." ; :prefLabel "JPEG 2000" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Genetic", "Genetic Heterogeneities", "Heterogeneities", "Heterogeneity", "Heterogeneity.", "Heterogeneous", "Heterogeneous." ; :definition "The presence of apparently similar characters for which the genetic evidence indicates that different genes or different genetic mechanisms are involved in different pedigrees. In clinical settings genetic heterogeneity refers to the presence of a variety of genetic defects which cause the same disease, often due to mutations at different loci on the same gene, a finding common to many human diseases including ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE DEFICIENCY, FAMILIAL; and POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASES. (Rieger, et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)" ; :prefLabel "Genetic Heterogeneity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business logistics", "Certified Professional Logistician", "E-logistics", "Elogistics", "Grocery Delivery", "In-house logistics", "Logistic", "Logistical", "Logistical support", "Logistics Overview", "Logistics industry", "Logistics management", "Logistics support", "Supply and transport" ; :definition "Logistics is generally the detailed organization and implementation of a complex operation. In a general business sense, logistics is the management of the flow of things between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet requirements of customers or corporations. The resources managed in logistics can include physical items such as food, materials, animals, equipment, and liquids; as well as abstract items, such as time and information. The logistics of physical items usually involves the integration of information flow, material handling, production, packaging, inventory, transportation, warehousing, and often security." ; :prefLabel "Logistics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "@mm", "Boot sector virus", "Boot virus", "Computer Virus Wikipedia", "Computer viri", "Computer virology", "Computer virus threat", "Computer viruses", "Comuter virus", "DOS Boot Record infector virus", "E-mail virus", "Email virus", "File infector", "File virus", "Hello (computer virus)", "Internet virus", "Mail virus", "Online virus", "Pc virus", "Phone Virus", "Software virus", "Stealth", "Stealth virus", "Stealth virus (computers)", "Stealth-adapted virus", "Summary of Computer Viruses", "Surfsidekick", "Threat of internet viruses", "Viral programming", "Virus (computer)", "Virus (computers)", "Virus (computing", "Virus (computing)", "Virus (disambiguation)", "Virus program", "Virus signature", "Vital Information Resource Under Siege" ; :definition "A computer virus is a type of malicious software program ("malware") that, when executed, replicates by reproducing itself (copying its own source code) or infecting other computer programs by modifying them. Infecting computer programs can include as well, data files, or the "boot" sector of the hard drive. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected" with a computer virus. The term "virus" is also commonly, but erroneously, used to refer to other types of malware. "Malware" encompasses computer viruses along with many other forms of malicious software, such as computer "worms", ransomware, trojan horses, keyloggers, rootkits, spyware, adware, malicious Browser Helper Object (BHOs) and other malicious software. The majority of active malware threats ar" ; :prefLabel "Computer virus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "In computational linguistics, FrameNet is a project housed at the International Computer Science Institute in Berkeley, California which produces an electronic resource based on a theory of meaning calledframe semantics. FrameNet reveals for example that the sentence "John sold a car to Mary" essentially describes the same basic situation (semantic frame) as "Mary bought a car from John", just from a different perspective. A semantic frame can be thought of as a conceptual structure describing an event, relation, or object and the participants in it. The FrameNet lexical database contains around 1,200 semantic frames, 13,000 lexical units (a pairing of a word with a meaning; polysemous words are represented by several lexical units) and over 190,000 example sentences. FrameNet is largely t" ; :prefLabel "FrameNet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "B (disambiguation)", "Byte (computing)", "Byte (disambiguation)", "Bytes", "The Evolution of the Byte", "Zigabyte" ; :definition "The byte (/ˈbaɪt/) is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures.The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. The de facto standard of eight bits is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte. The international standard IEC 80000-13 codified this common meaning. Many types of applications use information representable in eight or fewer bits and processor designers optimize for this common usage. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has" ; :prefLabel "Byte" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analog automata", "Automata (disambiguation)", "Automaton theory", "Theory of automata" ; :definition "The figure at right illustrates a finite-state machine, which belongs to a well-known type of automaton. This automaton consists of states (represented in the figure by circles) and transitions (represented by arrows). As the automaton sees a symbol of input, it makes a transition (or jump) to another state, according to its transition function, which takes the current state and the recent symbol as its inputs. Automata play a major role in theory of computation, compiler construction, artificial intelligence, parsing and formal verification." ; :prefLabel "Automata theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Browser id", "Browser signature", "HTTP USER AGENT", "UA", "UA product token", "UA product tokens", "User agent identification", "User agent spoofing", "User agent string", "User agents", "User-agent", "User-agent product token", "User-agent string", "UserAgent", "UserAgentString", "W3 user agent", "WWW user agent", "Web Agent", "Web user agent" ; :definition "In computing, a user agent is software (a software agent) that is acting on behalf of a user. One common use of the term refers to a web browser telling a web site information about the browser and operating system. This allows the web site to customize content for the capabilities of a particular device, but also raises privacy issues." ; :prefLabel "User agent" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AASD", "Adaptation of Agile Methods", "Agile", "Agile Alliance", "Agile Manifesto", "Agile Processes", "Agile Programming", "Agile Software Manifesto", "Agile Web Development", "Agile coaching", "Agile development", "Agile framework", "Agile method", "Agile methodology", "Agile methods", "Agile process", "Agile software", "Applied Agile Software Development", "Fragilism", "Information radiator", "Manifesto for Agile Software Development", "Post-Agilism", "Radiator (disambiguation)", "Radiator (information)", "Rapid iteration", "Sync Kanban", "when to use" ; :definition "Agile software development describes a set of principles for software development under which requirements and solutions evolve through the collaborative effort of self-organizing cross-functional teams. It advocates adaptive planning, evolutionary development, early delivery, and continuous improvement, and it encourages rapid and flexible response to change. These principles support the definition and continuing evolution of many software development methods." ; :prefLabel "Agile software development" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Discrimination information", "Divergence (disambiguation)", "Information gain", "KL distance", "KL divergence", "KL-distance", "Kl-divergence", "Kullback Leibler divergence", "Kullback divergence", "Kullback information", "Kullback-Leibler", "Kullback-Leibler Distance", "Kullback-Leibler divergence", "Kullback-Leibler entropy", "Kullback-Leibler information", "Kullback-Leibler redundancy", "Kullback-Liebler", "Kullback-Liebler distance", "Kullback–Leibler distance", "Kullback–Leibler entropy", "Kullback–Leibler information", "Kullback–Leibler redundancy", "Leibler", "Nkld", "Principle of Minimum Discrimination Information", "Relative entropy" ; :definition "In probability theory and information theory, the Kullback–Leibler divergence, also called discrimination information (the name preferred by Kullback), information divergence, information gain, relative entropy, KLIC, KL divergence, is a measure of the difference between two probability distributions P and Q. It is not symmetric in P and Q. In applications, P typically represents the "true" distribution of data, observations, or a precisely calculated theoretical distribution, while Q typically represents a theory, model, description, or approximation of P." ; :prefLabel "Kullback–Leibler divergence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Address", "Addresses" ; :definition "Works consisting of speeches, orations, or written statements, usually formal, directed to a particular group of persons. These are different from LECTURES that are usually delivered to classes for instructional purposes." ; :prefLabel "Addresses (publication format)" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DVB", "DVB Project", "DVB standards", "DVB-CA", "DVB-DATA", "DVB-MPEG", "DVB-SI", "DVB-SUB", "DVB-TXT", "DVB-VBI", "DVB-X", "Digital Video Broadcast", "Digital Video Broadcasting Project", "Dvb asi" ; :definition "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) is a suite of internationally accepted open standards for digital television. DVB standards are maintained by the DVB Project, an international industry consortium with more than 270 members, and are published by a Joint Technical Committee (JTC) of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) and European Broadcasting Union (EBU). The interaction of the DVB sub-standards is described in the DVB Cookbook. Many aspects of DVB are patented, including elements of the MPEG video coding and audio coding." ; :prefLabel "Digital Video Broadcasting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".ascx", ".ashx", ".asmx", ".asp", ".aspx", "ASCX", "ASHX", "ASMX", "ASP .Net", "ASP master pages", "ASP+", "ASP.NET 2.0", "ASP.NET 3.5", "ASP.NET Framework", "ASP.NET Identity", "ASP.NET Web API", "ASP.NET Web User Controls", "ASP.NET master pages", "ASP.NET state management", "Asp dot net", "Asp.net jobs", "Aspx", "Aspx file", "Code-behind", "Microsoft ASP.NET", "Session State", "VNext", "View State", "ViewState", "Web Forms", "Web Forms application" ; :definition "ASP.NET is an open-source server-side web application framework designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. It was developed by Microsoft to allow programmers to build dynamic web sites, web applications and web services." ; :prefLabel "ASP.NET" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Amazon Elastic MapReduce", "HDFS", "Hadoop", "Hadoop Distributed File System", "Hadoop Distributed Filesystem", "Hadoop YARN", "YARN" ; :definition "Apache Hadoop (pronunciation: /həˈduːp/) is an open-source software framework for distributed storage and distributed processing of very large data sets on computer clusters built from commodity hardware. All the modules in Hadoop are designed with a fundamental assumption that hardware failures are common and should be automatically handled by the framework. The base Apache Hadoop framework is composed of the following modules: Apache Hadoop's MapReduce and HDFS components were inspired by Google papers on their MapReduce and Google File System." ; :prefLabel "Apache Hadoop" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2nd Life", "Detroit Life", "Feted Inner Core", "Libopenmetaverse", "Libsecondlife", "Melita Insula", "Recreation in Second Life", "SL", "SLT", "Second Life (online virtual community)", "Second Life Time", "Secondlife", "Teen Second Life War History", "Web3D Chat" ; :definition "Second Life is an online virtual world, developed by Linden Lab, based in San Francisco, and launched on June 23, 2003. By 2013 Second Life had approximately 1 million regular users, according to Linden Lab, which owns Second Life. In many ways, Second Life is similar to MMORPGs (Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games); however, Linden Lab is emphatic that their creation is not a game: "There is no manufactured conflict, no set objective"." ; :prefLabel "Second Life" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Forward engineering", "MDA", "Model Driven Architecture", "Model-driven" ; :definition "Model-driven architecture (MDA) is a software design approach for the development of software systems. It provides a set of guidelines for the structuring of specifications, which are expressed as models. Model-driven architecture is a kind of domain engineering, and supports model-driven engineering of software systems. It was launched by the Object Management Group (OMG) in 2001." ; :prefLabel "Model-driven architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cascade (Social Network Theory)", "Network analysis", "Networks in Political Science", "SNA", "SNP", "Social network (disambiguation)", "Social network change detection", "Social networking potential" ; :definition "Social network analysis (SNA) is the process of investigating social structures through the use of network and graph theories. It characterizes networked structures in terms of nodes (individual actors, people, or things within the network) and the ties, edges, or links (relationships or interactions) that connect them. Examples of social structures commonly visualized through social network analysis include social media networks, friendship and acquaintance networks, collaboration graphs, kinship, disease transmission, and sexual relationships. These networks are often visualized through sociograms in which nodes are represented as points and ties are represented as lines." ; :prefLabel "Social network analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AL (complexity)", "Complexity class P", "Nonuniform polynomial time", "Nonuniform polynomial-time", "P (class)", "P (complexity class)", "P (disambiguation)", "P-hard", "PTIME" ; :definition "In computational complexity theory, P, also known as PTIME or DTIME(nO(1)), is a fundamental complexity class. It contains all decision problems that can be solved by a deterministic Turing machine using a polynomial amount of computation time, or polynomial time. Cobham's thesis holds that P is the class of computational problems that are "efficiently solvable" or "tractable"; in practice, some problems not known to be in P have practical solutions, and some that are in P do not, but this is a useful rule of thumb." ; :prefLabel "P (complexity)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Embed", "Embed Technique", "Embedded" ; :definition "To surround an object with a firm chemical substance such as wax or resin, in order to perform cutting of thin sections for microscopic examination.(On-line Medical Dictionary)" ; :prefLabel "Embedding" ; :related . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dimension reduction", "Reduction" ; :definition "In machine learning and statistics, dimensionality reduction or dimension reduction is the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration, via obtaining a set of principal variables. It can be divided into feature selection and feature extraction." ; :prefLabel "Dimensionality reduction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Loose coupling (disambiguation)", "Loosely Coupled", "Looser", "Looser coupling" ; :definition "In computing and systems design a loosely coupled system is one in which each of its components has, or makes use of, little or no knowledge of the definitions of other separate components. Subareas include the coupling of classes, interfaces, data, and services. Loose coupling is the opposite of tight coupling." ; :prefLabel "Loose coupling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Auto encoder", "Auto-encoder", "Autoassociator", "Diabolo network" ; :definition "An autoencoder, autoassociator or Diabolo network is an artificial neural network used for unsupervised learning of efficient codings.The aim of an autoencoder is to learn a representation (encoding) for a set of data, typically for the purpose of dimensionality reduction. Recently, the autoencoder concept has become more widely used for learning generative models of data." ; :prefLabel "Autoencoder" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "J2SE", "JSE", "JSR 176", "JSR 270", "JSR 59", "Java 2 Platform", "Java 2 Platform Standard Edition", "Java 2 Standard Edition", "Java SE", "Java SE platform", "Java Standard Edition", "Java.io", "Java.lang", "Java.lang.ref", "Java.lang.reflect", "Java.math", "Java.text", "Java.util", "JavaSE", "SE", "Standard Edition", "URLConnection" ; :definition "Java Platform, Standard Edition or Java SE is a widely used platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE uses the object-oriented Java programming language. It is part of the Java software-platform family. Java SE defines a wide range of general-purpose APIs – such as Java APIs for the Java Class Library – and also includes the Java Language Specification and the Java Virtual Machine Specification. One of the most well-known implementations of Java SE is Oracle Corporation's Java Development Kit (JDK)." ; :prefLabel "Java Platform, Standard Edition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Artificial intelligence reasoning", "Automated reasoning program", "Automatic reasoning", "Computer reasoning", "Machine reasoning", "Machine-supported reasoning" ; :definition "Automated reasoning is an area of computer science and mathematical logic dedicated to understanding different aspects of reasoning. The study of automated reasoning helps produce computer programs that allow computers to reason completely, or nearly completely, automatically. Although automated reasoning is considered a sub-field of artificial intelligence, it also has connections with theoretical computer science, and even philosophy." ; :prefLabel "Automated reasoning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IBK", "Ibk algorithm", "K nearest neighbors", "K-NN", "K-Nearest Neighbours", "K-nearest neighbor", "K-nearest neighbor algorithm", "K-nearest neighbor problem", "K-nearest neighbors", "K-nearest neighbors classification", "K-nearest neighbors problem", "K-nearest neighbour", "K-nearest neighbour algorithm", "K-nearest neighbours algorithm", "K-nearest-neighbor", "K-nearest-neighbor algorithm", "KNN", "Nearest Neighbor (Pattern Recognition)", "Nearest neighbors classifier", "Nearest neighbour classifiers" ; :definition "In pattern recognition, the k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm (or k-NN for short) is a non-parametric method used for classification and regression. In both cases, the input consists of the k closest training examples in the feature space. The output depends on whether k-NN is used for classification or regression: k-NN is a type of instance-based learning, or lazy learning, where the function is only approximated locally and all computation is deferred until classification. The k-NN algorithm is among the simplest of all machine learning algorithms." ; :prefLabel "K-nearest neighbors algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Global minimization", "Global optimisation", "Local minimization" ; :definition "Global optimization is a branch of applied mathematics and numerical analysis that deals with the global optimization of a function or a set of functions according to some criteria. Typically, a set of bound and more general constraints is also present, and the decision variables are optimized considering also the constraints. Global optimization is distinguished from regular optimization by its focus on finding the maximum or minimum over all input values, as opposed to finding local minima or maxima." ; :prefLabel "Global optimization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Facet (disambiguation)", "Facet analysis", "Faceted", "Faceted Navigation", "Faceted metadata", "Faceted taxonomy" ; :definition "Faceted classification is a classification scheme used in organizing knowledge into a systematic order. A faceted classification uses semantic categories, either general or subject-specific, that are combined to create the full classification entry. Many library classification systems use a combination of a fixed, enumerative taxonomy of concepts with subordinate facets that further refine the topic." ; :prefLabel "Faceted classification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Deduction system", "Deductive apparatus", "Deductive system", "Finite logic system", "Finite logic-system", "Formal", "Formal deduction system", "Formal logical system", "Formal systems", "General logic system", "General logic-system", "Logic systems", "Logic-system", "Logic-systems", "Logical calculus", "Logical system", "System of logic", "Systems of logic" ; :definition "A formal system is broadly defined as any well-defined system of abstract thought based on the model of mathematics. The entailment of the system by its logical foundation is what distinguishes a formal system from others which may have some basis in an abstract model. Often the formal system will be the basis for or even identified with a larger theory or field (e.g. Euclidean geometry) consistent with the usage in modern mathematics such as model theory. A formal system need not be mathematical as such; for example, Spinoza's Ethics imitates the form of Euclid's Elements." ; :prefLabel "Formal system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BB", "Branch and bound algorithm", "Branch-and-bound", "Branch-and-bound algorithm", "Branch-and-bound technique", "Least discrepancy search" ; :definition "Branch and bound (BB, B&B, or BnB) is an algorithm design paradigm for discrete and combinatorial optimization problems, as well as general real valued problems. A branch-and-bound algorithm consists of a systematic enumeration of candidate solutions by means of state space search: the set of candidate solutions is thought of as forming a rooted tree with the full set at the root. The algorithm explores branches of this tree, which represent subsets of the solution set. Before enumerating the candidate solutions of a branch, the branch is checked against upper and lower estimated bounds on the optimal solution, and is discarded if it cannot produce a better solution than the best one found so far by the algorithm." ; :prefLabel "Branch and bound" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RDF/A", "RDFa Editor", "RDFa Lite" ; :definition "RDFa (or Resource Description Framework in Attributes) is a W3C Recommendation that adds a set of attribute-level extensions to HTML, XHTML and various XML-based document types for embedding rich metadata within Web documents. The RDF data-model mapping enables its use for embedding RDF subject-predicate-object expressions within XHTML documents. It also enables the extraction of RDF model triples by compliant user agents. The RDFa community runs a wiki website to host tools, examples, and tutorials." ; :prefLabel "RDFa" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Graphic file formats", "Graphic formats", "Graphics file format", "Graphics file formats", "Graphics standards", "Image file", "Image file format", "Image files", "Image format", "Image formats", "List of vector graphics markup languages", "MPF", "Multi-Picture Format", "Vector graphics markup language", "Vector graphics markup languages" ; :definition "Image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images. Image files are composed of digital data in one of these formats that can be rasterized for use on a computer display or printer. An image file format may store data in uncompressed, compressed, or vector formats. Once rasterized, an image becomes a grid of pixels, each of which has a number of bits to designate its color equal to the color depth of the device displaying it." ; :prefLabel "Image file formats" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Numerical robustness", "Robust software", "Robustness of software", "Software robustness" ; :definition "In computer science, robustness is the ability of a computer system to cope with errors during execution and cope with erroneous input. Robustness can encompass many areas of computer science, such as robust programming, robust machine learning, and Robust Security Network. Formal techniques, such as fuzz testing, are essential to showing robustness since this type of testing involves invalid or unexpected inputs. Alternatively, fault injection can be used to test robustness. Various commercial products perform robustness testing of software systems, and is a process of failure assessment analysis." ; :prefLabel "Robustness (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "IG", "Inc.", "Instagr.am", "Instagram", "Instagram trends", "Instagram.com", "Instagrammer", "Instant Gram", "Instragram" ; :definition "Instagram is an online mobile photo-sharing, video-sharing, and social networking service that enables its users to take pictures and videos, and share them either publicly or privately on the app, as well as through a variety of other social networking platforms, such as Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr, and Flickr. Originally, a distinctive feature was that it confined photos to a square shape, similar to Kodak Instamatic and Polaroid SX-70 images, in contrast to the 4:3 aspect ratio typically used by mobile device cameras. In August 2015, version 7.5 was released, allowing users to upload media captured in any aspect ratio. Users can also apply digital filters to their images. Videos on Instagram debuted with a 640x640 fixed resolution and maximum 15-second limit in June 2013; resolutions now" ; :prefLabel "Instagram" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Big blue room", "In real life", "Life (disambiguation)", "Meat space", "Meat world", "Meat-space", "Meatspace", "Meatware", "RL", "Real life (reality)", "Real-life" ; :definition "Real life is a phrase used on the Internet to describe actual events, people, activities and interactions." ; :prefLabel "Real life" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concurrency", "Concurrency theory", "Concurrent computer", "Concurrent system", "Concurrent systems" ; :definition "In computer science, concurrency is the decomposability property of a program, algorithm, or problem into order-independent or partially-ordered components or units. This means that even if the concurrent units of the program, algorithm, or problem are executed out-of-order or in partial order, the final outcome will remain the same. This allows for parallel execution of the concurrent units, which can significantly improve overall speed of the execution in multi-processor and multi-core systems." ; :prefLabel "Concurrency (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Audio Scrobbler", "AudioScrobbler", "Audioscrobbler.com", "If it moves", "If it moves graph it", "Last (disambiguation)", "Last fm", "Last.FM Weekly Top Tracks", "Last.FM upon CBS Interactive's due diligence", "Last.fm Player", "Lastfm", "Lastfm.com", "Scrobble", "Scrobbled", "Scrobbler", "Scrobbling", "graph it" ; :definition "Last.fm is a music website, founded in the United Kingdom in 2002. Using a music recommender system called "Audioscrobbler", Last.fm builds a detailed profile of each user's musical taste by recording details of the tracks the user listens to, either from Internet radio stations, or the user's computer or . This information is transferred ("scrobbled") to Last.fm's database either via the music player itself (Spotify, Deezer, Clementine, Amarok, MusicBee) or via a plugin installed into the user's music player. The data are then displayed on the user's profile page and compiled to create reference pages for individual artists." ; :prefLabel "Last.fm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DP", "Design Pattern (Computer Science)", "Design pattern (computing)", "Design patterns (computer science)", "List of Object-oriented design patterns", "Pattern (disambiguation)", "Programmer's practice", "Programming design pattern", "Programming pattern", "Programming practice", "Software design patterns", "Software pattern" ; :definition "In software engineering, a software design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem within a given context in software design. It is not a finished design that can be transformed directly into source or machine code. It is a description or template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. Design patterns are formalized best practices that the programmer can use to solve common problems when designing an application or system." ; :prefLabel "Software design pattern" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Gravure Printing", "Green Printing", "Media", "Print", "Print framework", "Print production", "Printed", "Printed text", "Printing industry", "Printing shop", "Printing system", "Printing works" ; :definition "Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest examples include Cylinder seals and other objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of woodblock printing came from China dating to before 220 A.D. Later developments in printing include the movable type, first developed by Bi Sheng in China. Johannes Gutenberg introduced mechanical movable type printing to Europe in the 15th century. His printing press played a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment, and the scientific revolution and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses." ; :prefLabel "Printing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apllication simulation software", "Application Simulation Software", "Application definion software", "Application definition software", "Application simulation", "ERD", "Evolutionary Rapid Development", "Evolutionary prototyping", "Prototyping process", "Software Prototype", "Vertical Prototype" ; :definition "Software prototyping is the activity of creating prototypes of software applications, i.e., incomplete versions of the software program being developed. It is an activity that can occur in software development and is comparable to prototyping as known from other fields, such as mechanical engineering or manufacturing. A prototype typically simulates only a few aspects of, and may be completely different from, the final product." ; :prefLabel "Software prototyping" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abstract set theory", "Axiom of set theory", "Axiomatic set theories", "Axiomatic set theory", "Axioms of set theory", "Classical set theory", "Formal set theory", "Mathematical set theory", "Ordinary set theory", "Set", "Set theorist", "Set theory (mathematics)", "Set-theoretic", "SetTheory", "SetTheory/OldVersion", "Theory of sets", "Transfinite set theory" ; :definition "Set theory is a branch of mathematical logic that studies sets, which informally are collections of objects. Although any type of object can be collected into a set, set theory is applied most often to objects that are relevant to mathematics. The language of set theory can be used in the definitions of nearly all mathematical objects." ; :prefLabel "Set theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enterprise", "Enterprise Open Source", "Enterprise application", "Enterprise application software", "Enterprise applications", "Enterprise computer application", "Enterprise computing", "Enterprise level application", "Enterprise-level application", "Enterprises software" ; :definition "Enterprise software, also known as enterprise application software (EAS), is computer software used to satisfy the needs of an organization rather than individual users. Such organizations would include businesses, schools, interest-based user groups, clubs, charities, or governments. Enterprise software is an integral part of a (computer-based) information system." ; :prefLabel "Enterprise software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interactive charts", "Premium rich media", "Rich media", "Rich-media" ; :definition "Interactive media normally refers to products and services on digital computer-based systems which respond to the user’s actions by presenting content such as text, moving image, animation, video, audio, and video games." ; :prefLabel "Interactive media" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Architecture (disambiguation)", "Robust architecture", "SA", "System architecture" ; :definition "A system architecture or systems architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more views of a system. An architecture description is a formal description and representation of a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about the structures and behaviors of the system." ; :prefLabel "Systems architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MS word", "Microsoft Office Word", "Microsoft Word 2000", "Microsoft Word 2002", "Microsoft Word 2004", "Microsoft Word XP", "Microsoft word", "Microsoft(r) Word", "MicrosoftWord", "Microsoft® Office Word 2007", "Microsoft® Word 2010", "Microsoft® Word™", "Mircosoft word", "Msword", "Multi-Tool Word", "Office Word", "Sample Text in Microsoft Word", "WINWORD.EXE", "WinWord", "Windows Word", "Word (disambiguation)", "Word (software)", "Word 2000", "Word 2003", "Word 2007", "Word document", "Word file", "Word for Windows" ; :definition "Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25, 1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems. Subsequent versions were later written for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), Apple Macintosh running Classic Mac OS (1985), AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1988), OS/2 (1989), Microsoft Windows (1989), SCO Unix (1994), and macOS (2001). Commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word with limited features." ; :prefLabel "Microsoft Word for Mac" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SRL", "Semantic Role Labelling" ; :definition "Semantic role labeling, sometimes also called shallow semantic parsing, is a task in natural language processing consisting of the detection of the semantic arguments associated with the predicate or verb of a sentence and their classification into their specific roles. For example, given a sentence like "Mary sold the book to John", the task would be to recognize the verb "to sell" as representing the predicate, "Mary" as representing the seller (agent), "the book" as representing the goods (theme), and "John" as representing the recipient. This is an important step towards making sense of the meaning of a sentence. A semantic representation of this sort is at a higher-level of abstraction than a syntax tree. For instance, the sentence "The book was sold by Mary to John" has a different s" ; :prefLabel "Semantic role labeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Testing Web Sites", "Web development software" ; :definition "Web application development is the process and practice of developing web applications." ; :prefLabel "Web application development" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Algorithm adaptation methods", "Multi-label", "RAKEL" ; :definition "In machine learning, multi-label classification and the strongly related problem of multi-output classification are variants of the classification problem where multiple target labels must be assigned to each instance. Multi-label classification should not be confused with multiclass classification, which is the problem of categorizing instances into one of more than two classes. Formally, multi-label learning can be phrased as the problem of finding a model that maps inputs x to binary vectors y, rather than scalar outputs as in the ordinary classification problem." ; :prefLabel "Multi-label classification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Term extraction", "Term recognition" ; :definition "Terminology mining, term extraction, term recognition, or glossary extraction, is a subtask of information extraction. The goal of terminology extraction is to automatically extract relevant terms from a given corpus. One of the first steps to model the knowledge domain of a virtual community is to collect a vocabulary of domain-relevant terms, constituting the linguistic surface manifestation of domain concepts. Several methods to automatically extract technical terms from domain-specific document warehouses have been described in the literature." ; :prefLabel "Terminology extraction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anita M. Flynn", "Subsumption" ; :definition "Subsumption architecture is a reactive robotic architecture heavily associated with behavior-based robotics which was very popular in the 1980's and 90's. The term was introduced by Rodney Brooks and colleagues in 1986. Subsumption has been widely influential in autonomous robotics and elsewhere in real-time AI." ; :prefLabel "Subsumption architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital video (disambiguation)", "Video (disambiguation)", "Video content", "Video interface" ; :definition "Digital video is a representation of moving visual images in the form of encoded digital data. This is in contrast to analog video, which represents moving visual images with analog signals. Digital video comprises a series digital images displayed in rapid succession. In contrast, one of the key analog video methods, motion picture film, uses a series of photographs which are projected in rapid succession. Standard film stocks such as 16 mm and 35 mm record at 24 frames per second. For video, there are two frame rate standards: NTSC, at about 30 frames per second, and PAL at 25 frames per second." ; :prefLabel "Digital video" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Formal", "Program specification", "Software specification", "Specification (computing)" ; :definition "In computer science, formal specifications are mathematically based techniques whose purpose are to help with the implementation of systems and software. They are used to describe a system, to analyze its behavior, and to aid in its design by verifying key properties of interest through rigorous and effective reasoning tools. These specifications are formal in the sense that they have a syntax, their semantics fall within one domain, and they are able to be used to infer useful information." ; :prefLabel "Formal specification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "System design", "System designer", "Systems design and implementation", "Systems designer" ; :definition "Systems design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified requirements. Systems design could be seen as the application of systems theory to product development. There is some overlap with the disciplines of systems analysis, systems architecture and systems engineering." ; :prefLabel "Systems design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biblioteconomy", "Bibliotheconomy", "LIS", "Library and Information Studies", "Library and information sciences" ; :definition "Library and information science (LIS) (sometimes given as the plural library and information sciences) or as "library and information studies") is a merging of library science and information science. The joint term is associated with schools of library and information science (abbreviated to "SLIS"). In the last part of 1960s, schools of librarianship, which generally developed from professional training programs (not academic disciplines) to university institutions during the second half of the 20th century, began to add the term "information science" to their names. The first school to do this was at the University of Pittsburgh in 1964. More schools followed during the 1970s and 1980s, and by the 1990s almost all library schools in the USA had added information science to their names.W" ; :prefLabel "Library and information science" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Network architect" ; :definition "Network architecture is the design of a communication network. It is a framework for the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used.In telecommunication, the specification of a network architecture may also include a detailed description of products and services delivered via a communications network, as well as detailed rate and billing structures under which services are compensated." ; :prefLabel "Network architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LBS", "Lobase", "Location Based Services", "Location based service", "Location service", "Location-based services" ; :definition "A location-based service (LBS) is a software-level service that uses location data to control features. As such LBS is an information service and has a number of uses in social networking today as information, in entertainment or security, which is accessible with mobile devices through the mobile network and which uses information on the geographical position of the mobile device. LBS can be used in a variety of contexts, such as health, indoor object search, entertainment, work, personal life, etc." ; :prefLabel "Location-based service" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analysis of Flickr Network", "Fickr", "Flcikr", "Flic.kr", "Flicker (website)", "Flickr Commons", "Flickr Network", "Flickr.com", "Flikr", "Organizr" ; :definition "Flickr (pronounced "flicker") is an image hosting and video hosting website and web services suite that was created by Ludicorp in 2004 and acquired by Yahoo on March 20, 2005. In addition to being a popular website for users to share and embed personal photographs, and effectively an online community, the service is widely used by photo researchers and by bloggers to host images that they embed in blogs and social media." ; :prefLabel "Flickr" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Database Tables", "Database table", "Table" ; :definition "A table is a collection of related data held in a structured format within a database. It consists of columns, and rows. In relational databases and flat file databases, a table is a set of data elements (values) using a model of vertical columns (identifiable by name) and horizontal rows, the cell being the unit where a row and column intersect. A table has a specified number of columns, but can have any number of rows. Each row is identified by one or more values appearing in a particular column subset. The columns subset which uniquely identifies a row is called the primary key." ; :prefLabel "Table (database)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "JSR 154", "Java Servlet API", "Java Servlets", "Javax.servlet", "Libservlet", "Servlet", "Servlets", "Szervlet", "The Java Servlet", "The Java Servlet API" ; :definition "A Java servlet is a Java program that extends the capabilities of a server. Although servlets can respond to any types of requests, they most commonly implement applications hosted on Web servers. Such Web servlets are the Java counterpart to other dynamic Web content technologies such as PHP and ASP.NET." ; :prefLabel "Java servlet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information filter", "Information filtering" ; :definition "An Information filtering system is a system that removes redundant or unwanted information from an information stream using (semi)automated or computerized methods prior to presentation to a human user. Its main goal is the management of the information overload and increment of the semantic signal-to-noise ratio. To do this the user's profile is compared to some reference characteristics. These characteristics may originate from the information item (the content-based approach) or the user's social environment (the collaborative filtering approach)." ; :prefLabel "Information filtering system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Estimability", "Estimating parameters", "Estimation (disambiguation)", "Estimation (econometrics)", "Estimation problem", "Parameter estimation", "Parametric estimating", "Statistical estimation", "Statistical estimator" ; :definition "Estimation theory is a branch of statistics that deals with estimating the values of parameters based on measured empirical data that has a random component. The parameters describe an underlying physical setting in such a way that their value affects the distribution of the measured data. An estimator attempts to approximate the unknown parameters using the measurements. For example, it is desired to estimate the proportion of a population of voters who will vote for a particular candidate. That proportion is the parameter sought; the estimate is based on a small random sample of voters." ; :prefLabel "Estimation theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Design qualification", "IV&V", "Independent Verification and Validation", "Installation qualification", "Measurement", "Measurement reporting and verification", "Mesurement", "Monitoring", "Operational qualification", "Performance qualification", "Pre-verified", "V & V", "V&V", "V&V: Verification and Validation", "VV", "Validation", "Validation and verification", "Verfiable", "Verification", "Verification & Validation", "Verification vs validation", "Verified", "Verifiedly", "Verifying", "reporting and verification" ; :definition "Verification and validation are independent procedures that are used together for checking that a product, service, or system meets requirements and specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose. These are critical components of a quality management system such as ISO 9000. The words "verification" and "validation" are sometimes preceded with "independent", indicating that the verification and validation is to be performed by a disinterested third party. "Independent verification and validation" can be abbreviated as "IV&V"." ; :prefLabel "Verification and validation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Connect for Xbox 360", "Kinect SDK", "Kinect for Windows", "Kinect for Xbox 360", "Kinect for the XBox 360", "KinectShare.com", "Kinnect", "Microsoft Kinect", "Microsoft Natal", "Natal (Video Game controller)", "Project Natal", "Skeletal tracking", "XBOX Kinect", "XBox 360 Kinect", "Xbox Connect", "Xbox Fluid", "Xbox Natal" ; :definition "Kinect (codenamed Project Natal during development) is a line of motion sensing input devices by Microsoft for Xbox 360 and Xbox One video game consoles and Windows PCs. Based around a webcam-style add-on peripheral, it enables users to control and interact with their console/computer without the need for a game controller, through a natural user interface using gestures and spoken commands. The first-generation Kinect was first introduced in November 2010 in an attempt to broaden Xbox 360's audience beyond its typical gamer base. A version for Windows was released on February 1, 2012. Kinect competes with several motion controllers on other home consoles, such as Wii Remote Plus for Wii and Wii U, PlayStation Move/PlayStation Eye for PlayStation 3, and PlayStation Camera for PlayStation 4" ; :prefLabel "Kinect" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "GP" ; :definition "In artificial intelligence, genetic programming (GP) is a technique whereby computer programs are encoded as a set of genes that are then modified (evolved) using an evolutionary algorithm (often a genetic algorithm - "GA"). The result is a computer program able to perform well in a predefined task. Often confused to be a kind of genetic algorithm, GP can indeed be seen as an application of genetic algorithms to problems where each individual is a computer program. The methods used to encode a computer program in an artificial chromosome and to evaluate its fitness with respect to the predefined task are central in the GP technique and still the subject of active research." ; :prefLabel "Genetic programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "P Castells", "P. Castells", "Pablo Lluch Castells" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 324 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Pablo Castells" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Base", "Bases", "Knowledge", "Knowledge (Computer)", "Knowledge Base", "Knowledge Base (Computer)", "Knowledge Bases (Computer)", "Knowledgebase", "Knowledgebases", "based knowledge" ; :definition "Collections of facts, assumptions, beliefs, and heuristics that are used in combination with databases to achieve desired results, such as a diagnosis, an interpretation, or a solution to a problem (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge Bases" ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dev", "Developer", "Web coder", "Web developers", "Web-developer", "Website developer" ; :definition "A web developer is a programmer who specializes in, or is specifically engaged in, the development of World Wide Web applications, or distributed network applications that are run over HTTP from a web server to a web browser." ; :prefLabel "Web developer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Web content mining", "Web usage mining" ; :definition "Web mining - is the application of data mining techniques to discover patterns from the World Wide Web. Web mining can be divided into three different types – Web usage mining, Web content mining and Web structure mining." ; :prefLabel "Web mining" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "D11n", "DOC", "Document (disambiguation)", "Documentation (disambiguation)", "Documentations" ; :definition "Documentation is a set of documents provided on paper, or online, or on digital or analog media, such as audio tape or CDs. Examples are user guides, white papers, on-line help, quick-reference guides. It is becoming less common to see paper (hard-copy) documentation. Documentation is distributed via websites, software products, and other on-line applications." ; :prefLabel "Documentation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application state", "Computer state", "ComputerScienceState", "Information state", "Invalid state", "Program state", "State", "State (computing)", "Stateful", "Stateful protocols", "Statefulness" ; :definition "In computer science and automata theory, the state of a digital logic circuit or computer program is a technical term for all the stored information, at a given instant in time, to which the circuit or program has access. The output of a digital circuit or computer program at any time is completely determined by its current inputs and its state." ; :prefLabel "State (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business model for open-source software", "Business models for open source software", "Commercial application", "Commercial open source applications", "Commercial open-source applications", "Commercial open-source software", "Funding of open source software", "Internet commercial application", "Open source business models", "Open source commercial software", "Open source funding", "Open-source software funding" ; :definition "Open-source software is widely used both as independent applications and as components in non-open-source applications. Many independent software vendors (ISVs), value-added resellers (VARs), and hardware vendors (OEMs or ODMs) use open-source frameworks, modules, and libraries inside their proprietary, for-profit products and services. From a customer's perspective, the ability to use open technology under standard commercial terms and support is valuable. They are willing to pay for the legal protection (e.g., indemnification from copyright or patent infringement), "commercial-grade QA", and professional support/training/consulting that are typical of commercial software, while also receiving the benefits of fine-grained control and lack of lock-in that comes with open-source." ; :prefLabel "Business models for open-source software" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Multilingual and Cross-lingual WSD", "Multilingual and Crosslingual WSD", "Senseval", "Word Sense Induction and Disambiguation task" ; :definition "SemEval (Semantic Evaluation) is an ongoing series of evaluations of computational semantic analysis systems; it evolved from the Senseval word sense evaluation series. The evaluations are intended to explore the nature of meaning in language. While meaning is intuitive to humans, transferring those intuitions to computational analysis has proved elusive." ; :prefLabel "SemEval" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DL", "Digital downloading", "Dowload", "Down load", "Download (disambiguation)", "Download movies", "Download portal", "Downloadable", "Downloaded", "Downloading", "Downloading Data", "Downloads", "Free download", "Free downloads", "Incoming Data", "Outgoing Data", "Received Data", "Remote Upload", "Remote Uploading", "The Download EP", "Transmitted Data", "Up load", "Upload File", "Uploaded", "Uploading Data", "Uploads" ; :definition "In computer networks, to download is to receive data from a remote system, typically a server such as a web server, an FTP server, an email server, or other similar systems. This contrasts with uploading, where data is sent to a remote server. A download is a file offered for downloading or that has been downloaded, or the process of receiving such a file." ; :prefLabel "Download" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "X-path", "XML Path", "XML Path Language", "XPath 1", "XPath 1.0" ; :definition "XPath (XML Path Language) is a query language for selecting nodes from an XML document. In addition, XPath may be used to compute values (e.g., strings, numbers, or Boolean values) from the content of an XML document. XPath was defined by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)." ; :prefLabel "XPath" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Threat (disambiguation)", "Threat agent", "Threat detection" ; :definition "In computer security a threat is a possible danger that might exploit a vulnerability to breach security and therefore cause possible harm. A threat can be either "intentional" (i.e. hacking: an individual cracker or a criminal organization) or "accidental" (e.g. the possibility of a computer malfunctioning, or the possibility of a natural disaster such as an earthquake, a fire, or a tornado) or otherwise a circumstance, capability, action, or event." ; :prefLabel "Threat (computer)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apple PictureViewer", "Apple QuickTime", "MoviePlayer", "PictureViewer", "QT", "QTKit", "QTW", "QTX", "Quick Time", "QuickTime 6", "QuickTime 6.1", "QuickTime 6.4", "QuickTime 6.5", "QuickTime 6.5.1", "QuickTime 6.5.2", "QuickTime 7", "QuickTime 7.0", "QuickTime 7.0.1", "QuickTime 7.0.2", "QuickTime 7.0.3", "QuickTime 7.0.4", "QuickTime 7.1", "QuickTime 7.1.2", "QuickTime 7.1.3", "QuickTime 7.1.5", "QuickTime 7.2", "QuickTime 7.4.1", "QuickTime 7.4.5", "QuickTime 7.5", "QuickTime 7.5.5", "QuickTime 7.6", "QuickTime 7.6.3", "QuickTime 7.6.4", "QuickTime 7.6.6", "QuickTime 7.6.9", "QuickTime PictureViewer", "QuickTime Pro", "QuickTime X", "QuickTime version history", "Quicktime player", "Quicktime player by apple", "Quicktime.exe", "Qviktaym" ; :definition "QuickTime is an extensible multimedia framework developed by Apple Inc., capable of handling various formats of digital video, picture, sound, panoramic images, and interactivity. First made in 1991, the latest Mac version, QuickTime X, is currently available on Mac OS X Snow Leopard and newer. Apple has ceased support for the Windows version of QuickTime in 2016. As of Mac OS X Lion, the underlying media framework for QuickTime, QTKit, is deprecated in favor of a newer graphics framework, AV Foundation. The QuickTime X player however is still included with the new releases of the OS." ; :prefLabel "QuickTime" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adversarial input", "Derandomisation", "Derandomization", "Probabalistic algorithm", "Probabilistic algorithm", "Probabilistic algorithms", "Probabilistic complexity", "Probabilistic complexity theory", "Probabilistic computational complexity", "Probabilistic-Complexity Theory", "Random algorithm", "Random computation", "Randomised algorithm", "Randomized algorithms", "Randomized complexity", "Randomized computation" ; :definition "A randomized algorithm is an algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic. The algorithm typically uses uniformly random bits as an auxiliary input to guide its behavior, in the hope of achieving good performance in the "average case" over all possible choices of random bits. Formally, the algorithm's performance will be a random variable determined by the random bits; thus either the running time, or the output (or both) are random variables." ; :prefLabel "Randomized algorithm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CPU pipeline", "Pipe", "Pipeline", "Pipeline (computer)", "Pipeline Parallelism", "Pipeline architecture", "Pipelining", "Pipelining (computing)", "Pipelining (software)", "Reservation table" ; :definition "In computing, a pipeline is a set of data processing elements connected in series, where the output of one element is the input of the next one. The elements of a pipeline are often executed in parallel or in time-sliced fashion; in that case, some amount of buffer storage is often inserted between elements. Computer-related pipelines include:" ; :prefLabel "Pipeline (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Contaminated Gaussian", "Contaminated Gaussian noise", "Gaussian mixture model", "Infinite mixture model", "Latent profile analysis", "Mixture (disambiguation)", "Mixture coefficient", "Mixture models", "Mixture of Gaussians", "Mixtures of Gaussian", "Mixtures of Gaussians" ; :definition "In statistics, a mixture model is a probabilistic model for representing the presence of subpopulations within an overall population, without requiring that an observed data set should identify the sub-population to which an individual observation belongs. Formally a mixture model corresponds to the mixture distribution that represents the probability distribution of observations in the overall population. However, while problems associated with "mixture distributions" relate to deriving the properties of the overall population from those of the sub-populations, "mixture models" are used to make statistical inferences about the properties of the sub-populations given only observations on the pooled population, without sub-population identity information." ; :prefLabel "Mixture model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dynamic translation", "Dynamic translator", "Dynamo project", "JIT", "JIT (computing)", "JIT compilation", "JIT compiler", "JIT-compilation", "Just In Time Programming", "Just In Time compilation", "Just in time compiler", "Just-in-time compiler", "Just-in-time compiling" ; :definition "In computing, just-in-time (JIT) compilation, also known as dynamic translation, is compilation done during execution of a program – at run time – rather than prior to execution. Most often this consists of translation to machine code, which is then executed directly, but can also refer to translation to another format." ; :prefLabel "Just-in-time compilation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cognitive property", "Computer posture", "Ergo", "Ergonomic", "Ergonomic design", "Ergonomical", "Ergonomically", "Ergonomically design", "Ergonomics", "Ergonomics expert", "Ergonomist", "Ergonomy", "Factor", "HFE", "Human engineering", "Human factor", "Human factors", "Human factors engineering", "Human-Factors Engineering", "Human-factor engineering", "MANPRINT", "Motion efficiency expert", "Organizational ergonomics", "Physical ergonomics" ; :definition "Human factors and ergonomics (commonly referred to as HF&E), also known as comfort design, functional design, and systems, is the practice of designing products, systems, or processes to take proper account of the interaction between them and the people who use them. The International Ergonomics Association defines ergonomics or human factors as follows: HF&E is employed to fulfill the goals of occupational health and safety and productivity. It is relevant in the design of such things as safe furniture and easy-to-use interfaces to machines and equipment." ; :prefLabel "Human factors and ergonomics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Connectivity queries", "Connectivity queriy", "Faceted boolean query", "Informational queries", "Informational query", "Navigational queries", "Navigational query", "Query", "Search engine queries", "Search engine query", "Search queries", "Site Search", "Transactional queries", "Transactional query", "Web search queries" ; :definition "A web search query is a query that a user enters into a web search engine to satisfy his or her information needs. Web search queries are distinctive in that they are often plain text or hypertext with optional search-directives (such as "and"/"or" with "-" to exclude). They vary greatly from standard query languages, which are governed by strict syntax rules as command languages with keyword or positional parameters." ; :prefLabel "Web search query" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data refinement", "Operation refinement", "Program Refinement", "Refinement", "Refinement type" ; :definition "Refinement is a generic term of computer science that encompasses various approaches for producing correct computer programs and simplifying existing programs to enable their formal verification." ; :prefLabel "Refinement (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cartesian join", "Cross join", "Database join", "Equijoin", "Equivalence join", "Full outer join", "Group join", "Inner join", "Inner join sql", "Join", "Join (SQL", "Join (database)", "Join algorithm", "Join sql", "Join statement", "Left join", "Left outer join", "Natural join (SQL)", "Outer join", "Query (database)", "Right join", "Right outer join", "Self-join", "Semi join", "Sql inner join", "Sql join", "Table join" ; :definition "A SQL join clause combines columns from one or more tables in a relational database. It creates a set that can be saved as a table or used as it is. A JOIN is a means for combining columns from one (self-table) or more tables by using values common to each. ANSI-standard SQL specifies five types of JOIN: INNER, LEFT OUTER, RIGHT OUTER, FULL OUTER and CROSS. As a special case, a table (base table, view, or joined table) can JOIN to itself in a self-join." ; :prefLabel "Join (SQL)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CFL", "Context Free Languages", "Context free language", "Context-free", "Context-free languages" ; :definition "In formal language theory, a context-free language (CFL) is a language generated by some context-free grammar (CFG). Different CF grammars can generate the same CF language. It is important to distinguish properties of the language (intrinsic properties) from properties of a particular grammar (extrinsic properties). Context-free languages have many applications in programming languages; for example, the language of all properly matched parentheses is generated by the grammar . Also, most arithmetic expressions are generated by context-free grammars." ; :prefLabel "Context-free language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bot", "Bot Science", "Drone (robot)", "Educational Robot", "General-purpose", "General-purpose autonomous robots", "Mechanical robots", "Robo", "Robot (Machine)", "Robot (disambiguation)", "Robot names", "Robots", "Telautomaton", "🤖" ; :definition "A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent, usually an electromechanical machine that is guided by a computer program or electronic circuitry, and thus a type of an embedded system. Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as Honda's Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility (ASIMO) and TOSY's TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot (TOPIO) to industrial robots, medical operating robots, patent assist robots, dog therapy robots, collectively programmed swarm robots, UAV drones such as General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, and even microscopic nano robots. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own." ; :prefLabel "Robot" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biosystem", "Eco-system", "Eco-systems", "Ecological system", "Ecological systems", "Ecosystem dynamics", "Ecosystems", "Ecosysytem", "Ecosytem", "System (disambiguation)", "Tropical ecosystem" ; :definition "An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem)." ; :prefLabel "Ecosystem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code & fix", "Code and Fix", "Conventional Methods for Software Engineering", "DLC", "Dev cycle", "Development cycle", "Development life cycle", "Highlevel design", "Information systems methodologies", "Method (software engineering)", "Methodology (project engineering)", "Methodology (project management)", "Methodology (software engineering)", "Phases of the software development cycle", "Program development cycle", "Programming methodology", "Project engineering methodology", "SDLC Auditing", "SDM", "Sdm2", "Software Developement Life Cycle", "Software Devlopment Process", "Software Methodologies", "Software Process", "Software development (disambiguation)", "Software development cycle", "Software development life cycle", "Software development lifecycle", "Software development methodologies", "Software development methodology", "Software development model", "Software development process models", "Software development technique", "Software development techniques", "Software engineering lifecycle", "Software engineering methodologies", "Software engineering methodology", "Software engineering process", "Software lifecycle", "SoftwareDevelopmentProcess", "System Development Methodologies", "System development methodology", "Systems developer", "Systems development", "Systems development methodology", "Systems development process" ; :definition "In software engineering, a software development methodology (also known as a system development methodology, software development life cycle, software development process, software process) is a splitting of software development work into distinct phases (or stages) containing activities with the intent of better planning and management. It is often considered a subset of the systems development life cycle. The methodology may include the pre-definition of specific deliverables and artifacts that are created and completed by a project team to develop or maintain an application." ; :prefLabel "Software development process" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Opaque ascription", "SML (programming language)", "SML programming language", "Standard ML (programming language)" ; :definition "Standard ML (SML) is a general-purpose, modular, functional programming language with compile-time type checking and type inference. It is popular among compiler writers and programming language researchers, as well as in the development of theorem provers." ; :prefLabel "Standard ML" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer Scientists", "Computer researcher" ; :definition "A computer scientist is a scientist who has acquired the knowledge of computer science, the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their application. Computer scientists typically work on the theoretical side of computer systems, as opposed to the hardware side that computer engineers mainly focus on (although there is overlap). Although computer scientists can also focus their work and research on specific areas (such as algorithm and data structure development and design, software engineering, information theory, database theory, computational complexity theory, numerical analysis, programming language theory, computer graphics, and computer vision), their foundation is the theoretical study of computing from which these other fields derive." ; :prefLabel "Computer scientist" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Autovacuum", "Bruce Momjian", "Libpq", "POSTGRES", "PQ", "PSQL", "PgAdmin", "PgAdmin III", "PgManager", "PgSQL", "PortugueseSQL", "PostSQL", "PostegreSQL", "Postgre", "Postgre sql", "PostgreSQL Data Base Management System", "Postgres License", "Postgres95", "PostgresSQL", "Postgress", "Psql (PostgreSQL)", "University POSTGRES" ; :definition "PostgreSQL, often simply Postgres, is an object-relational database (ORDBMS) – i.e. a RDBMS, with additional (optional use) "object" features – with an emphasis on extensibility and standards-compliance. As a database server, its primary function is to store data securely, and to allow for retrieval at the request of other software applications. It can handle workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users." ; :prefLabel "PostgreSQL" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "K. Bontcheva", "Kalina Lubomirova Bontcheva" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 746 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Kalina Bontcheva" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital images", "Digitized image", "Image (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A digital image is a numeric representation of (normally binary) a two-dimensional image. Depending on whether the image resolution is fixed, it may be of vector or raster type. By itself, the term "digital image" usually refers to raster images or bitmapped images." ; :prefLabel "Digital image" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DSV", "Data Source Views", "MS SQL", "MS SQL Server", "MS-SQL", "Microsoft SQL", "Microsoft SQL Server 2000", "Microsoft SQL Server 2005", "Microsoft SQL Server 2008", "Microsoft SQL Server 2008 R2", "Microsoft SQL Server Compare Tools", "Mssql", "Port 1433", "Pubs (database)", "SQL 2000", "SQL 2005", "SQL 6.5", "SQL 7.0", "SQL Server", "SQL Server 2000", "SQL Server 2005", "SQL Server 2008", "SQL Server 2008 R2", "SQL Server 2012", "SQL Server 2014", "SQL Server 2014 CAB", "SQL Server 2014 ISO", "SQL Server 2016", "Sequel server", "Sys.sysobjects" ; :definition "Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. As a database server, it is a software product with the primary function of storing and retrieving data as requested by other software applications—which may run either on the same computer or on another computer across a network (including the Internet). Microsoft markets at least a dozen different editions of Microsoft SQL Server, aimed at different audiences and for workloads ranging from small single-machine applications to large Internet-facing applications with many concurrent users." ; :prefLabel "Microsoft SQL Server" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Artistic image analysis", "Computer image analysis", "Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis", "Object-based image analysis" ; :definition "Image analysis is the extraction of meaningful information from images; mainly from digital images by means of digital image processing techniques. Image analysis tasks can be as simple as reading bar coded tags or as sophisticated as identifying a person from their face." ; :prefLabel "Image analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Discourse (disambiguation)", "Domain", "Universe of discourse", "UoD" ; :definition "In the formal sciences, the domain of discourse, also called the universe of discourse, universal set, or simply universe, is the set of entities over which certain variables of interest in some formal treatment may range." ; :prefLabel "Domain of discourse" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital photo", "Digital photograph", "Digital photographer", "Digital photographers", "DigitalCamera", "Electronic photography", "Electronic still photography", "History of digital photography", "Photograph (disambiguation)", "Tips for Taking Better Digital Pictures" ; :definition "Digital photography is a form of photography that uses cameras containing arrays of electronic photodetectors to capture images focused by a lens, as opposed to an exposure on photographic film. The captured images are digitized and stored as a computer file ready for further digital processing, viewing, digital publishing or printing." ; :prefLabel "Digital photography" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Approximate nonnegative matrix factorization", "NMF", "NNMF", "Non-negative matrix decomposition", "Nonnegative matrix decomposition", "Nonnegative matrix factorization", "Online NMF", "Positive matrix factorization", "Self modeling curve resolution" ; :definition "Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), also non-negative matrix approximation is a group of algorithms in multivariate analysis and linear algebra where a matrix V is factorized into (usually) two matrices W and H, with the property that all three matrices have no negative elements. This non-negativity makes the resulting matrices easier to inspect. Also, in applications such as processing of audio spectrograms or muscular activity, non-negativity is inherent to the data being considered. Since the problem is not exactly solvable in general, it is commonly approximated numerically." ; :prefLabel "Non-negative matrix factorization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Allocate a memory location", "Allocating and deallocating memory", "Allocation", "Allocation algorithms", "DMA", "Deallocation", "Dynamic allocation", "Dynamic memory", "Dynamic memory allocation", "Dynamic memory deallocation", "Dynamic memory management", "Dynamic storage", "Fixed-size blocks allocation", "Fixed-size-blocks allocation", "Free a memory location", "Free store (computing)", "Free store (programming)", "Freeing memory", "HP-UX Memory Management", "Heap", "Heap (memory management)", "Heap (programming)", "Heap allocation", "Heap compaction", "Heap management", "Heap memory", "Heap space", "Heap-Based Memory Allocation", "Management (disambiguation)", "Memory allocation", "Memory allocator", "Memory deallocation", "Stack and heap" ; :definition "Memory management is the act of managing computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer system where more than a single process might be underway at any time." ; :prefLabel "Memory management" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arm (disambiguation)", "Arm (software)", "EgotisticalGiraffe", "Exit node", "Hidden Services", "Hidden service", "Portable Tor", "Portabletor", "TBB", "TOR (anonymity network)", "TOR (onion network)", "The Onion Relay", "The Onion Router", "Tor", "Tor (Anonymous network)", "Tor (anonymity)", "Tor (computer software)", "Tor (network)", "Tor (software)", "Tor Browser Bundle", "Tor anonymity network", "Tor browser", "Tor exit node", "Tor hidden service", "Tor hidden services", "Tor network", "Tor node", "Tor onion", "Tor project", "Tor proxy", "Tor-hidden service", "Tor-hidden services", "TorBrowser", "Torbutton" ; :definition "Tor is free software for enabling anonymous communication. The name is derived from an acronym for the original software project name "The Onion Router". Tor directs Internet traffic through a free, worldwide, volunteer network consisting of more than seven thousand relays to conceal a user's location and usage from anyone conducting network surveillance or traffic analysis. Using Tor makes it more difficult for Internet activity to be traced back to the user: this includes "visits to Web sites, online posts, instant messages, and other communication forms". Tor's use is intended to protect the personal privacy of users, as well as their freedom and ability to conduct confidential communication by keeping their Internet activities from being monitored." ; :prefLabel "Tor Messenger" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CPU cache line", "CPU caches", "CPU memory cache", "Cache", "Cache block", "Cache eviction", "Cache flush", "Cache miss", "Cache-line", "Copy-back", "Data cache", "Direct mapped", "Discrete L2 cache", "Exclusive CPU cache", "Exclusive cache", "First-level cache", "Flush", "Full associative", "Inclusive CPU cache", "Inclusive cache", "Internal and external cache", "Internal cache", "L1-Cache", "L2", "Last Level Cache", "Level 1", "Level 2", "Level 3 cache", "Micro-operation cache", "Motherboard cache", "Multilevel cache", "On-chip cache", "PIPT", "Processor cache", "Second-level cache", "Secondary cache", "Set-associativity", "Trace Cache", "Trace Caches", "Uop cache", "VIPT", "VIVT", "Victim", "Victim cache", "Virtual address translation" ; :definition "A CPU cache is a hardware cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average cost (time or energy) to access data from the main memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations. Most CPUs have different independent caches, including instruction and data caches, where the data cache is usually organized as a hierarchy of more cache levels (L1, L2, etc.)." ; :prefLabel "CPU cache" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Marker passing" ; :definition "Spreading activation is a method for searching associative networks, neural networks, or semantic networks. The search process is initiated by labeling a set of source nodes (e.g. concepts in a semantic network) with weights or "activation" and then iteratively propagating or "spreading" that activation out to other nodes linked to the source nodes. Most often these "weights" are real values that decay as activation propagates through the network. When the weights are discrete this process is often referred to as marker passing. Activation may originate from alternate paths, identified by distinct markers, and terminate when two alternate paths reach the same node. However brain studies show that several different brain areas play an important role in semantic processing." ; :prefLabel "Spreading activation" ; :related , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Standard", "Standard (technical)", "Standard size", "Technical Standards" ; :definition "A technical standard is an established norm or requirement in regard to technical systems. It is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. In contrast, a custom, convention, company product, corporate standard, etc. that becomes generally accepted and dominant is often called a de facto standard. The standardization process may be by edict or may involve the formal consensus of technical experts." ; :prefLabel "Technical standard" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Parsed corpus", "Treebanks" ; :definition "In linguistics, a treebank is a parsed text corpus that annotates syntactic or semantic sentence structure. The construction of parsed corpora in the early 1990s revolutionized computational linguistics, which benefitted from large-scale empirical data. The exploitation of treebank data has been important ever since the first large-scale treebank, The Penn Treebank, was published. However, although originating in computational linguistics, the value of treebanks is becoming more widely appreciated in linguistics research as a whole. For example, annotated treebank data has been crucial in syntactic research to test linguistic theories of sentence structure against large quantities of naturally occurring examples." ; :prefLabel "Treebank" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bilingual lexicography", "Dictionary criticism", "Dictionary history", "Dictionary structure", "Dictionary typology", "Lexicographer", "Lexicographic", "Lexicographical", "Lexographer", "Lexography", "Metalexicography", "Practical lexicography", "Theoretical lexicography" ; :definition "Lexicography is divided into two separate but equally important groups: * Practical lexicography is the art or craft of compiling, writing and editing dictionaries. * Theoretical lexicography is the scholarly discipline of analyzing and describing the semantic, syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships within the lexicon (vocabulary) of a language, developing theories of dictionary components and structures linking the data in dictionaries, the needs for information by users in specific types of situations, and how users may best access the data incorporated in printed and electronic dictionaries. This is sometimes referred to as 'metalexicography'." ; :prefLabel "Lexicography" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Connected TV", "Connected TV's", "ConnectedTV", "Smart Television", "SmartTV" ; :definition "A smart TV, sometimes referred to as connected TV or hybrid TV, is a television set or set-top box with integrated Internet and interactive "Web 2.0" features. Smart TV is a technological convergence between computers and flatscreen television sets and set-top boxes. Besides the traditional functions of television sets and set-top boxes provided through traditional broadcasting media, these devices can also provide Internet TV, online interactive media, over-the-top content (OTT), as well as on-demand streaming media, and home networking access." ; :prefLabel "Smart TV" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A programmer", "Applications developer", "Coder", "Coders", "Computer Programmer", "Computer Programmers", "Computer programer", "Developer program", "Development Program", "Programer", "Programmer (disambiguation)", "Programmer analyst", "Programmers", "Software Programmer" ; :definition "A programmer, computer programmer, developer, dev, coder, or software engineer is a person who writes computer software. The term computer programmer can refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software. One who practices or professes a formal approach to programming may also be known as a programmer analyst. A programmer's primary computer language (Assembly, COBOL, C, C++, C#, Java, Lisp, Python, etc.) is often prefixed to these titles, and those who work in a Web environment often prefix their titles with Web. The term programmer can be used to refer to a software developer, Web developer, mobile applications developer, embedded firmware developer, software engineer, computer scientist, or software analyst. However," ; :prefLabel "Programmer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DQ", "Data quality assurance", "Data quality control" ; :definition "Data quality refers to the level of quality of data. There are many definitions of data quality but data are generally considered high quality if "they are fit for their intended uses in operations, decision making and planning." (Tom Redman). Alternatively, data is deemed of high quality if it correctly represents the real-world construct to which it refers. Furthermore, apart from these definitions, as data volume increases, the question of internal consistency within data becomes significant, regardless of fitness for use for any particular external purpose. People's views on data quality can often be in disagreement, even when discussing the same set of d" ; :prefLabel "Data quality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Client side", "Clientside" ; :definition "Client-side refers to operations that are performed by the client in a client–server relationship in a computer network. Typically, a client is a computer application, such as a web browser, that runs on a user's local computer or workstation and connects to a server as necessary. Operations may be performed client-side because they require access to information or functionality that is available on the client but not on the server, because the user needs to observe them or provide input, or because the server lacks the processing power to perform the operations in a timely manner for all of the clients it serves. Additionally, if operations can be performed by the client, without sending data over the network, they may take less time, use less bandwidth, and incur a lesser security risk." ; :prefLabel "Client-side" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".msg", "BCM", "Business Contact Manager", "Jump Networks", "Microsoft Office Outlook", "Microsoft Office Outlook Connector", "Microsoft Outlook 12", "Microsoft Outlook 2000", "Microsoft Outlook 2002", "Microsoft Outlook 2003", "Microsoft Outlook Hotmail Connector", "Microsoft outlook", "Ms Outlook", "OFT", "Outlook", "Outlook 2000", "Outlook 2002", "Outlook 2003", "Outlook 2007", "Outlook 2011", "Outlook Connector", "Outlook XP", "Outlook.exe" ; :definition "Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, available as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. Although often used mainly as an email application, it also includes a calendar, task manager, contact manager, note taking, journal, and web browsing." ; :prefLabel "Microsoft Outlook for Mac" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Frame", "Framework", "Framework (computer science)", "Framework (software)", "Framework computer science", "PHP framework" ; :definition "In computer programming, a software framework is an abstraction in which software providing generic functionality can be selectively changed by additional user-written code, thus providing application-specific software.A software framework is a universal, reusable software environment that provides particular functionality as part of a larger software platform to facilitate development of software applications, products and solutions. Software frameworks may include support programs, compilers, code libraries, tool sets, and application programming interfaces (APIs) that bring together all the different components to enable development of a project or system." ; :prefLabel "Software framework" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Block scope", "Block scoping", "Dynamic scope", "Dynamic scoping", "Dynamic variable scoping", "Dynamically scoped", "File scope", "Function scope", "Function scoping", "Global Methods", "Global scope", "Let-expression", "Lexical", "Lexical environment", "Lexical scope", "Lexical scoping", "Lexical variable scope", "Lexical variable scoping", "Lexically scoped", "Lexically-scoped", "Lexicographic scope", "Lexicographic scoping", "Lexicographical scope", "Lexicographical scoping", "Module scope", "Rules of scope", "Scope", "Scope (computer programming)", "Scope (programming)", "Scope rules", "Scoping", "Scoping rule", "Scoping rules", "Shallow binding", "Static scope", "Static scoping", "Variable scoping" ; :definition "In computer programming, the scope of a name binding – an association of a name to an entity, such as a variable – is the part of a computer program where the binding is valid: where the name can be used to refer to the entity. In other parts of the program the name may refer to a different entity (it may have a different binding), or to nothing at all (it may be unbound). The scope of a binding is also known as the visibility of an entity, particularly in older or more technical literature – this is from the perspective of the referenced entity, not the referencing name. A scope is a part of a program that is or can be the scope for a set of bindings – a precise is tricky (see below), but in casual use and in practice largely corresponds to a block, a function, or a file, depending on la" ; :prefLabel "Scope (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anomaly", "Anomaly in software", "Application Error", "Application Execution Error", "Bug", "Bug (computer programming)", "Bug (computer)", "Bug (computing)", "Bug (software)", "Bug triage", "Bug/Glitch", "Computer bug", "Computer bugs", "Hardware bug", "Known bug", "Known bugs", "List of computer bugs", "Pc errors", "Program bug", "Programming bug", "Programming bugs", "Programming error", "Software anomaly", "Software bugs", "Software defect", "Software error", "Software failure", "Steps To Reproduce", "Triage (disambiguation)", "Unknown bug", "Unknown bugs", "Where the term %22Computer bug%22 originated from" ; :definition "A software bug is an error, flaw, failure or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways. Most bugs arise from mistakes and errors made in either a program's source code or its design, or in components and operating systems used by such programs. A few are caused by compilers producing incorrect code. A program that contains a large number of bugs, and/or bugs that seriously interfere with its functionality, is said to be buggy (defective)." ; :prefLabel "Software bug" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cyclic language", "Finite language", "Kleene's theorem", "Rational language", "Reg", "Regular", "Regular Languages" ; :definition "In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular language (also called a rational language) is a formal language that can be expressed using a regular expression, in the strict sense of the latter notion used in theoretical computer science (as opposed to many regular expressions engines provided by modern programming languages, which are augmented with features that allow recognition of languages that cannot be expressed by a classic regular expression). Regular languages are very useful in input parsing and programming language design." ; :prefLabel "Regular language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Accept", "Avoid", "Consultant (disambiguation)", "Control", "DARM", "Diminution (disambiguation)", "Diminution (risk management)", "Hazard prevention", "Hazard risk management", "Loss control consultant", "Loss control representative", "Management (disambiguation)", "Prevention", "Risk (disambiguation)", "Risk Management Planning", "Risk assessment and management", "Risk communication", "Risk elimination", "Risk management device", "Risk manager", "Risk report", "Risks classification", "Supplier risk", "Tactical Risk Management", "Unexpected events", "or Transfer" ; :definition "Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks (defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives) followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. Risk management’s objective is to assure uncertainty does not deflect the endeavor from the business goals." ; :prefLabel "Risk management" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Linear perceptron", "McCuloch-Pitts neuron", "Multiclass perceptron", "Perceptron algorithm", "Perceptron learning algorithm", "Perceptrons", "Threshold neuron" ; :definition "In machine learning, the perceptron is an algorithm for supervised learning of binary classifiers (functions that can decide whether an input, represented by a vector of numbers, belongs to some specific class or not). It is a type of linear classifier, i.e. a classification algorithm that makes its predictions based on a linear predictor function combining a set of weights with the feature vector. The algorithm allows for online learning, in that it processes elements in the training set one at a time." ; :prefLabel "Perceptron" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Add-in", "Add-in (computing)", "Addin", "Browser plug-in", "Extension", "OOP", "OOPP", "Plug-in", "Plugin (computing)", "Plugin pattern", "Plugins", "Software extension", "Software extensions", "add-on" ; :definition "In computing, a plug-in (or plugin, add-in, addin, add-on, addon, or extension) is a software component that adds a specific feature to an existing computer program. When a program supports plug-ins, it enables customization. The common examples are the plug-ins used in web browsers to add new features such as search-engines, virus scanners, or the ability to use a new file type such as a new video format. Well-known browser plug-ins include the Adobe Flash Player, the QuickTime Player, and the Java plug-in, which can launch a user-activated Java applet on a web page to its execution on a local Java virtual machine." ; :prefLabel "Plug-in (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Language generation", "NLG", "Natural langauge generator", "Natural language generater", "Natural language generator", "Text generation" ; :definition "Natural language generation (NLG) is the natural language processing task of generating natural language from a machine representation system such as a knowledge base or a logical form. Psycholinguists prefer the term language production when such formal representations are interpreted as models for mental representations." ; :prefLabel "Natural language generation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Boolean valuation", "Formal interpretation", "Intended interpretation", "Interpretation", "Interpretation (formal languages)", "Logical interpretation", "Normal model", "Semantical rules of interpretation", "Structure of models", "Truth assignment" ; :definition "An interpretation is an assignment of meaning to the symbols of a formal language. Many formal languages used in mathematics, logic, and theoretical computer science are defined in solely syntactic terms, and as such do not have any meaning until they are given some interpretation. The general study of interpretations of formal languages is called formal semantics." ; :prefLabel "Interpretation (logic)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computational modeling", "Computational modelling", "Computational simulation", "Computer model", "Computer modeling", "Computer modelling", "Computer models", "Computer simulated", "Computer simulations", "Computer simulator", "Computer-aided analysis", "Computer-simulated", "Model", "Numerical model", "Numerical models", "Numerical simulation", "Simulation (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A computer simulation is a simulation, run on a single computer, or a network of computers, to reproduce behavior of a system. The simulation uses an abstract model (a computer model, or a computational model) to simulate the system. Computer simulations have become a useful part of mathematical modeling of many natural systems in physics (computational physics), astrophysics, climatology, chemistry and biology, human systems in economics, psychology, social science, and engineering. Simulation of a system is represented as the running of the system's model. It can be used to explore and gain new insights into new technology and to estimate the performance of systems too complex for analytical solutions." ; :prefLabel "Computer simulation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AGM", "AGM postulates", "Ramsey Test", "Ramsey's test", "Revision" ; :definition "Belief revision is the process of changing beliefs to take into account a new piece of information. The logical formalization of belief revision is researched in philosophy, in databases, and in artificial intelligence for the design of rational agents. What makes belief revision non-trivial is that several different ways for performing this operation may be possible. For example, if the current knowledge includes the three facts " is true", " is true" and "if and are true then is true", the introduction of the new information "" ; :prefLabel "Belief revision" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "16-bit sample", "Audio sampling rate", "Data Compression/sampling frequency", "Digital audio sample", "Digital audio samples", "Digital audio sampling and dither", "Digital sample", "Digital samples", "I/Q sampling", "Ms/s", "Sampe rate", "Sample", "Sample (signal)", "Sample frequency", "Sample interval", "Sample rate", "Sample time", "Sampler", "Sampler (signal)", "Sampling", "Sampling (information theory)", "Sampling Frequency", "Sampling frequencies", "Sampling interval", "Sampling period", "Sampling rate", "Super-Nyquist sampling", "Time resolved" ; :definition "In signal processing, sampling is the reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal. A common example is the conversion of a sound wave (a continuous signal) to a sequence of samples (a discrete-time signal). A sample is a value or set of values at a point in time and/or space. A sampler is a subsystem or operation that extracts samples from a continuous signal. A theoretical ideal sampler produces samples equivalent to the instantaneous value of the continuous signal at the desired points." ; :prefLabel "Sampling (signal processing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Latent variables", "Talent variable" ; :definition "In statistics, latent variables (from Latin: present participle of lateo (“lie hidden”), as opposed to observable variables), are variables that are not directly observed but are rather inferred (through a mathematical model) from other variables that are observed (directly measured). Mathematical models that aim to explain observed variables in terms of latent variables are called latent variable models. Latent variable models are used in many disciplines, including psychology, economics, medicine, physics, machine learning/artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, natural language processing, econometrics, management and the social sciences." ; :prefLabel "Latent variable" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "PRDBMS", "RDBMS", "RDBMSs", "RDBS", "RDMS", "Relational DBMS", "Relational database management systems", "Relational database system", "TRDBMS", "Truly relational database management system" ; :definition "A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as invented by E. F. Codd, of IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory. In 2016, many of the databases in widespread use are based on the relational database model." ; :prefLabel "Relational database management system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Specifications" ; :definition "A detailed description of criteria for a piece of work.(from WordNet)" ; :prefLabel "Specification" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "UE" ; :definition "User experience (UX) is a person's entire experience using a particular product, system or service. It includes the practical, experiential, affective, meaningful and valuable aspects of human–computer interaction and product ownership. Additionally, it includes a person’s perceptions of system aspects such as utility, ease of use and efficiency. User experience may be considered subjective in nature to the degree that it is about individual perception and thought with respect to the system. User experience is dynamic as it is constantly modified over time due to changing usage circumstances and changes to individual systems as well as the wider usage context in which they can be found." ; :prefLabel "User experience" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dynamic Web pages", "Dynamic content", "Dynamic web content", "Dynamic web site", "Server-side dynamic pages", "Virtual documents" ; :definition "A server-side dynamic web page is a web page whose construction is controlled by an application server processing server-side scripts. In server-side scripting, parameters determine how the assembly of every new web page proceeds, including the setting up of more client-side processing. DHTML is the umbrella term for technologies and methods used to create web pages that are not static web pages. Client-side-scripting, server-side scripting, or a combination these make for the dynamic web experience in a browser." ; :prefLabel "Dynamic web page" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Multimedium" ; :definition "A computer-controlled presentation of some combination of audio, video, animation, graphics, still photo, and/or text where users can control the presentation and often interact with it." ; :prefLabel "Multimedia" ; :related , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Relevance feedback is a feature of some information retrieval systems. The idea behind relevance feedback is to take the results that are initially returned from a given query and to use information about whether or not those results are relevant to perform a new query. We can usefully distinguish between three types of feedback: explicit feedback, implicit feedback, and blind or "pseudo" feedback." ; :prefLabel "Relevance feedback" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Feature engineering is the process of using domain knowledge of the data to create features that make machine learning algorithms work. Feature engineering is fundamental to the application of machine learning, and is both difficult and expensive. The need for manual feature engineering can be obviated by automated feature learning. Feature engineering is an informal topic, but it is considered essential in applied machine learning." ; :prefLabel "Feature engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Biomedical imaging", "Clinical imaging", "Di", "Diagnostic Imaging", "Diagnostic Radiology", "Imaging", "Imaging studies", "Medical image", "Medical image processing", "Medical imagery", "Medical imaging technique", "Medical visualization", "Radiologic imaging", "Radiological imaging", "Spinal radiograph", "Unsolved problems in medical imaging" ; :definition "Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues (physiology). Medical imaging seeks to reveal internal structures hidden by the skin and bones, as well as to diagnose and treat disease. Medical imaging also establishes a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make it possible to identify abnormalities. Although imaging of removed organs and tissues can be performed for medical reasons, such procedures are usually considered part of pathology instead of medical imaging." ; :prefLabel "Medical imaging" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CRC", "CRC Values", "CRC check", "CRC-12", "CRC-16", "CRC-24", "CRC-32", "CRC-32C", "CRC-32K", "CRC-64", "CRC-8", "CRC-CCITT", "CRC32", "CRC32c", "CRC8", "Crc16", "Crc32 mpeg2", "Crc64", "Cyclic redundancy", "Cyclic redundancy checks", "Cyclic redundancy checksum", "Cyclic redundancy code", "Cyclical redundancy checking", "FCS-32" ; :definition "A cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is an error-detecting code commonly used in digital networks and storage devices to detect accidental changes to raw data. Blocks of data entering these systems get a short check value attached, based on the remainder of a polynomial division of their contents. On retrieval, the calculation is repeated and, in the event the check values do not match, corrective action can be taken against data corruption." ; :prefLabel "Cyclic redundancy check" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "APSP", "All pairs shortest path", "All pairs shortest path problem", "All-pairs shortest path", "All-pairs shortest path problem", "DAG shortest paths", "Negative cycle", "SSSP", "Shortest path", "Shortest path algorithm", "Shortest path algorithms", "Shortest path problems", "Shortest path routing", "Shortest paths", "Shortest-distance problems", "Shortest-path", "Shortest-path algorithms", "Shortest-path problem", "Shortest-path problems", "Shortest-path routing", "Shortest-paths", "Shortestpath", "Shortestpath problem", "Shortestpath problems", "Shortestpaths", "Single destination", "Single destination shortest path problem", "Single destination shortest-path problem", "Single destination shortestpath problem", "Single destinations", "Single source shortest path problem", "Single source shortest-path problem", "Single source shortestpath problem", "Single-destination", "Single-destination shortest path problem", "Single-destination shortest-path problem", "Single-destination shortestpath problem", "Single-destinations", "Single-pair", "Single-pair shortest-path problem", "Single-source shortest path problem", "Single-source shortest-path problem", "Single-source shortest-paths algorithms for directed graphs with nonnegative weights", "Single-source shortestpath problem", "Singledestination", "Singledestination shortest path problem", "Singledestination shortest-path problem", "Singledestination shortestpath problem", "Singledestinations", "Singlesource shortest path problem", "Singlesource shortest-path problem", "Singlesource shortestpath problem", "The Shortest Paths" ; :definition "In graph theory, the shortest path problem is the problem of finding a path between two vertices (or nodes) in a graph such that the sum of the weights of its constituent edges is minimized. The problem of finding the shortest path between two intersections on a road map (the graph's vertices correspond to intersections and the edges correspond to road segments, each weighted by the length of its road segment) may be modeled by a special case of the shortest path problem in graphs." ; :prefLabel "Shortest path problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hoc" ; :definition "hoc, an acronym for High Order Calculator, is an interpreted programming language that was used in the 1984 book The Unix Programming Environment to demonstrate how to build interpreters using Yacc. hoc was developed by Brian Kernighan and Rob Pike as a glorified interactive calculator. Its basic functionality is to evaluate floating-point numerical expressions, e.g., "1+2*sin(0.7)". Then, variables were added, conditionals, loops, user-defined functions, simple IO, and more, using a syntax resembling C." ; :prefLabel "Hoc (programming language)" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".sign", "Adaptive chosen message attack", "Adaptive chosen-message attack", "Cryptographic signature", "Digital key", "Digital keys", "Digital signature scheme", "Digital signatures", "Digital signing", "Digital signiture", "Digitally signed", "E-imza", "Signature (computers)", "Signature (computing)", "Signature (cryptography)", "Signature (disambiguation)", "Signature files", "Signature scheme", "Signed code", "🔏" ; :definition "A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or documents. A valid digital signature gives a recipient reason to believe that the message was created by a known sender (authentication), that the sender cannot deny having sent the message (non-repudiation), and that the message was not altered in transit (integrity)." ; :prefLabel "Digital signature" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Latent variable structured perceptron", "Structured Predictions", "Structured learning", "Structured output learning", "Structured perceptron", "Structured-output learning" ; :definition "Structured prediction or structured (output) learning is an umbrella term for supervised machine learning techniques that involves predicting structured objects, rather than scalar discrete or real values. For example, the problem of translating a natural language sentence into a syntactic representation such as a parse tree can be seen as a structured prediction problem in which the structured output domain is the set of all possible parse trees." ; :prefLabel "Structured prediction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Editor (disambiguation)", "Text editing", "Text editors", "Texteditor" ; :definition "A text editor is a type of program used for editing plain text files. Such programs are sometimes known as "notepad" software, following the Microsoft Notepad. Text editors are provided with operating systems and software development packages, and can be used to change configuration files, documentation files and programming language source code." ; :prefLabel "Text editor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Convolution as Filtering", "Electric filter", "Filter", "Filter cutoff", "Signal processing filter", "Signal processing filters" ; :definition "In signal processing, a filter is a device or process that removes some unwanted components or features from a signal. Filtering is a class of signal processing, the defining feature of filters being the complete or partial suppression of some aspect of the signal. Most often, this means removing some frequencies and not others in order to suppress interfering signals and reduce background noise. However, filters do not exclusively act in the frequency domain; especially in the field of image processing many other targets for filtering exist. Correlations can be removed for certain frequency components and not for others without having to act in the frequency domain." ; :prefLabel "Filter (signal processing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Model checker", "Model checkers", "Model checking (disambiguation)", "Model-checker", "Model-checking", "Modelchecking", "SMV", "Symbolic Model Verification", "Symbolic model checking" ; :definition "In computer science, model checking or property checking refers to the following problem:Given a model of a system, exhaustively and automatically check whether this model meets a given specification. Typically, one has hardware or software systems in mind, whereas the specification contains safety requirements such as the absence of deadlocks and similar critical states that can cause the system to crash. Model checking is a technique for automatically verifying correctness properties of finite-state systems." ; :prefLabel "Model checking" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Non-linear", "Non-linear differential equation", "Non-linear equation", "Non-linear function", "Non-linear system", "Non-linearity", "Nonlinear", "Nonlinear differential equation", "Nonlinear dynamics", "Nonlinear equation", "Nonlinear function", "Nonlinear science", "Nonlinear systems", "Nonlinearity", "Nonlinearly" ; :definition "In physical sciences, a nonlinear system is a system in which the output is not directly proportional to the input. Nonlinear problems are of interest to engineers, physicists and mathematicians and many other scientists because most systems are inherently nonlinear in nature. Nonlinear systems may appear chaotic, unpredictable or counterintuitive, contrasting with the much simpler linear systems. Some authors use the term nonlinear science for the study of nonlinear systems. This is disputed by others:" ; :prefLabel "Nonlinear system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Matching", "Pattern match", "Pattern matches", "Pattern matching (functional programming)", "Pattern-matching" ; :definition "In computer science, pattern matching is the act of checking a given sequence of tokens for the presence of the constituents of some pattern. In contrast to pattern recognition, the match usually has to be exact. The patterns generally have the form of either sequences or tree structures. Uses of pattern matching include outputting the locations (if any) of a pattern within a token sequence, to output some component of the matched pattern, and to substitute the matching pattern with some other token sequence (i.e., search and replace)." ; :prefLabel "Pattern matching" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Crowdteaming", "Online communities", "Online communitys", "Online web community" ; :definition "An online community is a virtual community whose members interact with each other primarily via the Internet. For many, online communities may feel like home, consisting of a “family of invisible friends." Those who wish to be a part of an online community usually have to become a member via a specific site and necessarily need an internet connection. An online community can act as an information system where members can post, comment on discussions, give advice or collaborate. Commonly, people communicate through social networking sites, chat rooms, forums, e-mail lists and discussion boards. People may also join online communities through video games, blogs and virtual worlds." ; :prefLabel "Online community" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Issue", "Issue (computers)", "Software management", "Software project" ; :definition "Software project management is the art and science of planning and leading software projects. It is a sub-discipline of project management in which software projects are planned, implemented, monitored and controlled." ; :prefLabel "Software project management" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anti-debugging", "Anti-debugging code", "De Bug", "Debug", "Debugged", "Debuggery", "Post-mortem debugging", "Print debugging", "Printf debugging", "Remote debugging", "Saff Squeeze" ; :definition "Debugging is the process of finding and resolving of defects that prevent correct operation of computer software or a system. Numerous books have been written about debugging (see below: ), as it involves numerous aspects, including interactive debugging, control flow, integration testing, log files, monitoring (application, system), memory dumps, profiling, Statistical Process Control, and special design tactics to improve detection while simplifying changes." ; :prefLabel "Debugging" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AprioriDP", "Association discovery", "Association rule", "Association rule mining", "Association rules", "Eclat algorithm", "One-attribute rule", "One-attribute-rule", "OneR", "Rule discovery" ; :definition "Association rule learning is a method for discovering interesting relations between variables in large databases. It is intended to identify strong rules discovered in databases using some measures of interestingness. Based on the concept of strong rules, Rakesh Agrawal et al. introduced association rules for discovering regularities between products in large-scale transaction data recorded by point-of-sale (POS) systems in supermarkets. For example, the rule" ; :prefLabel "Association rule learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code (disambiguation)", "ML", "Machine instruction", "Machine instruction (computing)", "Machine language", "Native applications", "Native code", "Native execution", "Program machine code" ; :definition "Machine code or machine language is a set of instructions executed directly by a computer's central processing unit (CPU). Each instruction performs a very specific task, such as a load, a jump, or an ALU operation on a unit of data in a CPU register or memory. Every program directly executed by a CPU is made up of a series of such instructions." ; :prefLabel "Machine code" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Information handling", "Information processing (disambiguation)", "Information processing (psychology)", "Information processing cycle" ; :definition "Information processing is the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer. As such, it is a process that describes everything that happens (changes) in the universe, from the falling of a rock (a change in position) to the printing of a text file from a digital computer system. In the latter case, an information processor is changing the form of presentation of that text file.Information processing may more specifically be defined in terms used by Claude E. Shannon as the conversion of latent information into manifest information (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2011). Latent and manifest information is defined through the terms of equivocation (remaining uncertainty, what value the sender has actually chosen), dissipation (uncertainty of the sender what the receiver h" ; :prefLabel "Information processing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Critical failure", "Experimental reliability", "Inter-method reliability", "Inter-method variation", "POF", "Parallel-forms Reliability", "Point of failure", "Points of failure", "Reliability", "Reliability (engineering)", "Reliability Level", "Reliability modeling", "Reliability modelling", "Reliability testing", "Reliability theory", "Reliability theory (engineering)", "Reliable system design", "Single point of contention", "Single-point failure", "Systems reliability" ; :definition "Reliability engineering is engineering that emphasizes dependability in the lifecycle management of a product. Dependability, or reliability, describes the ability of a system or component to function under stated conditions for a specified period of time. Reliability may also describe the ability to function at a specified moment or interval of time (Availability). Reliability engineering represents a sub-discipline within systems engineering. Reliability is theoretically defined as the probability of success (" ; :prefLabel "Reliability engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D renderer", "Computer graphics rendering", "Computer rendering", "Digital rendering", "Drawing engine", "Graphics engine", "Graphics engine (disambiguation)", "Graphics rendering", "Ibmr", "Image Synthesis", "Primitives (computer graphics)", "Render", "Rendering algorithm", "Rendering engine", "Rendering primitives", "Rendering system", "Renders", "The Viewing Algorithm" ; :definition "Rendering is the process of generating an image from a 2D or 3D model (or models in what collectively could be called a scene file) by means of computer programs. Also, the results of such a model can be called a rendering. A scene file contains objects in a strictly defined language or data structure; it would contain geometry, viewpoint, texture, lighting, and shading information as a description of the virtual scene. The data contained in the scene file is then passed to a rendering program to be processed and output to a digital image or raster graphics image file. The term "rendering" may be by analogy with an "artist's rendering" of a scene. Though the technical details of rendering methods vary, the general challenges to overcome in producing a 2D image from a 3D representation stor" ; :prefLabel "Rendering (computer graphics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concept (disambiguation)", "Conceptualization" ; :definition "In information science a conceptualization is an abstract simplified view of some selected part of the world, containing the objects, concepts, and other entities that are presumed of interest for some particular purpose and the relationships between them. An explicit specification of a conceptualization is an ontology, and it may occur that a conceptualization can be realized by several distinct ontologies. An ontological commitment in describing ontological comparisons is taken to refer to that subset of elements of an ontology shared with all the others. "An ontology is language-dependent", its objects and interrelations described within the language it uses, while a conceptualization is always the same, more general, its concepts existing "independently of the language used to describe" ; :prefLabel "Conceptualization (information science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Complex", "Complex systems theory", "Complexity science" ; :definition "Complex systems present problems both in mathematical modelling and philosophical foundations. The study of complex systems represents a new approach to science that investigates how relationships between parts give rise to the collective behaviors of a system and how the system interacts and forms relationships with its environment. For systems that are less usefully represented with equations various other kinds of narratives and methods for identifying, exploring, designing and interacting with complex systems are used." ; :prefLabel "Complex systems" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Lexeme (computer science)", "Lexer", "Lexer (computer science)", "Lexer generator", "Lexical", "Lexical analyser", "Lexical analyzer", "Lexical parser", "Lexical syntax", "Lexical token", "Lexing", "List of lexer generators", "Scanner (computing)", "Semicolon insertion", "Token", "Token (parser)", "Token scanner", "Token splitting", "Tokenise", "Tokeniser", "Tokenize", "Tokenized", "Tokenizer", "Tokenizing" ; :definition "In computer science, lexical analysis is the process of converting a sequence of characters (such as in a computer program or web page) into a sequence of tokens (strings with an identified "meaning"). A program that performs lexical analysis may be called a lexer, tokenizer, or scanner (though "scanner" is also used to refer to the first stage of a lexer). Such a lexer is generally combined with a parser, which together analyze the syntax of programming languages, web pages, and so forth." ; :prefLabel "Lexical analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D Computer Aided Design", "CAD", "CAD (disambiguation)", "CAD Design", "CAD program", "CAD software", "CADD", "CAGD", "Cad customization", "Computed Aided Design", "Computer Aided Design", "Computer Aided Design and Drafting", "Computer Aided Drafting", "Computer aided designs", "Computer aided geometric design", "Computer assisted design", "Computer-Aided Drafting and Design", "Computer-aided design and drafting", "Computer-aided design and manufacturing", "Computer-aided drafting", "Computer-aided drafting system", "Computer-aided drafting systems", "Computer-aided geometric design", "Computer-assisted design", "Computer-assisted drafting", "Design software", "ECAD (disambiguation)", "Electronic and electrical computer-aided design", "Geometry constraint engine", "Geometry contraint engine", "Paper-to-CAD conversion" ; :definition "Computer-aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing operations. The term CADD (for Computer Aided Design and Drafting) is also used." ; :prefLabel "Computer-aided design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Body-worn computer", "Waist-worn computer", "Wearable", "Wearable Computing", "Wearable computers", "Wearable electronics", "Wearables" ; :definition "Wearable computers, also known as body-borne computers or wearables are miniature electronic devices that are worn under, with or on top of clothing. This class of wearable technology has been developed for general or special purpose information technologies. It is also used in media development. Wearable computers are especially useful for applications that require more complex computational support, such as accelerometers or gyroscopes, than just hardware coded logic." ; :prefLabel "Wearable computer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "B2 (software)", "B2%5Ccafelog", "B2/cafelog", "Cafelog", "Classipress theme", "Genie WP Favicon", "The WordPress Foundation", "WP", "Word press", "WordCamp", "WordPress 2.1.2", "WordPress MU", "WordPress themes", "Wordpress foundation", "Wordpress.org", "Wp-admin" ; :definition "WordPress is a free and open-source content management system (CMS) based on PHP and MySQL. WordPress is installed on a web server, which either is part of an Internet hosting service or is a network host itself; the first case may be on a service like WordPress.com, for example, and the second case is a computer running the software package WordPress.org. An example of the second case is a local computer configured to act as its own web server hosting WordPress for single-user testing or learning purposes. Features include a plugin architecture and a template system. WordPress was used by more than 26.4% of the top 10 million websites as of April 2016. WordPress is reportedly the easiest and most popular blogging system in use on the Web, supporting more than 60 million websites." ; :prefLabel "WordPress" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Content index", "Forward index", "Full text index", "Full-text index", "Index", "Index (search engine)", "Search Engine Indexing Process", "Search index" ; :definition "Search engine indexing collects, parses, and stores data to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. Index design incorporates interdisciplinary concepts from linguistics, cognitive psychology, mathematics, informatics, and computer science. An alternate name for the process in the context of search engines designed to find web pages on the Internet is web indexing. Popular engines focus on the full-text indexing of online, natural language documents. Media types such as video and audio and graphics are also searchable." ; :prefLabel "Search engine indexing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Angular", "Angular JS", "Angular.js", "MVW framework", "Scope (AngularJS)" ; :definition "AngularJS (commonly referred to as "Angular" or "Angular.js") is a complete JavaScript-based open-source front-end web application framework mainly maintained by Google and by a community of individuals and corporations to address many of the challenges encountered in developing single-page applications. The JavaScript components complement Apache Cordova, the framework used for developing cross-platform mobile apps. It aims to simplify both the development and the testing of such applications by providing a framework for client-side model–view–controller (MVC) and model–view–viewmodel (MVVM) architectures, along with components commonly used in rich Internet applications." ; :prefLabel "AngularJS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "History of Symbian", "Nokia 500s", "Nokia Belle", "Nokia symbian", "S60v5", "Symbian (disambiguation)", "Symbian Anna", "Symbian Belle", "Symbian OS 9.4", "Symbian OS threats", "Symbian Operating System", "Symbian browser", "Symbian os", "Symbian platform", "Symbian version history", "Symbian%5E1", "Symbian%5E2", "Symbian%5E3", "Symbian%5E4", "SymbianOS", "WRT", "Web Runtime", "Web Runtime (WRT)" ; :definition "Symbian is a discontinued mobile operating system (OS) and computing platform designed for smartphones. Symbian was originally developed as a closed-source OS for PDAs in 1998 by Symbian Ltd.. Symbian OS was a descendant of Psion's EPOC, and runs exclusively on ARM processors, although an unreleased x86 port existed. Symbian was used by many major mobile phone brands, like Samsung, Motorola, Sony Ericsson, and above all by Nokia. As a pioneer that established the smartphone industry, it was the most popular smartphone OS on a worldwide average until the end of 2010 – at a time when smartphones were in limited use, when it was overtaken by Android, as Google and its partners achieved wide adoption." ; :prefLabel "Symbian" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Middleware is computer software that provides services to software applications beyond those available from the operating system. It can be described as "software glue". Middleware makes it easier for software developers to implement communication and input/output, so they can focus on the specific purpose of their application." ; :prefLabel "Middleware" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Co-operative multitasking", "Computer/Multitasking", "Concurrent processing", "Cooperative Scheduling", "Cooperative multithreading", "Interleaved execution", "Mobile phone multitasking", "Multi program", "Multi programming", "Multi tasking", "Multi-doing", "Multi-program", "Multi-programming", "Multi-task", "Multi-tasking", "Multiprogram", "Multiprogramming", "Multitask", "Multitasker", "Multitasking", "Multitasking (disambiguation)", "Multitasking operating system", "Operating system multitasking", "Smartphone multitasking", "Time slice multiplexing" ; :definition "In computing, multitasking is a concept of performing multiple tasks (also known as processes) over a certain period of time by executing them concurrently. New tasks start and interrupt already started ones before they have reached completion, instead of executing the tasks sequentially so each started task needs to reach its end before a new one is started. As a result, a computer executes segments of multiple tasks in an interleaved manner, while the tasks share common processing resources such as central processing units (CPUs) and main memory." ; :prefLabel "Computer multitasking" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BBP", "Best Business Practice", "Best Management Practice", "Best Management Practices", "Best practice exchange", "Best practices", "Best practise", "Good Operating Practice", "Good Operating Practices", "Knowledge pool", "Practice" ; :definition "A best practice is a method or technique that has been generally accepted as superior to any alternatives because it produces results that are superior to those achieved by other means or because it has become a standard way of doing things, e.g., a standard way of complying with legal or ethical requirements. Best practices are used to maintain quality as an alternative to mandatory legislated standards and can be based on self-assessment or benchmarking. Best practice is a feature of accredited management standards such as ISO 9000 and ISO 14001." ; :prefLabel "Best practice" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Geo", "Geo-location", "GeoIP", "Geographical location information", "Geolocate" ; :definition "Geolocation is the identification of the real-world geographic location of an object, such as a radar source, mobile phone or Internet-connected computer terminal. Geolocation may refer to the practice of assessing the location, or to the actual assessed location. Geolocation is closely related to the use of positioning systems but may be distinguished from it by a greater emphasis on determining a meaningful location (e.g. a street address) rather than just a set of geographic coordinates." ; :prefLabel "Geolocation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Appdomain", "CLR application domain", "Domain" ; :definition "An application domain is a mechanism (similar to a process in an operating system) used within the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) to isolate executed software applications from one another so that they do not affect each other. Each application domain has its own virtual address space which scopes the resources for the application domain using that address space." ; :prefLabel "Application domain" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".eco", "Animal ecology", "Bioecology", "Eco", "Eco-", "Ecolog", "Ecological", "Ecological factors", "Ecological science", "Ecologically", "Ecologies", "Ecologist", "Ecologocal", "Ecology (disambiguation)", "Ecospace", "Oecology", "Scientific natural history" ; :definition "Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, "house", or "environment"; -λογία, "study of") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography, and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms, as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem proces" ; :prefLabel "Ecology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application scripting", "Client side and server side scripting", "Extension language", "Extension languages", "Extension programming language", "Glue (disambiguation)", "Glue language", "Glue languages", "Installation Scripts", "Macro scripting language", "Script", "Script (computer programming)", "Script (computing)", "Script language", "Script programming language", "Scriptability", "Scripted language", "Scripting engine", "Scripting languages", "Scripting programming language", "Scripting programming languages", "Scripting-language", "Shell language", "User script", "User scripts" ; :definition "A scripting or script language is a programming language that supports scripts, programs written for a special run-time environment that automate the execution of tasks that could alternatively be executed one-by-one by a human operator. Scripting languages are often interpreted (rather than compiled). Primitives are usually the elementary tasks or API calls, and the language allows them to be combined into more complex programs. Environments that can be automated through scripting include software applications, web pages within a web browser, the shells of operating systems (OS), embedded systems, as well as numerous games. A scripting language can be viewed as a domain-specific language for a particular environment; in the case of scripting an application, this is also known as an extens" ; :prefLabel "Scripting language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Formal", "Program proof", "Program proving", "Program verification", "Verifiability", "Verifiable", "Verification" ; :definition "In the context of hardware and software systems, formal verification is the act of proving or disproving the correctness of intended algorithms underlying a system with respect to a certain formal specification or property, using formal methods of mathematics. Formal verification can be helpful in proving the correctness of systems such as: cryptographic protocols, combinational circuits, digital circuits with internal memory, and software expressed as source code." ; :prefLabel "Formal verification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analytic grammar", "Formal", "Formal grammars", "Formal linguistics", "Formal syntax", "Formalism", "Formalism (linguistics)", "Formalist linguistics", "Grammar (computer science)", "Grammar (disambiguation)", "Grammar (formal language theory)", "Grammar (mathematics)", "Grammar formalism", "Linguistic formalism", "Rules of formation", "Sentence symbol", "Sentential form", "Sentential forms", "Start symbol (formal languages)" ; :definition "In formal language theory, a grammar (when the context is not given, often called a formal grammar for clarity) is a set of production rules for strings in a formal language. The rules describe how to form strings from the language's alphabet that are valid according to the language's syntax. A grammar does not describe the meaning of the strings or what can be done with them in whatever context—only their form." ; :prefLabel "Formal grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DH", "Digital Huminities", "Digital humanist", "Digtial humanities", "Humanities Computing", "The Digital Humanitie", "The Digital Humanities" ; :definition "Digital humanities (DH) is an area of scholarly activity at the intersection of computing and the disciplines of the humanities. The nature of this activity ranges broadly, from the practical, such as digitizing historical texts, to the philosophical, such as reflection on the nature of representation itself. This spectrum of activities is reflected in definitions of the field that range from it being a collection of methods to being a distinct epistemology and a kind of science. Within this variation, a distinctive feature of digital humanities is its cultivation of a two-way relationship between the humanities and the digital: the field both employs technology in the pursuit of humanities research and subjects technology to humanistic questioning and interrogation, often simultaneously." ; :prefLabel "Digital humanities" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Behavioral languages", "Discipline-specific modeling language", "Graphical modeling language", "List of data modeling languages", "List of graphical modeling languages", "List of modeling languages", "Modeling languages", "Modelling language", "Modelling languages", "Quality of modelling languages", "Software modeling", "Software modelling", "The quality of modelling languages" ; :definition "A modeling language is any artificial language that can be used to express information or knowledge or systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules. The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning of components in the structure." ; :prefLabel "Modeling language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Decidability problems", "Decidable problem", "Decision problems", "Decision procedure", "Decision variant", "Decision version", "Solvable", "Solvable problem", "Word problem", "Word problem (computability)" ; :definition "In computability theory and computational complexity theory, a decision problem is a question in some formal system with a yes-or-no answer, depending on the values of some input parameters. Decision problems typically appear in mathematical questions of decidability, that is, the question of the existence of an effective method to determine the existence of some object or its membership in a set; some of the most important problems in mathematics are undecidable." ; :prefLabel "Decision problem" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ad-funded", "Ad-supported", "Blog marketing", "CPA platform", "CPV", "Cost per view", "E-campaign", "E-marketing", "ECampaigning", "EMarketing", "Earnings per click", "Ecampaign", "Epromotion", "Epromotion (disambiguation)", "Internet Marketing", "Internet Marketing Resources", "Internet advertisement", "Internet advertisements", "Internet advertising", "Internet advertizing", "Internet marketer", "Local internet marketing", "OMP", "Offline advertising", "Online Campaign", "Online Video Commercial", "Online ad", "Online ad publishers", "Online ads", "Online advertisement", "Online advertisements", "Online advertizing", "Online marketing", "Online marketing consultancy", "Online marketing platform", "Search Marketing Strategies", "Self serve ads", "Superstitial", "Unicast transitional", "Video ads", "Web Marketing", "Web ad", "Web ads", "Web advertising", "Web promotion", "Webmercial", "Webmercials", "Website marketing", "Webvertising", "World Wide Web advertising" ; :definition "Online advertising, also called online marketing or Internet advertising or web advertising, is a form of marketing and advertising which uses the Internet to deliver promotional marketing messages to consumers. Consumers view online advertising as an unwanted distraction with few benefits and have increasingly turned to ad blocking for a variety of reasons." ; :prefLabel "Online advertising" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comparison of graph database software", "Graph databases", "GraphDB" ; :definition "In computing, a graph database is a database that uses graph structures for semantic queries with nodes, edges and properties to represent and store data. A key concept of the system is the graph (or edge or relationship), which directly relates data items in the store. The relationships allow data in the store to be linked together directly, and in most cases retrieved with a single operation." ; :prefLabel "Graph database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Algebra (disambiguation)", "Antijoin", "Extended projection", "Join", "Join (relational algebra)", "Logic of relations", "Natural join", "Relation", "Relational", "Relational logic", "Semijoin", "Theta join", "⋈", "⋉", "⋊", "▷", "⟕", "⟖", "⟗", "⨝" ; :definition "Relational algebra, first created by E.F. Codd while at IBM, is a family of algebras with a well-founded semantics used for modelling the data stored in relational databases, and defining queries on it. The main application of relational algebra is providing a theoretical foundation for relational databases, particularly query languages for such databases, chief among which is SQL." ; :prefLabel "Relational algebra" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Classifier", "Linear classification" ; :definition "In the field of machine learning, the goal of statistical classification is to use an object's characteristics to identify which class (or group) it belongs to. A linear classifier achieves this by making a classification decision based on the value of a linear combination of the characteristics. An object's characteristics are also known as feature values and are typically presented to the machine in a vector called a feature vector. Such classifiers work well for practical problems such as document classification, and more generally for problems with many variables (features), reaching accuracy levels comparable to non-linear classifiers while taking less time to train and use." ; :prefLabel "Linear classifier" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "FRL", "Frame", "Frame (data structure)", "Frame representation language", "Knowledge frame", "Semantic frame", "Semantic frames" ; :definition "A frame language is a technology used for knowledge representation in artificial intelligence. Frames are stored as ontologies of sets and subsets of the frame concepts. They are similar to class hierarchies in object-oriented languages although their fundamental design goals are different. Frames are focused on explicit and intuitive representation of knowledge whereas objects focus on encapsulation and information hiding. Frames originated in AI research and objects primarily in software engineering. However, in practice the techniques and capabilities of frame and object-oriented languages overlap significantly." ; :prefLabel "Frame language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Object", "objects" ; :definition "Something perceptible by one or more of the senses, especially by vision or touch; a material thing." ; :prefLabel "Physical object" ; :related , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Materials and methods", "Paper (scientific paper)", "Research literature", "STM publishing", "Science publishing", "Scientific article", "Scientific articles", "Scientific information", "Scientific paper", "Scientific papers", "Scientific publication", "Scientific publications", "Scientific publishing", "Scientific work", "Scientific works" ; :definition "Scientific literature comprises scholarly publications that report original empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social sciences, and within an academic field, often abbreviated as the literature. Academic publishing is the process of contributing the results of one's research into the literature, which often requires a peer-review process. Original scientific research published for the first time in scientific journals is called the primary literature. Patents and technical reports, for minor research results and engineering and design work (including computer software), can also be considered primary literature. Secondary sources include review articles (which summarize the findings of published studies to highlight advances and new lines of research) and books (for large pr" ; :prefLabel "Scientific literature" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ENCODE (ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements)", "Encyclopedia Of DNA Elements", "ModENCODE", "Project Encode", "The Encyclopaedia Of DNA Elements" ; :definition "The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) is a public research project launched by the US National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in September 2003. Intended as a follow-up to the Human Genome Project (Genomic Research), the ENCODE project aims to identify all functional elements in the human genome. The project involves a worldwide consortium of research groups, and data generated from this project can be accessed through public databases. It is currently ending its third phase, and will be renewed for its fourth phase of the project." ; :prefLabel "ENCODE" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Generative statistical model" ; :definition "In probability and statistics, a generative model is a model for randomly generating observable data values, typically given some hidden parameters. It specifies a joint probability distribution over observation and label sequences. Generative models are used in machine learning for either modeling data directly (i.e., modeling observations drawn from a probability density function), or as an intermediate step to forming a conditional probability density function. A conditional distribution can be formed from a generative model through Bayes' rule. Examples of generative models include:" ; :prefLabel "Generative model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Common criticisms of Mozilla Firefox", "Criticisms of Firefox", "Criticisms of Mozilla Firefox", "E10s", "Electrolysis Project", "FF", "Fire fox", "FireBird (web browser)", "Firebird (browser)", "Firebird browser", "Firebird web browser", "Firefo", "Firefox (browser)", "Firefox (disambiguation)", "Firefox (software)", "Firefox (web browser)", "Firefox Aurora", "Firefox Day 2006", "Firefox Developer Edition", "Firefox Roadmap", "Firefox X11", "Firefox beta2", "Firefox browser", "Firefox esr", "Firefox minefield", "Firefox web browser", "Firefox.exe", "Forefox", "Fox (disambiguation)", "Fox of Fire", "Frefox", "Getfirefox", "Getfirefox.com", "M/b", "MF", "MFx", "Market adoption of Mozilla Firefox", "MineField Browser", "Minefield (trunk build)", "Moz firefox", "Mozff", "Mozila Firefox", "Mozilla Deer Park", "Mozilla FX", "Mozilla Fire Fox", "Mozilla Firebird", "Mozilla Firefox", "Mozilla Firefox (software)", "Mozilla Firefox ESR", "Mozilla Firefox's", "Mozilla Firerfox", "Mozilla Minefield", "Mozilla ff", "Mozilla phoenix", "Mozilla's Firefox", "Mozilla/browser", "Mozillafirefox", "Mozzila Firefox", "Phoenix", "Phoenix (browser)", "Phoenix (web browser)", "Phoenix web browser", "Spread Firefox", "SpreadFirefox", "Spreadfirefox.com", "World Firefox Day 2006" ; :definition "Mozilla Firefox (or simply Firefox) is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox is available for Windows, macOS and Linux operating systems, with its Firefox for Android available for Android (formerly Firefox for mobile, it also ran on the discontinued Firefox OS); where all of these versions use the Gecko layout engine to render web pages, which implements current and anticipated web standards. An additional version, Firefox for iOS, was released in late 2015, but this version doesn't use Gecko due to Apple's restrictions limiting third-party web browsers to the WebKit-based layout engine built into iOS." ; :prefLabel "Firefox" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Source of information" ; :definition "An information source is a source of information for somebody, i.e. anything that might inform a person about something or provide knowledge about it. Different types of questions require different sources of information. Information sources may be observations, people, speeches, documents, pictures, organizations, websites, etc. They may be primary sources, secondary sources, tertiary sources and so on." ; :prefLabel "Information source" ; :related , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bot net", "Bot nets", "Botnets", "C&C server", "Command and control server", "Command-and-control server", "DoSnet", "Xarvester", "Zombie botnet", "Zombie network" ; :definition "A botnet is a number of Internet-connected computers communicating with other similar machines in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by command and control (C&C) or by passing messages to one another (C&C might be built into the botnet as P2P). Botnets have been used many times to send spam email or participate in distributed denial-of-service attacks. The word botnet is a combination of the words robot and network. The term is usually used with a negative or malicious connotation." ; :prefLabel "Botnet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Eckart-Young theorem", "Eckart–Young theorem", "Ky Fan norm", "Matrix approximation", "SV decomposition", "SVD", "SVD (mathematics)", "Singular-value decomposition", "Tensor SVD", "Truncated singular value decomposition" ; :definition "In linear algebra, the singular value decomposition (SVD) is a factorization of a real or complex matrix. It is the generalization of the eigendecomposition of a positive semidefinite normal matrix (for example, a symmetric matrix with positive eigenvalues) to any matrix via an extension of polar decomposition. It has many useful applications in signal processing and statistics. Formally, the singular value decomposition of an real or complex matrix is a factorization of the form , where is an real or complex unitary matrix, is a is an real or complex unitary matrix. The diagonal entries of" ; :prefLabel "Singular value decomposition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "C-system", "Control", "Control Systems", "Control loop", "Control mechanisms", "Control system (disambiguation)", "Linear control", "Linear control systems", "Linear control theory" ; :definition "A control system is a device, or set of devices, that manages, commands, directs or regulates the behaviour of other devices or systems. They can range from a home heating controller using a thermostat controlling a boiler to large Industrial control systems which are used for controlling processes or machines." ; :prefLabel "Control system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data privacy", "Data protection", "Data protection policy", "Informational privacy", "Privacy (disambiguation)", "Private data", "Protection policy", "Public data" ; :definition "Information privacy, or data privacy (or data protection), is the relationship between collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, and the legal and political issues surrounding them. Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information or other sensitive information is collected, stored, used, and finally destroyed or deleted – in digital form or otherwise. Improper or non-existent disclosure control can be the root cause for privacy issues. Data privacy issues can arise in response to information from a wide range of sources, such as:" ; :prefLabel "Information privacy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "F. Hogenboom", "Frederik F.p. Hogenboom" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 50 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Frederik Hogenboom" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data serialization", "Data serialization language", "Deflating", "Deserialization", "Inflating", "Java serialization", "Java serialized object", "Object archival", "Object serialization", "Serialisation", "Serialization (computing)", "Serialization (disambiguation)", "Serializations", "Serialize", "Serialized object", "Serializing" ; :definition "In computer science, in the context of data storage, serialization is the process of translating data structures or object state into a format that can be stored (for example, in a file or memory buffer, or transmitted across a network connection link) and reconstructed later in the same or another computer environment. When the resulting series of bits is reread according to the serialization format, it can be used to create a semantically identical clone of the original object. For many complex objects, such as those that make extensive use of references, this process is not straightforward. Serialization of object-oriented objects does not include any of their associated methods with which they were previously inextricably linked." ; :prefLabel "Serialization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A-Z index", "American Society for Indexing", "Back-of-the-book index", "Cross-index", "General index", "Index" ; :definition "An index (plural: usually indexes, more rarely indices; see below) is a list of words or phrases ('headings') and associated pointers ('locators') to where useful material relating to that heading can be found in a document or on a page. In a traditional back-of-the-book index the headings will include names of people, places and events, and concepts selected by a person as being relevant and of interest to a possible reader of the book. The pointers are typically page numbers, paragraph numbers or section numbers. In a library catalog the words are authors, titles, subject headings, etc., and the pointers are call numbers. Internet search engines, such as Google, and full text searching help provide access to information but are not as selective as an index, as they provide non-relevant l" ; :prefLabel "Index (publishing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CAT", "Category" ; :definition "A grouping of items based on some commonality or by user defined characteristics." ; :prefLabel "Categories" ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Iterate", "Iterate (math)", "Iterated", "Iteration (disambiguation)", "Iterations", "Iterative", "Itteration", "Reiterative" ; :definition "Iteration is the act of repeating a process, either to generate an unbounded sequence of outcomes, or with the aim of approaching a desired goal, target or result. Each repetition of the process is also called an "iteration", and the results of one iteration are used as the starting point for the next iteration. In the context of mathematics or computer science, iteration (along with the related technique of recursion) is a standard building block of algorithms." ; :prefLabel "Iteration" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analysis of Time Series", "Multivariate time series", "Time sequence", "Time series algorithms", "Time series analysis", "Time series econometrics", "Time series models", "Time series prediction", "Time-series", "Time-series analysis", "Time-series data", "Time-series regression", "Timeseries", "Univariate time series" ; :definition "A time series is a series of data points indexed (or listed or graphed) in time order. Most commonly, a time series is a sequence taken at successive equally spaced points in time. Thus it is a sequence of discrete-time data. Examples of time series are heights of ocean tides, counts of sunspots, and the daily closing value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Time series analysis can be applied to real-valued, continuous data, discrete numeric data, or discrete symbolic data (i.e. sequences of characters, such as letters and words in the English language)." ; :prefLabel "Time series" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Complex", "Describing Complex Systems" ; :definition "A complex system is a system that exhibits some (and possibly all) of the following characteristics: * feedback loops; * some degree of spontaneous order; * robustness of the order; * emergent organization; * numerosity; * hierarchical organization. A complex system can be also viewed as a system composed of many components which may interact with each other. In many cases it is useful to represent such a system as a network where the nodes represent the components and the links their interactions." ; :prefLabel "Complex system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Borrow checker", "Rust (disambiguation)", "Rust (language)", "Rust language", "Rust programming language", "Rust-lang", "Rustlang" ; :definition "Rust is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language sponsored by Mozilla Research. It is designed to be a "safe, concurrent, practical language", supporting functional and imperative-procedural paradigms. The language grew out of a personal project by Mozilla employee Graydon Hoare. Mozilla began sponsoring the project in 2009 and announced it in 2010. The same year, work shifted from the initial compiler (written in OCaml) to the self-hosting compiler written in Rust. Known as rustc, it successfully compiled itself in 2011. rustc uses LLVM as its back end." ; :prefLabel "Rust" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Meta model", "Meta-model", "Meta-modeling", "Meta-modeling technique", "Metamodel", "Metamodelling", "Metamodels" ; :definition "("Meta model" redirects here. For other uses, see Meta model (disambiguation).) A metamodel or surrogate model is a model of a model, and metamodeling is the process of generating such metamodels. Metamodeling or meta-modeling is the analysis, construction and development of the frames, rules, constraints, models and theories applicable and useful for modeling a predefined class of problems. As its name implies, this concept applies the notions of meta- and modeling in software engineering and systems engineering. Metamodels are of many types and have diverse applications. A thorough discussion is presented in the following text." ; :prefLabel "Metamodeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer (disambiguation)", "Digital pc", "PC", "PC configuration", "PCs", "Peronal computer", "Perossnal computer", "Personal computers", "Personal computing", "Personal computing industry", "💻" ; :definition "A personal computer (PC) is a general-purpose computer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. PCs are intended to be operated directly by an end-user with only a general knowledge of computers, rather than by a computer expert or technician. "Computers were invented to 'compute': to solve complex mathematical problems," but today, due to media dependency and the everyday use of computers, it is seen that "'computing' is the least important thing computers do." The computer time-sharing models that were typically used with larger, more expensive minicomputer and mainframe systems, to enable them be used by many people at the same time, are not used with PCs. A range of software applications ("programs") are available for personal computers including, but ar" ; :prefLabel "Personal computer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Discrete Kalman filter", "Filter", "Information Filter", "KF", "Kalman Smoother", "Kalman filtering", "Kalman gain", "Kalman-Bucy filter", "Kalmen filter", "Kálmán filter", "Stratonovich-Kalman-Bucy", "Stratonovich–Kalman–Bucy", "The Kalman Smoother", "UKF", "Unscented Kalman filter" ; :definition "Kalman filtering, also known as linear quadratic estimation (LQE), is an algorithm that uses a series of measurements observed over time, containing statistical noise and other inaccuracies, and produces estimates of unknown variables that tend to be more precise than those based on a single measurement alone, by using Bayesian inference and estimating a joint probability distribution over the variables for each timeframe. The filter is named after Rudolf E. Kálmán, one of the primary developers of its theory." ; :prefLabel "Kalman filter" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AdaGrad", "Gradient (disambiguation)", "Gradient descent in machine learning", "Incremental gradient descent", "SGD (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Stochastic gradient descent (often shortened in SGD), also known as incremental gradient descent, is a stochastic approximation of the gradient descent optimization method for minimizing an objective function that is written as a sum of differentiable functions.In other words, SGD tries to find minimums or maximums by iteration." ; :prefLabel "Stochastic gradient descent" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Plain Old Semantic HTML", "Posh", "Semantic markup" ; :definition "Semantic HTML is the use of HTML markup to reinforce the semantics, or meaning, of the information in webpages and web applications rather than merely to define its presentation or look. Semantic HTML is processed by traditional web browsers as well as by many other user agents. CSS is used to suggest its presentation to human users." ; :prefLabel "Semantic HTML" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Actor critic architecture", "Actor critic model", "Inverse reinforcement learning", "Learning from demonstration", "RL", "Reinforcement Learning a form of Artificial Intelligence", "Reward function" ; :definition "Reinforcement learning is an area of machine learning inspired by behaviorist psychology, concerned with how software agents ought to take actions in an environment so as to maximize some notion of cumulative reward. The problem, due to its generality, is studied in many other disciplines, such as game theory, control theory, operations research, information theory, simulation-based optimization, multi-agent systems, swarm intelligence, statistics, and genetic algorithms. In the operations research and control literature, the field where reinforcement learning methods are studied is called approximate dynamic programming. The problem has been studied in the theory of optimal control, though most studies are concerned with the existence of optimal solutions and their characterization, and n" ; :prefLabel "Reinforcement learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "0-G", "Cell phone", "Cell phone carrier", "Cell phone dance", "Cell phones", "Cell telephone", "Cell telephones", "Cell-phone", "Cellphone", "Cellphone video", "Cellphones", "Celluar telephone", "Cellular Telephone Technology", "Cellular communication", "Cellular communication standard", "Cellular device", "Cellular mobile", "Cellular phone", "Cellular phones", "Cellular radio", "Cellular telephone", "Cellular telephones", "Celphone", "Environmental impact of mobile phones", "Flip fone", "Flipfone", "GSM phone", "Hand Phone", "Hand phones", "Hand telephone", "Hand telephones", "Handphone", "Handphones", "Kosher phone", "Mobil phone", "Mobile", "Mobile Telephone", "Mobile cellular", "Mobile cellular wireless", "Mobile communication standard", "Mobile dance", "Mobile display", "Mobile handset", "Mobile handsets", "Mobile loop", "Mobile phone dance", "Mobile phones", "Mobile screen", "Mobile telecom", "Mobile telephones", "Mobile terminal", "Mobile wireless", "Mobile wireless communication", "Mobilephone", "Phone (disambiguation)", "Phone dance", "RCC", "Radio Common Carrier", "Secret cell phone", "Wireless phone", "📱", "📲" ; :definition "A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency carrier while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the switching systems of a mobile phone operator, which provides access to the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Most modern mobile telephone services use a cellular network architecture, and therefore mobile telephones are often also called cellular telephones or cell phones. In addition to telephony, 2000s-era mobile phones support a variety of other services, such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short-range wireless communications (infrared, Bluetooth), business applications, gaming, and digital photography. Mobile phones which offer these and more gener" ; :prefLabel "Mobile phone" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BC", "Backward compatible", "Backward-compatibility", "Backward-compatible", "Backward-incompatible", "Backwards compatability", "Backwards compatibility", "Backwards compatible", "Backwards-compatibility", "Backwards-compatible", "Breaking change", "Breaking changes", "Bugward compatibility", "Bugward compatible", "Bugwards compatibility", "Bugwards compatible", "Compatibility", "Downward Compatibility", "Downward compatible", "Format rot", "Hysterical raisins", "Legacy compatibility" ; :definition "Backward compatibility is a property of a system, product, or technology that allows for interoperability with an older legacy system, or with input designed for such a system, especially in telecommunications and computing. Backward compatibility is sometimes abbreviated to BC, or called downward compatibility. Modifying a system in a way that does not allow backward compatibility is sometimes called "breaking" backward compatibility. A complementary concept is forward compatibility, which is a design philosophy, usually based on open standards, that strives for methods that will continue to work with newer and future products. Design that is forward-compatible usually has a roadmap for compatibility with future standards and products." ; :prefLabel "Backward compatibility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application deployment", "Deployment", "Deployment framework", "Software delivery" ; :definition "Software deployment is all of the activities that make a software system available for use. The general deployment process consists of several interrelated activities with possible transitions between them. These activities can occur at the producer side or at the consumer side or both. Because every software system is unique, the precise processes or procedures within each activity can hardly be defined. Therefore, "deployment" should be interpreted as a general process that has to be customized according to specific requirements or characteristics. A brief description of each activity will be presented later." ; :prefLabel "Software deployment" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3D visualisation", "3D visualization", "Educational Visualization", "Knowledge visualization", "Product visualization", "Technical visualization", "Visualising scientific data", "Visualization (computer graphics)", "Visualization (graphic)" ; :definition "Visualization or visualisation (see spelling differences) is any technique for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message. Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of humanity. Examples from history include cave paintings, Egyptian hieroglyphs, Greek geometry, and Leonardo da Vinci's revolutionary methods of technical drawing for engineering and scientific purposes." ; :prefLabel "Visualization (graphics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LDA" ; :definition "In natural language processing, latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) is a generative statistical model that allows sets of observations to be explained by unobserved groups that explain why some parts of the data are similar. For example, if observations are words collected into documents, it posits that each document is a mixture of a small number of topics and that each word's creation is attributable to one of the document's topics. LDA is an example of a topic model and was first presented as a graphical model for topic discovery by David Blei, Andrew Ng, and Michael I. Jordan in 2003.Essentially the same model was also proposed independently by J. K. Pritchard, M. Stephens, and P. Donnelly in the study of population genetics in 2000.Both papers have been highly influential, with 13320 an" ; :prefLabel "Latent Dirichlet allocation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bottom up", "Bottom-up", "Bottom-up and top-down", "Bottom-up and top-down design", "Bottom-up design", "Stepwise", "Stepwise Refinement", "TOUP", "Top Down Design", "Top down", "Top down programming", "Top-down", "Top-down & bottom-up design", "Top-down (disambiguation)", "Top-down and bottom-up", "Top-down approach", "Top-down design", "Top-down model", "Top-down planning", "Top-down programming", "Topdown design", "Top–down and bottom–up design" ; :definition "Top-down and bottom-up are both strategies of information processing and knowledge ordering, used in a variety of fields including software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and management and organization. In practice, they can be seen as a style of thinking, teaching, or leadership." ; :prefLabel "Top-down and bottom-up design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Formal", "Formal Methods and Data Intensive Systems", "Formal development", "Formal method", "Formal software methods", "Formal techniques" ; :definition "In computer science, specifically software engineering and hardware engineering, formal methods are a particular kind of mathematically based techniques for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems. The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate mathematical analysis can contribute to the reliability and robustness of a design." ; :prefLabel "Formal methods" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HAudio", "HAudio microformat", "HMedia", "HMedia microformat", "Microformats", "Microformatting" ; :definition "A microformat (sometimes abbreviated μF) is a World Wide Web-based approach to semantic markup which uses HTML/XHTML tags supported for other purposes to convey additional metadata and other attributes in web pages and other contexts that support (X)HTML, such as RSS. This approach allows software to process information intended for end-users (such as contact information, geographic coordinates, calendar events, and similar information) automatically." ; :prefLabel "Microformat" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".tif", ".tiff", "ANSI IT8.8", "ANSI IT8.8-1993", "Adobe TIFF", "Adobe TIFF 6.0", "Aldus TIFF", "Aldus TIFF 1", "Aldus TIFF 1.0", "Aldus TIFF 2", "Aldus TIFF 2.0", "Aldus TIFF 3", "Aldus TIFF 3.0", "Aldus TIFF 4.0", "Aldus TIFF 5.0", "Aldus Tag Image File Format", "Aldus Tagged Image File Format", "Baseline TIFF", "BigTIFF", "ISO 12639", "ISO 12639:1998", "ISO 12639:2004", "ISO 12639:2004 / Amd. 1:2007", "IT8.8", "IT8.8-1993", "RFC 2306", "RFC 3949", "TIF", "TIF file", "TIFF 1", "TIFF 1.0", "TIFF 2", "TIFF 2.0", "TIFF 3", "TIFF 3.0", "TIFF 4.0", "TIFF 5.0", "TIFF 6.0", "TIFF Extensions", "TIFF-F", "TIFF-FX", "TIFF/IT", "TIFF/IT Profile 1", "TIFF/IT Profile 2", "TIFF/IT-P1", "TIFF/IT-P2", "Tag Image File Format", "Tagged Image File", "Tagged image file format", "Tiff file", "Tiff image" ; :definition "Tagged Image File Format, abbreviated TIFF or TIF, is a computer file format for storing raster graphics images, popular among graphic artists, the publishing industry, and photographers. The TIFF format is widely supported by image-manipulation applications, by publishing and page layout applications, and by scanning, faxing, word processing, optical character recognition and other applications." ; :prefLabel "TIFF" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Propagation" ; :definition "Software propagation is a general term for the copying & duplication of software, and was explicitly defined in version 3 of the GNU General Public License. The term is deliberately intended to distinguish between the activities permitted by free software licenses and those that are forbidden by various systems of copyright." ; :prefLabel "Software propagation" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Classification Tree", "Classification trees", "Decision", "Decision Trees", "Decision graph", "Decision rules", "Decision-tree", "DecisionTree", "Probability tree", "Regression Tree", "Regression trees", "Tree (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A decision tree is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is one way to display an algorithm. Decision trees are commonly used in operations research, specifically in decision analysis, to help identify a strategy most likely to reach a goal, but are also a popular tool in machine learning." ; :prefLabel "Decision tree" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Requirement analysis", "Requirement gathering", "Requirements modeling", "Requirments gathering", "Security Requirements Analysis", "Security Requirements Engineering", "Software requirements analysis" ; :definition "Requirements analysis in systems engineering and software engineering, encompasses those tasks that go into determining the needs or conditions to meet for a new or altered product or project, taking account of the possibly conflicting requirements of the various stakeholders, analyzing, documenting, validating and managing software or system requirements." ; :prefLabel "Requirements analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Freetag", "Knowledge tag", "Knowledge tagging", "Knowledge tags", "Machine tag", "Meta noise (Metadata tag)", "Meta noise (disambiguation)", "Metadata tag", "Social knowledge tagging", "Social knowledge tags", "Tag", "Tag spam", "Tagspace", "Triple tag" ; :definition "In information systems, a tag is a non-hierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece of information (such as an Internet bookmark, digital image, or computer file). This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching. Tags are generally chosen informally and personally by the item's creator or by its viewer, depending on the system. Tagging was popularized by websites associated with Web 2.0 and is an important feature of many Web 2.0 services. It is now also part of some desktop software." ; :prefLabel "Tag (metadata)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Concept algebra", "Concept analysis", "Concept lattice", "FCA", "Galois lattice" ; :definition "In information science, formal concept analysis (FCA) is a principled way of deriving a concept hierarchy or formal ontology from a collection of objects and their properties. Each concept in the hierarchy represents the set of objects sharing the same values for a certain set of properties; and each sub-concept in the hierarchy contains a subset of the objects in the concepts above it. The term was introduced by Rudolf Wille in 1984, and builds on applied lattice and order theory that was developed by Garrett Birkhoff and others in the 1930s." ; :prefLabel "Formal concept analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Allinanchor", "FWSE", "Famous web search engine", "Feeling lucky", "Ghit", "Ghits", "Giigke,cin", "Goggle search", "Gogole.com", "Googlability", "Google (disambiguation)", "Google (search engine)", "Google (search service)", "Google Beta", "Google Caffeine", "Google Calculator", "Google Dance", "Google Instant", "Google Search (mobile app)", "Google Search Mobile", "Google Search for Android", "Google Search for mobile", "Google Web", "Google Web Search", "Google com", "Google hit", "Google hits", "Google search engine", "Google search features", "Google twin", "Google web search engine", "Google. com", "Google.ad", "Google.ae", "Google.al", "Google.am", "Google.as", "Google.at", "Google.az", "Google.ba", "Google.bb", "Google.be", "Google.bf", "Google.bg", "Google.bi", "Google.bj", "Google.bs", "Google.bt", "Google.ca", "Google.cat", "Google.cd", "Google.cf", "Google.cg", "Google.ch", "Google.ci", "Google.cl", "Google.cm", "Google.co", "Google.co.ao", "Google.co.bb", "Google.co.ck", "Google.co.cr", "Google.co.id", "Google.co.il", "Google.co.in", "Google.co.jp", "Google.co.ke", "Google.co.kr", "Google.co.ls", "Google.co.ma", "Google.co.mz", "Google.co.nz", "Google.co.th", "Google.co.tz", "Google.co.ug", "Google.co.uk", "Google.co.uz", "Google.co.ve", "Google.co.vi", "Google.co.za", "Google.co.zm", "Google.co.zw", "Google.com", "Google.com.af", "Google.com.ag", "Google.com.ai", "Google.com.ar", "Google.com.au", "Google.com.bd", "Google.com.bh", "Google.com.bn", "Google.com.bo", "Google.com.br", "Google.com.by", "Google.com.bz", "Google.com.co", "Google.com.cu", "Google.com.cy", "Google.com.do", "Google.com.ec", "Google.com.eg", "Google.com.et", "Google.com.fj", "Google.com.gh", "Google.com.gi", "Google.com.gt", "Google.com.jm", "Google.com.kh", "Google.com.kw", "Google.com.lb", "Google.com.ly", "Google.com.mm", "Google.com.mt", "Google.com.mx", "Google.com.my", "Google.com.na", "Google.com.nf", "Google.com.ng", "Google.com.ni", "Google.com.np", "Google.com.om", "Google.com.pa", "Google.com.pe", "Google.com.pg", "Google.com.ph", "Google.com.pk", "Google.com.pr", "Google.com.py", "Google.com.qa", "Google.com.sa", "Google.com.sb", "Google.com.sg", "Google.com.sl", "Google.com.sv", "Google.com.tj", "Google.com.tr", "Google.com.tw", "Google.com.ua", "Google.com.uy", "Google.com.vc", "Google.com.vn", "Google.con", "Google.coom", "Google.copm", "Google.cv", "Google.cz", "Google.de", "Google.dj", "Google.dk", "Google.dm", "Google.dz", "Google.ee", "Google.es", "Google.eu", "Google.fi", "Google.fm", "Google.fr", "Google.ga", "Google.ge", "Google.gg", "Google.gl", "Google.gm", "Google.gp", "Google.gr", "Google.gy", "Google.hn", "Google.hr", "Google.ht", "Google.hu", "Google.ie", "Google.im", "Google.iq", "Google.is", "Google.it", "Google.je", "Google.jo", "Google.kg", "Google.ki", "Google.kz", "Google.la", "Google.li", "Google.lk", "Google.lt", "Google.lu", "Google.lv", "Google.md", "Google.me", "Google.mg", "Google.mk", "Google.ml", "Google.mn", "Google.ms", "Google.mu", "Google.mv", "Google.mw", "Google.ne", "Google.net", "Google.nl", "Google.no", "Google.nr", "Google.nu", "Google.ocm", "Google.om", "Google.pl", "Google.pn", "Google.ps", "Google.pt", "Google.ro", "Google.rs", "Google.ru", "Google.rw", "Google.sc", "Google.se", "Google.sh", "Google.si", "Google.sk", "Google.sm", "Google.sn", "Google.so", "Google.sr", "Google.st", "Google.td", "Google.tg", "Google.tk", "Google.tl", "Google.tm", "Google.tn", "Google.to", "Google.tp", "Google.tt", "Google.us", "Google.vg", "Google.vu", "Google.ws", "Googlebait", "Googlecom", "Googlehttp", "Googlesearch", "Googlesyndication", "Googlesyndication.com", "Googletestad", "Goole.com", "I'm feeling lucky", "Instant Search", "OK Google", "Rich Snippet", "Rich Snippets", "Seo for google", "This site may harm your computer", "Ww.google", "Www google", "Www google com", "Www.google.com" ; :definition "Google Search, commonly referred to as Google Web Search or simply Google, is a web search engine developed by Google. It is the most-used search engine on the World Wide Web, handling more than three billion searches each day. As of February 2016 it is the most used search engine in the US with 64.0% market share." ; :prefLabel "Google Search" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3-colorability", "3-colourability", "3-colouring", "Chromatic (disambiguation)", "Chromatic number", "Cole-Vishkin algorithm", "Cole–Vishkin algorithm", "Colored graph", "Coloring", "Coloring algorithm", "Coloring problem", "Colourability", "Colouring algorithm", "Colouring problem", "Distributed graph coloring", "Face coloring", "Graph Two-Coloring", "Graph color", "Graph coloration", "Graph coloring algorithm", "Graph coloring problem", "Graph colouring", "Graph colouring problem", "Graph colouring problems", "K-chromatic graph", "K-colorable", "K-coloring", "K-colouring", "K-vertex colorable", "Mycielski's theorem", "Network coloring", "Network colouring", "Proper coloring", "Three-colorable graph", "Two-colorable graph", "Unlabeled coloring", "Vector chromatic number", "Vertex chromatic number", "Vertex color", "Vertex coloring", "Vertex colouring", "Vertex-colouring" ; :definition "In graph theory, graph coloring is a special case of graph labeling; it is an assignment of labels traditionally called "colors" to elements of a graph subject to certain constraints. In its simplest form, it is a way of coloring the vertices of a graph such that no two adjacent vertices share the same color; this is called a vertex coloring. Similarly, an edge coloring assigns a color to each edge so that no two adjacent edges share the same color, and a face coloring of a planar graph assigns a color to each face or region so that no two faces that share a boundary have the same color." ; :prefLabel "Graph coloring" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anti-causal filter", "Anticausal filter" ; :definition "In signal processing, a causal filter is a linear and time-invariant causal system. The word causal indicates that the filter output depends only on past and present inputs. A filter whose output also depends on future inputs is non-causal, whereas a filter whose output depends only on future inputs is anti-causal. Systems (including filters) that are realizable (i.e. that operate in real time) must be causal because such systems cannot act on a future input. In effect that means the output sample that best represents the input at time" ; :prefLabel "Causal filter" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RDF" ; :definition "A general framework for describing a Web site's metadata. RDF is based on XML and provides interoperability between applications that exchange machine-understandable information on the Web. Resource Description Framework data consists of resources (nodes), and property/value pairs describing the resource. A node is any object which can be pointed to by a URI, properties are attributes of the node, and values can be either atomic values for the attribute, or other nodes. For example, information about a particular web page (a node), might include the property "Author". The value for the Author property could be either a string giving the name of the author, or a link to a resource describing the author. Resource Description Framework only specifies a mechanism for encoding and transferring meta-data. It does not specify what that meta-data should, or can be.(NetLingo.com and Free On-line Dictionary of Computing)" ; :prefLabel "Resource Description Framework" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptive layout", "Designing websites", "Fixed layout", "Fluid layout", "Fluid website", "Fluid websites", "Graphic design", "Liquid layout", "Liquid web design", "Liquid website", "Professional web designers", "Static websites", "Web Designer", "Web Designers", "Web designing", "Web designs", "Web graphic design", "Web page design", "Web page layout", "Web site design", "Web site designers", "Webdesign", "Webdesigner", "Website Design Process Steps", "Website Designer", "Website design", "Website-Design", "web" ; :definition "Web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites. The different areas of web design include web graphic design; interface design; authoring, including standardised code and proprietary software; user experience design; and search engine optimization. Often many individuals will work in teams covering different aspects of the design process, although some designers will cover them all. The term web design is normally used to describe the design process relating to the front-end (client side) design of a website including writing mark up. Web design partially overlaps web engineering in the broader scope of web development. Web designers are expected to have an awareness of usability and if their role involves creating mark up then th" ; :prefLabel "Web design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Over fitting", "Over-fitted", "Over-fitting", "Overfit", "Overfitting (machine learning)", "Under-fitted", "Underfitting" ; :definition "In statistics and machine learning, one of the most common tasks is to fit a "model" to a set of training data, so as to be able to make reliable predictions on general untrained data. In overfitting, a statistical model describes random error or noise instead of the underlying relationship. Overfitting occurs when a model is excessively complex, such as having too many parameters relative to the number of observations. A model that has been overfit has poor predictive performance, as it overreacts to minor fluctuations in the training data." ; :prefLabel "Overfitting" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "File io", "I/O (disambiguation)", "I/O device", "I/O hardware", "I/O interface", "I/O operation", "I/O software", "I/o", "IO", "IO priority", "Input", "Input and output", "Input output", "Input-output device", "Input/Output Device", "Input/output processing", "Output", "Output (computing)", "Quasi-bidirectional I/O", "Read/write channel", "Transput", "User input" ; :definition "In computing, input/output or I/O (or, informally, io or IO) is the communication between an information processing system, such as a computer, and the outside world, possibly a human or another information processing system. Inputs are the signals or data received by the system and outputs are the signals or data sent from it. The term can also be used as part of an action; to "perform I/O" is to perform an input or output operation. I/O devices are used by a human (or other system) to communicate with a computer. For instance, a keyboard or mouse is an input device for a computer, while monitors and printers are output devices. Devices for communication between computers, such as modems and network cards, typically perform both input and output operations." ; :prefLabel "Input/output" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "At runtime", "Execution time", "Integer divide by zero", "Run time", "Run time error", "Run-time behaviour", "Run-time error", "Runtime (computing)", "Runtime error", "Runtime errors", "Runtime performance" ; :definition "In computer science, run time, runtime or execution time is the time during which a program is running (executing), in contrast to other program lifecycle phases such as compile time, link time and load time. A run-time error is detected after or during the execution (running state) of a program, whereas a compile-time error is detected by the compiler before the program is ever executed. Type checking, register allocation, code generation, and code optimization are typically done at compile time, but may be done at run time depending on the particular language and compiler." ; :prefLabel "Run time (program lifecycle phase)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CART", "Classification and regression tree", "Decision Tree Training", "Decision Tree Training Algorithm", "Gini impurity", "Regression tree" ; :definition "Decision tree learning uses a decision tree as a predictive model which maps observations about an item (represented in the branches) to conclusions about the item's target value (represented in the leaves). It is one of the predictive modelling approaches used in statistics, data mining and machine learning. Tree models where the target variable can take a finite set of values are called classification trees; in these tree structures, leaves represent class labels and branches represent conjunctions of features that lead to those class labels. Decision trees where the target variable can take continuous values (typically real numbers) are called regression trees." ; :prefLabel "Decision tree learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Software designer" ; :definition "Software design is the process by which an agent creates a specification of a software artifact, intended to accomplish goals, using a set of primitive components and subject to constraints. Software design may refer to either "all the activity involved in conceptualizing, framing, implementing, commissioning, and ultimately modifying complex systems" or "the activity following requirements specification and before programming, as ... [in] a stylized software engineering process."" ; :prefLabel "Software design" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anachronous map", "Electronic map", "Interactive Map", "Map (disambiguation)", "Map generator", "Map orientation", "Map reading", "Maps", "Maps (disambiguation)", "Maps and directions", "Online maps of the United States", "Orientation", "Physical Map", "Physical map (cartography)", "Political map", "Road atlases", "Village mapping" ; :definition "A map is a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, and themes. Many maps are static two-dimensional, geometrically accurate (or approximately accurate) representations of three-dimensional space, while others are dynamic or interactive, even three-dimensional. Although most commonly used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or imagined, without regard to context or scale; e.g. brain mapping, DNA mapping and extraterrestrial mapping." ; :prefLabel "Map" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DC", "Dublin (disambiguation)", "Dublin Core Metadata", "Dublin Core Metadata Initiative", "Dublin Core metadata standard", "DublinCore", "OMF", "Open Source Metadata Framework" ; :definition "The Dublin Core Schema is a small set of vocabulary terms that can be used to describe web resources (video, images, web pages, etc.), as well as physical resources such as books or CDs, and objects like artworks. The full set of Dublin Core metadata terms can be found on the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI) website. The original set of 15 classic metadata terms, known as the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set are endorsed in the following standards documents: * IETF * ISO Standard 15836-2009 * NISO Standard Z39.85" ; :prefLabel "Dublin Core" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HTTP push", "HTTP stream", "HTTP streaming", "Long polling", "Push", "Push Notification Service", "Push media", "Push model", "Push notification", "Push notifications", "Push protocol", "Pushlet", "Pushlets", "Server Push", "Server-push" ; :definition "Push, or server push, describes a style of Internet-based communication where the request for a given transaction is initiated by the publisher or central server. It is contrasted with pull/get, where the request for the transmission of information is initiated by the receiver or client. Push is sometimes emulated with a polling technique, particularly under circumstances where a real push is not possible, such as sites with security policies that require rejection of incoming HTTP/S requests." ; :prefLabel "Push technology" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data Visualizer", "Scientific visualisation", "Visualization", "Volume visualization" ; :definition "Scientific visualization (also spelled scientific visualisation) is an interdisciplinary branch of science. According to Friendly (2008), it is "primarily concerned with the visualization of three-dimensional phenomena (architectural, meteorological, medical, biological, etc.), where the emphasis is on realistic renderings of volumes, surfaces, illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a dynamic (time) component". It is also considered a subset of computer graphics, a branch of computer science. The purpose of scientific visualization is to graphically illustrate scientific data to enable scientists to understand, illustrate, and glean insight from their data." ; :prefLabel "Scientific visualization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2-tier", "2-tier architecture", "Benefits of client server computing", "Client server", "Client server architecture", "Client server communication", "Client-Server Model", "Client-Side", "Client-server", "Client-server architecture", "Client-server computing", "Client-server programming", "Client-server protocol", "Client-server system", "Client/server", "Client/server architecture", "Client/server computing", "Client/server environment", "Client/server network", "Client/server principle", "Client/server protocol", "Client–server", "Client–server architecture", "Client–server computing", "Server-client architecture", "Server-client model", "Server–client architecture" ; :definition "The client–server model is a distributed application structure that partitions tasks or workloads between the providers of a resource or service, called servers, and service requesters, called clients. Often clients and servers communicate over a computer network on separate hardware, but both client and server may reside in the same system. A server host runs one or more server programs which share their resources with clients. A client does not share any of its resources, but requests a server's content or service function. Clients therefore initiate communication sessions with servers which await incoming requests.Examples of computer applications that use the client–server model are Email, network printing, and the World Wide Web." ; :prefLabel "Client–server model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dev", "Developer", "Developer (software)", "SDE", "Software developers", "Software development engineer" ; :definition "A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are often used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst, and software engineer.According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development and programming are more apparent. Already in the current market place there can be found a segregation between programmers and developers, being that one who implements is not the same as the one who designs the class structure or hierarchy. Even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. (see also Debate o" ; :prefLabel "Software developer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MC (disambiguation)", "Monte Carlo (disambiguation)", "Monte Carlo analysis", "Monte Carlo calculation", "Monte Carlo experiment", "Monte Carlo experiments", "Monte Carlo model", "Monte Carlo run", "Monte Carlo sampling", "Monte Carlo simulation", "Monte Carlo simulation technique", "Monte Carlo simulation techniques", "Monte Carlo simulations", "Monte carlo methods", "Monte carlo software", "Monte-Carlo method", "Monte-Carlo methods", "Monte-Carlo simulation" ; :definition "Monte Carlo methods (or Monte Carlo experiments) are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results. Their essential idea is using randomness to solve problems that might be deterministic in principle. They are often used in physical and mathematical problems and are most useful when it is difficult or impossible to use other approaches. Monte Carlo methods are mainly used in three distinct problem classes: optimization, numerical integration, and generating draws from a probability distribution." ; :prefLabel "Monte Carlo method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HTTP Server", "HTTP daemon", "HTTP web server", "RPS", "Requests per second", "Web Servers", "Web server market share", "Web-server", "Web-servers", "Webserver" ; :definition "A web server is a computer system that processes requests via HTTP, the basic network protocol used to distribute information on the World Wide Web. The term can refer to the entire system, or specifically to the software that accepts and supervises the HTTP requests." ; :prefLabel "Web server" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A particularis", "Identification by next value", "Induction (logic)", "Induction (philosophy)", "Inductive argument", "Inductive arguments", "Inductive inference", "Inductive logic", "Inductive method", "Inductive reason", "Logic induction", "Weak induction", "À particularis" ; :definition "Inductive reasoning (as opposed to deductive reasoning or abductive reasoning) is reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion. While the conclusion of a deductive argument is certain, the truth of the conclusion of an inductive argument is probable, based upon the evidence given. Many dictionaries define inductive reasoning as reasoning that derives general principles from specific observations, though some sources disagree with this usage." ; :prefLabel "Inductive reasoning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ESSI", "European Semantic Systems Initiative", "Semantic Web Services" ; :definition "A semantic Web service, like conventional Web services, is the server end of a client–server system for machine-to-machine interaction via the World Wide Web. Semantic services are a component of the semantic Web because they use markup which makes data machine-readable in a detailed and sophisticated way (as compared with human-readable HTML which is usually not easily "understood" by computer programs)." ; :prefLabel "Semantic Web service" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Blackhatter", "Blackhatters", "Citation building practicies", "Digital Asset Optimization", "Google Search Engine Optimization guidelines", "Google consultant", "Image search engine optimization", "Image search optimization", "Increase Search Engine Rankings", "Kei", "Key search engineering", "Keywod generator", "Keyword (Internet search)", "Keyword Analysis", "Keyword effectiveness index", "Keyword optimization", "Link juice", "Link wheel", "List of SEO Tools", "Measuring SE ranking results", "Multilingual SEO", "Multilingual search engine optimization", "Mutual link", "Off-page factors", "On-page factors", "Optimization (disambiguation)", "Optimized Search", "Optimized Searching", "Organic SEO", "SEO Consultants", "SEO Trending", "SEO copywriter", "SEO copywriting", "Seach Engine Optimization", "Search Engine Optimiser", "Search Engine Optimization (SEO)", "Search Engine Optimized Content", "Search Engine Optimizers", "Search Engine Placement", "Search Engine Position", "Search Engine optimization tools", "Search Optimization Marketing", "Search engine engineering", "Search engine gaming", "Search engine manipulation", "Search engine optimisation", "Search engine optimization - Targeted keywords or phrases", "Search engine optimization copywriting", "Search engine optimization/", "Search engine optimizer", "Search engine prominence", "Search engine ranking", "Search engine saturation", "Search-engine optimization", "Searchability optimization", "Seo", "Seo consultant", "Seo consulting", "Seo content", "Seo expert", "Seologic", "Ser", "Small business SEO", "Top paying keywords", "Web Design To Improve Your Rankings", "Web Design and SEO", "Website visibility" ; :definition "Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of affecting the visibility of a website or a web page in a web search engine's unpaid results—often referred to as "natural", "organic", or "earned" results. In general, the earlier (or higher ranked on the search results page), and more frequently a site appears in the search results list, the more visitors it will receive from the search engine's users, and these visitors can be converted into customers. SEO may target different kinds of search, including image search, local search, video search, academic search, news search and industry-specific vertical search engines." ; :prefLabel "Search engine optimization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Breaking DRM", "Consumer enablement", "Copyright-control technology", "DCE", "DRM", "DRM Law", "DRM Laws", "DRM protection", "DRM-Free", "DRM-protected", "Digital Consumer Enablement", "Digital Restriction Management", "Digital Restriction Manager", "Digital Restrictions Malware", "Digital Restrictions Management", "Digital Restrictions Mechanisms", "Digital Rights Management (DRM)", "Digital Rights/Restrictions Management", "Digital handcuffs", "Digital right management", "Digital rights managements", "Digital rights manangement", "Digital-rights management", "Downloading ebook", "E-DRM", "Ebook downloading", "European DRM and privacy", "Handcuffware", "Management (disambiguation)", "Opposition to digital rights management", "Rights management", "Stealing ebooks", "Technological protection measures" ; :definition "Digital rights management (DRM) schemes are various access control technologies that are used to restrict usage of proprietary hardware and copyrighted works. DRM technologies try to control the use, modification, and distribution of copyrighted works (such as software and multimedia content), as well as systems within devices that enforce these policies. The term DRM is also sometimes referred to as "copy protection", "technical protection measures", "copy prevention", or "copy control", although the correctness of doing so is disputed." ; :prefLabel "Digital rights management" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Topic modeling" ; :definition "In machine learning and natural language processing, a topic model is a type of statistical model for discovering the abstract "topics" that occur in a collection of documents. Topic modeling is a frequently used text-mining tool for discovery of hidden semantic structures in a text body. Intuitively, given that a document is about a particular topic, one would expect particular words to appear in the document more or less frequently: "dog" and "bone" will appear more often in documents about dogs, "cat" and "meow" will appear in documents about cats, and "the" and "is" will appear equally in both. A document typically concerns multiple topics in different proportions; thus, in a document that is 10% about cats and 90% about dogs, there would probably be about 9 times more dog words than c" ; :prefLabel "Topic model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Synonicom", "Synonymordbok", "The saurus", "Thesauri", "Thesuari" ; :definition "In general usage, a thesaurus is a reference work that lists words grouped together according to similarity of meaning (containing synonyms and sometimes antonyms), in contrast to a dictionary, which provides definitions for words, and generally lists them in alphabetical order. The main purpose of such reference works is to help the user "to find the word, or words, by which [an] idea may be most fitly and aptly expressed" – to quote Peter Mark Roget, architect of the best known thesaurus in the English language." ; :prefLabel "Thesaurus" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Everyware", "Natalie Jeremijenko Live Wire", "Nomadic computing", "Pervasive", "Pervasive Computing", "Pervasive Internet", "Pervasive network", "Pervasive systems", "UbiSoc", "Ubicomp", "Ubiquitous Software", "Ubiquitous computer", "Ubiquitous games", "Ubiquitous network", "Ubiquitous networking" ; :definition "Ubiquitous computing (or "ubicomp") is a concept in software engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear anytime and everywhere. In contrast to desktop computing, ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any location, and in any format. A user interacts with the computer, which can exist in many different forms, including laptop computers, tablets and terminals in everyday objects such as a fridge or a pair of glasses. The underlying technologies to support ubiquitous computing include Internet, advanced middleware, operating system, mobile code, sensors, microprocessors, new I/O and user interfaces, networks, mobile protocols, location and positioning and new materials." ; :prefLabel "Ubiquitous computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Graphical Models", "Probabilistic graphical model" ; :definition "A graphical model or probabilistic graphical model (PGM) is a probabilistic model for which a graph expresses the conditional dependence structure between random variables. They are commonly used in probability theory, statistics—particularly Bayesian statistics—and machine learning." ; :prefLabel "Graphical model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "MULTIPLE", "Many", "Multi", "Several", "plural", "plurals" ; :definition "Having, relating to, or consisting of more than one individual, element, part, or other component; manifold." ; :prefLabel "Numerous" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ISO 8879", "Jade (DSSSL processor)", "Jade (disambiguation)", "SGML comment", "SGML name", "Sgml", "Standard Generalised Markup Language" ; :definition "The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML; ISO 8879:1986) is a standard for defining generalized markup languages for documents. ISO 8879 Annex A.1 defines generalized markup: Generalized markup is based on two postulates: * Markup should be declarative: it should describe a document's structure and other attributes, rather than specify the processing to be performed on it. Declarative markup is less likely to conflict with unforeseen future processing needs and techniques. * Markup should be rigorous so that the techniques available for processing rigorously-defined objects like programs and databases can be used for processing documents as well." ; :prefLabel "Standard Generalized Markup Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Closest point query", "Closest point search", "NNS", "Nearest neighbor method", "Nearest neighbor problem", "Nearest neighbor query", "Nearest neighbour problem", "Nearest neighbour query", "Nearest neighbour search", "Post office problem", "Post-office problem", "Proximity search", "Proximity search (metric space)" ; :definition "Nearest neighbor search (NNS), also known as proximity search, similarity search or closest point search, is an optimization problem for finding closest (or most similar) points. Closeness is typically expressed in terms of a dissimilarity function: the less similar the objects, the larger the function values. Formally, the nearest-neighbor (NN) search problem is defined as follows: given a set S of points in a space M and a query point q ∈ M, find the closest point in S to q. Donald Knuth in vol. 3 of The Art of Computer Programming (1973) called it the post-office problem, referring to an application of assigning to a residence the nearest post office. A direct generalization of this problem is a k-NN search, where we need to find the k closest points." ; :prefLabel "Nearest neighbor search" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A geographic information system", "A geographic information system (GIS)", "GIS", "GIS (disambiguation)", "GIS data", "Geo-Information Science", "Geo-Information Technology", "Geocomputation", "Geographic Information Systems", "Geographic boundary data", "Geographic information system (GIS)", "Geographic information systems software", "Geographic information technology", "Geographical Information Science", "Geographical Information Service", "Geographical Information System", "Geographical information systems", "Geospatial Information System", "Geospatial Information Systems", "Gis software", "Git", "Graphical information system", "Mobile GIS" ; :definition "A geographic information system or (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographic information science (GIScience) to refer to the academic discipline that studies geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of geoinformatics. What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure, a concept that has no such restrictive boundaries." ; :prefLabel "Geographic information system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "End to end argument", "End to end principle", "End-end principle", "End-to-end", "End-to-end argument", "End-to-end arguments in system design", "End-to-end communication", "End-to-end connection", "End-to-end connectivity" ; :definition "The end-to-end principle is a classic design principle in computer networking. In networks designed according to the principle, application-specific features reside in the communicating end nodes of the network, rather than in intermediary nodes, such as gateways and routers, that exist to establish the network. The end-to-end principle originated in the work by Paul Baran in the 1960s, which addressed the requirement of network reliability when the building blocks are inherently unreliable. It was first articulated explicitly in 1981 by Saltzer, Reed, and Clark." ; :prefLabel "End-to-end principle" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cosine distance", "Vector cosine" ; :definition "Cosine similarity is a measure of similarity between two non zero vectors of an inner product space that measures the cosine of the angle between them. The cosine of 0° is 1, and it is less than 1 for any other angle. It is thus a judgment of orientation and not magnitude: two vectors with the same orientation have a cosine similarity of 1, two vectors at 90° have a similarity of 0, and two vectors diametrically opposed have a similarity of -1, independent of their magnitude. Cosine similarity is particularly used in positive space, where the outcome is neatly bounded in [0,1]." ; :prefLabel "Cosine similarity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "An internet of things", "IIOT", "Internet of Everything", "Internet of Things (IoT)", "Internet of data", "Internet of shit", "Internet of thing", "IoT Data Exchange", "The Internet of Things", "Visual internet of things" ; :definition "The internet of things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"), buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. In 2013 the Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things (IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as "the infrastructure of the information society." The IoT allows objects to be sensed and/or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit. When IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an" ; :prefLabel "Internet of things" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "M (disambiguation)", "M file", "M-file", "MatLab Software", "Matlab (programming language)", "Matlab programming language", "Matrix laboratory", "Nntool" ; :definition "MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment and fourth-generation programming language. A proprietary programming language developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, C#, Java, Fortran and Python. In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and academia. MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science, and economics." ; :prefLabel "MATLAB" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "*NIX", "*n*x", "*nice", "*nices", "Branded Unix", "Freenix", "Functional Unix", "Genetic Unix", "Nix", "Open source Unix", "Trademark Unix", "UN*X", "UNIX-like operating system", "UNIX-style", "Unices", "Unix clone", "Unix like", "Unix-alike", "Unix-like OS", "Unix-like system", "Unixoid", "Unx" ; :definition "A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. There is no standard for defining the term, and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is "Unix-like"." ; :prefLabel "Unix-like" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Enterprise Model", "Enterprise Modeling" ; :definition "Enterprise modelling is the abstract representation, description and definition of the structure, processes, information and resources of an identifiable business, government body, or other large organization. It deals with the process of understanding an enterprise business and improving its performance through creation of enterprise models. This includes the modelling of the relevant business domain (usually relatively stable), business processes (usually more volatile), and Information technology." ; :prefLabel "Enterprise modelling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cluster seeking", "K means", "K-Means Algorithm", "K-means", "K-means clustering algorithm", "K-nearest-neighbor estimator", "Kmeans" ; :definition "k-means clustering is a method of vector quantization, originally from signal processing, that is popular for cluster analysis in data mining. k-means clustering aims to partition n observations into k clusters in which each observation belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean, serving as a prototype of the cluster. This results in a partitioning of the data space into Voronoi cells." ; :prefLabel "K-means clustering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Audio stream", "Audio streaming", "Bandwidth skimming", "First Live Streaming U.S. Internet Concert", "Internet Broadcast", "Internet stream", "Internet streaming", "Live Streaming Radio", "Live stream", "Live streaming", "Live streams", "Live video streaming", "Live-stream", "Live-streaming", "Livestreamed", "Livestreaming", "Media streaming", "Movie streaming", "Music streaming", "Online Music Streaming", "Online streaming", "Realtime audio", "Stream (disambiguation)", "Streamed", "Streamed audio", "Streamed media", "Streaming audio", "Streaming content", "Streaming data", "Streaming multimedia", "Streaming music", "Streaming of video", "Streaming server", "Streaming services", "Streaming video", "USB streaming", "Video sites", "Video stream", "Video streaming", "Video streams", "Website video" ; :definition "Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. The verb "to stream" refers to the process of delivering or obtaining media in this manner; the term refers to the delivery method of the medium, rather than the medium itself, and is an alternative to file downloading, a process in which the end-user obtains the entire file for the content before watching or listening to it." ; :prefLabel "Streaming media" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analyses", "Analysis", "Cluster", "Cluster Analyses", "Cluster Analysis", "Clustering", "Clustering Analysis", "Clusterings" ; :definition "A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both." ; :prefLabel "statistical cluster" ; :related , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Collaborative indexing", "Collaborative tagging", "Ethnoclassification", "Folkonomies", "Folksography", "Folksonomic", "Folksonomie", "Folksonomies", "Folksontology", "Social classification", "Social indexing", "Social tagging" ; :definition "A folksonomy is a system in which users apply public tags to online items, typically to aid them in re-finding those items. This can give rise to a classification system based on those tags and their frequencies, in contrast to a taxonomic classification specified by the owners of the content when it is published. This practice is also known as collaborative tagging, social classification, social indexing, and social tagging. However, these terms have slightly different meanings than folksonomy. Folksonomy was originally “the result of personal free tagging of information [...] for one’s own retrieval.”. Social tagging is the application of tags in an open online environment where the tags of other users are available to others. Collaborative tagging (also known as group tagging) is taggin" ; :prefLabel "Folksonomy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "HLL", "High and low level programming languages", "High and low-level programming languages", "High level language", "High level languages", "High level programming language", "High level programming languages", "High-level language", "High-level programming", "High-level programming languages" ; :definition "In computer science, a high-level programming language is a programming language with strong abstraction from the details of the computer. In comparison to low-level programming languages, it may use natural language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely) significant areas of computing systems (e.g. memory management), making the process of developing a program simpler and more understandable relative to a lower-level language. The amount of abstraction provided defines how "high-level" a programming language is." ; :prefLabel "High-level programming language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CP", "CPU (computer)", "CPU (disambiguation)", "CPU (heart...", "CPU (heart...)", "CPU (heart…", "CPU (heart…)", "CPU bandwidth", "CPUs", "Central processing units", "Central processor", "Central processor unit", "Computer processing chip", "Computer processor", "Cpu", "Decoder", "Discrete processor", "Homebrew CPU", "ID", "Instruction decoder", "Logical processor", "Main processor", "Master control processor", "PCM (disambiguation)", "Performance Counter Monitor", "Personal computer Central Processing Unit", "Processor units", "Processors", "Unit" ; :definition "A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The term has been used in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry." ; :prefLabel "Central processing unit" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Admission scheduler", "CPU Scheduling", "CPU scheduler", "Channel-dependent scheduling", "Deterministic Scheduling", "Dispatch latency", "Linux Process Scheduler", "Long-term scheduler", "Medium-term scheduler", "Non-deterministic Scheduling", "Non-preemptive scheduler", "Nondeterministic Scheduling", "Packet scheduling", "Pre-emptive scheduler", "Preemptive scheduler", "Process scheduler", "Process scheduling", "Running queue", "Scheduler (computing)", "Scheduler pattern", "Scheduling algorithm", "Scheduling algorithms", "Scheduling discipline", "Scheduling disciplines", "Scheduling policy", "Scheduling priority", "Scheduling theory", "Short-term scheduler", "Task queue", "Task scheduler", "Task scheduling" ; :definition "In computing, scheduling is the method by which work specified by some means is assigned to resources that complete the work. The work may be virtual computation elements such as threads, processes or data flows, which are in turn scheduled onto hardware resources such as processors, network links or expansion cards." ; :prefLabel "Scheduling (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Fabian Martin Suchanek", "YAGO (ontology)", "Yago (database)" ; :definition "YAGO (Yet Another Great Ontology) is a knowledge base developed at the Max Planck Institute for Computer Science in Saarbrücken. It is automatically extracted from Wikipedia and other sources. As of 2012, YAGO2s has knowledge of more than 10 million entities and contains more than 120 million facts about these entities. The information in YAGO is extracted from Wikipedia (e.g., categories, redirects, infoboxes), WordNet (e.g., synsets, hyponymy), and GeoNames. The accuracy of YAGO was manually evaluated to be above 95% on a sample of facts. To integrate it to the linked data cloud, YAGO has been linked to the DBpedia ontology and to the SUMO ontology." ; :prefLabel "YAGO" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Mas", "Multi agent system", "Multi-agent", "Multi-agent systems", "Multiagent AI system", "Multiagent system", "Multiagent systems" ; :definition "A multi-agent system (M.A.S.) is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents within an environment. Multi-agent systems can be used to solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve. Intelligence may include some methodic, functional, procedural approach, algorithmic search or reinforcement learning. Although there is considerable overlap, a multi-agent system is not always the same as an agent-based model (ABM). The goal of an ABM is to search for explanatory insight into the collective behavior of agents (which don't necessarily need to be "intelligent") obeying simple rules, typically in natural systems, rather than in solving specific practical or engineering problems. The terminology of ABM tends to" ; :prefLabel "Multi-agent system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arc (graph theory)", "Balanced digraph", "Digraph", "Digraph (mathematics)", "Directed cyclic graph", "Directed edge", "Directed edge (graph theory)", "Graph arc", "In-degree", "Indegree", "Information sink", "Oriented Graph", "Out-degree", "Outdegree", "Simple directed graph", "Sink (disambiguation)", "Sink (graph theory)", "Source (graph theory)", "Underlying graph", "Weighted digraph" ; :definition "In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a directed graph (or digraph) is a graph (that is a set of vertices connected by edges), where the edges have a direction associated with them." ; :prefLabel "Directed graph" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CST", "Concrete syntax", "Concrete syntax tree", "Constituency-based parse tree", "Dependency-based parse tree", "Derivation tree", "P marker", "P-marker", "Parse graph", "Parsing tree", "Phrase marker", "Syntactic tree diagram", "Syntax tree", "Tree (disambiguation)" ; :definition "A parse tree or parsing tree or derivation tree or (concrete) syntax tree is an ordered, rooted tree that represents the syntactic structure of a string according to some context-free grammar. The term parse tree itself is used primarily in computational linguistics; in theoretical syntax the term syntax tree is more common. Parse trees are distinct from the abstract syntax trees used in computer programming, in that their structure and elements more concretely reflect the syntax of the input language. They are also distinct from (although based on similar principles to) the sentence diagrams (such as Reed-Kellogg diagrams) sometimes used for grammar teaching in schools." ; :prefLabel "Parse tree" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BP algorithm", "Back prop", "Back propagation", "Back-propagation", "Backprop", "Backpropogation", "Error back-propagation" ; :definition "Backpropagation, an abbreviation for "backward propagation of errors", is a common method of training artificial neural networks used in conjunction with an optimization method such as gradient descent. The method calculates the gradient of a loss function with respect to all the weights in the network, so that the gradient is fed to the optimization method which in turn uses it to update the weights, in an attempt to minimize the loss function." ; :prefLabel "Backpropagation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Architecture (disambiguation)", "CPU architecture", "Computer architectures", "Computer design", "Computer systems architecture", "Computing architecture", "UISA" ; :definition "In computer engineering, computer architecture is a set of rules and methods that describe the functionality, organization, and implementation of computer systems. Some definitions of architecture define it as describing the capabilities and programming model of a computer but not a particular implementation. In other definitions computer architecture involves instruction set architecture design, microarchitecture design, logic design, and implementation." ; :prefLabel "Computer architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binary logit model", "Conditional logistic regression", "Logistic", "Logit model", "Logit regression", "Regression" ; :definition "In statistics, logistic regression, or logit regression, or logit model is a regression model where the dependent variable (DV) is categorical. This article covers the case of binary dependent variables—that is, where it can take only two values, such as pass/fail, win/lose, alive/dead or healthy/sick. Cases with more than two categories are referred to as multinomial logistic regression, or, if the multiple categories are ordered, as ordinal logistic regression." ; :prefLabel "Logistic regression" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Internet application", "RIA", "Rich Internet Applications", "Rich Internet Client", "Rich Web client", "Rich application" ; :definition "A rich Internet application (RIA; sometimes called an Installable Internet Application) is a Web application that has many of the characteristics of desktop application software, typically delivered by way of a site-specific browser, a browser plug-in, an independent sandbox, extensive use of JavaScript, or a virtual machine. Adobe Flash, JavaFX, and Microsoft Silverlight are currently the three most common platforms, with desktop browser penetration rates around 96%, 76%, and 66%, respectively (as of August 2011)." ; :prefLabel "Rich Internet application" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Base case", "Base case (recursion)", "Infinite loop motif", "Infinite-loop motif", "Mathematical recursion", "Recursion (Concept)", "Recursion (disambiguation)", "Recursion definition", "Recursion principle", "Recursionism", "Recursionisms", "Recursions", "Recursive", "Recursive routine", "Recursive structure", "Recursively", "Recursiveness", "Recursivity", "Recursor function" ; :definition "Recursion occurs when a thing is defined in terms of itself or of its type. Recursion is used in a variety of disciplines ranging from linguistics to logic. The most common application of recursion is in mathematics and computer science, where a function being defined is applied within its own definition. While this apparently defines an infinite number of instances (function values), it is often done in such a way that no loop or infinite chain of references can occur." ; :prefLabel "Recursion" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Base Map", "Mapping service", "Online map", "Online mapping", "Online maps", "Web cartography", "Webmapping" ; :definition "Web mapping is the process of using maps delivered by geographical information systems (GIS). A web map on the World Wide Web is both served and consumed, thus web mapping is more than just web cartography, it is a service by which consumers may choose what the map will show. Web GIS emphasizes geodata processing aspects more involved with design aspects such as data acquisition and server software architecture such as data storage and algorithms, than it does the end-user reports themselves. The terms web GIS and web mapping remain somewhat synonymous. Web GIS uses web maps, and end users who are web mapping are gaining analytical capabilities. The term location-based services refers to web mapping consumer goods and services. Web mapping usually involves a web browser or other user agent" ; :prefLabel "Web mapping" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DESCR", "Desc", "Descriptive", "Descriptor", "descriptions", "descriptive analysis", "descriptive methods" ; :definition "A written or verbal account, representation, statement, or explanation of something." ; :prefLabel "Description" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cold-start" ; :definition "Cold start is a potential problem in computer-based information systems which involve a degree of automated data modelling. Specifically, it concerns the issue that the system cannot draw any inferences for users or items about which it has not yet gathered sufficient information." ; :prefLabel "Cold start" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automatic query reformulation", "QE" ; :definition "Query expansion (QE) is the process of reformulating a seed query to improve retrieval performance in information retrieval operations.In the context of search engines, query expansion involves evaluating a user's input (what words were typed into the search query area, and sometimes other types of data) and expanding the search query to match additional documents. Query expansion involves techniques such as: Query expansion is a methodology studied in the field of computer science, particularly within the realm of natural language processing and information retrieval." ; :prefLabel "Query expansion" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "%22pulsing%22 zombies", "Backscatter (DDOS)", "Backscatter (disambiguation)", "Booter service", "DD4BC", "DDOS", "DDOS attack", "DDoS for Bitcoin", "DDoSing", "DDos by nuke attack", "DNS amplification attack", "DOS (disambiguation)", "DRDOS", "Degradation-of-service", "Degradation-of-service attack", "Denial of Service (computing)", "Denial of service", "Denial of service attack", "Denial of service attacks", "Denial or Service", "Denial-of-Service", "Denial-of-service attacks", "Distributed Deinal-of-Service", "Distributed Denital of Service", "Distributed Reflection Denial of Service", "Distributed denial of service", "Distributed denial of service attack", "Distributed denial-of-service", "Distributed denial-of-service attack", "Distributed reflector denial of service", "Distributed-denial-of-service", "DoS", "DoS attacks", "DoS-attack", "Dos (attack)", "Dos attack", "Flood (disambiguation)", "Flood attack", "Low Impact Ion Cannon", "Network flood", "Nuke (computer)", "Pdos", "Permanent denial of service", "Phlashing", "RDDoS", "RUDY", "Reflector", "Reflector router", "TearDrop", "Teardrop (computing)", "Teardrop Attacks", "Teardrop attack", "Udp bomb attack", "VIPDoS", "Volumetric DDoS attack" ; :definition "In computing, a denial-of-service (DoS) attack is a cyber-attack where the perpetrator seeks to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users, such as to temporarily or indefinitely interrupt or suspend services of a host connected to the Internet. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled." ; :prefLabel "Denial-of-service attack" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "!important", ").css(", ".css", "ACSS", "Aural Cascading Style Sheets", "CSS", "CSS (disambiguation)", "CSS (internet)", "CSS 2", "CSS 3", "CSS declaration", "CSS framework", "CSS selector", "CSS style", "CSS style sheets", "CSS styles", "CSS stylesheet", "CSS styling", "CSS2.1", "CSS3", "CSS3 (disambiguation)", "CSS4", "Cascading Style Sheet", "Cascading Style Sheets - CSS", "Cascading Style Sheets 4", "Cascading stylesheets", "Class", "Css 2.0", "Css 2.1", "Css1", "Css2", "Float (CSS attribute)", "Inspiring css web design", "Position (CSS attribute)", "Pseudo-class", "Pseudo-element", "Style", "Style sheet", "Text/css", "XML/XSL skin" ; :definition "Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in a markup language. Although most often used to set the visual style of web pages and user interfaces written in HTML and XHTML, the language can be applied to any XML document, including plain XML, SVG and XUL, and is applicable to rendering in speech, or on other media. Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is a cornerstone technology used by most websites to create visually engaging webpages, user interfaces for web applications, and user interfaces for many mobile applications." ; :prefLabel "Cascading Style Sheets" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Call by need", "Evaluation (disambiguation)", "Infinite list", "Infinite lists", "Lazily evaluated language", "Lazy", "Lazy eval", "Lazy evalution", "Short circuit (programming)" ; :definition "In programming language theory, lazy evaluation, or call-by-need is an evaluation strategy which delays the evaluation of an expression until its value is needed (non-strict evaluation) and which also avoids repeated evaluations (sharing). The sharing can reduce the running time of certain functions by an exponential factor over other non-strict evaluation strategies, such as call-by-name. The benefits of lazy evaluation include:" ; :prefLabel "Lazy evaluation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binary retention time", "Net news", "Netnews", "News URI", "Nntp URI", "UBackup", "Usenet backup", "Usenet news", "Usenet newsfeed size", "Usenetter", "Usernet", "Web2news" ; :definition "Usenet is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers. It was developed from the general-purpose UUCP dial-up network architecture. Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea in 1979, and it was established in 1980. Users read and post messages (called articles or posts, and collectively termed news) to one or more categories, known as newsgroups. Usenet resembles a bulletin board system (BBS) in many respects and is the precursor to Internet forums that are widely used today. Usenet can be superficially regarded as a hybrid between email and web forums. Discussions are threaded, as with web forums and BBSs, though posts are stored on the server sequentially. The name comes from the term "users network"." ; :prefLabel "Usenet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dataset (machine learning)", "Holdout method", "Training (disambiguation)", "Training data", "Training data set", "Training set", "Validation set" ; :definition "In many areas of information science, finding predictive relationships from data is a very important task. Initial discovery of relationships is usually done with a training set while a test set and validation set are used for evaluating whether the discovered relationships hold. More formally, a training set is a set of data used to discover potentially predictive relationships. A test set is a set of data used to assess the strength and utility of a predictive relationship. Test and training sets are used in intelligent systems, machine learning, genetic programming and statistics." ; :prefLabel "Test set" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Average information", "Data compression/entropy", "Data entropy", "Entropy (disambiguation)", "Entropy (information theory", "Entropy (information)", "Entropy (statistics)", "Entropy of a probability distribution", "Information Entropy", "Information Theoretic Entropy", "Informational entropy", "Infotropy", "Shannon Entropy", "Shannon information", "Shannon's entropy", "Weighted entropy" ; :definition "In information theory, systems are modeled by a transmitter, channel, and receiver. The transmitter produces messages that are sent through the channel. The channel modifies the message in some way. The receiver attempts to infer which message was sent. In this context, entropy (more specifically, Shannon entropy) is the expected value (average) of the information contained in each message. 'Messages' can be modeled by any flow of information." ; :prefLabel "Entropy (information theory)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CI", "Co-intelligence", "Collective IQ", "Collective learning", "Collective mind", "Group synergy", "Shared", "Shared intelligence", "Symbiotic intelligence" ; :definition "Collective intelligence is shared or group intelligence that emerges from the collaboration, collective efforts, and competition of many individuals and appears in consensus decision making. The term appears in sociobiology, political science and in context of mass peer review and crowdsourcing applications. It may involve consensus, social capital and formalisms such as voting systems, social media and other means of quantifying mass activity. Collective IQ is a measure of collective intelligence, although it is often used interchangeably with the term collective intelligence. Collective intelligence has also been attributed to bacteria and animals." ; :prefLabel "Collective intelligence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Direct method", "Direct method (computational mathematics)", "Iteration algorithm", "Iteration methods", "Iteration scheme", "Iterative algorithm", "Iterative approximation", "Iterative convergence", "Iterative methods", "Iterative procedure", "Iterative solver", "Krylov subspace method", "Krylov subspace methods" ; :definition "In computational mathematics, an iterative method is a mathematical procedure that generates a sequence of improving approximate solutions for a class of problems, in which the n-th approximation is derived from the previous ones. A specific implementation of an iterative method, including the termination criteria, is an algorithm of the iterative method. An iterative method is called convergent if the corresponding sequence converges for given initial approximations. A mathematically rigorous convergence analysis of an iterative method is usually performed; however, heuristic-based iterative methods are also common. In the problems of finding the root of an equation (or a solution of a system of equations), an iterative method uses an initial guess to generate successive approximations to" ; :prefLabel "Iterative method" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cognitions", "Cognitive", "Cognitive abilities", "Cognitive ability", "Cognitive function", "Cognitive functions", "Cognitive knowledge", "Cognitive process", "Cognitive processes", "Cognitive processing", "Cognize", "Congnition", "Mental stimulus", "Process", "Process (cognitive)", "Познавателна способност" ; :definition ""Cognition" is "the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses." It encompasses processes such as knowledge, attention, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and "computation", problem solving and decision making, comprehension and production of language, etc. Human cognition is conscious and unconscious, concrete or abstract, as well as intuitive (like knowledge of a language) and conceptual (like a model of a language). Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and generate new knowledge." ; :prefLabel "Cognition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Accesability", "Accessability", "Accessibility testing", "Accessible", "Accessible design", "Architectural accessibility", "Disabled access", "Easy Access", "Handicap-accessible", "Handicapped accessible", "Handicapped-accessible", "Low floor", "Low floored", "Low-floor", "Physical disability access", "Physical-disability access", "Wheelchair accessibility", "Wheelchair accessible", "Wheelchair-accessible" ; :definition "Accessibility refers to the design of products, devices, services, or environments for people who experience disabilities. The concept of accessible design and practice of accessible development ensures both "direct access" (i.e. unassisted) and "indirect access" meaning compatibility with a person's assistive technology (for example, computer screen readers)." ; :prefLabel "Accessibility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analogue tv channels", "Babble box", "Babble-box", "Babblebox", "Black and white TV", "Fernsehen", "Idiot's lantern", "Jumping box", "New television", "Old television", "Portable Televisions", "Rotary dial-tune TV", "Shit pump", "Small screen", "T V", "T.V", "T.V.", "TV (disambiguation)", "TV productions", "TV reciever", "Tee vee", "TeeVee", "Telavision", "Tele", "Televeision", "Televesion", "Televised", "Televising", "Television (disambiguation)", "Television actress", "Television industries", "Television industry", "Televisions", "Televison", "Televison actor", "Telivision", "Telly vision", "Timeline of Television", "Tv", "Used television", "Watching TV", "Working principle of TV" ; :definition "Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black-and-white), or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. It can refer to a television set, a television program ("TV show"), or the medium of television transmission. Television is a mass medium, for entertainment, education, news, and advertising." ; :prefLabel "Television" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anti phishing", "Anti-phishing", "Antiphishing", "Clone phishing", "Covert Redirect", "Fake websites", "Password phishing", "Persistent Spear Phishing", "Pfishing", "Phished", "Phisher", "Phishers", "Phishin", "Phishing Scams", "Phishing scam", "Phishing site", "Phising", "Rogue Web site", "Rogue site", "Scam Messages", "Spear Phishing", "Spear-phishing", "Spearphish", "Spearphishing", "Whale Phishing" ; :definition "Phishing is the attempt to obtain sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details (and sometimes, indirectly, money), often for malicious reasons, by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. The word is a neologism created as a homophone of fishing due to the similarity of using a bait in an attempt to catch a victim. Communications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, banks, online payment processors or IT administrators are commonly used to lure unsuspecting victims. Phishing emails may contain links to websites that are infected with malware. Phishing is typically carried out by email spoofing or instant messaging, and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost" ; :prefLabel "Phishing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ancestor node", "Child node", "Child nodes", "External node", "Inner node", "Interior node", "Internal node", "Internal vertices", "Leaf (disambiguation)", "Leaf node", "Leaf nodes", "Leaf object", "Non-leaf node", "Ordered tree data structure", "Parent (disambiguation)", "Parent node", "Parent node (in a tree)", "Root (disambiguation)", "Root Node", "Sibling node", "Subtree", "Subtrees", "Tree (computer science)", "Tree (computing)", "Tree (disambiguation)", "Tree data structure", "Tree height", "Tree leaf", "Tree path" ; :definition "In computer science, a tree is a widely used abstract data type (ADT)—or data structure implementing this ADT—that simulates a hierarchical tree structure, with a root value and subtrees of children with a parent node, represented as a set of linked nodes. A tree data structure can be defined recursively (locally) as a collection of nodes (starting at a root node), where each node is a data structure consisting of a value, together with a list of references to nodes (the "children"), with the constraints that no reference is duplicated, and none points to the root." ; :prefLabel "Tree (data structure)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extendability", "Extendable", "Extendible", "Extensibility pattern", "Extensible" ; :definition "In software engineering, extensibility (not to be confused with forward compatibility) is a systems design principle where the implementation takes future growth into consideration. It is a systemic measure of the ability to extend a system and the level of effort required to implement the extension. Extensions can be through the addition of new functionality or through modification of existing functionality. The central theme is to provide for change – typically enhancements – while minimizing impact to existing system functions." ; :prefLabel "Extensibility" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "By chance", "Duke Alexander Friedrich Karl of Württemberg", "Ilogic", "Non-random", "Non-randomness", "Rando", "Random", "Random (disambiguation)", "Random chance", "Random data", "Randomicity", "Randomized", "Randomly", "Rnd", "Tufua" ; :definition "Randomness is the lack of pattern or predictability in events. A random sequence of events, symbols or steps has no order and does not follow an intelligible pattern or combination. Individual random events are by definition unpredictable, but in many cases the frequency of different outcomes over a large number of events (or "trials") is predictable. For example, when throwing two dice, the outcome of any particular roll is unpredictable, but a sum of 7 will occur twice as often as 4. In this view, randomness is a measure of uncertainty of an outcome, rather than haphazardness, and applies to concepts of chance, probability, and information entropy." ; :prefLabel "Randomness" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".i", "Condition out", "General purpose preprocessor", "Lexical preprocessor", "Pre-process", "Pre-processing", "Precompiler", "Preprocess", "Preprocessing", "Preprocessing directive", "Preprocessor (programming)", "Preprocessor macro" ; :definition "In computer science, a preprocessor is a program that processes its input data to produce output that is used as input to another program. The output is said to be a preprocessed form of the input data, which is often used by some subsequent programs like compilers. The amount and kind of processing done depends on the nature of the preprocessor; some preprocessors are only capable of performing relatively simple textual substitutions and macro expansions, while others have the power of full-fledged programming languages." ; :prefLabel "Preprocessor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :definition "Semantic integration is the process of interrelating information from diverse sources, for example calendars and to do lists, email archives, presence information (physical, psychological, and social), documents of all sorts, contacts (including social graphs), search results, and advertising and marketing relevance derived from them. In this regard, semantics focuses on the organization of and action upon information by acting as an intermediary between heterogeneous data sources, which may conflict not only by structure but also context or value." ; :prefLabel "Semantic integration" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Elman network", "RNN", "Recurrent neural networks", "SRN", "Simple recurrent network" ; :definition "A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a class of artificial neural network where connections between units form a directed cycle. This creates an internal state of the network which allows it to exhibit dynamic temporal behavior. Unlike feedforward neural networks, RNNs can use their internal memory to process arbitrary sequences of inputs. This makes them applicable to tasks such as unsegmented connected handwriting recognition or speech recognition." ; :prefLabel "Recurrent neural network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Diagrammatic", "Diagramming technique", "Diagrams", "Scientific Diagram" ; :definition "A diagram is a symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique. Diagrams have been used since ancient times, but became more prevalent during the Enlightenment. Sometimes, the technique uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto a two-dimensional surface. The word graph is sometimes used as a synonym for diagram." ; :prefLabel "Diagram" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Keep out", "Personal privacy", "Privacy (disambiguation)", "Privacy Rights", "Privacy issues", "Privacy right", "Provacy", "Right Of Privacy", "Rights of Privacy", "Rights privacy" ; :definition "Privacy is the ability of an individual or group to seclude themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby express themselves selectively. The boundaries and content of what is considered private differ among cultures and individuals, but share common themes. When something is private to a person, it usually means that something is inherently special or sensitive to them. The domain of privacy partially overlaps security (confidentiality), which can include the concepts of appropriate use, as well as protection of information. Privacy may also take the form of bodily integrity." ; :prefLabel "Privacy" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Digital", "Digital formats", "Digital information", "Digital input", "Digital processing", "Digital works" ; :definition "Digital data, in information theory and information systems, are discrete, discontinuous representations of information or works, as contrasted with continuous, or analog signals which behave in a continuous manner, or represent information using a continuous function. Although digital representations are the subject matter of discrete mathematics, the information represented can be either discrete, such as numbers and letters, or it can be continuous, such as sounds, images, and other measurements." ; :prefLabel "Digital data" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Architecture (disambiguation)", "Hub & spokes architecture", "IA", "Information architect", "Linear navigation" ; :definition "Information architecture (IA) is the structural design of shared information environments; the art and science of organizing and labelling websites, intranets, online communities and software to support usability and findability; and an emerging community of practice focused on bringing principles of design and architecture to the digital landscape. Typically, it involves a model or concept of information that is used and applied to activities which require explicit details of complex information systems. These activities include library systems and database development." ; :prefLabel "Information architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bayesian Classifiers", "Bayesian classification", "Baysian classifier", "Gaussian Naive Bayes", "Idiot Bayes", "Idiot Bayes Model", "Idiot's Bayes", "Multinomial Naive Bayes", "NB", "NBC (disambiguation)", "Naive (disambiguation)", "Naive Bayes", "Naive Bayesian classification", "Naive Bayesian classifier", "Naive bayes model", "Naive-Bayes", "Naïve Bayes", "Naïve Bayes classifier", "Naïve Bayesian classification", "Naïve Bayesian classifier" ; :definition "In machine learning, naive Bayes classifiers are a family of simple probabilistic classifiers based on applying Bayes' theorem with strong (naive) independence assumptions between the features. Naive Bayes has been studied extensively since the 1950's. It was introduced under a different name into the text retrieval community in the early 1960's, and remains a popular (baseline) method for text categorization, the problem of judging documents as belonging to one category or the other (such as spam or legitimate, sports or politics, etc.) with word frequencies as the features. With appropriate pre-processing, it is competitive in this domain with more advanced methods including support vector machines. It also finds application in automatic medical diagnosis." ; :prefLabel "Naive Bayes classifier" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Agent technologies", "Automated bot", "Computer agent", "Software agents" ; :definition "In computer science, a software agent is a computer program that acts for a user or other program in a relationship of agency, which derives from the Latin agere (to do): an agreement to act on one's behalf. Such "action on behalf of" implies the authority to decide which, if any, action is appropriate. Agents are colloquially known as bots, from robot. They may be embodied, as when execution is paired with a robot body, or as software such as a chatbotexecuting on a phone (e.g. Siri) or other computing device. Software Agents may be autonomous or work together with other agents or people. Software agents interacting with people (e.g. chatbots, human-robot interaction environments) may possess human-like qualities such as natural language understanding and speech, personality or embody hu" ; :prefLabel "Software agent" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Desktop scanner", "Document scanner", "Drum scanner", "Flat bed scanner", "Flat scanner", "Flatbed", "Flatbed image scanner", "Flatbed scanner", "HP pstc3100", "Handheld scanner", "Image Scanners", "Image scanning", "Optical scanner", "Pen scanner", "Photo scanner", "Photo scanning", "Scan", "Scan technology", "Scanjet", "Scanned image", "Scanned images", "Scanner" ; :definition "In computing, an image scanner—often abbreviated to just scanner, although the term is ambiguous out of context (barcode scanner, CAT scanner, etc.)—is a device that optically scans images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, and converts it to a digital image. Commonly used in offices are variations of the desktop flatbed scanner where the document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Hand-held scanners, where the device is moved by hand, have evolved from text scanning "wands" to 3D scanners used for industrial design, reverse engineering, test and measurement, orthotics, gaming and other applications. Mechanically driven scanners that move the document are typically used for large-format documents, where a flatbed design would be impractical." ; :prefLabel "Image scanner" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Picture retouching" ; :definition "In imaging science, Image Processing is processing of images using mathematical operations by using any form of signal processing for which the input is an image, a series of images, or a video, such as a photograph or video frame; the output of image processing may be either an image or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. Most image-processing techniques involve treating the image as a two-dimensional signal and applying standard signal-processing techniques to it. Images are also processed as three-dimensional signals where the third-dimension being time or the z-axis." ; :prefLabel "Image processing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AUX:", "Advanced WinDOS", "Aux", "Back and Forth", "Back and Forth (software)", "CLOCK (device name)", "CLOCK$", "CLOCK$:", "COM1", "COM1:", "COM2", "COM2:", "COM3", "COM3:", "COM4", "COM4:", "CONFIG$", "CONFIG$:", "DOS (disambiguation)", "DOS (operating system)", "DOS 3.1", "DOS 3.2", "DOS 3.3", "DOS application", "DOS compatible system", "DOS operating system", "KEYBD$", "KEYBD$:", "LPT (disambiguation)", "LPT1", "LPT1:", "LPT2", "LPT2:", "LPT3", "LPT3:", "LPT4", "LPT4:", "LST", "LST:", "MS-DOS Compatible Operating Systems", "Operating systems derived from MS-DOS", "PRN", "PRN:", "SCREEN$", "SCREEN$:", "The history of DOS", "X86 DOS" ; :definition "DOS /dɒs/, short for disk operating system, is an acronym for several computer operating systems that are operated by using the command line. MS-DOS dominated the IBM PC compatible(PC and PC Compatible) market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2001 including the partially MS-DOS-based Microsoft Windows (95, 98, and Millennium Edition). "DOS" is used to describe the family of several very similar command-line systems, including MS-DOS, PC DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS, ROM-DOS, and PTS-DOS." ; :prefLabel "DOS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Linguistic", "linguistics (field)" ; :definition "The science of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and historical linguistics. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)" ; :prefLabel "Linguistics" ; :related , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Browse" ; :definition "Browsing is a kind of orienting strategy. It is supposed to identify something of relevance for the browsing organism. When used about human beings it is a metaphor taken from the animal kingdom. It is used, for example, about people browsing open shelves in libraries or browsing databases or the Internet. In library and information science it is an important subject, both purely theoretically and as applied science aiming at designing interfaces which support browsing activities for the user." ; :prefLabel "Browsing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dataset", "Silo" ; :definition "A repository of customized concept terminology data from a knowledgebase." ; :prefLabel "Silo (dataset)" . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automated agent", "Automatic indexer", "Crawl", "Crawl site", "Crawler", "FAST Crawler", "RBSE", "Scutter", "Search bot", "Search engine robot", "Search engine robots", "Search engine spider", "Search engine spiders", "Search robot", "Site crawler", "Spider bot", "Spider operating system", "Spiderable", "Spiderbot", "Spidering", "Web crawlers", "Web crawling", "Web scutter", "Web spider", "Web-crawler", "Webcrawler", "Webcrawlers" ; :definition "A Web crawler is an Internet bot which systematically browses the World Wide Web, typically for the purpose of Web indexing (web spidering). Web search engines and some other sites use Web crawling or spidering software to update their web content or indices of others sites' web content. Web crawlers can copy all the pages they visit for later processing by a search engine which indexes the downloaded pages so the users can search much more efficiently. Crawlers can validate hyperlinks and HTML code. They can also be used for web scraping (see also data-driven programming)." ; :prefLabel "Web crawler" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Complex", "Complexity (disambiguation)", "Organismal complexity" ; :definition "Complexity describes the behaviour of a system or model whose components interact in multiple ways and follow local rules, meaning there is no reasonable higher instruction to define the various possible interactions." ; :prefLabel "Complexity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binary connective", "Boolean operators", "Connective", "Connective (logic)", "Connectives", "Dyadic connective", "Logical connectives", "Logical connector", "Logical operation", "Logical operations", "Logical operator", "Logical operators", "Operator", "Propositional operator", "Sentence connective", "Sentential connective", "Truth functional connective", "Truth-functional connective", "Unary connective", "⨇" ; :definition "In logic, a logical connective (also called a logical operator) is a symbol or word used to connect two or more sentences (of either a formal or a natural language) in a grammatically valid way, such that the sense of the compound sentence produced depends only on the original sentences. The most common logical connectives are binary connectives (also called dyadic connectives) which join two sentences which can be thought of as the function's operands. Also commonly, negation is considered to be a unary connective." ; :prefLabel "Logical connective" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer media", "Digital", "Digital editing", "Entertainment device", "History of digital media", "Media", "Online media" ; :definition "Digital media are any media that are encoded in a machine-readable format. Digital media can be created, viewed, distributed, modified and preserved on digital electronics devices. Computer programs and software; digital imagery, digital video; video games; web pages and websites, including social media; data and databases; digital audio, such as mp3s; and e-books are examples of digital media. Digital media are frequently contrasted with print media, such as printed books, newspapers and magazines, and other traditional or analog media, such as pictures, film or audio tape." ; :prefLabel "Digital media" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DL", "Digital image repositories", "Digital librarian", "Digital libraries", "Digital repository", "Digital repository system", "Electronic library", "Elibrary", "File repository", "Virtual information services", "Virtual library" ; :definition "A digital library is a special library with a focused collection of digital objects that can include text, visual material, audio material, video material, stored as electronic media formats (as opposed to print, microform, or other media), along with means for organizing, storing, and retrieving the files and media contained in the library collection. Digital libraries can vary immensely in size and scope, and can be maintained by individuals, organizations, or affiliated with established physical library buildings or institutions, or with academic institutions. The digital content may be stored locally, or accessed remotely via computer networks. An electronic library is a type of information retrieval system." ; :prefLabel "Digital library" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Learning representation", "Representation learning", "UFL", "Unsupervised feature learning" ; :definition "In machine learning, feature learning or representation learning is a set of techniques that learn a feature: a transformation of raw data input to a representation that can be effectively exploited in machine learning tasks. This obviates manual feature engineering, which is otherwise necessary, and allows a machine to both learn at a specific task (using the features) and learn the features themselves: to learn how to learn. Feature learning can be divided into two categories: supervised and unsupervised feature learning, analogous to these categories in machine learning generally." ; :prefLabel "Feature learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Google algorithm", "Google economy", "Google page rank", "Google pagerank", "Google rank", "Google ranking", "Google search algorithm", "Google's search algorithms", "Link reputation", "LinkRank", "PR", "PR0", "PR10", "PR5", "PR6", "PR7", "PR8", "PR9", "Page rank", "Page ranking", "PageRank Algorithm", "Pageranking", "Top google hit", "Web Ranking", "Web rank" ; :definition "PageRank is a link analysis algorithm and it assigns a numerical weighting to each element of a hyperlinked set of documents, such as the World Wide Web, with the purpose of "measuring" its relative importance within the set. The algorithm may be applied to any collection of entities with reciprocal quotations and references. The numerical weight that it assigns to any given element E is referred to as the PageRank of E and denoted by Other factors like Author Rank can contribute to the importance of an entity." ; :prefLabel "PageRank" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Descent", "Gradient (disambiguation)", "Gradient ascent", "Gradient descent method", "Gradient descent optimization", "Steepest ascent", "Steepest descent" ; :definition "Gradient descent is a first-order iterative optimization algorithm. To find a local minimum of a function using gradient descent, one takes steps proportional to the negative of the gradient (or of the approximate gradient) of the function at the current point. If instead one takes steps proportional to the positive of the gradient, one approaches a local maximum of that function; the procedure is then known as gradient ascent." ; :prefLabel "Gradient descent" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abstract syntax tree interpreter", "Bytecode interpreter", "Code interpretation", "Code interpreter", "Evaluator", "Interpreter (computer science)", "Interpreter (computer software)", "Interpreter (disambiguation)", "Interpreter (programming)", "Interpreter (software)", "Interpreter computing", "Metainterpreter", "Runtime interpreter", "Self-interpreter" ; :definition "In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that directly executes, i.e. performs, instructions written in a programming or scripting language, without previously compiling them into a machine language program. An interpreter generally uses one of the following strategies for program execution: 1. * parse the source code and perform its behavior directly. 2. * translate source code into some efficient intermediate representation and immediately execute this. 3. * explicitly execute stored precompiled code made by a compiler which is part of the interpreter system." ; :prefLabel "Interpreter (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anti-Vandal bot", "Because ideas want to be free", "Brion", "Brion VIBBER", "Category feature", "CirrusSearch", "History of MediaWiki", "LocalSettings.php", "Medaiwiki", "Media Wiki", "Media-Wiki", "MediaWiki 1.5", "MediaWiki Talk page", "MediaWiki namespace", "MediaWiki.org", "Mediawik", "Mediawiki software", "Mediawiki versions", "Mediawiki-based service", "Multilingual MediaWiki", "Resource Loader", "Special page", "Special pages", "Talk Page", "Talk pages", "Talkpage", "Template feature", "Wikimail", "Wikimedia MediaWiki", "Wikipedia PHP script" ; :definition "MediaWiki is a free and open-source wiki application. Originally developed by Magnus Manske and improved by Lee Daniel Crocker, it runs on many websites, including Wikipedia, Wiktionary and Wikimedia Commons. It is written in the PHP programming language and stores the contents into a database. Like WordPress, which is based on a similar licensing & architecture, it has become the dominant software in its category. It has also been deployed by some companies as an internal knowledge management system, and some educators have assigned students to use MediaWiki for collaborative group projects." ; :prefLabel "MediaWiki" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Multimodal" ; :definition "Multimodal interaction provides the user with multiple modes of interacting with a system. A multimodal interface provides several distinct tools for input and output of data. For example, a multimodal question answering system employs multiple modalities (such as text and photo) at both question (input) and answer (output) level." ; :prefLabel "Multimodal interaction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hyper", "Hyper Text", "HyperText Template", "Hypertext markup", "Hypertextuality", "Hypotextuality", "Metatext", "Text link", "Webtext" ; :definition "Hypertext is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references (hyperlinks) to other text which the reader can immediately access, or where text can be revealed progressively at multiple levels of detail (also called StretchText). The hypertext pages are interconnected by hyperlinks, typically activated by a mouse click, keypress sequence or by touching the screen. Apart from text, hypertext is sometimes used to describe tables, images and other presentational content forms with hyperlinks. Hypertext is the underlying concept defining the structure of the World Wide Web, with pages often written in the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). It enables an easy-to-use and flexible connection and sharing of information over the Internet." ; :prefLabel "Hypertext" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Generic", "Generic algorithm", "Genericity", "Instantiation of template", "Parameterized class", "Parameterized type", "Template class", "Template specialization" ; :definition "The term generic programming was originally coined by David Musser and Alexander Stepanov in a more specific sense than the above, to describe a programming paradigm whereby fundamental requirements on types are abstracted from across concrete examples of algorithms and data structures and formalised as concepts, with generic functions implemented in terms of these concepts, typically using language genericity mechanisms as described above." ; :prefLabel "Generic programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CMS", "Headless CMS" ; :definition "A content management system (CMS) is a computer application that supports the creation and modification of digital content using a simple interface to abstract away low-level details unless required, usually supporting multiple users working in a collaborative environment. CMS features vary widely. Most CMSes include Web-based publishing, format management, history editing and version control, indexing, search, and retrieval. By their nature, content management systems support the separation of content and presentation. Such a content management system (CMS) typically has two major components:" ; :prefLabel "Content management system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Address Memory", "Memory (Computer)", "Memory (computers)", "Memory (computing)", "Memory (disambiguation)", "Off-chip memory", "Types of computers memory" ; :definition "In computing, memory refers to the computer hardware devices used to store information for immediate use in a computer; it is synonymous with the term "primary storage". Computer memory operates at a high speed, for example random-access memory (RAM), as a distinction from storage that provides slow-to-access program and data storage but offers higher capacities. If needed, contents of the computer memory can be transferred to secondary storage, through a memory management technique called "virtual memory". An archaic synonym for memory is store." ; :prefLabel "Computer memory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Formal fuzzy logic", "Fuzzy", "Fuzzy logic (disambiguation)", "Fuzzy logician", "Fuzzy logics", "Polyvalent logic" ; :definition "Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1, considered to be "fuzzy". By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be the "crisp" values 0 or 1. Fuzzy logic has been employed to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false. Furthermore, when linguistic variables are used, these degrees may be managed by specific (membership) functions." ; :prefLabel "Fuzzy logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interactive", "Interactive features", "Interactively", "Non-interactive", "Noninteractive" ; :definition "Across the many fields concerned with interactivity, including information science, computer science, human-computer interaction, communication, and industrial design, there is little agreement over the meaning of the term interactivity, although all are related to interaction with computers and other machines with a user interface. Multiple views on interactivity exist. In the "contingency view" of interactivity, there are three levels:" ; :prefLabel "Interactivity" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CEM integration", "CRM", "CRM software", "CRM systems", "Client relationship management", "Collaborative CRM", "Consumer relationship", "Contact Management Software", "Contact relationship management", "Contacts management", "Critique of the marketing concept", "Customer Centric Relationship Management", "Customer Management", "Customer Relations Management", "Customer Relationship Management (CRM)", "Customer Service Management", "Customer experience management integration", "Customer experience transformation", "Customer information system", "Customer profiles", "Customer relations", "Customer relationship manager", "Customer-centric relationship management", "CxT", "Extended relationship management", "Implementing systems", "Management (disambiguation)", "Marketing Concept", "Relationship Capital Management", "Relationship management", "SFM", "Sales 2.0", "Sales Tracking", "Sales force management", "XRM" ; :definition "Customer relationship management (CRM) is an approach to managing a company's interaction with current and potential future customers. The CRM approach tries to analyse data about customers' history with a company, to improve business relationships with customers, specifically focusing on customer retention, and ultimately to drive sales growth." ; :prefLabel "Customer relationship management" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SSL", "Semi supervised learning", "Semisupervised learning" ; :definition "Semi-supervised learning is a class of supervised learning tasks and techniques that also make use of unlabeled data for training – typically a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data. Semi-supervised learning falls between unsupervised learning (without any labeled training data) and supervised learning (with completely labeled training data). Many machine-learning researchers have found that unlabeled data, when used in conjunction with a small amount of labeled data, can produce considerable improvement in learning accuracy. The acquisition of labeled data for a learning problem often requires a skilled human agent (e.g. to transcribe an audio segment) or a physical experiment (e.g. determining the 3D structure of a protein or determining whether there is oil" ; :prefLabel "Semi-supervised learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".13 process", ".18 process", ".25 process", "0.13 process", "0.18 process", "0.25 process", "Bare chip", "Chip technology", "Circuit", "Circuit card", "Computer Chips", "Computer chip", "Electronic chip", "IC chip", "IC chips", "IC circuit", "IC form factor", "Ic", "Integrated Circuits", "Integrated chip", "Integrated chips", "Intergrated Circuit", "Large Scale Integration", "Large-scale integration", "MSI", "Medium Scale Integration", "Medium-scale integration", "Micro chip", "Microchip", "Microchip (disambiguation)", "Microchips", "Microcircuit", "Monolith (disambiguation)", "Monolithic integrated circuit", "Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit", "SSI", "Semiconductor chip", "Silicon chip", "Silicon chips", "Small Scale Integration", "Small-scale integration", "Substrate Integrated Circuits", "Ultra Large Scale Integration" ; :definition "Basically fam an integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. This can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent electronic components. ICs can be made very compact, having up to several billion transistors and other electronic components in an area the size of a human fingernail. The half-pitch between nodes in a circuit has been made smaller as the technology advances; in 2008 it dropped below 100 nanometers, and was reduced to around 14 nanometers in 2014." ; :prefLabel "Integrated circuit" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Actual propositions", "Alethic logic", "Alethic modal logic", "Contingent truth", "Impossible propositions", "Intensional logics", "Metaphysical contingency", "Modal", "Modal logic S5", "Necessary (modal logic)", "Necessary propositions", "Necessity (logic)", "Necessity (modal logic)", "Rule of necessitation", "System K", "⟠" ; :definition "Modal logic is a type of formal logic primarily developed in the 1960s that extends classical propositional and predicate logic to include operators expressing modality. Modals—words that express modalities—qualify a statement. For example, the statement "John is happy" might be qualified by saying that John is usually happy, in which case the term "usually" is functioning as a modal. The traditional alethic modalities, or modalities of truth, include possibility ("Possibly, p", "It is possible that p"), necessity ("Necessarily, p", "It is necessary that p"), and impossibility ("Impossibly, p", "It is impossible that p"). Other modalities that have been formalized in modal logic include temporal modalities, or modalities of time (notably, "It was the case that p", "It has always been that" ; :prefLabel "Modal logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "P2P Network", "P2P networks", "P2p services", "PTP", "Peer", "Peer (Networking)", "Peer 2 peer", "Peer to Peer", "Peer to peer network", "Peer-to Peer", "Peer-to-Peer Streaming Systems and Incentive Mechanisms", "Peer-to-peer (computing)", "Peer-to-peer (disambiguation)", "Peer-to-peer (network architecture)", "Peer-to-peer communication", "Peer-to-peer communications", "Peer-to-peer computing", "Peer-to-peer model", "Peer-to-peer network", "Peer-to-peer networking", "Peer-to-peer networks", "Peer-to-peer protocol", "Peer-to-peer sharing", "Peer2peer" ; :definition "Peer-to-peer (P2P) computing or networking is a distributed application architecture that partitions tasks or work loads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, equipotent participants in the application. They are said to form a peer-to-peer network of nodes." ; :prefLabel "Peer-to-peer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Author, foaf:Person ; default1:alias "F. Frasincar" ; default1:influentialCitationCount 182 ; default1:url ; foaf:name "Flavius Frasincar" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "External gateway protocol", "Network routing", "Network routing method", "Routable", "Routed", "Routed protocols", "Routing (disambiguation)", "Routing algorithm", "Routing algorithms", "Routing information" ; :definition "Routing is the process of selecting best paths in a network. Routing is performed for many kinds of networks, including the public switched telephone network (circuit switching), electronic data networks (such as the Internet), and transportation networks. This article is concerned primarily with routing in electronic data networks using packet switching technology." ; :prefLabel "Routing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Indexing" ; :definition "Works providing an analytical subject approach to materials in a field of knowledge." ; :prefLabel "Indexes" ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Characteristic vector analysis", "Component analysis", "Conditional principal components analysis", "Eigenimage", "Eigenvector analysis", "Hotelling transform", "KL transform", "Karhunen–Loève transform", "NIPALS", "Non-linear iterative partial least squares", "Nonlinear iterative partial least squares", "PCA", "Principal Components Analysis", "Principal component", "Principal component analysis/version 2", "Principal components", "Principal-component analysis", "Principal-components analysis", "Principle Component Analysis", "Principle components", "Principle components analysis", "Probabilistic principal component analysis", "Proper Orthogonal Decomposition" ; :definition "Principal component analysis (PCA) is a statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal transformation to convert a set of observations of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of linearly uncorrelated variables called principal components. The number of principal components is less than or equal to the number of original variables. This transformation is defined in such a way that the first principal component has the largest possible variance (that is, accounts for as much of the variability in the data as possible), and each succeeding component in turn has the highest variance possible under the constraint that it is orthogonal to the preceding components. The resulting vectors are an uncorrelated orthogonal basis set. PCA is sensitive to the relative scaling of the original" ; :prefLabel "Principal component analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "0-1 loss", "0-1 loss function", "Bayesian regret", "Criterion function", "Loss", "Loss functions", "Objective function", "Quadratic loss function", "Risk function", "Stochastic criterion function", "Zero-one loss", "Zero-one loss function" ; :definition "In mathematical optimization, statistics, decision theory and machine learning, a loss function or cost function is a function that maps an event or values of one or more variables onto a real number intuitively representing some "cost" associated with the event. An optimization problem seeks to minimize a loss function. An objective function is either a loss function or its negative (sometimes called a reward function, a profit function, a utility function, a fitness function, etc.), in which case it is to be maximized." ; :prefLabel "Loss function" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A (HTML)", "A tag", "ABBR tag", "ACRONYM tag", "ADDRESS tag", "Anchor (HTML)", "Anchor (disambiguation)", "Anchor element", "Anchor tag", "BLOCKQUOTE tag", "BR tag", "Basefont", "Bdi", "Block", "Block level elements", "Block tag", "Block-level element", "Body tag", "Colgroup", "Comment", "Datalist", "Definition list", "Description list", "Dfn", "EM", "Element", "Fieldset", "Figcaption", "Font color", "Frame", "Frame element", "HEAD tag", "HREF", "HTML Commands", "HTML Table", "HTML anchor", "HTML command", "HTML comment", "HTML comment tag", "HTML elements", "HTML list", "HTML markup", "HTML tables", "HTML tag (actual)", "HTML tags", "Horizontal rule", "Html tag", "IFRAME", "Iframes", "Image element", "Img (HTML element)", "Img element", "Inline element", "Inline frame", "Inline frames", "Inline tag", "Less than", "Less than-exclamation mark-dash-dash", "List (HTML)", "List item", "List of HTML elements", "List of HTML tags", "Longdesc", "Longdesc attribute", "Nobr", "Object element", "Ol start", "Optgroup", "Samp (HTML element)", "TITLE tag", "Table (HTML)", "Tables (HTML)", "Tag", "Tag (HTML)", "Tbody", "Tfoot", "Thead", "UL", "Unordered list", "XHTML element", "dash", "exclamation mark" ; :definition "An HTML element is an individual component of an HTML document or web page, once this has been parsed into the Document Object Model. HTML is composed of a tree of HTML elements and other nodes, such as text nodes. Each element can have HTML attributes specified. Elements can also have content, including other elements and text. Many HTML elements represent semantics, or meaning. For example, the title element represents the title of the document." ; :prefLabel "HTML element" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binary executable", "Binary executables", "Exec", "Exectuable", "Exectuable binary", "Executable binary", "Executable code", "Executable file", "Executable file format", "Executable files", "Executable program", "Executables", "Exeexecutable binary", "Object program", "Program image" ; :definition "In computing, executable code or an executable file or executable program, sometimes simply an executable, causes a computer "to perform indicated tasks according to encoded instructions," as opposed to a data file that must be parsed by a program to be meaningful. These instructions are traditionally machine code instructions for a physical CPU. However, in a more general sense, a file containing instructions (such as bytecode) for a software interpreter may also be considered executable; even a scripting language source file may therefore be considered executable in this sense. The exact interpretation depends upon the use; while the term often refers only to machine code files, in the context of protection against computer viruses all files which cause potentially hazardous instruction" ; :prefLabel "Executable" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Heuristic (disambiguation)", "Heuristic (function)", "Heuristic algorithm", "Heuristic function" ; :definition "In computer science, artificial intelligence, and mathematical optimization, a heuristic is a technique designed for solving a problem more quickly when classic methods are too slow, or for finding an approximate solution when classic methods fail to find any exact solution. This is achieved by trading optimality, completeness, accuracy, or precision for speed. In a way, it can be considered a shortcut." ; :prefLabel "Heuristic (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Infoscale", "LSA", "Latent semantic indexing" ; :definition "Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is a technique in natural language processing, in particular distributional semantics, of analyzing relationships between a set of documents and the terms they contain by producing a set of concepts related to the documents and terms. LSA assumes that words that are close in meaning will occur in similar pieces of text. A matrix containing word counts per paragraph (rows represent unique words and columns represent each paragraph) is constructed from a large piece of text and a mathematical technique called singular value decomposition (SVD) is used to reduce the number of rows while preserving the similarity structure among columns. Words are then compared by taking the cosine of the angle between the two vectors (or the dot product between the normalization" ; :prefLabel "Latent semantic analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Actor (computer science)", "Actor (disambiguation)", "Actor (programming)", "Actor system", "Actors (concurrency)" ; :definition "The actor model in computer science is a mathematical model of concurrent computation that treats "actors" as the universal primitives of concurrent computation. In response to a message that it receives, an actor can: make local decisions, create more actors, send more messages, and determine how to respond to the next message received. Actors may modify private state, but can only affect each other through messages (avoiding the need for any locks)." ; :prefLabel "Actor model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CG", "CG Artwork", "CG imagery", "Computer graphics (disambiguation)", "Computer painting", "Graphical computing", "Graphics primitives", "Primitive (computer graphics)", "Triangle primitives" ; :definition "Computer graphics are pictures and movies created using computers – usually referring to image data created by a computer specifically with help from specialized graphical hardware and software. It is a vast and recent area in computer science. The phrase was coined by computer graphics researchers Verne Hudson and William Fetter of Boeing in 1960. It is often abbreviated as CG, though sometimes erroneously referred to as CGI." ; :prefLabel "Computer graphics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Common Barriers to Problems Solving", "Common barriers to problem solving", "Issue involvement", "Problem", "Problem (disambiguation)", "Problem Management", "Problem analysis", "Problem solving (psychology)", "Problem-solving", "Productive thinking", "Solves problem" ; :definition "Problem solving consists of using generic or ad hoc methods, in an orderly manner, for finding solutions to problems. Some of the problem-solving techniques developed and used in artificial intelligence, computer science, engineering, mathematics, or medicine are related to mental problem-solving techniques studied in psychology." ; :prefLabel "Problem solving" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".*", ".*%3F", "=~", "BRE", "Backreference", "Basic regular expression", "Complement", "Complement operator (regular expressions)", "Expression", "Find & replace", "Find and replace", "Global search and replace", "Irregular expression", "Irregular expressions", "Perl regex", "Perl regular expression examples", "Reg (online slang)", "Reg exp", "Reg-ex", "RegEx", "Regexen", "Regexes", "Regexp", "Regexps", "Regular", "Regular Expressions", "Regular expression examples", "Regx", "Regxp", "Rgex", "Search and Replace", "Two problems" ; :definition "In theoretical computer science and formal language theory, a regular expression (sometimes called a rational expression) is a sequence of characters that define a search pattern, mainly for use in pattern matching with strings, or string matching, i.e. "find and replace"-like operations. The concept arose in the 1950s, when the American mathematician Stephen Kleene formalized the description of a regular language, and came into common use with the Unix text processing utilities ed, an editor, and grep, a filter." ; :prefLabel "Regular expression" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dynamic model", "Fitted value", "Math model", "Mathematical analogue", "Mathematical modeling", "Mathematical modelling", "Mathematical models", "Mathematical models in physics", "Model", "Modelization", "Modelled mathematically" ; :definition "A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of developing a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, meteorology) and engineering disciplines (such as computer science, artificial intelligence), as well as in the social sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology, political science). Physicists, engineers, statisticians, operations research analysts, and economists use mathematical models most extensively. A model may help to explain a system and to study the effects of different components, and to make predictions about behaviour." ; :prefLabel "Mathematical model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Berkeley NOW Project", "Cluster", "Cluster (computing", "Cluster (computing)", "Cluster computer", "Cluster computing", "Cluster of Workstations", "Cluster server", "Clustered computing", "Clustered systems", "Computer cluster in virtual machines", "Computer clustering", "Computer clusters", "Computer ranch", "Computing cluster", "Cow (disambiguation)", "Distributed cluster", "Linux cluster", "Network of Workstations", "Now", "PC cluster", "PC farm", "Server cluster", "Server clustering", "Virtualized computer cluster" ; :definition "A computer cluster consists of a set of loosely or tightly connected computers that work together so that, in many respects, they can be viewed as a single system. Unlike grid computers, computer clusters have each node set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software. They are usually deployed to improve performance and availability over that of a single computer, while typically being much more cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed or availability." ; :prefLabel "Computer cluster" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "95 (disambiguation)", "Chicago (disambiguation)", "MS Windows 95", "MS-DOS 7.0", "MSW 95", "MSW95", "Microsoft Chicago", "Microsoft Windows 4", "Microsoft Windows 4.0", "Microsoft Windows 4.00", "Microsoft Windows 95", "Microsoft Windows Chicago", "OEM Service Release 2", "OSR2", "Project Chicago", "W95", "Win 95", "Win 95 B", "Win 95 C", "Win95", "Win95B", "Win95C", "Window 95", "Windows '95", "Windows 1995", "Windows 4", "Windows 4.00", "Windows 95 OSR1", "Windows 95 OSR2", "Windows 95B", "Windows Chicago", "Windows95" ; :definition "Windows 95 (codenamed Chicago) is a consumer-oriented operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released on August 24, 1995, and was a significant improvement over the company's previous DOS-based Windows products. Three years after its introduction, Windows 95 was succeeded by Windows 98. Microsoft ended support for Windows 95 on December 31, 2001." ; :prefLabel "Windows 95" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Code documentation", "Documentation (disambiguation)", "IEEE 1063", "Software user documentation", "Source code documentation", "System documentation", "User documentation" ; :definition "Software documentation is written text or illustration that accompanies computer software. It either explains how it operates or how to use it, and may mean different things to people in different roles. Documentation is an important part of software engineering. Types of documentation include:" ; :prefLabel "Software documentation" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "L2R", "Learn to rank", "MLR", "Machine learned ranking", "Machine learned relevance", "Machine-learned ranking", "Machine-learned relevance", "Supervised ranking" ; :definition "Learning to rank or machine-learned ranking (MLR) is the application of machine learning, typically supervised, semi-supervised or reinforcement learning, in the construction of ranking models for information retrieval systems. Training data consists of lists of items with some partial order specified between items in each list. This order is typically induced by giving a numerical or ordinal score or a binary judgment (e.g. "relevant" or "not relevant") for each item. The ranking model's purpose is to rank, i.e. produce a permutation of items in new, unseen lists in a way which is "similar" to rankings in the training data in some sense." ; :prefLabel "Learning to rank" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Auth", "AuthN", "Authenticate", "Authenticated", "Authenticated copy", "Authenticates", "Authenticating", "Authentication factor", "Authentication factors", "Authentications", "Authentification", "Factor", "Forgery detection" ; :definition "Authentication (from Greek: αὐθεντικός authentikos, "real, genuine", from αὐθέντης authentes, "author") is the act of confirming the truth of an attribute of a single piece of data (a datum) claimed true by an entity. In contrast with identification which refers to the act of stating or otherwise indicating a claim purportedly attesting to a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of actually confirming that identity. It might involve confirming the identity of a person by validating their identity documents, verifying the authenticity of a website with a digital certificate, determining the age of an artifact by carbon dating, or ensuring that a product is what its packaging and labeling claim to be. In other words, authentication often involves verifying the validity of" ; :prefLabel "Authentication" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Backing store", "Cache", "Cache conflict", "Cache hit", "Cache hit rate", "Cache hit ratio", "Cache in general", "Cache lines", "Cache misses", "Cache-Memory", "Cacheable content", "Caching (computing)", "Cash memory", "Dirty (computer science)", "Dirty (disambiguation)", "Dirty cache", "Dirty flag", "GPU cache", "Game Cache File", "Hardware cache", "Lazy write", "Memory caching", "Multi-ported Cache", "No-write allocation", "Result cache", "SQL caching", "Software caches", "Write allocate", "Write back cache", "Write through cache", "Write-around", "Write-back", "Write-back cache", "Write-behind", "Write-through", "Write-thru", "Writeback" ; :definition "In computing, a cache /ˈkæʃ/ KASH, is a hardware or software component that stores data so future requests for that data can be served faster; the data stored in a cache might be the result of an earlier computation, or the duplicate of data stored elsewhere. A cache hit occurs when the requested data can be found in a cache, while a cache miss occurs when it cannot. Cache hits are served by reading data from the cache, which is faster than recomputing a result or reading from a slower data store; thus, the more requests can be served from the cache, the faster the system performs." ; :prefLabel "Cache (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arm's-length recursion", "Direct recursion", "Generative recursion", "Indirect recursion", "Multiple recursion", "Recursion (disambiguation)", "Recursion(computer science)", "Recursive (computer science)", "Recursive algorithm", "Recursive call", "Recursive calls", "Recursive limit", "Recursive loop", "Single recursion" ; :definition "Recursion in computer science is a method where the solution to a problem depends on solutions to smaller instances of the same problem (as opposed to iteration). The approach can be applied to many types of problems, and recursion is one of the central ideas of computer science. "The power of recursion evidently lies in the possibility of defining an infinite set of objects by a finite statement. In the same manner, an infinite number of computations can be described by a finite recursive program, even if this program contains no explicit repetitions."" ; :prefLabel "Recursion (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Feature selection problem", "Feature subset selection", "Input selection", "Variable selection" ; :definition "In machine learning and statistics, feature selection, also known as variable selection, attribute selection or variable subset selection, is the process of selecting a subset of relevant features (variables, predictors) for use in model construction. Feature selection techniques are used for three reasons: * simplification of models to make them easier to interpret by researchers/users, * shorter training times, * enhanced generalization by reducing overfitting(formally, reduction of variance)" ; :prefLabel "Feature selection" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Certainty factor", "ES", "Expert (disambiguation)", "Expert Systems", "Expert sytem" ; :definition "In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer system that emulates the decision-making ability of a human expert.Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning about knowledge, represented primarily as if–then rules rather than through conventional procedural code. The first expert systems were created in the 1970s and then proliferated in the 1980s. Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of AI software." ; :prefLabel "Expert system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CTMC", "Chain (disambiguation)", "Continuous time Markov chain", "Continuous-time Markov chain", "Continuous-time Markov process", "DTMC", "Discrete time Markov chain", "Discrete time Markov chains", "Discrete-time Markov chain", "Discrete-time Markov process", "Embedded Markov chain", "Equilibrium distribution", "Homogeneous Markov chain", "Irreducible Markov chain", "Markhow chain", "Markoff Chain", "Markov", "Markov Chaining", "Markov Chains", "Markov Process", "Markov Processes", "Markov Sequences", "Markov analysis", "Markov predictor", "Markov sequence", "Markov text", "Markov text generators", "Markov-Chain", "Markovian chain", "Markovian process", "Markovian property", "Positive recurrent", "Transition density", "Transition probabilities", "Transition probability", "Transition probability matrix", "Transitional probability" ; :definition "In probability theory and statistics, a Markov chain or Markoff chain, named after the Russian mathematician Andrey Markov, is a stochastic process that satisfies the Markov property (usually characterized as "memorylessness"). Loosely speaking, a process satisfies the Markov property if one can make predictions for the future of the process based solely on its present state just as well as one could knowing the process's full history. i.e., conditional on the present state of the system, its future and past are independent." ; :prefLabel "Markov chain" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Declarative (programming)", "Declarative language", "Declarative program", "Declarative programming language" ; :definition "In computer science, declarative programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that expresses the logic of a computation without describing its control flow. Declarative programming often considers programs as theories of a formal logic, and computations as deductions in that logic space. Declarative programming may greatly simplify writing parallel programs." ; :prefLabel "Declarative programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apple Digital AV Adapter", "Apple Tablet", "Apple ipad", "Eye-pad", "History of iPad", "History of the iPad", "I pad", "I-Pad", "IPad (disambiguation)", "IPad Camera Connection Kit", "IPad/GA1", "IPads", "ISlate", "ITab", "ITablet", "ITampon", "Ipad sales numbers", "Pad", "Reception of the iPad", "TV Backstage" ; :definition "The iPad (/ˈaɪpæd/ EYE-pad) is an iOS-based line of tablet computers designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first iPad was released on April 3, 2010; the most recent iPad models are the 9.7-inch iPad Pro released on March 31, 2016 and the iPad Mini 4, released on September 9, 2015. The user interface is built around the device's multi-touch screen, including a virtual keyboard. The iPad includes built-in Wi-Fi and cellular connectivity on select models. As of January 2015, there have been over 250 million iPads sold. IPad tablets are second most popular, by sales, against Android-based ones, since 2013, when Android tablet sales increased by 127%." ; :prefLabel "iPad" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Data modelling", "Datamodeling" ; :definition "Data modeling in software engineering is the process of creating a data model for an information system by applying formal data modeling techniques." ; :prefLabel "Data modeling" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AHAH", "AJAJ", "AJAX framework", "AJAXy", "Ajax", "Ajax (programming", "Ajax (software)", "Ajax Development Platforms", "Ajax Libraries", "Ajax desktops", "Ajax language", "Ajax programming", "Ajax scripts", "Asynchronous JavaScript and JSON", "Asynchronous JavaScript and XML", "CAJAX", "Chat ajax", "List of websites using Ajax" ; :definition "Ajax (also AJAX; /ˈeɪdʒæks/; short for asynchronous JavaScript and XML) is a set of web development techniques using many web technologies on the client-side to create asynchronous Web applications. With Ajax, web applications can send data to and retrieve from a server asynchronously (in the background) without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page. By decoupling the data interchange layer from the presentation layer, Ajax allows for web pages, and by extension web applications, to change content dynamically without the need to reload the entire page. In practice, modern implementations commonly substitute JSON for XML due to the advantages of being native to JavaScript." ; :prefLabel "Ajax (programming)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hand Held Computer", "Hand computer", "Hand held", "Hand-held", "Hand-held computer", "Hand-held device", "Hand-held devices", "Handheld", "Handheld computer", "Handheld computers", "Handheld device", "Handheld devices", "Handheld electronics", "Handhelds", "Mobile", "Mobile and Embedded Devices", "Mobile devices", "Mobile platform", "PME", "Palm computer", "Palm top", "Personal Mobile Electronics", "Portable device", "Portable devices" ; :definition "A mobile device is a small computing device, typically small enough to be handheld (and hence also commonly known as a handheld computer or simply handheld), having a display screen with a miniature keyboard (either alphabetic, numeric or alphanumeric) and, in some models, a touchscreen which enables the user to use a "virtual keyboard" that is displayed on screen, along with other icons and "buttons" that can be pressed. Mobile devices typically weighing less than 2 pounds (0.91 kg). A handheld computing device has an operating system (OS), and can run mobile apps. In the 2010s, most handheld devices are also equipped with Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC) capabilities and Global Positioning System (GPS) capabilities. They can usually be connected to the Internet and other" ; :prefLabel "Mobile device" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application Exchange", "CPIM (disambiguation)", "Chat client", "Chat clients", "Common Profile for Instant Messaging", "IM", "IM client", "IMer", "IMing", "IMs", "Im help", "Instant Messanging", "Instant message", "Instant messager", "Instant messages", "Instant messaging & messengers", "Instant messaging application", "Instant messaging client", "Instant messaging clients", "Instant messanger", "Instant messenger", "Instant messenger communications", "Instant messengers", "Instant messenging", "InstantMessaging", "Instantmessenger", "Messaging app", "Messenger", "Mistell", "Multiprotocol instant messaging application", "Realtime chat", "Text Conferencing", "Usage Share Of Instant Messengers", "Usage share", "Usage share of instant messaging clients", "Web messenger" ; :definition "Instant messaging (IM) is a type of online chat which offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a similar way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted bi-directionally between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select "send". Some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, or video chat." ; :prefLabel "Instant messaging" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Rule", "Rules" ; :definition "A prescribed guide for conduct or action." ; :prefLabel "Rule (guideline)" . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A theory of", "Alternative Theories", "Alternative theory", "Just a theory", "List of scientific theories and laws", "List of theories", "Merely a theory", "Myth theories", "Myth theorist", "Theoretic", "Theoretical", "Theoretical approach", "Theoretical model", "Theories", "Theorist", "Theorized", "Theory (disambiguation)", "Theory and fact", "Theory of", "Theory-based model" ; :definition "Theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking. Depending on the context, the results might for example include generalized explanations of how nature works. The word has its roots in ancient Greek, but in modern use it has taken on several different related meanings." ; :prefLabel "Theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "keywordText" ; :definition "A word or small set of words designed to convey the subject of a technical article." ; :prefLabel "Keyword" . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Diphone synthesis", "Formant Synthesis", "Microsoft Voices", "Print-to-speech", "Singing synthesizer", "Speech (disambiguation)", "Speech simulation", "Speech synth", "Speech syntheses", "Speech synthesiser", "Speech synthesizer", "Speech synthesizers", "Synthesis", "Synthesised speech", "Synthesize speech", "Synthesized speech", "Synthetic talking", "Synthetic voice", "Synthetic voices", "Synthetic-talking", "Synthetictalking", "TTS", "Text to MP3", "Text to Speech", "Text to Voice", "Text to audio", "Text-To-Voice", "Text-to-speech", "Text-to-speech engine", "Text-to-speech software", "Text-to-speech synthesizer", "Text2Speech", "TextAloud", "Voice generation", "Voice synthesis", "Voice synthesiser", "Voice synthesizer" ; :definition "Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech computer or speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware products. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic transcriptions into speech." ; :prefLabel "Speech synthesis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Algorithm efficiency", "Code efficiency", "Coding efficiency", "Computational cost", "Memory complexity" ; :definition "In computer science, algorithmic efficiency are the properties of an algorithm which relate to the amount of computational resources used by the algorithm. An algorithm must be analysed to determine its resource usage. Algorithmic efficiency can be thought of as analogous to engineering productivity for a repeating or continuous process." ; :prefLabel "Algorithmic efficiency" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Relation extraction" ; :definition "A relationship extraction task requires the detection and classification of semantic relationship mentions within a set of artifacts, typically from text or XML documents. The task is very similar to that of information extraction (IE), but IE additionally requires the removal of repeated relations (disambiguation) and generally refers to the extraction of many different relationships." ; :prefLabel "Relationship extraction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cell (spreadsheet)", "Cell alignment", "Cell reference", "Spread", "Spread sheet", "Spreadsheeet", "Spreadsheet Program", "Spreadsheet Shortcomings", "Spreadsheet software", "Spreadsheets" ; :definition "A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets are developed as computerized simulations of paper accounting worksheets. The program operates on data entered in cells of a table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate and display a value based on the contents of other cells. A spreadsheet or worksheet may also refer to one such electronic document." ; :prefLabel "Spreadsheet" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "General System Theory", "General Systems Theory", "General Systems Theory.", "History of systems theory", "System theory", "Systems research", "Systems theories", "Systems theorist" ; :definition "Systems theory or systems science is the interdisciplinary study of systems in general, with the goal of discovering patterns and elucidating principles that can be discerned from and applied to all types of systems at all nesting levels in all fields of research. It can reasonably be considered a specialization of systems thinking or as the goal output of systems science and systems engineering, with an emphasis on generality useful across a broad range of systems (versus the particular models of individual fields)." ; :prefLabel "Systems theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Analog video", "Analogue video", "Blanking", "Blanking region", "Line", "Line (video)", "Motion video", "VDO", "Vid", "Video (disambiguation)", "Video album", "Video cables", "Video engineering", "Video feed", "Video format", "Video format (version 2)", "Video formats", "Video recording", "Video signal", "Vidio", "Visual album" ; :definition "Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video systems vary greatly in the resolution of the display and refresh rate. Video can be carried on a variety of media, including radio broadcast, tapes, DVDs, computer files etc." ; :prefLabel "Video" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CIA (disambiguation)", "CIA criteria", "CIA model", "CIA triad", "CIA-model", "INFOSEC", "Info sec", "Information Systems Security", "Information protection", "Information security policies", "Information security policy", "Information security policy documents", "Infosecurity", "Message integrity", "Netsec", "Security (disambiguation)", "Security triad", "Triad" ; :definition "Information security, sometimes shortened to InfoSec, is the practice of defending information from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, inspection, recording or destruction. It is a general term that can be used regardless of the form the data may take (e.g. electronic, physical)." ; :prefLabel "Information security" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Interaction diagram", "Structure diagram", "Structure diagram (UML)", "UML", "UML 2", "UML 2.0", "UML class metamodel", "UML diagram", "UML diagrams", "UML metamodel", "UML model diagram", "Unified Modelling Language", "UnifiedModelingLanguage", "Universal Modeling Language" ; :definition "The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-purpose, developmental, modeling language in the field of software engineering, that is intended to provide a standard way to visualize the design of a system. UML was originally motivated by the desire to standardize the disparate notational systems and approaches to software design developed by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh at Rational Software in 1994–95, with further development led by them through 1996." ; :prefLabel "Unified Modeling Language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "BBN", "BGM", "Bayes net", "Bayes network", "Bayes networks", "Bayesian Networks", "Bayesian belief net", "Bayesian belief network", "Bayesian graphical model", "Bayesian model", "Bayesian net", "Bayesian neural network", "Baysian network", "Belief network", "Belief networks", "Causal network", "D-separation", "HBM", "Hierarchial bayes", "Hierarchical Bayesian model", "Hierarchical bayes", "Hierarchical bayes model", "Inference network", "Learning bayesian network structure" ; :definition "A Bayesian network, Bayes network, belief network, Bayes(ian) model or probabilistic directed acyclic graphical model is a probabilistic graphical model (a type of statistical model) that represents a set of random variables and their conditional dependencies via a directed acyclic graph (DAG). For example, a Bayesian network could represent the probabilistic relationships between diseases and symptoms. Given symptoms, the network can be used to compute the probabilities of the presence of various diseases. parent nodes represent entries, one entry for each of the" ; :prefLabel "Bayesian network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "List of semantic reasoners", "Reasoner", "Reasoner (disambiguation)", "Reasoning engine", "Rule engines" ; :definition "A semantic reasoner, reasoning engine, rules engine, or simply a reasoner, is a piece of software able to infer logical consequences from a set of asserted facts or axioms. The notion of a semantic reasoner generalizes that of an inference engine, by providing a richer set of mechanisms to work with. The inference rules are commonly specified by means of an ontology language, and often a description logic language. Many reasoners use first-order predicate logic to perform reasoning; inference commonly proceeds by forward chaining and backward chaining. There are also examples of probabilistic reasoners, including Pei Wang's non-axiomatic reasoning system, and probabilistic logic networks." ; :prefLabel "Semantic reasoner" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Apple iOS", "Apple iPhone OS", "AppleiOS", "I-OS", "IOS (disambiguation)", "IOS (operating system)", "IOS Apple", "IPad OS", "IPadOS", "IPhone Operating System", "IPhone os", "IPhoneOS", "IPod Touch OS", "Ios (Apple)", "List of iPhone appications", "List of iPhone apps", "Mac OS X (iPhone)", "Multitasking (iOS)", "OS X iPhone", "Settings (iOS)", "Software of the iPhone" ; :definition "iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that presently powers many of the company's mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. It is the second most popular mobile operating system globally after Android by sales. iPad tablets are also the second most popular, by sales, against Android since 2013, when Android tablet sales increased by 127%." ; :prefLabel "iOS" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Filter", "Key/value store", "Map", "No sql", "NoREL", "NoSQL (concept)", "Non-relational database", "Not Only SQL", "Structured storage", "filter", "map", "reduce" ; :definition "A NoSQL (originally referring to "non SQL", "non relational" or "not only SQL") database provides a mechanism for storage and retrieval of data which is modeled in means other than the tabular relations used in relational databases. Such databases have existed since the late 1960s, but did not obtain the "NoSQL" moniker until a surge of popularity in the early twenty-first century, triggered by the needs of Web 2.0 companies such as Facebook, Google, and Amazon.com. NoSQL databases are increasingly used in big data and real-time web applications. NoSQL systems are also sometimes called "Not only SQL" to emphasize that they may support SQL-like query languages." ; :prefLabel "NoSQL" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "KE", "Knowledge science" ; :definition "Knowledge engineering (KE) refers to all technical, scientific and social aspects involved in building, maintaining and using knowledge-based systems." ; :prefLabel "Knowledge engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Dev", "Development", "Digital solutions provider", "Front End Web Development", "Production Website", "Web Maintenance", "Web Management", "Web building", "Web developing", "Web programmer", "Web programming", "Web site programming", "Website building", "Website development", "Website development life cycle", "Website planning" ; :definition "Web development is a broad term for the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Web development can range from developing the simplest static single page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet applications, electronic businesses, and social network services. A more comprehensive list of tasks to which web development commonly refers, may include web engineering, web design, web content development, client liaison, client-side/server-side scripting, web server and network security configuration, and e-commerce development. Among web professionals, "web development" usually refers to the main non-design aspects of building web sites: writing markup and coding. Most recently Web development has come to mean the" ; :prefLabel "Web development" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "POS tagger", "POS tagging", "Part of speech tagger", "Part of speech tagging", "Part-of-speech tag", "Part-of-speech tagger", "Part-of-speech tags", "Pos-tagging", "Post", "Tag" ; :definition "In corpus linguistics, part-of-speech tagging (POS tagging or POST), also called grammatical tagging or word-category disambiguation, is the process of marking up a word in a text (corpus) as corresponding to a particular part of speech, based on both its definition and its context—i.e., its relationship with adjacent and related words in a phrase, sentence, or paragraph.A simplified form of this is commonly taught to school-age children, in the identification of words as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc." ; :prefLabel "Part-of-speech tagging" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "RM", "Relational", "Relational attribute", "Relational data model", "Relational database model", "Relational model of database management" ; :definition "The relational model (RM) for database management is an approach to managing data using a structure and language consistent with first-order predicate logic, first described in 1969 by Edgar F. Codd. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is a relational database." ; :prefLabel "Relational model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application components", "CBD", "CBSE", "Component", "Component (software)", "Component Software", "Component architecture", "Component based programming", "Component model", "Component-based", "Component-based design", "Component-based development", "Component-based programming", "Component-based software development", "Component-oriented programming", "Reusable Software Components", "Reusable software component", "Software component", "Software componentry", "Software components" ; :definition "Component-based software engineering (CBSE), also known as component-based development (CBD), is a branch of software engineering that emphasizes the separation of concerns in respect of the wide-ranging functionality available throughout a given software system. It is a reuse-based approach to defining, implementing and composing loosely coupled independent components into systems. This practice aims to bring about an equally wide-ranging degree of benefits in both the short-term and the long-term for the software itself and for organizations that sponsor such software." ; :prefLabel "Component-based software engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CFG", "Content free grammar", "Context Free Grammar", "Context free gramar", "Context free grammars", "Context-free grammars", "Left sentential", "Left-sentential", "Leftmost derivation", "Proper grammar", "Right sentential", "Right-sentential", "Rightmost derivation" ; :definition "A context-free grammar (CFG) is a term used in formal language theory to describe a certain type of formal grammar. A context-free grammar is a set of production rules that describe all possible strings in a given formal language. Production rules are simple replacements. For example, the rule Replaces with . There can be multiple replacement rules for any given value. For example, means that can be replaced with either or . and but not . Rules can also be applied in reverse to check if a string is grammatically correct according to the grammar. and . If we start with the nonterminal symbol to turn into and" ; :prefLabel "Context-free grammar" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "3d simulation", "Computer simulated environment", "Computer-generated environment", "Computer-simulated environment", "Live-action virtual reality game", "Neuron Interactive Virtual Reality", "Simulated environment", "VE", "VR", "Virtual", "Virtual * terms", "Virtual environment", "Virtual environments", "Virtual gaming", "Virtual realities", "Virtual reality (VR)", "Virtual space", "Virtual-reality", "Virtuality", "Virtuality (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Virtual reality (VR) typically refers to computer technologies that use software to generate realistic images, sounds and other sensations that replicate a real environment (or create an imaginary setting), and simulate a user's physical presence in this environment, by enabling the user to interact with this space and any objects depicted therein using specialized display screens or projectors and other devices. VR has been defined as "...a realistic and immersive simulation of a three-dimensional environment, created using interactive software and hardware, and experienced or controlled by movement of the body" or as an "immersive, interactive experience generated by a computer". A person using virtual reality equipment is typically able to "look around" the artificial world, move about" ; :prefLabel "Virtual reality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Graph algorithm", "Graph algorithms", "List of combinatorial algorithms", "List of database algorithms", "List of distributed systems algorithms", "List of operating systems algorithms", "List of optimization algorithms", "List of quantum algorithms", "List of sequence algorithms", "Tree algorithm" ; :definition "The following is a list of algorithms along with one-line descriptions for each." ; :prefLabel "List of algorithms" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Coherence", "Coherent light", "Incoherent light", "Quantum coherence", "Spatial coherence", "Temporal coherence" ; :definition "In physics, two wave sources are perfectly coherent if they have a constant phase difference and the same frequency. It is an ideal property of waves that enables stationary (i.e. temporally and spatially constant) interference. It contains several distinct concepts, which are limiting cases that never quite occur in reality but allow an understanding of the physics of waves, and has become a very important concept in quantum physics. More generally, coherence describes all properties of the correlation between physical quantities of a single wave, or between several waves or wave packets." ; :prefLabel "Coherence (physics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Extracted", "REMOVAL", "extraction procedure", "extraction procedures", "extractions" ; :definition "The act of pulling out, including the process of obtaining something from a mixture or compound by chemical or physical or mechanical means." ; :prefLabel "Extraction" ; :related , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1.3 megapixel", "240px", "Gigapixels", "KP", "Kilopixel", "MP", "Mebipixel", "Mega pixel", "Mega-Pixel", "Megapel", "Megapixal", "Megapixel", "Megapixels", "PX", "Pel", "Photosite", "Picture element", "Pixel (disambiguation)", "Pixels", "Pixil", "Pixl", "Rectangular pixel", "Sub pixel", "Sub-Pixel", "Subpixel" ; :definition "In digital imaging, a pixel, pel, dots, or picture element is a physical point in a raster image, or the smallest addressable element in an all points addressable display device; so it is the smallest controllable element of a picture represented on the screen. The address of a pixel corresponds to its physical coordinates. LCD pixels are manufactured in a two-dimensional grid, and are often represented using dots or squares, but CRT pixels correspond to their timing mechanisms and sweep rates." ; :prefLabel "Pixel" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Criticism of Prolog", "ISO Prolog", "ISO-Prolog", "ISO/IEC 13211-1", "ISO/IEC 13211-2", "PL", "PROLOG programming language", "Prolog (programming language)", "Prolog II", "Prolog language", "Prologue language" ; :definition "Prolog is a general-purpose logic programming language associated with artificial intelligence and computational linguistics. Prolog has its roots in first-order logic, a formal logic, and unlike many other programming languages, Prolog is declarative: the program logic is expressed in terms of relations, represented as facts and rules. A computation is initiated by running a query over these relations. Prolog is well-suited for specific tasks that benefit from rule-based logical queries such as searching databases, voice control systems, and filling templates." ; :prefLabel "Prolog" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Appgen", "Application Generator", "Collaborative integrated development environment", "Environment", "IDE", "IDE (computing)", "IDE-style interface", "Indegrated Development Environment", "Integrated Design Environment", "Integrated Developer Environment", "Integrated Development Enviroment", "Integrated Development Environments", "Integrated debugging environment", "Interactive Development Environment", "Programming environment", "SDE", "Social integrated development environment", "Software development environment", "Software development platform" ; :definition "An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger. Most modern IDEs have intelligent code completion. Some IDEs, such as NetBeans and Eclipse, contain a compiler, interpreter, or both; others, such as SharpDevelop and Lazarus, do not. The boundary between an integrated development environment and other parts of the broader software development environment is not well-defined. Sometimes a version control system, or various tools to simplify the construction of a Graphical User Interface (GUI), are integrated. Many modern IDEs also have a class browser, an object browser, and a class hierarchy diag" ; :prefLabel "Integrated development environment" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "%22uniform cost model%22", "Algorithm analysis", "Complexity analysis", "Computational expense", "Computationally expensive", "Cost model", "Cost model (computer science)", "Design and analysis of algorithms", "Logarithmic cost model", "Problem size", "Run-time analysis", "Runtime analysis", "Time/space complexity", "Uniform cost model" ; :definition "In computer science, the analysis of algorithms is the determination of the amount of resources (such as time and storage) necessary to execute them. Most algorithms are designed to work with inputs of arbitrary length. Usually, the efficiency or running time of an algorithm is stated as a function relating the input length to the number of steps (time complexity) or storage locations (space complexity)." ; :prefLabel "Analysis of algorithms" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application software development", "Dev", "Develop application", "Development", "Embedded software development", "Software development (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Software development is the process of computer programming, documenting, testing, and bug fixing involved in creating and maintaining applications and frameworks resulting in a software product. Software development is a process of writing and maintaining the source code, but in a broader sense it includes all that is involved between the conception of the desired software through to the final manifestation of the software, sometimes in a planned and structured process. Therefore, software development may include research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities that result in software products." ; :prefLabel "Software development" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adaptive self-organization", "Self organisation", "Self organise", "Self organising", "Self organising network", "Self organising system", "Self organising systems", "Self organization", "Self organize", "Self organizing", "Self organizing system", "Self organizing systems", "Self-generating", "Self-ordering", "Self-organisation", "Self-organisation system", "Self-organisation systems", "Self-organise", "Self-organised", "Self-organising", "Self-organising system", "Self-organising systems", "Self-organization in human society", "Self-organization system", "Self-organization systems", "Self-organize", "Self-organized", "Self-organized systems", "Self-organizing", "Self-organizing system", "Self-organizing systems" ; :definition "Self-organization is a process where some form of overall order or coordination arises out of the local interactions between smaller component parts of an initially disordered system. The process of self-organization can be spontaneous, and it is not necessarily controlled by any auxiliary agent outside of the system. It is often triggered by random fluctuations that are amplified by positive feedback. The resulting organization is wholly decentralized or distributed over all the components of the system. As such, the organization is typically robust and able to survive and, even, self-repair substantial damage or perturbations. Chaos theory discusses self-organization in terms of islands of predictability in a sea of chaotic unpredictability. Self-organization occurs in a variety of physi" ; :prefLabel "Self-organization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Document retrieval system", "Retrieval", "Text retrieval" ; :definition "Document retrieval is defined as the matching of some stated user query against a set of free-text records. These records could be any type of mainly unstructured text, such as newspaper articles, real estate records or paragraphs in a manual. User queries can range from multi-sentence full descriptions of an information need to a few words." ; :prefLabel "Document retrieval" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Arabic ocr", "Character Recognition", "OCR", "Object character recognition", "Optical character", "Optical character reader", "Optical character recognition software", "Optical recognition", "Page recognition", "Recognition", "Text recognition", "Urdu OCR", "Zonal OCR" ; :definition "Optical character recognition (optical character reader, OCR) is the mechanical or electronic conversion of images of typed, handwritten or printed text into machine-encoded text, whether from a scanned document, a photo of a document, a scene-photo (for example the text on signs and billboards in a landscape photo) or from subtitle text superimposed on an image (for example from a television broadcast). It is widely used as a form of information entry from printed paper data records, whether passport documents, invoices, bank statements, computerised receipts, business cards, mail, printouts of static-data, or any suitable documentation. It is a common method of digitising printed texts so that they can be electronically edited, searched, stored more compactly, displayed on-line, and used" ; :prefLabel "Optical character recognition" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A (disambiguation)", "RDF", "RDF Vocabulary Definition Language", "RDF Vocabulary Description Language", "RDFS" ; :definition "RDF Schema (Resource Description Framework Schema, variously abbreviated as RDFS, RDF(S), RDF-S, or RDF/S) is a set of classes with certain properties using the RDF extensible knowledge representation data model, providing basic elements for the description of ontologies, otherwise called RDF vocabularies, intended to structure RDF resources. These resources can be saved in a triplestore to reach them with the query language SPARQL." ; :prefLabel "RDF Schema" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cem (disambiguation)", "Chen", "Chen notation", "Chen's notation", "Conceptual Entity Model", "Crow's feet notation", "Crow's foot notation", "E-R diagram", "E-r model", "ER model", "ERA model", "ERD", "Entity (disambiguation)", "Entity class", "Entity relationship", "Entity relationship attribute", "Entity relationship diagram", "Entity relationship diagrams", "Entity relationship model", "Entity relationship modelling", "Entity relationship models", "Entity-Relationship Model", "Entity-Relationship diagram", "Entity-Relationship diagram (ERD)", "Entity-relationship", "Entity-relationship diagrams", "Entity-relationship models", "Entity-relationship-attribute", "Entity–relationship diagram", "Er diagram", "Er modelling", "Relationship" ; :definition "An entity–relationship model (ER model) describes inter-related things of interest in a specific domain of knowledge. An ER model is composed of entity types (which classify the things of interest) and specifies relationships that can exist between instances of those entity types." ; :prefLabel "Entity–relationship model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Anti malware", "Anti-malware", "Attackware", "Badware", "Computer contaminant", "Data stealing malware", "Evasive malware", "Greyware", "Hostile code", "Jokeware", "Junkware", "MalSite", "Malaware", "Malicious Web Site", "Malicious code", "Malicious executable", "Malicious executables", "Malicious exploit", "Malicious software", "Malware types", "Mp3codec.exe", "PUA", "Pestware", "Poisoned file", "Potentially unwanted application", "Potentially-unwanted Programs", "Scumware", "Stealthware", "Virus Locker" ; :definition "Malware, short for malicious software, is any software used to disrupt computer operations, gather sensitive information, gain access to private computer systems, or display unwanted advertising. Before the term malware was coined by Yisrael Radai in 1990, malicious software was referred to as computer viruses. The first category of malware propagation concerns parasitic software fragments that attach themselves to some existing executable content. The fragment may be machine code that infects some existing application, utility, or system program, or even the code used to boot a computer system. Malware is defined by its malicious intent, acting against the requirements of the computer user, and does not include software that causes unintentional harm due to some deficiency." ; :prefLabel "Malware" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Attribute construction", "Feature construction", "Feature space", "Vector" ; :definition "In pattern recognition and machine learning, a feature vector is an n-dimensional vector of numerical features that represent some object. Many algorithms in machine learning require a numerical representation of objects, since such representations facilitate processing andstatistical analysis. When representing images, the feature values might correspond to the pixels of an image, when representing texts perhaps term occurrence frequencies. Feature vectors are equivalent to the vectors of explanatory variables used in statistical procedures such as linear regression. Feature vectors are often combined with weights using a dot product in order to construct a linear predictor function that is used to determine a score for making a prediction." ; :prefLabel "Feature vector" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "(PDF)", ".FDF", ".pdf", "AcroForms", "Adobe PDF", "Adobe Portable Document", "Audio linked pdf", "Base 14 fonts", "Display pdf", "FDF", "Forms Data Format", "ISO 19005-1", "ISO 32000", "ISO 32000-1", "Optimized PDF", "PDF", "PDF (Adobe)", "PDF (disambiguation)", "PDF (file format)", "PDF Format", "PDF annotation", "PDF documents", "PDF file", "PDF files", "PDF printing", "PDFs", "Pdf annotations", "Portable Display Format", "Portable Document File", "XFDF", "XML Forms Data Format" ; :definition "The Portable Document Format (PDF) is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, and other information needed to display it." ; :prefLabel "Portable Document Format" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Come online", "ONL", "Off-line", "Off-power", "Offline", "Offline (disambiguation)", "On-/off-line", "On-line", "On-line and off-line", "On/offline", "Online", "Online & offline", "Online (disambiguation)" ; :definition "The terms "online" and "offline" have specific meanings in regard to computer technology and telecommunications in which "online" indicates a state of connectivity, while "offline" indicates a disconnected state. Common vernacular extended from their computing and telecommunication meanings and refers specifically to an Internet connection. Lastly, in the area of human interaction and conversation, discussions taking place during a business meeting are "online", while issues that do not concern all participants of the meeting should be "taken offline"—continued outside of the meeting." ; :prefLabel "Online and offline" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ASE", "Applied Systems Engineering", "Automation engineer", "Industrial and systems engineering", "Information systems engineering", "Interactive system", "Interactive systems engineering", "Multi-disciplinary engineering", "Process (systems engineering)", "Quality Systems Engineering", "SE", "System Engineering", "System engineer", "Systems Architecting & Engineering", "Systems Engineer", "Systems design engineering", "Systems engineering process", "Systems engineers" ; :definition "Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on how to design and manage complex engineering systems over their life cycles. At its core systems engineering utilizes systems thinking principles to organize this body knowledge. Issues such as requirements engineering, reliability, logistics, coordination of different teams, testing and evaluation, maintainability and many other disciplines necessary for successful system development, design, implementation, and ultimate decommission become more difficult when dealing with large or complex projects. Systems engineering deals with work-processes, optimization methods, and risk management tools in such projects. It overlaps technical and human-centered disciplines such as industrial engineering, manufacturing e" ; :prefLabel "Systems engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Book (disambiguation)", "Book and paper conservation", "Booke", "Books", "Conservation", "📕", "📗", "📘", "📙", "📚", "🕮" ; :definition "A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side. A single sheet within a book is a leaf, and each side of a leaf is a page. A set of text-filled or illustrated pages produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book, or e-book." ; :prefLabel "Book" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Model", "Model (statistics)", "Models", "Probabilistic model", "Statistical modeling", "Statistical modelling", "Statistical models", "StatisticalModel", "statistical" ; :definition "A statistical model is a class of mathematical model, which embodies a set of assumptions concerning the generation of some sample data, and similar data from a larger population. A statistical model represents, often in considerably idealized form, the data-generating process. A statistical model is usually specified by mathematical equations that relate one or more random variables and possibly other non-random variables. As such, "a model is a formal representation of a theory" (Herman Adèr quoting Kenneth Bollen)." ; :prefLabel "Statistical model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Graph", "graphs" ; :definition "A drawing illustrating the relations between certain quantities plotted with reference to a set of axes." ; :prefLabel "Graph - visual representation" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Back engineering", "Back-engineering", "Copy engineering", "Re", "Reverse", "Reverse architecting", "Reverse coding", "Reverse engineer", "Reverse engineered", "Reverse-engineer", "Reverse-engineered", "Reverse-engineering", "Sujar as maos", "Sujar as mãos" ; :definition "Reverse engineering, also called back engineering, is the processes of extracting knowledge or design information from anything man-made and re-producing it or re-producing anything based on the extracted information. The process often involves disassembling something (a mechanical device, electronic component, computer program, or biological, chemical, or organic matter) and analyzing its components and workings in detail." ; :prefLabel "Reverse engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Callto", "Http scheme", "Javascript:", "Path segment", "Rmiregistry", "Scheme", "Tel:", "URI", "URI reference", "URI scheme", "URI schemes", "Uniform Resource Identifiers", "Universal resource identifier" ; :definition "("URI" redirects here. For other uses, see URI (disambiguation).) In information technology, a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a string of characters used to identify a resource. Such identification enables interaction with representations of the resource over a network, typically the World Wide Web, using specific protocols. Schemes specifying a concrete syntax and associated protocols define each URI. The most common form of URI is the Uniform Resource Locator (URL), frequently referred to informally as a web address. More rarely seen in usage is the Uniform Resource Name (URN), which was designed to complement URLs by providing a mechanism for the identification of resources in particular namespaces." ; :prefLabel "Uniform Resource Identifier" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Architecture (disambiguation)", "Program architecture", "Robust software architecture", "SA", "Software ontology", "SoftwareArchitecture" ; :definition "'Software architecture#Software' refers to the fundamental structures of a software system, the discipline of creating such structures, and the documentation of these structures. These structures are needed to reason about the software system. Each structure comprises software elements, relations among them, and properties of both elements and relations, along with rationale for the introduction and configuration of each element.The architecture of a software system is a metaphor, analogous to the architecture of a building." ; :prefLabel "Software architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DOM (XML API)", "DOM API", "DOM tree", "Document Object Model-API", "Dom", "Dom2", "Getelementbyid", "HTML DOM", "HTML Document Object Model", "The DOM", "XML DOM", "XML-DOM", "XMLDOM" ; :definition "The Document Object Model (DOM) is a cross-platform and language-independent application programming interface that treats an HTML, XHTML, or XML document as a tree structure wherein each node is an object representing a part of the document. The objects can be manipulated programmatically and any visible changes occurring as a result may then be reflected in the display of the document." ; :prefLabel "Document Object Model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CGM", "Community generated content", "Consumer Generated Media", "Consumer-generated media", "Original content", "Player generated content", "UCC", "UGC", "UGC (disambiguation)", "User added content", "User contributed content", "User created content", "User generated content", "User-created content", "User-generated", "User-submitted content" ; :definition "User-generated content (UGC) is defined as "any form of content such as blogs, wikis, discussion forums, posts, chats, tweets, podcasts, digital images, video, audio files, advertisements and other forms of media that was created by users of an online system or service, often made available via social media websites". It is also called user-created content (UCC). It entered mainstream usage during 2005, having arisen in web publishing and new media content production circles. It is used for a wide range of applications, including problem processing, news, gossip and research. It is an example of the democratization of content production; whereas during the 1970s and 1980s, traditional "gatekeepers" such as newspapers, publishers and news shows approved all content and information before it" ; :prefLabel "User-generated content" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Binary string", "Byte string", "Bytestring", "Character string", "Character string (computer science)", "Java.lang.String", "Pascal string", "STR", "Sequence of symbols", "String", "String (computer programming)", "String (computing)", "String (formal languages)", "String (mathematics)", "String (programming)", "String (software)", "String Buffer", "String Object", "String algorithm", "String algorithms", "String data type", "String datatype", "String handling", "String length", "String manipulation", "String type", "String-oriented", "StringBuffer", "StringBuffer and StringBuilder", "StringBuilder", "Stringology", "Text string", "Word (disambiguation)", "Word (mathematics)" ; :definition "In computer programming, a string is traditionally a sequence of characters, either as a literal constant or as some kind of variable. The latter may allow its elements to be mutated and the length changed, or it may be fixed (after creation). A string is generally understood as a data type and is often implemented as an array of bytes (or words) that stores a sequence of elements, typically characters, using some character encoding. A string may also denote more general arrays or other sequence (or list) data types and structures." ; :prefLabel "String (computer science)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "ID", "Ident", "Identification number", "Identifier (computer programming)", "Identifier (computer science)", "Identifier (metadata)", "Identifiers", "Name (computer science)", "Name and identifier" ; :definition "An identifier is a name that identifies (that is, labels the identity of) either a unique object or a unique class of objects, where the "object" or class may be an idea, physical [countable] object (or class thereof), or physical [noncountable] substance (or class thereof). The abbreviation ID often refers to identity, identification (the process of identifying), or an identifier (that is, an instance of identification). An identifier may be a word, number, letter, symbol, or any combination of those." ; :prefLabel "Identifier" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "B2b e-Marketplace", "Click-only companies", "E commerce", "E- commerce", "E-Commerce Service", "E-commerce software", "E-commerce solution", "E-commernce", "E-marketplace", "E-tail", "E-tailing", "ECommerce", "Ecommerce solution", "Ecommerce system", "Electronic", "Electronic commerce", "Estore", "I-commerce", "Internet commerce", "Internet marketplace", "Internet sales", "Online commerce", "Online money", "Online storefront", "Online transactions", "Web Economy" ; :definition "Electronic commerce, commonly written as E-Commerce or eCommerce, is the trading or facilitation of trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet or online social networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web for at least one part of the transaction's life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail." ; :prefLabel "E-commerce" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "2.5 inch hard drive", "Access arm", "Actuator arm", "Disk Overhead", "Disk drive spindle", "Disk structure", "Disk subsystem", "Drive", "Enterprise disk drive", "External HDD", "External Hard Drive", "External hard disk", "External hard disk drive", "External hard drives", "External portable drive", "External portable hard disk drive", "External removable drive", "External removable hard disk drive", "External volumes", "ExternalHDD", "Femto Slider", "Fixed disk", "Fixed disk drive", "Fixed drive", "HD", "HDD", "HDD Thermometer", "HDD form factor", "Hard Disks", "Hard disc", "Hard disc drive", "Hard disk", "Hard disk drive actuator", "Hard disk drive error rates and handling", "Hard disk drive functioning", "Hard disk drive spindle", "Hard disk driver", "Hard disk drives", "Hard disk error rates and handling", "Hard disk interfaces", "Hard disk parameters", "Hard drive", "Hard drive capacity", "Hard drives", "Hard file", "Hard-Drive", "Hard-disk", "Hard-disk drive", "Harddisc", "Harddisk", "Harddrive", "Hardrive", "Internal hard drive", "Laptop hard drive", "Magnetic disk memory", "PC hard disks", "Pocket hard drive", "Portable USB hard disk", "Portable USB hard disk drive", "Portable drive", "Portable hard disk", "Portable hard disk drive", "Portable hard drive", "Portable hard drives", "PowerChoice", "Rigid disk drive", "Spindle", "Spindle (computer)", "Spindle (hard disk drive)", "TDMR", "The binary effect", "Travel drive", "Two-dimensional magnetic recording", "USB hard disk", "USB hard disk drive", "WD Passport", "🖴" ; :definition "A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially. HDDs are a type of non-volatile memory, retaining stored data even when powered off." ; :prefLabel "Hard disk drive" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer server", "Enterprise Sever", "Enterprise server", "Headless (disambiguation)", "Internet server", "Net server", "Network server", "Network servers", "PC server", "Remote server", "Server", "Server (computer)", "Server (hardware)", "Server application", "Server computer", "Server computing", "Server hardware", "Server operating system", "Server software", "Service (computing)" ; :definition "In computing, a server is a computer program or a device that provides functionality for other programs or devices, called "clients". This architecture is called the client–server model, and a single overall computation is distributed across multiple processes or devices. Servers can provide various functionalities, often called "services", such as sharing data or resources among multiple clients, or performing computation for a client. A single server can serve multiple clients, and a single client can use multiple servers. A client process may run on the same device or may connect over a network to a server on a different device. Typical servers are database servers, file servers, mail servers, print servers, web servers, game servers, and application servers." ; :prefLabel "Server (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Broker (service-oriented architecture)", "Endpoint computing", "SOA", "SOA Lifecycle", "SOA environment", "Service Orientated Architecture", "Service Oriented Architectures", "Service Oriented Computing", "Service broker", "Service oriented architecture", "Service-Oriented Architecture Types", "Service-orientated architecture", "Service-oriented", "Service-oriented architectures", "Service-oriented business application", "Soba (computing)" ; :definition "A service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a style of computer software where services are provided to the other components by application components, through a communication protocol over a network. The basic fundamental principles of service oriented architecture is independent of vendors, products and technologies.A service is a discrete unit of functionality that can be accessed remotely and acted upon and updated independently, such as an act of retrieving a credit card statement online. A service has four properties according to one of many definitions of SOA:" ; :prefLabel "Service-oriented architecture" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".ibd", "Libmysqld", "Mqsql", "My Structured Query Language", "My sql", "My.ini", "MySQL Enterprise Backup", "MySQL Fabric", "MySQL HA", "MySQL high availability", "MySQL server", "MySql 5", "Mysql 5.0", "Mysql 5.1", "Mysql.com", "Mysqldump", "OBCD", "Port 3306", "SunSQL", "XtraBackup" ; :definition "MySQL (officially pronounced as /maɪ ˌɛskjuːˈɛl/ "My S-Q-L",) is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS). Its name is a combination of "My", the name of co-founder Michael Widenius' daughter, and "SQL", the abbreviation for Structured Query Language. The MySQL development project has made its source code available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, as well as under a variety of proprietary agreements. MySQL was owned and sponsored by a single for-profit firm, the Swedish company MySQL AB, now owned by Oracle Corporation. For proprietary use, several paid editions are available, and offer additional functionality." ; :prefLabel "MySQL" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Brain Science", "Ciencias cognoscitivas", "Cog sci", "Cognitive (disambiguation)", "Cognitive Scientist", "Cognitive informatics", "Cognitive sciences", "Cognitive studies", "Cognitology", "Cogntive Science", "Cogsci", "History of cognitive science", "Mind Science", "Mindscience", "Philosophy of the cognitive sciences" ; :definition "Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary, scientific study of the mind and its processes. It examines the nature, the tasks, and the functions of cognition. Cognitive scientists study intelligence and behavior, with a focus on how nervous systems represent, process, and transform information. Mental faculties of concern to cognitive scientists include language, perception, memory, attention, reasoning, and emotion; to understand these faculties, cognitive scientists borrow from fields such as linguistics, psychology, artificial intelligence, philosophy, neuroscience, and anthropology. The typical analysis of cognitive science spans many levels of organization, from learning and decision to logic and planning; from neural circuitry to modular brain organization. The fundamental concept of" ; :prefLabel "Cognitive science" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer program code", "Computer programme", "Computer programs", "Computervprogram", "Prog", "Program (computer science)", "Program (computer)", "Program (computing)", "Program (programming)", "Program file", "Software code", "Software program" ; :definition "A computer program is a collection of instructions that performs a specific task when executed by a computer. A computer requires programs to function, and typically executes the program's instructions in a central processing unit. A computer program is usually written by a computer programmer in a programming language. From the program in its human-readable form of source code, a compiler can derive machine code—a form consisting of instructions that the computer can directly execute. Alternatively, a computer program may be executed with the aid of an interpreter." ; :prefLabel "Computer program" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Comparison of imperative programming and functional programming", "Enigmatic programming", "FP", "FPL", "Functional", "Functional (programming)", "Functional Language", "Functional computing language", "Functional languages", "Functional paradigm", "Functional program", "Functional programming language", "Functional programming languages", "Functionalprogramming", "Pure functional programming" ; :definition "In computer science, functional programming is a programming paradigm—a style of building the structure and elements of computer programs—that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions and avoids changing-state and mutable data. It is a declarative programming paradigm, which means programming is done with expressions or declarations instead of statements. In functional code, the output value of a function depends only on the arguments that are input to the function, so calling a function f twice with the same value for an argument x will produce the same result f(x) each time. Eliminating side effects, i.e. changes in state that do not depend on the function inputs, can make it much easier to understand and predict the behavior of a program, which is one of the key mo" ; :prefLabel "Functional programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ethical", "Haptic phone", "Hig end smartphones", "History and features of smartphones", "Internet enabled phones", "PDA phone", "Phone PDA", "Pocket computer phone", "Q-Smartphone", "Smart Phone", "Smart Phones", "Smart-phone", "Smart-phones", "SmartPhones", "Smartphone 2003", "Smartphone market share", "Smartphone marketshare", "legal and security issues of Smartphones" ; :definition "A smartphone is a mobile phone with an advanced mobile operating system which combines features of a personal computer operating system with other features useful for mobile or handheld use. Smartphones, which are usually pocket-sized, typically combine the features of a cell phone, such as the abilities to place and receive voice calls and create and receive text messages, with those of other popular digital mobile devices like personal digital assistants (PDAs), such as an event calendar, media player, video games, GPS navigation, digital camera and digital video camera. Most smartphones can access the Internet and can run a variety of third-party software components ("apps"). They typically have a color display with a graphical user interface that covers 70% or more of the front surface" ; :prefLabel "Smartphone" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Business Mashup", "Business mashups", "Enterprise mashups", "Mashup", "Mashup (digital)", "Mashup Editors", "Mashup editor", "Mashup enabler", "Web mashup", "Web mashups", "Website mashups" ; :definition "A mashup, in web development, is a web page, or web application, that uses content from more than one source to create a single new service displayed in a single graphical interface. For example, a user could combine the addresses and photographs of their library branches with a Google map to create a map mashup. The term implies easy, fast integration, frequently using open application programming interfaces (open API) and data sources to produce enriched results that were not necessarily the original reason for producing the raw source data.The term mashup originally comes from British - West Indies slang meaning to be intoxicated, or as a description for something or someone not functioning as intended. In recent English parlance it can refer to music, where people seamlessly combine au" ; :prefLabel "Mashup (web application hybrid)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Adjacency relation", "Edge", "Edge(graph theory)", "Edge-weighted graph", "Finite graph", "Finite undirected graph", "Graph", "Graph (graph theory)", "Graph (network)", "Graph node", "Incident (graph theory)", "Multiple edge(graph theory)", "Non-adjacent", "Order (graph theory)", "Points and lines", "Simple graph", "Size (graph theory)", "Trivial graph", "Undirected", "Undirected (graph theory)", "Undirected graph" ; :definition "In mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a graph is a structure amounting to a set of objects in which some pairs of the objects are in some sense "related." The objects correspond to mathematical abstractions called vertices (also called nodes or points) and each of the related pairs of vertices is called an edge (also called an arc or line). Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges. Graphs are one of the objects of study in discrete mathematics." ; :prefLabel "Graph (discrete mathematics)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Auto summarization", "Auto-summarisation", "Auto-summarization", "Automated text summarization", "Automatic summarisation", "Document summarization", "Text Summaries", "Text summarization" ; :definition "Automatic summarization is the process of reducing a text document with a computer program in order to create a summary that retains the most important points of the original document. Technologies that can make a coherent summary take into account variables such as length, writing style and syntax. Automatic data summarization is part of machine learning and data mining. The main idea of summarization is to find a representative subset of the data, which contains the information of the entire set. Summarization technologies are used in a large number of sectors in industry today. An example of the use of summarization technology is search engines such as Google. Other examples include document summarization, image collection summarization and video summarization. Document summarization, t" ; :prefLabel "Automatic summarization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Community based design", "Community-based design", "Crowd source", "Crowd sourced", "Crowd sourcing", "Crowd work", "Crowd-sourced", "Crowd-sourcing", "Crowdshore", "Crowdshoring", "Crowdsource", "Crowdsource workforce management", "Crowdsourced", "Crowdsources", "Crowdsourcing Timeline", "Crowdsourcing advertising", "Crowdwork", "Masssourcing", "Participatory science", "Sourcing" ; :definition "Crowdsourcing is a specific sourcing model in which organizations use contributions from Internet users to obtain needed services or ideas. Crowdsourcing was coined in 2005 as a portmanteau of crowd and outsourcing. This mode of sourcing to divide work between participants to achieve a cumulative result was already successful before the digital age (i.e., "offline"). Crowdsourcing is distinguished from outsourcing in that the work can come from an undefined public (instead of being commissioned from a specific, named group) and in that crowdsourcing includes a mix of bottom-up and top-down processes. Advantages of using crowdsourcing may include improved costs, speed, quality, flexibility, scalability, or diversity. Crowdsourcing in the form of idea competitions or innovation contests prov" ; :prefLabel "Crowdsourcing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "@wiki", "City Wiki", "Citywiki", "Civic Wiki", "Edit Summaries", "Edit war", "Open-access Wiki", "Overwikify", "Recent Changes", "Regio wiki", "Vandalism of wikis", "Vandalism on wikis", "Watchlist", "Watchlist (wiki)", "WhatIsaWiki", "Wiki (disambiguation)", "Wiki Vandalism", "Wiki Wiki Wiki", "Wiki collaboration", "Wiki community", "Wiki concept", "Wiki format", "Wiki forum", "Wiki page", "Wiki process", "Wiki wiki", "Wiki%5C", "Wiki-wiki", "Wiki.", "Wiki/", "WikiWiki", "WikiWiki!", "Wikiculture", "Wikied", "Wikinode", "Wikis", "Wikisite", "Wikisphere", "Wikiwikiwiki", "Wki" ; :definition "A wiki (/ˈwɪki/ WIK-ee) is a website that provides collaborative modification of its content and structure directly from the web browser. In a typical wiki, text is written using a simplified markup language (known as "wiki markup"), and often edited with the help of a rich-text editor. A wiki is run using wiki software, otherwise known as a wiki engine. There are dozens of different wiki engines in use, both standalone and part of other software, such as bug tracking systems. Some wiki engines are open source, whereas others are proprietary. Some permit control over different functions (levels of access); for example, editing rights may permit changing, adding or removing material. Others may permit access without enforcing access control. Other rules may also be imposed to organize conte" ; :prefLabel "Wiki" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "LM", "Language modeling", "Language modelling", "Language models", "Neural net language model", "Statistical Language Model", "Statistical language modeling", "Unigram model" ; :definition "A statistical language model is a probability distribution over sequences of words. Given such a sequence, say of length m, it assigns a probability to the whole sequence. Having a way to estimate the relative likelihood of different phrases is useful in many natural language processing applications. Language modeling is used in speech recognition, machine translation, part-of-speech tagging, parsing, handwriting recognition, information retrieval and other applications. . Commonly, the unigram language model is used for this purpose—otherwise known as the bag of words model." ; :prefLabel "Language model" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer-human interaction", "Computer-human interface", "HMI", "Human - computer interaction", "Human Computer Interaction", "Human Computer Interface", "Human – computer interaction", "Human--computer interaction", "Human-Computer Interface", "Human-computer interaction", "Human-computer interactions", "Human-machine interaction", "HumanComputerInteraction", "Human–computer interface", "Human–machine interaction", "Interaction (disambiguation)", "Interactive computer graphics", "Interactive processing", "UI", "User interaction" ; :definition "Human–computer interaction (commonly referred to as HCI) researches the design and use of computer technology, focused on the interfaces between people (users) and computers. Researchers in the field of HCI both observe the ways in which humans interact with computers and design technologies that let humans interact with computers in novel ways." ; :prefLabel "Human–computer interaction" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hash vs. slash", "HttpRange-14", "Resource (Web)", "Resource (disambiguation)", "Web resources", "Webresource", "Webresources", "XML resource", "XML resources" ; :definition "The concept of a web resource is primitive in the web architecture, and is used in the definition of its fundamental elements. The term was first introduced to refer to targets of uniform resource locators (URLs), but its definition has been further extended to include the referent of any uniform resource identifier (), or internationalized resource identifier (). In the Semantic Web, abstract resources and their semantic properties are described using the family of languages based on Resource Description Framework (RDF)." ; :prefLabel "Web resource" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Buffer pool", "Instantclient", "OMF", "Oracle (DBMS)", "Oracle (database)", "Oracle (disambiguation)", "Oracle (software)", "Oracle 11g", "Oracle 11i", "Oracle DBMS", "Oracle Express Edition", "Oracle RDBMS", "Oracle XE", "Oracle db", "Oracle express", "Oracle histograms", "Oracle-managed files", "Oracle11g", "Oracle11i", "Oracle8", "Oracle8i", "Oracle9i", "PGA", "Program Global Area" ; :definition "Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is an object-relational database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation. Larry Ellison and his two friends and former co-workers, Bob Miner and Ed Oates, started a consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the original version of the Oracle software. The name Oracle comes from the code-name of a CIA-funded project Ellison had worked on while formerly employed by Ampex." ; :prefLabel "Oracle Database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "'http", "CONNECT (HTTP)", "CONNECT request", "Connect", "DELETE (HTTP)", "DELETE request", "GET (HTTP)", "GET request", "GET requests", "Get", "HEAD (HTTP)", "HEAD request", "HTTP 0.9", "HTTP 1.0", "HTTP 1.1", "HTTP CONNECT", "HTTP CONNECT request", "HTTP DELETE", "HTTP DELETE request", "HTTP GET", "HTTP GET request", "HTTP HEAD", "HTTP HEAD request", "HTTP OPTIONS", "HTTP OPTIONS request", "HTTP PUT", "HTTP PUT request", "HTTP Protocol", "HTTP Requests", "HTTP TRACE", "HTTP TRACE request", "HTTP method", "HTTP request", "HTTP response", "HTTP verbs", "HTTP-NG", "HTTP/0.9", "HTTP/1.0", "HTTP/1.1", "HTTP://", "HTTPA", "Hhtp", "Http", "Http post/get requests", "Http upload", "Http.", "Http:%5C%5C", "Http;", "Htttp", "Hyper Text Transfer Protocol", "Hypertext Protocol", "Hypertext Transport Protocol", "Hypertext transfer protocall", "OPTIONS (HTTP)", "OPTIONS request", "PATCH (HTTP)", "PUT (HTTP)", "PUT request", "RFC 2616", "RFC2616", "Request method", "TRACE (HTTP)", "TRACE request" ; :definition "The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol for distributed, collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data communication for the World Wide Web. Hypertext is structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing text. HTTP is the protocol to exchange or transfer hypertext. A later version, the successor HTTP/2, was standardized in 2015, and is now supported by major web servers." ; :prefLabel "Hypertext Transfer Protocol" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Hallway testing", "Hallway usability testing", "Test", "UI Testing", "UX testing", "Usability study", "Usability test", "User study", "User testing" ; :definition "Usability testing is a technique used in user-centered interaction design to evaluate a product by testing it on users. This can be seen as an irreplaceable usability practice, since it gives direct input on how real users use the system. This is in contrast with usability inspection methods where experts use different methods to evaluate a user interface without involving users." ; :prefLabel "Usability testing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Algebra (disambiguation)", "Double eigenvalue", "La", "Linear (disambiguation)", "Linear Algebar", "Linear alegebra", "LinearAlgebra", "List of linear algebra references" ; :definition "Linear algebra is the branch of mathematics concerning vector spaces and linear mappings between such spaces. It includes the study of lines, planes, and subspaces, but is also concerned with properties common to all vector spaces. Techniques from linear algebra are also used in analytic geometry, engineering, physics, natural sciences, computer science, computer animation, advanced facial recognition algorithms and the social sciences (particularly in economics). Because linear algebra is such a well-developed theory, nonlinear mathematical models are sometimes approximated by linear models." ; :prefLabel "Linear algebra" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Frame Network", "Semantic Computing", "Semantic Networks", "Semantic net", "Semantic nets" ; :definition "A semantic network, or frame network, is a network that represents semantic relations between concepts. This is often used as a form of knowledge representation. It is a directed or undirected graph consisting of vertices, which represent concepts, and edges, which represent semantic relations between concepts." ; :prefLabel "Semantic network" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ontology acquisition", "Ontology extraction", "Ontology generation" ; :definition "Ontology learning (ontology extraction, ontology generation, or ontology acquisition) is the automatic or semi-automatic creation of ontologies, including extracting the corresponding domain's terms and the relationships between those concepts from a corpus of natural language text, and encoding them with an ontology language for easy retrieval. As building ontologies manually is extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming, there is great motivation to automate the process." ; :prefLabel "Ontology learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Common Language Search", "Dictinonary", "Dictionaries", "Dictionarist", "Dictionary (disambiguation)", "Dictionary software", "Dictionary use", "Dictonary", "English dictionary", "List of English dictionaries", "List of English language dictionaries", "Mono-lingual dictionary", "Online dictionary", "Phrase Dictionary", "Standard Dictionary", "Usage dictionary", "Wordbook", "قاموس" ; :definition "A dictionary is a collection of words on one or more specific languages, often alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), with usage of information, definitions, etymologies, phonetics, pronunciations, translation, and other information; or a book of words in one language with their equivalents in another, also known as a lexicon. It is a lexicographical product designed for utility and function, curated with selected data, presented in a way that shows inter-relationship among the data." ; :prefLabel "Dictionary" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Classical information theory", "Information (disambiguation)", "Information theorist", "Information-theoretic", "Shannon information theory", "Shannon theory", "Shannon's information theory", "Shannons theory" ; :definition "Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information. It was originally proposed by Claude E. Shannon in 1948 to find fundamental limits on signal processing and communication operations such as data compression, in a landmark paper entitled "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". Now this theory has found applications in many other areas, including statistical inference, natural language processing, cryptography, neurobiology, the evolution and function of molecular codes, model selection in ecology, thermal physics, quantum computing, linguistics, plagiarism detection, pattern recognition, and anomaly detection." ; :prefLabel "Information theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "SVC", "SVM", "Support Vector Machines", "Support vector classifier", "Support vector regression", "Svm (learning)", "Svm (machine learning)", "Transductive Support Vector Machine" ; :definition "In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data used for classification and regression analysis. Given a set of training examples, each marked as belonging to one or the other of two categories, an SVM training algorithm builds a model that assigns new examples to one category or the other, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier. An SVM model is a representation of the examples as points in space, mapped so that the examples of the separate categories are divided by a clear gap that is as wide as possible. New examples are then mapped into that same space and predicted to belong to a category based on which side of the gap they fall on." ; :prefLabel "Support vector machine" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DP", "Dynamic optimization", "Dynamic parallelism", "Dynamic programming more explanation", "Dynamic programming/Implementations and Examples" ; :definition "In mathematics, management science, economics, computer science, and bioinformatics, dynamic programming (also known as dynamic optimization) is a method for solving a complex problem by breaking it down into a collection of simpler subproblems, solving each of those subproblems just once, and storing their solutions – ideally, using a memory-based data structure. The next time the same subproblem occurs, instead of recomputing its solution, one simply looks up the previously computed solution, thereby saving computation time at the expense of a (hopefully) modest expenditure in storage space. (Each of the subproblem solutions is indexed in some way, typically based on the values of its input parameters, so as to facilitate its lookup.) The technique of storing solutions to subproblems ins" ; :prefLabel "Dynamic programming" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Asymptotic complexity", "CCT", "Calculation complexity", "Complexity (disambiguation)", "Complexity of algorithms", "Complexity theory", "Complexity theory (computation)", "Complexity theory in computation", "Computational complexity", "Computational complexity analysis", "Computational intractability", "Computational intractablity", "Computationally efficient", "Computationally infeasible", "Computationally intractable", "Continuous complexity theory", "Efficient procedure", "Efficiently-computable", "Feasible computability", "Feasible computation", "Hierarchy theorem", "Input size", "Intractability (complexity)", "Intractable problem", "Intractableness", "Intractably", "Levin reduction", "Order of complexity", "Order of computation", "Space complexity theory", "Theory (disambiguation)" ; :definition "Computational complexity theory is a branch of the theory of computation in theoretical computer science that focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating those classes to each other. A computational problem is understood to be a task that is in principle amenable to being solved by a computer, which is equivalent to stating that the problem may be solved by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm." ; :prefLabel "Computational complexity theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Document (disambiguation)", "Documented", "Documenting", "Documents", "Graphical document", "Social documentation", "🖺", "🖻", "🗎" ; :definition "A document is a written, drawn, presented or recorded representation of thoughts. Originating from the Latin Documentum meaning lesson - the verb doceō means to teach, and is pronounced similarly, in the past it was usually used as a term for a written proof used as evidence. In the computer age, a document is usually used to describe a primarily textual file, along with its structure and design, such as fonts, colors and additional images." ; :prefLabel "Document" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "32 bit microprocessors", "CPU chip", "Digital Processors", "Embedded microprocessor", "Embedded microprocessors", "MP", "Micro processor", "Micro-processor", "Microprocessor unit", "Microprocessors", "Processor", "Texas Instruments TMS1000", "UProcessor", "ΜP", "ΜProcessor" ; :definition "A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, programmable electronic device which accepts digital or binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system." ; :prefLabel "Microprocessor" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Automatic document classification", "Classification", "Document categorization", "Supervised document classification", "Text categorisation", "Text categorization", "Text classification", "Topic spotting", "Unsupervised document classification" ; :definition "Document classification or document categorization is a problem in library science, information science and computer science. The task is to assign a document to one or more classes or categories. This may be done "manually" (or "intellectually") or algorithmically. The intellectual classification of documents has mostly been the province of library science, while the algorithmic classification of documents is mainly in information science and computer science. The problems are overlapping, however, and there is therefore interdisciplinary research on document classification." ; :prefLabel "Document classification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Ontological engineering", "Ontology building" ; :definition "Ontology engineering in computer science and information science is a field which studies the methods and methodologies for building ontologies: formal representations of a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts.A large-scale representation of abstract concepts such as actions, time, physical objects and beliefs would be an example of ontological engineering. Ontology engineering is one of the areas of applied ontology, and can be seen as an application of philosophical ontology. Core ideas and objectives of ontology engineering are also central in conceptual modeling." ; :prefLabel "Ontology engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Embedded", "Embedded Computing", "Embedded Systems", "Embedded computer", "Embedded computer system", "Embedded computers", "Embedded control", "Embedded device", "Embedded devices", "Embedded engineer", "Embedded hardware", "Embedded processor", "Embedded programming", "Embedded system overview", "Embedded system testing", "Embeded System", "Embeded computer", "Imbedded system", "Special purpose computer", "Special-purpose computer", "T.E.C.", "Vehicle electronics" ; :definition "An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today. Ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors are manufactured as components of embedded systems." ; :prefLabel "Embedded system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "COMPUSEC", "Compsec", "Computer insecurity", "Computer security and identity theft", "Computer security breach", "Computer security incident", "Computer security industry", "Computing security", "Cyber Security", "Cyber security and countermeasure", "Cyber security expert", "Cyber-security", "Cybersecurity", "Cyberspace Security", "E-security", "IT Security", "Pc security", "SEC", "Securing a computer", "Security (computers)", "Security (computing)", "Security (disambiguation)", "Security Language", "Security architecture" ; :definition "Computer security, also known as cyber security or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures." ; :prefLabel "Computer security" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Audio compression", "Audio compression (data)", "Audio data compression", "Bit-rate reduction", "Block compression", "Coding", "Coding techniques", "Compressed data", "Compressed digital video", "Compressed video", "Compression", "Compression algorithm", "Compression algorithms", "Compression program", "Compression software", "Compression utility", "Data compression algorithm", "Data compression/multimedia compression", "Data decompression", "Datacompression", "Decompression", "Digital audio compression", "Digital video compression", "File compressing", "File compression", "Intelligent Compression", "Lossless audio", "Lossless audio compression", "Lossy audio compression", "Multimedia compression", "Negabytes", "Sound compression", "Source coding", "Spatial compression", "Temporal compression", "Text compression", "Transparent decompression", "Uncompression", "Video Compression", "Video coding", "Video data compression", "Video encoding", "🗜" ; :definition "In signal processing, data compression, source coding,or bit-rate reduction involves encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation. Compression can be either lossy or lossless. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. No information is lost in lossless compression. Lossy compression reduces bits by removing unnecessary or less important information.The process of reducing the size of a data file is referred to as data compression. In the context of data transmission, it is called source coding (encoding done at the source of the data before it is stored or transmitted) in opposition to channel coding." ; :prefLabel "Data compression" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Document markup language", "Element", "Generalized markup", "ML", "Mark-up language", "Mark-up languages", "Markup", "Markup (computer programming)", "Markup (computing)", "Markup element", "Markup languages", "Tag-based language" ; :definition "A markup language is a system for annotating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable from the text. The idea and terminology evolved from the "marking up" of paper manuscripts, i.e., the revision instructions by editors, traditionally written with a blue pencil on authors' manuscripts. Some markup languages, such as the widely used HTML, have pre-defined presentation semantics—meaning that their specification prescribes how to present the structured data. Others, such as XML, do not have them and are general purpose." ; :prefLabel "Markup language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Causal", "Causal explanation", "Causal learning", "Causal nexus", "Causal relationship", "Causal relationships", "Causality (disambiguation)", "Causational", "Cause", "Cause & Effect", "Cause & Effect (album)", "Cause and Effect (album)", "Cause and effect", "Cause and effect (disambiguation)", "Cause and effect theory", "Cause system", "Cause-and-effect", "Caused", "Causing", "INUS", "INUS condition", "Principle of causality", "Unconditional causality", "Unicausality" ; :definition "Causality (also referred to as causation, or cause and effect) is the agency or efficacy that connects one process (the cause) with another process or state (the effect), where the first is understood to be partly responsible for the second, and the second is dependent on the first. In general, a process has many causes, which are said to be causal factors for it, and all lie in its past. An effect can in turn be a cause of many other effects. Although retrocausality is sometimes referred to in thought experiments and hypothetical analyses, causality is generally accepted to be temporally bound so that causes always precede their dependent effects." ; :prefLabel "Causality" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Criticism of Perl", "Embedded Perl", "Golf (disambiguation)", "History of perl", "IndigoPerl", "No built-in limits", "PGA", "PL", "PONIE", "Pathological Eclectic Rubbish Lister", "Pathologically Eclectic Rubbish Lister", "Perl (disambiguation)", "Perl (language)", "Perl (programming language)", "Perl 5", "Perl Camel", "Perl Golf Apocalypse", "Perl code", "Perl enhancements for readability", "Perl golf", "Perl interpreter", "Perl language", "Perl poetry", "Perl programming", "Perl programming language", "Practical Extraction And Report Language", "Programming Republic Of Perl", "Smart match operator", "State of the Onion", "StateOfTheOnion", "Swiss army chainsaw", "Swiss-army chainsaw", "Vanilla Perl", "X-perl" ; :definition "Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Perl 6. Though Perl is not officially an acronym, there are various backronyms in use, the best-known being "Practical Extraction and Reporting Language". Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions. Perl 6, which began as a redesign of Perl 5 in 2000, eventually evolved into a separate language. Both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams and liberally borrow ideas from one another." ; :prefLabel "Perl" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CFE (compiler)", "Code compilation", "Code compiler", "Code compiling", "Compilation (computing)", "Compilation (programming)", "Compile", "Compile (computing)", "Compiled", "Compiled software", "Compiled sofware", "Compiler (computer)", "Compiler (computing)", "Compiler (programming)", "Compiler back-end", "Compiler backend", "Compiler construction", "Compiler design", "Compiler designer", "Compiler front-end", "Compiler frontend", "Compiler theory", "Compiler writer", "Compiler writing", "Compilers", "Compiling", "Compiling tools", "Language compiler", "Line reconstruction", "Parallel compiler", "Parallel compilers", "Parallel complier", "Parallelizing compiler", "Programming language compiler", "Recompile", "Semantic analysis (computer science)", "Single-pass compilation", "Target language", "Target language (computing)", "Write compiler" ; :definition "A compiler is a computer program (or a set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language), with the latter often having a binary form known as object code. The most common reason for converting source code is to create an executable program." ; :prefLabel "Compiler" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".sql", "ANSI SQL", "Case (SQL)", "Comment (SQL)", "Count (SQL)", "Count (disambiguation)", "Grant (SQL)", "Group by", "Group by (SQL)", "ISO/IEC 9075", "Informix 4GL/SQL", "Nested query", "Procedural SQL", "Revoke (SQL)", "SEQUEL", "SQL (programming language)", "SQL data types", "SQL database", "SQL datatypes", "SQL functions", "SQL keywords", "SQL language", "SQL programming language", "SQL queries", "SQL script", "SQL servers", "Sql types", "Structure Query Language", "Structured query language", "Subqueries", "Subquery" ; :definition "SQL (/ˈɛs kjuː ˈɛl/, or /ˈsiːkwəl/; Structured Query Language) is a special-purpose programming language designed for managing data held in a relational database management system (RDBMS), or for stream processing in a relational data stream management system (RDSMS). SQL was one of the first commercial languages for Edgar F. Codd's relational model, as described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks." Despite not entirely adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, it became the most widely used database language." ; :prefLabel "SQL" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "1st order logic", "Calculus (disambiguation)", "Classical predicate logic", "Equational first-order logic", "FO", "FOL", "FOPC", "FOPL", "First Order Logic", "First order language", "First order logic with equality", "First order predicate calculus", "First order predicate logic", "First-order", "First-order Peano arithmetic", "First-order language", "First-order logic with equality", "First-order predicate calculus", "First-order predicate logic", "First-order sentence", "First-order theory", "First-order-logic", "Fixpoint logic", "Lower Predicate Calculus", "Many-sorted first-order logic", "Predicate Calculus", "Predicate logic (Philosophy)", "Quantification calculus", "Quantification theory", "Tarskian semantics" ; :definition "First-order logic is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. It is also known as first-order predicate calculus, the lower predicate calculus, quantification theory, and predicate logic. First-order logic uses quantified variables over non-logical objects. It allows the use of sentences that contain variables, so that rather than propositions such as Socrates is a man one can have expressions in the form X is a man where X is a variable. This distinguishes it from propositional logic, which does not use quantifiers." ; :prefLabel "First-order logic" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Application program library", "Class library", "Code generation libraries", "Code generation library", "Code library", "Code package", "Computer library", "Function library", "Lib", "Library (computer science)", "Library (disambiguation)", "Library (software)", "Library Linking (Computer Science)", "Library linking", "Library routine", "Native library", "Object library", "Program libraries", "Program library", "Programmer libraries", "Programming libraries", "Programming library", "Reusable library", "Shared", "Shared Library", "Shared libraries", "Shared library form", "Shared object", "Software libary", "Software libraries", "Software library", "Stub", "Stub in Linux", "Subroutine library", "System library" ; :definition "In computer science, a library is a collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often to develop software. These may include configuration data, documentation, help data, message templates, pre-written code and subroutines, classes, values or type specifications. In IBM's OS/360 and its successors they are referred to as partitioned data sets." ; :prefLabel "Library (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Query", "Question", "Question Text", "Request" ; :definition "A sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; a request for information (e.g., a formal request to a database or search engine)." ; :prefLabel "Question (inquiry)" ; :related , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bench mark program", "Benchmark", "Benchmark program", "Benchmark test", "Benchmarks in computation", "CPU benchmark", "Computer benchmark", "Microbenchmark", "ZDBOp", "Ziff-Davis benchmarks" ; :definition "In computing, a benchmark is the act of running a computer program, a set of programs, or other operations, in order to assess the relative performance of an object, normally by running a number of standard tests and trials against it. The term 'benchmark' is also mostly utilized for the purposes of elaborately designed benchmarking programs themselves. Benchmarks provide a method of comparing the performance of various subsystems across different chip/system architectures. Test suites are a type of system intended to assess the correctness of software." ; :prefLabel "Benchmark (computing)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Numberic", "Numeral analysis", "Numeric analysis", "Numeric computation", "Numeric method", "Numerical", "Numerical algorithm", "Numerical analysis software", "Numerical approximation", "Numerical calculation", "Numerical calculus", "Numerical computation", "Numerical computing", "Numerical evaluation", "Numerical mathematics", "Numerical methods", "Numerical programming", "Numerical software", "Numerical solution", "Numerically" ; :definition "Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to general symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics). One of the earliest mathematical writings is a Babylonian tablet from the Yale Babylonian Collection (YBC 7289), which gives a sexagesimal numerical approximation of , the length of the diagonal in a unit square. Being able to compute the sides of a triangle (and hence, being able to compute square roots) is extremely important, for instance, in astronomy, carpentry and construction." ; :prefLabel "Numerical analysis" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Common criticisms of Internet Explorer", "Criticism of Internet Explorer", "Criticisms of internet explorer", "Explorer (disambiguation)", "Features of internet explorer", "IE browser", "Ie", "Iexplore", "Iexplore.exe", "Iexplorer", "Iexplorer.exe", "Innerhtml", "Internet Exploder", "Internet exploiter", "Internetexplorer", "Internex", "Internut Exploder", "M.S.I.E.", "MS IE", "MS Internet Explorer", "MSIE", "MSIE (web browser)", "MicroSoft Internet Explorer", "Microsoft IE", "Microsoft Internet Exploder", "Stopie", "Wie", "Windows Internet Explorer", "Wininet" ; :definition "Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer and Windows Internet Explorer, commonly abbreviated IE or MSIE) is a discontinued series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs, and included in the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows." ; :prefLabel "Internet Explorer" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Taxonomy", "Taxonomy general" ; :definition "Taxonomy is the practice and science of classification. The word is also used as a count noun: a taxonomy, or taxonomic scheme, is a particular classification. The word finds its roots in the Greek language τάξις, taxis (meaning 'order', 'arrangement') and νόμος, nomos ('law' or 'science'). Originally taxonomy referred only to the classifying of organisms or a particular classification of organisms. In a wider, more general sense, it may refer to a classification of things or concepts, as well as to the principles underlying such a classification. Taxonomy is different from meronomy which is dealing with the classification of parts of a whole." ; :prefLabel "Taxonomy (general)" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "As a service", "CAAS", "CPI (disambiguation)", "Cloud (computers)", "Cloud (computing)", "Cloud (disambiguation)", "Cloud Applications", "Cloud Infrastructure", "Cloud Provider Interface", "Cloud Service", "Cloud Technology", "Cloud architecture", "Cloud client", "Cloud clients", "Cloud computer", "Cloud computing platform", "Cloud computing platforms", "Cloud computing provider", "Cloud computing user", "Cloud computing vendor", "Cloud distribution", "Cloud hardware", "Cloud hosting", "Cloud networking", "Cloud processing", "Cloud provider", "Cloud services", "Cloud services provider", "Cloud software", "Cloud standards", "Cloud user", "Cloud users", "Cloud vendor", "Cloud vendors", "Cloud-based", "Cloud-based computing", "Cloud-computing", "Cloud-hosted", "Cloudosphere", "Cloudware", "Communication as a service", "Computer cloud", "Computing cloud", "Computing in the cloud", "Computing-in-the-cloud", "Content Marketing Cloud", "Could computing", "Cross-Platform Hybrid Cloud", "EaaS", "Enterprise Cloud Computing", "Hardware as a service", "Hybrid Cloud", "IAAS", "In the cloud", "Infrastructure as a Service", "Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)", "Internet of Services", "Introduction to Cloud computing", "IoT Cloud", "Member Only Cloud", "Online integration", "Online software", "Private cloud", "Public cloud", "Remote computing", "XaaS" ; :definition "Cloud computing is a type of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand. It is a model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., computer networks, servers, storage, applications and services), which can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort. Cloud computing and storage solutions provide users and enterprises with various capabilities to store and process their data in third-party data centers that may be located far from the user–ranging in distance from across a city to across the world. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economy of scale, similar to a utility (like the electricity" ; :prefLabel "Cloud computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Active data structure", "Augmenting Data Structures", "Composite data structure", "Data Structures", "Data structure augmentation", "Datastructure", "Linear and nonlinear data structure", "Static and dynamic data structures", "Structure (CS)", "Structure (computer science)", "Structure (disambiguation)", "Types of Data Structures" ; :definition "In computer science, a data structure is a particular way of organizing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently. Data structures can implement one or more particular abstract data types (ADT), which specify the operations that can be performed on a data structure and the computional complexity of those operations. In comparison, a data structure is a concrete implementation of the specification provided by an ADT." ; :prefLabel "Data structure" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Constraint (database)", "Database constraint", "Database constraints", "Database relational", "Relational", "Relational DB", "Relational databases", "Relational query" ; :definition "A relational database is a digital database whose organization is based on the relational model of data, as proposed by E. F. Codd in 1970.The various software systems used to maintain relational databases are known as a relational database management system (RDBMS).Virtually all relational database systems use SQL (Structured Query Language) as the language for querying and maintaining the database." ; :prefLabel "Relational database" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Info", "Inforamtion", "Informaiton", "Information (disambiguation)", "Informative", "Informative subject", "Introduction to Information theory" ; :definition "Information (shortened as info) is that which informs. In other words, it is the answer to a question of some kind. It is also related to data and knowledge, as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts. As it regards data, the information's existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer (it exists beyond an event horizon, for example), while in the case of knowledge, the information requires a cognitive observer." ; :prefLabel "Information" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Algorithmic graph theory", "GT", "Graph", "Graph teory", "Graph-theoretic", "History of graph theory" ; :definition "In mathematics graph theory is the study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pairwise relations between objects. A graph in this context is made up of vertices, nodes, or points which are connected by edges, arcs, or lines. A graph may be undirected, meaning that there is no distinction between the two vertices associated with each edge, or its edges may be directed from one vertex to another; see Graph (discrete mathematics) for more detailed definitions and for other variations in the types of graph that are commonly considered. Graphs are one of the prime objects of study in discrete mathematics." ; :prefLabel "Graph theory" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".eml", "Anonymous mailer", "Benefits of e-mail", "Corporate Email", "Courriel", "E mail", "E mails", "E-address", "E-mail", "E-mail account", "E-mail header", "E-mail headers", "E-mail message", "E-mailed", "E-mails", "Electron Mail", "Electronic Mail", "Electronic mail box", "Electropost", "Email account", "Email accounts", "Email etiquettes", "Email header fields", "Email headers", "Email message", "Email security", "Email stationery", "Email system", "Email types", "Emailed", "Emails", "Header", "How email works", "Inbox", "Internet Message Format", "Internet mail", "Mail (disambiguation)", "Mail headers", "Mass email", "Message handling service", "Outbox", "Protected email", "Public email address", "RFC 2822", "RFC 5322", "RFC 822", "RFC822", "Reply-To", "📤", "📥", "📧", "📨", "📩", "🖄" ; :definition "Electronic mail is a method of exchanging digital messages between computer users; Email first entered substantial use in the 1960s and by the 1970s had taken the form now recognised as email. Email operates across computer networks, which in the 2010s is primarily the Internet. Some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver, and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need to connect only briefly, typically to a mail server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages." ; :prefLabel "Email" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Abstracting information", "Documentation (field)", "IS", "Informatically", "Information Science and Engineering", "Information Sciences", "Information Studies", "Infosci" ; :definition "Information science is an interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information. Practitioners within the field study the application and usage of knowledge in organizations, along with the interaction between people, organizations and any existing information systems, with the aim of creating, replacing, improving, or understanding information systems. Information science is often (mistakenly) considered a branch of computer science; however, it predates computer science and is actually a broad, interdisciplinary field, incorporating not only aspects of computer science, but often diverse fields such as archival science, cognitive science, commerce, communications," ; :prefLabel "Information science" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alpha testing", "Application testing", "Beta (software testing)", "Beta Team", "Beta Testing", "Beta-testing", "Buddy testing", "Bug test", "Bug testing", "Functionality Equivalence Verification", "Functionality assurance", "Graybox testing", "Greybox testing", "Multivariant testing", "Positive and negative test cases", "Pre-beta", "Private beta", "Requirement Test Matrix", "Software Q.A.", "Software test", "Software tester", "Test", "Test/debugging", "Traffic generation tools" ; :definition "Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the product or service under test. Software testing can also provide an objective, independent view of the software to allow the business to appreciate and understand the risks of software implementation. Test techniques include the process of executing a program or application with the intent of finding software bugs (errors or other defects). Software testing can provide objective, independent information about the quality of software and risk of its failure to users and/or sponsors." ; :prefLabel "Software testing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Advanced Programming Techniques", "Computing paradigm", "Hybrid programming language", "Language paradigm", "List of Programming Techniques", "Multi-paradigm", "Multi-paradigm programming language", "Multiparadigm programming language", "Paradigm (Software)", "Paradigm (computer science)", "Paradigm (disambiguation)", "Programming paradigms", "Types of programming paradigms" ; :definition "Programming paradigms are a way to classify programming languages according to the style of computer programming. Features of various programming languages determine which programming paradigms they belong to; as a result, some languages fall into only one paradigm, while others fall into multiple paradigms. Some paradigms are concerned primarily with implications for the execution model of the language, such as allowing side effects, or whether the sequence of operations is defined by the execution model. Other paradigms are concerned primarily with the way that code is organized, such as grouping code into units along with the state that is modified by the code. Yet others are concerned primarily with the style of syntax and grammar." ; :prefLabel "Programming paradigm" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "++C", ".cxx", "ANSI C++", "C (disambiguation)", "C Plus Plus programming language", "C plus plus", "C with classes", "C+", "C++ (Programming Language)", "C++ language", "C++ program", "C++ programming language", "C++ standard", "C++ syntax", "C+++", "C++98", "C-plus-plus", "C-plus-plus programming language", "C==", "CPlusPlus", "CXX", "Cee plus plus", "Core language", "Gxavo", "ISO 14882", "ISO C++", "ISO C++ programming language", "ISO/IEC 14882", "ISO/IEC 14882:2003", "ISO/IEC 14882:2014", "ISO/IEC 14882:2015", "Rick Mascitti", "Sepples", "Standard C++ Foundation", "X3J16" ; :definition "C++ (pronounced cee plus plus, /ˈsiː plʌs plʌs/) is a general-purpose programming language. It has imperative, object-oriented and generic programming features, while also providing facilities for low-level memory manipulation. Many other programming languages have been influenced by C++, including C#, D, Java, and newer versions of C (after 1998)." ; :prefLabel "C++" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Asynchronous distributed system", "DCA", "DIP", "Decentralized application", "Distributed Computing Architecture", "Distributed Information Processing", "Distributed Systems", "Distributed application", "Distributed applications", "Distributed architecture", "Distributed computation", "Distributed computer system", "Distributed computing project", "Distributed comuting", "Distributed data processing", "Distributed processing", "Distributed programming", "Distributed software", "Distributed system", "Distributed systems theory", "Distributed-parameter system", "Distributing computing", "GVT", "Global Virtual Time" ; :definition "Distributed Computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems. A distributed system is a model in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages. The components interact with each other in order to achieve a common goal. Three significant characteristics of distributed systems are: concurrency of components, lack of a global clock, and independent failure of components. Examples of distributed systems vary from SOA-based systems to massively multiplayer online games to peer-to-peer applications." ; :prefLabel "Distributed computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Classification", "Classification (machine learning)", "Classification (machine learning)/version 2", "Classification in machine learning", "Classifier", "Classifier (machine learning)", "Classifier (mathematics)", "Pattern classification", "Statistical classification (machine learning)", "Statistical classifier", "Stochastic discrimination" ; :definition "In machine learning and statistics, classification is the problem of identifying to which of a set of categories (sub-populations) a new observation belongs, on the basis of a training set of data containing observations (or instances) whose category membership is known. An example would be assigning a given email into "spam" or "non-spam" classes or assigning a diagnosis to a given patient as described by observed characteristics of the patient (gender, blood pressure, presence or absence of certain symptoms, etc.). Classification is an example of pattern recognition." ; :prefLabel "Statistical classification" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Computer Language", "Computer programming language", "Computer-oriented language", "Dynamic semantics", "Execution semantics", "Language (disambiguation)", "PL", "Proglang", "Programming", "Programming language design", "Programming languages", "ProgrammingLanguage", "ProgrammingLanguages", "Proprietary programming language", "Proprietary scripting language", "Static semantics", "Typed and untyped languages", "Untyped language" ; :definition "A programming language is a formal computer language or constructed language designed to communicate instructions to a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs to control the behavior of a machine or to express algorithms." ; :prefLabel "Programming language" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Active vocabulary", "Focal vocabulary", "Foreign-language vocabulary", "Passive vocabulary", "Social vocabulary", "Vocab", "Vocab.", "Vocablulary", "Vocabularies", "Vocabulary size" ; :definition "A person's vocabulary is the set of words within a language that are familiar to that person. A vocabulary usually develops with age, and serves as a useful and fundamental tool for communication and acquiring knowledge. Acquiring an extensive vocabulary is one of the largest challenges in learning a second language." ; :prefLabel "Vocabulary" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".py (file extension)", ".pyc", ".pyd", ".pyo", "PEP", "PY", "Pep8", "Py3K", "Pyston", "Python (Programming Language)", "Python (computer language)", "Python (computing)", "Python (lang)", "Python (language)", "Python (programming)", "Python (scripting language)", "Python (software)", "Python 2", "Python 3K", "Python Enhancement Proposal", "Python Programming Language language", "Python code", "Python computer language", "Python implementations", "Python language", "Python philosophy", "Python prog", "Python program", "Python programming", "Python programming language", "Python script", "Python scripting language", "Python2", "Python3", "Python3000", "PythonLanguage", "Pythonic", "Pythonista", "Pythonistas", "The Zen of Python" ; :definition "Python is a widely used high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express concepts in fewer lines of code than possible in languages such as C++ or Java. The language provides constructs intended to enable writing clear programs on both a small and large scale." ; :prefLabel "Python" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Asynchronous programming", "Computer Parallelism", "Concurrent (programming)", "Concurrent event", "Concurrent language", "Concurrent process", "Message-driven parallel programming", "Multicomputer", "Multiple processing elements", "Parallel", "Parallel Programming", "Parallel architecture", "Parallel code", "Parallel computation", "Parallel computer", "Parallel computer hardware", "Parallel computers", "Parallel execution units", "Parallel machine", "Parallel processing (computing)", "Parallel processor", "Parallel program", "Parallel programming language", "Parallelisation", "Parallelism", "Parallelism (computing)", "Parallelization", "Parallelized", "Parellel computing" ; :definition "Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors." ; :prefLabel "Parallel computing" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "DL", "Deep Boltzmann Machine", "Deep Boltzmann Machines", "Deep machine learning", "Deep neural network", "Deep neural networks", "Hierarchy (thinking)", "Stacked Auto-Encoders" ; :definition "Deep learning (also known as deep structured learning, hierarchical learning or deep machine learning) is a branch of machine learning based on a set of algorithms that attempt to model high level abstractions in data by using a deep graph with multiple processing layers, composed of multiple linear and non-linear transformations. Deep learning has been characterized as a buzzword, or a rebranding of neural networks." ; :prefLabel "Deep learning" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Bio informatics", "Bio-informatics", "Bioinformatic", "Bioinformatician", "Bioinformatics and Engineering", "Bioinformatist", "Bioinformatrics", "Bioinformics", "Biomedical computation", "Biotechnological application of computer", "Free open source bioinformatics projects", "Genetic informatics", "History of bioinformatics", "Introduction to bioinformatics" ; :definition "Bioinformatics /ˌbaɪ.oʊˌɪnfərˈmætɪks/ is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines computer science, statistics, mathematics, and engineering to analyze and interpret biological data. Bioinformatics has been used for in silico analyses of biological queries using mathematical and statistical techniques." ; :prefLabel "Bioinformatics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "CL", "Computational linguist", "Computer linguistics", "Mathematical linguistics", "Subfields of computational linguistics" ; :definition "Computational linguistics is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. Traditionally, computational linguistics was performed by computer scientists who had specialized in the application of computers to the processing of a natural language. But little if any success was made. Computational linguists often work as members of interdisciplinary teams, which can include regular linguists, experts in the target language, and computer scientists. In general, computational linguistics draws upon the involvement of linguists, computer scientists, experts in artificial intelligence, mathematicians, Quantum Physicists, logicians, philosophers, cognitive scientists, cognitive psychologists, psycholinguists," ; :prefLabel "Computational linguistics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Cost functional", "Energy function", "Function optimization", "Make the most of", "Make the most out of", "Mathematical optimisation", "Mathematical programming", "Numerical optimisation", "Numerical optimization", "Numerical optimization problem", "Optima (disambiguation)", "Optimal", "Optimal allocation", "Optimality", "Optimally", "Optimation", "Optimisation", "Optimisation (mathematics)", "Optimization", "Optimization (disambiguation)", "Optimization (mathematics)", "Optimization algorithm", "Optimization glossary", "Optimization theory", "Optimizer", "Optimizing", "Optimum", "Optimum (disambiguation)", "Programming", "Searching the search space" ; :definition "In mathematics, computer science and operations research, mathematical optimization (alternatively, mathematical programming or simply, optimization) is the selection of a best element (with regard to some criterion) from some set of available alternatives." ; :prefLabel "Mathematical optimization" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Characteristics of software engineering", "Computer Software Engineering", "IT Engineering", "SE", "Software Specialist", "Software eng", "Software engineering economics", "Software engineers", "Software hut" ; :definition "Software engineering is the application of engineering to the design, development, implementation, testing and maintenance of software in a systematic method. Typical formal definitions of software engineering are:" ; :prefLabel "Software engineering" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "AOSP", "Android", "Android (Operating System)", "Android (company)", "Android (google)", "Android (mobile device platform)", "Android (mobile phone platform)", "Android (os)", "Android (phone)", "Android (platform)", "Android (software stack)", "Android (software)", "Android (system)", "Android 3.0", "Android 3.0 Honeycomb", "Android Apps", "Android Device Manager", "Android Inc", "Android Inc.", "Android OS", "Android Open Source Project", "Android Operating System", "Android app", "Android application", "Android cell phone", "Android cellphone", "Android device", "Android fork", "Android google", "Android logo", "Android mobile", "Android mobile phone", "Android mobile phone platform", "Android phone", "Android phone operating system", "Android platform", "Android software", "Android system", "Android-powered device", "Android.os", "Andromeda (operating system)", "App Ops", "Criticism of Android", "Droiddream", "GPay", "Gingerbread android", "Google Android One", "Google android", "Google's Android", "Green robot", "Honeycomb", "Honeycomb (Android)", "IDroid", "Inc.", "List of Android devices", "Logo Android", "Mobile Android", "Os android", "Quantum (design)", "Quantum (user interface design)", "Settings (Android operating system)", "Surfaceflinger", "TaintDroid", "Toxic hellstew" ; :definition "Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android's user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation, using touch gestures that loosely correspond to real-world actions, such as swiping, tapping and pinching, to manipulate on-screen objects, along with a virtual keyboard for text input. In addition to touchscreen devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars, and Android Wear for wrist watches, each with a specialized user interface. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, and other electronics." ; :prefLabel "Android" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "API", "API (disambiguation)", "API Documentation", "API compatibility", "API function", "API-compatible", "Advanced programming interface", "Api.php", "Application Programming Interface (API)", "Application Programming Interfaces", "Application program interface", "Application program interfaces", "Application-level interaction", "Application-programming interface", "Applications programming interface", "Development API", "Interface", "Programming interface", "Software API" ; :definition "In computer programming, an application programming interface (API) is a set of subroutine definitions, protocols, and tools for building software and applications. A good API makes it easier to develop a program by providing all the building blocks, which are then put together by the programmer.An API may be for a web-based system, operating system, database system, computer hardware, or software library.An API specification can take many forms, but often include specifications for routines, data structures, object classes, variables, or remote calls. POSIX, Microsoft Windows API, the C++ Standard Template Library, and Java APIs are examples of different forms of APIs.Documentation for the API is usually provided to facilitate usage.The status of APIs in intellectual property law is contr" ; :prefLabel "Application programming interface" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Artificial Intelligence in Data Mining", "DM", "Data miner", "Data mining system", "Data-mining", "Datamine", "Datamining", "Information mining", "Information-mining", "KDD", "Knowledge Discovery in Databases", "Knowledge discovering in databases", "Knowledge mining", "Mining (disambiguation)", "Pattern Mining", "Predictive software", "Subject-based data mining", "Usage mining", "Visual Data Mining", "Web data mining" ; :definition "Data mining is an interdisciplinary subfield of computer science. It is the computational process of discovering patterns in large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics, and database systems. The overall goal of the data mining process is to extract information from a data set and transform it into an understandable structure for further use. Aside from the raw analysis step, it involves database and data management aspects, data pre-processing, model and inference considerations, interestingness metrics, complexity considerations, post-processing of discovered structures, visualization, and online updating. Data mining is the analysis step of the "knowledge discovery in databases" process, or KDD." ; :prefLabel "Data mining" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:url ; :altLabel "standards" ; :definition "Used with facilities, personnel, and program headings for the development, testing, and application of standards of adequacy or acceptable performance and with chemicals and drugs for standards of identification, quality, and potency. It includes health or safety standards in industries and occupations." ; :prefLabel "standards characteristics" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "32-bit Windows", "Alliance OS", "Apptimum", "Flying Windows", "Freedows", "Freedows OS", "Home Premium", "Low-cost Windows", "MS Windows", "MS-Windows", "MSWin", "MSWindows", "Microsoft Calendar", "Microsoft windows operating system", "Microsoft windows os", "PC Windows", "WID", "WINDOWS", "Widnows", "Win", "Wind OS", "Windows (OS)", "Windows (Operating System)", "Windows (disambiguation)", "Windows Applications", "Windows OS", "Windows PC", "Windows computers", "Windows operating system", "Windows the operating system", "Windows®", "Windwos" ; :definition "Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of several families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone; these may encompass subfamilies, e.g. Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE) or Windows Server. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x; Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile." ; :prefLabel "Microsoft Windows" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Commodity operating systems", "Computer operating sysem", "Computer operating system", "Desktop OS", "Desktop operating system", "GPOS", "General-purpose", "General-purpose operating system", "OPSYS", "OS", "Operating System Types", "Operating systems", "Operatingsystem", "Operation system", "Operative system", "Server OS", "System (disambiguation)" ; :definition "An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require an operating system to function. Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources." ; :prefLabel "Operating system" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".js", "CSJS", "Client-side JavaScript", "Criticism of JavaScript", "Escript", "JS", "JS online IDE", "Java (disambiguation)", "Java Script", "JavaScript (programming language)", "JavaScript 1.6", "JavaScript 1.7", "JavaScript Forums", "JavaScript Jabber", "JavaScript language", "JavaScript programming language", "JavaScript rollover", "JavaScripts", "Javascript Console", "Javascript debugger", "Live Script", "Live-Script", "Livescript", "Mocha (programming language)", "Online JS IDE", "Online JavaScript IDE", "SSJS", "Server side javascript", "Server-Side JavaScript" ; :definition "JavaScript (/ˈdʒævəˌskrɪpt/) is a high-level, dynamic, untyped, and interpreted programming language. It has been standardized in the ECMAScript language specification. Alongside HTML and CSS, it is one of the three core technologies of World Wide Web content production; the majority of websites employ it and it is supported by all modern Web browsers without plug-ins. JavaScript is prototype-based with first-class functions, making it a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. It has an API for working with text, arrays, dates and regular expressions, but does not include any I/O, such as networking, storage, or graphics facilities, relying for these upon the host environment in which it is embedded." ; :prefLabel "JavaScript" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel ".java", "Flow Java", "JLS (disambiguation)", "JPD (file format)", "Java (Programming language)", "Java (computer)", "Java (disambiguation)", "Java (langage)", "Java (language)", "Java (programming langauge)", "Java (programming)", "Java (software)", "Java Posse", "Java Programing Languge", "Java Programming Language language", "Java code", "Java computer language", "Java for Windows", "Java games", "Java language", "Java language specification", "Java prog", "Java programming", "Java programming language", "Java source code", "Java technology", "Javax", "Notifyall", "The Java Posse", "Tostring" ; :definition "Java is a general-purpose computer programming language that is concurrent, class-based, object-oriented, and specifically designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is intended to let application developers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that support Java without the need for recompilation. Java applications are typically compiled to bytecode that can run on any Java virtual machine (JVM) regardless of computer architecture. As of 2016, Java is one of the most popular programming languages in use, particularly for client-server web applications, with a reported 9 million developers. Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun Microsystems (which has since been acquired by Oracle Corporation) an" ; :prefLabel "Java" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "Alternative definitions of computer science", "CS", "CSE", "Com sci", "Comp Sci", "Comp. Sci", "Comp.sc.", "CompSci", "Computer Sceince Engineering", "Computer Science & Engineering", "Computer Science Engineering", "Computer Science and Technology", "Computer Sciences Engineering", "Computer Studies", "Computer science and engineering", "Computer science education", "Computer science/Archive 3", "Computer sciences", "Computer scientists", "Computer-science", "Computing Science", "Computing Sciences", "Comsci", "Datalogy", "Department of computer science", "Diversity of computer science", "EECS", "Electrical Engineering and Computer Science", "List of computer science fields", "Systems and Computing Engineering" ; :definition "Computer science is the study of the theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information. An alternate, more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems." ; :prefLabel "Computer science" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :altLabel "A I", "AI", "AI Robotics", "AI ethics", "AI implications", "AI scripting", "AI-D", "AI-based", "Aretificial intelligence", "Artifical intelligence", "Artificial Intelligence", "Artificial Intelligence (AI)", "Artificial Intelligence Program", "Artificial Intelligence.", "Artificial conciousness", "Artificial inteligence", "Artificial intellect", "Artificial intellegence", "Artificial intelligence (disambiguation)", "Artificial intelligence for development", "Artificial intelligences", "Artificial-intelligence", "Artificially intelligent", "Artificially-intelligent", "Artificual intelligence", "Artilect", "Being (disambiguation)", "Cognitive simulation", "Cognitive system", "Cognitive systems", "Commonsense AI", "Computational Rationality", "Computer AI", "Digital Being", "Intelligent machine", "Machine intelligence", "Machine thought", "Machine understanding", "Ontology based approach", "Pseudo intelligence", "Semi AI", "Semi-AI", "Simulated intelligence", "Soft AI", "Sub-symbolic", "Subsymbolic", "The Artificial Intelligence", "The Theory of Artificial Intelligence", "a.i." ; :definition "Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence exhibited by machines. In computer science, an ideal "intelligent" machine is a flexible rational agent that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chance of success at some goal. Colloquially, the term "artificial intelligence" is applied when a machine mimics "cognitive" functions that humans associate with other human minds, such as "learning" and "problem solving". As machines become increasingly capable, facilities once thought to require intelligence are removed from the definition. For example, optical character recognition is no longer perceived as an exemplar of "artificial intelligence" having become a routine technology. Capabilities currently classified as AI include successfully understanding human speech, com" ; :prefLabel "Artificial intelligence" ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a , default1:Topic, :Concept ; default1:source ; default1:url ; :related , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , .