Lab: Web APIs and JSON-LD: Difference between revisions

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=Lab 12: Accessing and lifting Web APIs (RESTful web services)=
==Topics==
Programming regular (non-semantic) Web APIs (RESTful web services) with JSON-LD.


==Topics==  
We will use Web APIs to retrieve regular JSON data, parse them programmatically, where possible link the resources to established DBpedia ones and finally create a RDFLib graph with the data.
Programming regular (non-semantic) as well as semantic Web APIs (RESTful web services) with JSON and JSON-LD.
 
==Useful Reading==
* [https://stackabuse.com/reading-and-writing-json-to-a-file-in-python/ Reading and writing with JSON - stackabuse.com]
* [https://wiki.uib.no/info216/index.php/Python_Examples Examples]
* [https://realpython.com/python-requests/ Requests - realpython.com]
* [https://json-ld.org/ JSON for Linking Data]
* [https://www.dbpedia-spotlight.org/api Spotlight Documentation]
* [https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1GpzP6825dxau-W21t4Nj0bccd4nbFplGTyMjRBbiXTU/edit?usp=sharing Exam Presentation]


==Imports==
'''Imports:'''
* import json
* import rdflib
* import requests
* import requests
* import json
* import spotlight
* import pprint
 


==Tasks==
==Tasks==
===Regular JSON web APIs===
=== Task 1 ===
Write a small program that accesses a regular (non-semantic) web API and download the result. The "json" library in python can be used to load a json string as a json object (json.loads(data)).
Write a small program that queries the Open Notify Astros API (link below) for the people currently in space. Create a graph from the response connecting each astronaut to the craft they are currently on, for instance using http://example.com/onCraft as a property. Also as the space station is not too big, it is safe to assume that two people who spent time on it at the same time know each other, so add this to the graph.
Use the the prettyprint import to print a readable version of the json object.
 
The GeoNames web API (http://www.geonames.org/export/ws-overview.html) offers many services. For example, you can use this URL to access more information about Ines' neighbourhood in Valencia: http://api.geonames.org/postalCodeLookupJSON?postalcode=46020&country=ES&username=demo (register to get your own username instead of "demo").
 
You do not have to use the GeoNames web API. There are lots and lots of other web APIs out there. But we want something simple that does not require extensive registration (HTTPS can also make things more complex when the certificates are outdated). Here are some examples to get you started if you want to try out other APIs: http://opendata.app.uib.no/ , http://data.ssb.no/api , http://ws.audioscrobbler.com/2.0/ , http://www.last.fm/api /intro , http://wiki.musicbrainz.org/Development/JSON_Web_Service .
 
While you are testing and debugging things, it is good to make measures so that you do not need to call the GeoNames or other API over and over. A solution can be writing the returned data to a file, or copying it into a variable.  


Here is an example of a results string you can use, if you have trouble connecting to GeoNames (note that you have to escape all the quotation marks inside the Java string):
* Astros API url: http://api.open-notify.org/astros.json
{\"postalcodes\":[{\"adminCode2\":\"V\",\"adminCode1\":\"VC\",\"adminName2\":\"Valencia\",\"lng\":-0.377386808395386,\"countryCode\":\"ES\",\"postalcode\":\"46020\",\"adminName1\":\"Comunidad Valenciana\",\"placeName\":\"Valencia\",\"lat\":39.4697524227712}]}"
* Documentation: http://open-notify.org/Open-Notify-API/People-In-Space/
* Requests Quickstart: https://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/quickstart/


===Lifting JSON to JSON-LD===
The response from the API follows the format
So far we have only used plain JSON. Now we want to move to JSON-LD. Make a new HashMap (and therefore also a JSON object) called context. Put a single entry into this map, with "@context" as the key and another HashMap as the value. It is this second map that contains the actual mappings. Put at least one pair of strings into it. For example, if you used the postcode API, the pair "lat" and "http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#lat". You can also put the pair "lng" and "http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#long".


Create a JsonLdOptions object and set its expand context to be the context object with the pair of strings in. Use the JsonLdProcessor to expand your jsonObject and pretty print the result. Has anything happened? Why/why not?!
<syntaxhighlight>
{
    "message": "success",
    "number": 7,
    "people": [
        {
            "craft": "ISS",
            "name": "Sergey Ryzhikov"
        },
        {
            "craft": "ISS",
            "name": "Kate Rubins"
        },
        ...
    ]
}
</syntaxhighlight>


Add this pair too to the context object: "postalcodes" and "http://dbpedia.org/ontology/postalCode". Rerun. Has anything happened now? Why/why not?!
We only need to think about whats inside the list of the "people"-value.
To create the graph you can iteratively extract the values of craft and name and add them. As none of the names or craft is a valid URI, they can be crated using the example-namespace.


''Explanation:'' Did you JSON object contain other (nested) objects as values? If you try to map the names inside such a nested object, the expansion will only work if you map the name of the nested object itself too.
=== Task 2 ===
Serialise the graph to JSON-LD, set the context of the JSON-LD object to represent the properties for knows and onCraft.


Add more string pairs, using existing or inventing new terms as you go along, to the context object and rerun expand. The expanded JSON object lifts the data from the web API. It can be used to provide a semantic version of the original web API.
To do this you need to pip install the json-ld portion of rdflib if you have not already:
<syntaxhighlight>
pip install rdflib-jsonld
</syntaxhighlight>


In addition to expand, try the compact and flatten operations on the JSON object. What do they do?
== If you have more time ==
DBpedia Spotlight is a tool for automatically annotating mentions of DBpedia resources in text, providing a solution for linking unstructured information sources to the Linked Open Data cloud through DBpedia.


Go back to the RDF/RDFS programs your wrote in labs 2 and 3. Extend the program so that it adds further information about the post codes of every person in your graph.
Build upon the program using the DBpedia Spotlight API (example code below) to use a DBpedia-resource in your graph if one is available. You can add some simple error-handling for cases where no DBpedia resource is found - use an example-entity in stead. Keep in mind that some resources may represent other people with the same name, so try to change the types-parameter so you only get astronauts in return, the confidence-parameter might also help you with this.


We will now make a Jena model from the JSON-LD object. To do this, first create a new default Jena model. Then convert the JSON-LD object to a string (use JsonUtils.toPrettyString). Then turn the string into an input stream (use IOUtils.toInputStream, with "UTF-8" as character set). Then read the input stream into your Jena model (use model.read). (There may be other ways to move from JSON object to Jena models, but this is a simple and straightforward way to start.)
The response from DBpedia Spotlight is a list of dictionaries, where each dictionary contains the URI of the resource, its types and some other metadata we will not use now. Set the type of the resouce to the types listed in the response.


Congratulations - you have now gone through the steps of accessing a web API over the net, lifting the results using JSON-LD, manipulating the in JSON-LD and reading them into a Jena RDF model. Of course, it is easy to convert the Jena model back into JSON-LD using model.write(..., "JSON-LD") ...
=== Example code for DBpedia Spotlight query ===
First pip install <b>pyspotlight</b>
<syntaxhighlight>
import spotlight
# Note that althoug we import spotlight in python, we need to pip install pyspotlight to get the correct package


===Useful Reading===
SERVER = "https://api.dbpedia-spotlight.org/en/annotate"
[https://stackabuse.com/reading-and-writing-json-to-a-file-in-python/ - Reading and writing with JSON - stackabuse.com]
annotations = spotlight.annotate(SERVER, "str_to_be_annotated")
</syntaxhighlight>

Latest revision as of 20:13, 3 May 2023

Topics

Programming regular (non-semantic) Web APIs (RESTful web services) with JSON-LD.

We will use Web APIs to retrieve regular JSON data, parse them programmatically, where possible link the resources to established DBpedia ones and finally create a RDFLib graph with the data.

Useful Reading

Imports:

  • import json
  • import rdflib
  • import requests
  • import spotlight

Tasks

Task 1

Write a small program that queries the Open Notify Astros API (link below) for the people currently in space. Create a graph from the response connecting each astronaut to the craft they are currently on, for instance using http://example.com/onCraft as a property. Also as the space station is not too big, it is safe to assume that two people who spent time on it at the same time know each other, so add this to the graph.

The response from the API follows the format

{
    "message": "success",
    "number": 7,
    "people": [
        {
            "craft": "ISS",
            "name": "Sergey Ryzhikov"
        },
        {
            "craft": "ISS",
            "name": "Kate Rubins"
        },
        ...
    ]
}

We only need to think about whats inside the list of the "people"-value. To create the graph you can iteratively extract the values of craft and name and add them. As none of the names or craft is a valid URI, they can be crated using the example-namespace.

Task 2

Serialise the graph to JSON-LD, set the context of the JSON-LD object to represent the properties for knows and onCraft.

To do this you need to pip install the json-ld portion of rdflib if you have not already:

pip install rdflib-jsonld

If you have more time

DBpedia Spotlight is a tool for automatically annotating mentions of DBpedia resources in text, providing a solution for linking unstructured information sources to the Linked Open Data cloud through DBpedia.

Build upon the program using the DBpedia Spotlight API (example code below) to use a DBpedia-resource in your graph if one is available. You can add some simple error-handling for cases where no DBpedia resource is found - use an example-entity in stead. Keep in mind that some resources may represent other people with the same name, so try to change the types-parameter so you only get astronauts in return, the confidence-parameter might also help you with this.

The response from DBpedia Spotlight is a list of dictionaries, where each dictionary contains the URI of the resource, its types and some other metadata we will not use now. Set the type of the resouce to the types listed in the response.

Example code for DBpedia Spotlight query

First pip install pyspotlight

import spotlight
# Note that althoug we import spotlight in python, we need to pip install pyspotlight to get the correct package

SERVER = "https://api.dbpedia-spotlight.org/en/annotate"
annotations = spotlight.annotate(SERVER, "str_to_be_annotated")